Volume XXX July, 1951-April, 1952 PUBLISHED BY THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXX ARTICLES AND AUTHORS Addison Blockhouse: John W. Griffin; 276 Arizona Apaches as “Guests” in Florida: Omega G. East and Albert C. Manucy; 294 Archeology of the Tampa Bay Area: Ripley P. Bullen; 133 Book Reviews; 225, 227, 301, 303, 354, 356, 357 Bourbon Democracy in Alabama, 1874-1890, reviewed; 356 Boyd, Mark F.: The Seminole War: Its Background and Onset; 3 Brown, Mercer W.: The Parson Brown Orange; 129 Bullen, Ripley P.: Archeology of the Tampa Bay Area; 133 Bullen, Ripley P.: De Soto’s Ucita and the Terra Ceia Site; 317 Chestnut, Mary Boykin: A Diary from Dixie, reviewed; 225 Coleman, R. V.: Liberty and Property, reviewed; 357 Confederate Finance: A Documentary Study of a Proposal of David L. Yulee: Arthur W. Thompson; 193 Cowkeeper Dynasty of the Seminole Nation: Kenneth W. Porter; 341 Davis, Charles S.: Review of A Diary from Dixie; 225 De Soto’s First Headquarters in Florida: John R. Swanton; 311 De Soto’s Ucita and the Terra Ceia Site: Ripley P. Bullen; 317 Development of Commercial Transportation in Florida, reviewed; 303 Diary from Dixie, reviewed; 225 Dovell, J. E.: The Development of Commercial Transportation in Florida, reviewed; 303 East, Omega G., and Albert C. Manucy: Arizona Apaches as “Guests” in Florida; 294 Education in St. Augustine 1821-1845: Frank G. Lewis; 237 Early Career of Edwin T. Jenckes: A Florida Pioneer of the 1830’s: Earl C. Tanner; 261 Florida Historical Society; 116, 232, 307, 361 Florida’s Indians, reviewed; 227 Fort Pupo: A Spanish Fronier Outpost: John M. Goggin; 139 France to the Rescue: An Episode of the Florida Border, 1797: Richard K. Murdoch; 203 Georgia-Florida Frontier, 1793-1796, reviewed, 301 Goggin, John M.: Florida’s Indians, reviewed; 227 Goggin, John M.: Fort Pupo: A Spanish Frontier Outpost; 139 Going, Allen Johnston: Bourbon Democracy in Alabama, 1874-1890, re- viewed; 356 Griffin, John W.: The Addison Blockhouse; 276 Jenckes, Edwin T., The Early Career of,: Earl C. Tanner; 261 Jordan, Weymouth T.: Review of Bourbon Democracy in Alabama, 1874- 1890; 356 Keene, Jesse L.: Review of The Georgia-Florida Frontier, 1793-1796; 301 Letter from the Land of Flowers, Fruit and Plenty; 350 Lewis, Frank G.: Education in St. Augustine 1821-1845; 237 Liberty and Property, reviewed, 357 Lycan, Gilbert L.: Review of Liberty and Property; 357 Lykes, Fred: A Pioneer Florida Family; 128 Murdoch, Richard K.: France to the Rescue: An Episode of the Florida Border, 1797; 203 Murdoch, Richard K.: The Georgia-Florida Frontier, 1793-1796, reviewed; 301 Parson Brown Orange: Mercer W. Brown; 129 Pioneer Florida Family: Fred Lykes; 128 Porter, Kenneth W.: The Cowkeeper Dynasty of the Seminole Nation; 341 Regional and local historical societies: 228, 305, 360 Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Recon- struction, reviewed; 354 Rutherford, Robert E. (ed.): Settlers from Connecticut in Spanish Florida: Letters of Ambrose Hull and Stella Hall 1804-1806; 324 Seminole War: Its Background and Onset: Mark F. Boyd; 3 (I) Introduction; 3 (II) The Seminoles of Florida; 4 (III) Mounting Tension; 23 (IV) A Sugar Empire Dissolves; 58 (V) The Murders at Fort King; 69 (VI) First Battle of the Withlacoochee River; 73 (VII) Defeat of Dade; 84 (VIII ) The Saga of Luis Pacheco; 105 (IX) Roster of Dade’s Command; 107 (X) Sources; 110 Settlers from Connecticut in Spanish Florida: Letters of Ambrose Hull and Stella Hall 1804-1806: Robert E. Rutherford (ed.); 324 Swanton, John R.: De Soto’s First Headquarters in Florida; 311 Tanner, Earl C.: The Early Career of Edwin T. Jenckes: A Florida Pioneer of the 1830’s; 261 Tequesta, reviewed; 352 Thompson, Arthur W.: Confederate Finance: A Documentary Study of a Proposal of David L. Yulee; 193 Thrift, Charles T., Jr.: Review of Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction; 354 Woodward, C. Vann: Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction, reviewed; 354 Yulee, David L., A Documentary Study of a Proposal of Confederate Finances Arthur W. Thompson; 193 Volume XXX July, 1951 Number 1 The FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY CONTENTS The Seminole War: Its Background and Onset Mark F. Boyd (I) Introduction (II) The Seminoles of Florida (III) Mounting Tension (IV) A Sugar Empire Dissolves (V) The Murders at Fort King (VI) First Battle of the Withlacoochee River (VII) Defeat of Dade (VIII) The Saga of Luis Pacheco (IX) Roster of Dade’s Command (X) Sources The Florida Historical Society The Annual Meeting The program Minutes Reports New members A Pioneer Florida Family The Parson Brown Orange Archeology of the Tampa Bay Region Contents of Volume XXIX Articles and authors SUBSCRIPTION FOUR DOLLARS SINGLE COPIES ONE DOLLAR (Copyright, 1951, by the Florida Historical Society. Reentered as second class matter November 21, 1947, at the post office at Tallahassee, Florida, under the Act of August 24, 1912.) Office of