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The Old Great North Road Cultural Landscape

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The Old Great North Road Cultural Landscape The Old Great North Road Cultural Landscape Dharug National Park NSW NPWS Draft Conservation Management Plan March 2004 Volume 1 Griffin nrm Pty Ltd PO Box 3521 Manuka ACT 2603 T: 02 623681 [email protected] Table of Contents Volume 1 Executive Summary 1.0 Introduction 1-1 1.1 Background 1-1 1.2 Report Objectives and Outcomes 1-2 1.3 Location 1-3 1.4 Scope and Limitations of this Report 1-3 1.5 Sources and Conservation Management History 1-3 1.6 Authorship and the Consultant Team 1-3 1.7 Abbreviations 1-4 1.8 Acknowledgements 1-4 2.0 Historical Overview 2-1 2.1 Introduction 2-1 2.2 Histories of the Old Great North Road 2-1 2.3 The NPWS Historical Overview 2-2 2.4 Shared Landscape History 2-13 2.5 Conclusions: The OGNR in Context 2-27 3.0 Contemporary Social Values 3-1 3.1 Introduction 3-1 3.2 Community Consultation 3-1 3.3 Conclusions: Contemporary Social Values Associated with 3-5 OGNR 4.0 Natural and Cultural Landscape 4-1 4.1 Introduction 4-1 4.2 Natural Heritage 4-1 4.3 Pre and Post Contact Indigenous Heritage 4-10 4.4 Historic Heritage 4-25 4.5 Conclusions: The Cultural and Natural Landscape 4-34 5.0 Assessment of Significance 5-1 5.1 Introduction 5-1 5.2 Historic Themes 5-3 5.3 Comparison with Other Places 5-11 5.4 Analysis of Heritage Significance: Application of the Criteria 5-15 5.5 Previous Statements of Significance 5-19 5.6 Statement of Significance – The OGNR Cultural Landscape 5-23 5.7 Significance of Precincts 5-24 5.8 Table of Significance of Component Parts 5-28 6.0 Policy Formulation 6-1 6.1 Obligations Arising from Significance 6-1 6.2 Current Heritage Status 6-2 6.3 Legislative Requirements and Compliance 6-3 6.4 Non-Statutory Considerations 6-7 6.5 NPWS Policy and Management Issues 6-9 6.6 Stakeholders 6-14 6.7 Users and Impacts 6-15 6.8 Conservation Issues – Natural Heritage 6-18 6.9 Conservation Issues – Cultural Heritage 6-20 6.10 Disasters 6-32 6.11 Management Precincts 6-33 6.12 Goal Analysis 6-35 Volume 2 7.0 Visitor Facilities and Interpretation 7-1 7.1 Current Visitor Facilities Analysis 7-1 7.2 Strategic Opportunities for Visitor and Interpretation 7-12 Development 7.3 Interpretative Themes 7-22 8.0 Conservation Policies 8-1 8.1 Vision 8-1 8.2 Mission 8-1 8.3 The Strategic Management Approach 8-1 8.4 Long Term Outcomes 8-3 8.5 The Conservation Philosophy 8-3 8.6 Specific Policies 8-4 8.6.1 Retention of Heritage Significance 8-4 8.6.2 Natural Heritage 8-11 8.6.3 Cultural Heritage 8-13 8.7 Visitor Use and Interpretation 8-22 8.8 Research, Listing and Recording 8.24 9.0 Implementation 9-1 10.0 References 10.1 A.1 Appendix 1 Stakeholder Consultation A.2 Appendix 2 Annotated Bibliography of Consultants’ Studies A.3 Appendix 3 Vegetation Management Procedure A.4 Appendix 4 Management Recommendations for Component Parts Executive Summary Dharug National Park encompasses a 16km stretch of the Old Great North Road, between the spectacular ascent of Devine’s Hill through to Ten Mile Hollow. Dharug NP also contains the original 5km ascent from the Hawkesbury known as Finch’s Line. This CMP revises and updates the NPWS CMP of 1999. It also introduces a new integrated consideration of community values, natural heritage values and the cultural landscape, which together form the context for the OGNR. The mission of this CMP is to provide NPWS and the community with a sustainable, achievable and strategic management approach to the OGNR cultural landscape. This management approach is based upon the significance of the OGNR cultural landscape, the identification of realistic management objectives, as well as optimal long-term outcomes. Heritage Significance The OGNR cultural landscape possesses national, state and local significance because of its combination of cultural, historic, natural, indigenous and other community values. These values include: - rare and intact examples of convict-built public works and of early colonial road engineering, with demonstrated research potential and high community esteem. - part of a large complex of bushland that surrounds Sydney, and continuous with the north- eastern extremity of the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area. - geology that contributes importantly to the character and aesthetic appeal through its range of differential sandstone weathering. - an Indigenous cultural landscape including pre-colonial and colonial sites with demonstrated research potential and community value. Strategic Management Approach The strategic management approach aims to minimise loss and deterioration of cultural fabric and landscape quality through the implementation of a detailed Maintenance Plan. The approach has the following three levels of implementation: 1) Baseline management of the entire road corridor, including vegetation management, use and