publication, Tallahassee, Florida Published quarterly by THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY Gainesville, Florida THE SEMINOLE WAR: ITS BACKGROUND AND ONSET * by MARK F. BOYD Historian, Florida Board of Parks and Historic Memorials (I) Introduction. (II) The Seminoles of Florida. (III) Mount- ing Tension. (IV) A Sugar Empire Dissolves. (V) The Murders at Fort King. (VI) The First Battle of the Withlacoochee River. (VII) Defeat of Dade. (VIII) The Saga of Luis Pacheco. (IX) Roster of Dade’s Command. (X) Sources. (I) INTRODUCTION The action generally known as the Dade Massacre is an event which cannot be adequately understood if viewed by itself, since it was but one aspect of an explosion occurring in the winter of 1835-1836 which rocked the Territory of Florida. The explosion was the culmination of the mounting tension between the whites on the one hand, and red and black on the other, whose origins antedated the acquisition of Florida by the United States. This crisis must be viewed in the perspective of, and against the back- ground formed by the forces from which it developed. It is at- tempted here to sketch this background in a detached manner, though limitations of space preclude presentation in detail. The tale is a narrative of harshness, with many sordid aspects. In view of the pressure of settlers for lands, the solution of the problem through emigration of the Indians was probably the best which could be devised, and it is to be regretted that the advantages of removal were not more patiently and attractively presented to the Indians before a determination to resist removal arose among them. When this sentiment had crystalized, the climax was the wholly natural reaction of a simple, bewildered, wronged and liberty-loving people; who, subjected to inexorable pressure, saw no other dignified solution or avenue of relief. The ______________ * The Quarterly is grateful to the Florida State Board of Parks and His- toric Memorials for assistance in the cost of publication of this article. 4 FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY outburst itself consisted of four major sanguinary events of nearly simultaneous occurrence and, as is so often the case, many of those who felt its impact had little if any responsibility for its production. (II) THE SEMINOLES OF FLORIDA The original Indian population of Florida, with the possible exception of the Calos or Caloosa, was largely if not altogether eradicated by the English instigated Creek raids during Queen Anne’s War, 1701-1714 (see Boyd, Smith and Griffin, post. Sources), although evidently in decline prior to this time as a consequence of epidemic infections acquired from white sources. While the raids resulted in much loss of life, depopulation was more thoroughly effected through the enforced evacuation of the survivors. These were relocated by the English on lands in and adjacent to the Province of Carolina. The English, how- ever, became increasingly oppressive and high-handed in their dealings with these captives and their earlier allies. Indian re- sentment found expression in a widespread compact among the tribes, which had as its objective the expulsion of the English. The resulting brief struggle known as the Yamassee War oc- curred in 1715. It nearly attained the desired result, but suddenly collapsed owing to the defection of the Cherokees. The defeated Indians scattered from the vicinity of Carolina, most Yamassees returning to Florida, but others, including the Creeks, returned to the old dwelling sites on the banks of the Chattahoochee river. Here they were sought out by English, French and Spanish emissaries, the former not to inflict chastisement, but to compete with the others for Indian support in an anticipated continuation of intercolonial strife. While the Spaniards found adherents in certain factions, others, probably finding English trade or pres- ents more satisfactory, sided with the latter. The Spaniards en- couraged their partisans to return to Florida and repopulate Apalachee. While successful in inducing several bands from the SEMINOLES OF FLORIDA 5 Chattahoochee river villages to make this move, the numbers were insufficient to repopulate the region as it once had been. The meager references to these bands make their ultimate fate uncertain, nor do they appear to have contributed significantly, if at all, to the final Indian repopulation of Florida. In 1767 only one town, Talahassa or Tonaby’s town, was located in ancient Apalachee. (Gauld-Pittman map). The Stuart-Purcell map also speaks of several other small villages, dependencies either of this or Mikasuky. By the time of the cession of Florida to Great Britain in 1763, certain Indian bands were established in the upper part of the peninsula, who were referred to as Seminoles (Semenolas, Simi- noles, Seminolies, Seminolys). The word is said to be derived from the Muskogee Ishti Semoli (Brinton), variously rendered as meaning separatist, runaway or vagabond.