access management, and monitoring; 2) Management cycles of maintenance, inspection and monitoring on a precinct by precinct basis; and 3) Identification of strategic, long-term objectives which can be activated as funding becomes available: Interpretation and Visitor Facilities Strategies; A Long Term Repair and Reconstruction Strategy targeting Precinct 4: Mitchell’s Loop (stabilisation and road surfacing works); and Precinct 2: Shepherds Gully Road (upgrading to provide access for vehicles for maintenance works avoiding Devine’s Hill) ; and a Long Term Masonry Conservation Strategy. The Old Great North Road CMP Griffin nrm Page 1-1 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The Great North Road was built using convict labour between 1826 and 1836, spanning the 250km distance between Sydney and the Hunter Valley. It was the first in a planned network of ‘Great Roads’, which mirrored the Great Roads of England, and aimed to facilitate colonial expansion from Sydney to the North, South and West (Lavelle and Karskens 1999: 6). The 43km span of road between Wiseman’s Ferry and Mt Manning is the most substantial section of the Great North Road which has not been re-used, overbuilt and up-graded, due to its early abandonment for more convenient routes. The NPWS terms this section the ‘Old Great North Road’ to distinguish it from other portions of the route which have been modernised. Dharug National Park encompasses a 16km stretch of the Old Great North Road, between the spectacular ascent of Devine’s Hill through to Ten Mile Hollow. Dharug NP also contains the original 5km ascent from the Hawkesbury known as Finch’s Line. It was abandoned in 1829 to build the alternative ascent up Devine’s Hill. Also considered in this document are the Simpson’s Track, which joins the OGNR at Ten Mile Hollow, and the Shepherd’s Gully and Sternbeck’s Gully Roads, which join the Old Great North Road at the top of Devine’s Hill and connect through to the Macdonald Valley. The latter roads are within Yengo National Park. Dharug NP covers 14, 834 hectares and is bordered to the west by Yengo National Park. The Great North Road formed the original northwestern boundary of the Park when it was reserved in 1967. NSW NPWS commissioned this document in January 2003. A team assembled by Griffin NRM were briefed to review the current Conservation Management Plan (CMP) for the Old Great North Road (NPWS 1999), and to embed within the reviewed CMP a strongly articulated strategic direction for conservation management, or a ‘Strategic Plan’. The preparation of a detailed ‘Maintenance Plan’ will follow the finalisation and endorsement of this CMP review. Apart from the strategic aspects mentioned above, this CMP aims to ensure that management of this important heritage item is kept abreast of recent The Old Great North Road CMP Griffin nrm Page 1-2 developments in best practice heritage management, including innovative policy developments within NSW NPWS. These developments can be summarised as: 1. The integrated assessment of values; including natural, Aboriginal cultural and broader community values, and historic heritage values (NPWS 2000: 10); 2. A cultural landscape, rather than a sites based, approach; and 3. Understanding heritage as culturally constructed and ‘socially grounded’ (Byrne et al 2001: 140). So as well as considering the conservation approach for the fabric of the road, its management and promotion, this document aims to contextualise the road within its environment, and within histories, memories and attachments that have not featured prominently in past research on the OGNR. However, rather than suggesting that these approaches have been neglected or avoided in the wealth of high quality scholarship and heritage analyses prepared for the Road in the past, we stress that these new approaches derive from the changing nature of our community. As society changes, and as cultural interests change, so too does heritage significance and what we think is important about our past. While the story of the construction of the OGNR by convict road gangs in the 1820s and 30s remains central to why this place is held to be uniquely significant, we are also interested to pursue other stories here. For instance, Indigenous histories; local and community histories; and cultural understandings of the Road as part of the spectacular sandstone landscape of Dharug NP. 1.2 Report Objectives and Outcomes Key project objectives are to: • Assist NPWS to meet its corporate objectives and statutory requirements; • Ensure balanced and compatible management of cultural and natural values; • To consider the cultural significance of the OGNR as an individual place as well as being part of a broader suite of places managed by NPWS; • Develop forward-looking strategic management policies within the context of legislative requirements, the NPWS management framework and stakeholder issues.
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