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In This Edition: Page Page  Geelong Miniature Aircraft 2  Helena Rubinstein 20  Donaghy’s Rope Works 3  Solomon’s 22  Rats! 7  New Zealand—Fast Facts 25  John Caesar— 8  Brad Pitt 26  Singapore 10  Recipe—Chicken & Chilli 28  The Freemasons’ Hotel Tragedy 11  Word Search—Aussie Rules 29  The Great Barrier Reef 14  Banknotes: Howard Florey 30  Corio-The Early Days Part 10 16  150 Years Ago 31  The Boston Tea Party 18  Then… & Now 32

The Geelong Miniature Aircraft Association (GMAA), has been operating in Geelong in various forms for over 40 years. In 1965-66 a number of local modellers began seeking each other out to help learn how to fly single-channel radio controlled and control line model aircraft. Within a year, a number of individuals began to congregate and fly their aircraft on Belmont Common. Most flew trainers, but some of the more adventurous flew aerobatic capable aircraft. It soon became apparent that a club should be formed in order to have rules, control over frequencies, and an official flying site on Belmont Common. The first ever meeting was held in mid-1967 in Barry Angus' home garage. Barry was duly elected president and the club was officially born—named the Geelong Aero Guidance Society (GAGS). It was later renamed the Geelong Miniature Aircraft Association. Permission to use the area beside the Barwon River was obtained from council and a steel clubhouse (shed) was erected, replaced later by a larger concrete brick building. Many enjoyable years were spent flying on Belmont Common, the National Titles held in 1972 being one of the more memorable highlights. But as the suburb of Belmont closed in around the Common, flying became more difficult and dangerous. Flying over busy roads became unacceptable, and the fear of interference from outside radio sources grew. In early 1979 the club moved to a new field in Dog Rocks Road, Fyansford—still in use today. In fact, until 2011 the GMAA had two excellent facilities to fly at—Fyansford and Mannerim on the Bellarine Peninsula. Gradually, each field started to focus on different types of model aircraft and flying disciplines. After much discussion, in December 2010 it was decided to divide the GMAA into two separate clubs, and the Bellarine Model Aero Club (BMAC) was created. Would you like to learn more about flying miniature radio-controlled aircraft? Feel free to contact the club, or simply come down to the field in Ballarat Midland Hwy Batesford & Geelong Dog Rocks Road. Web: gmaa.org.au

Email: [email protected] Postal Address: The GMAA

Dog Rocks Rd Rocks Dog P.O. Box 5226 To Hamilton Hwy North Geelong, VIC 3215

In Person: Pop down to Dog Rocks.

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In 1852 a 30-year-old stocky Irishman, Michael Donaghy, arrived by ship in Geelong, along with his wife and children. The gold rush was in full swing, but Donaghy was not lured to Ballarat by the rich deposits found there. Rather, he had come from Ireland, via England, where he had gained experience in rope making. And discussions with the ship’s crew during the long voyage from Europe had convinced Donaghy that making rope in the new Michael Donaghy colony of Victoria could be a very profitable business indeed, since ships of the time typically needed up to 32km (20 miles) of rope on board! On May 18, 1852, Donaghy produced the first commercially-made rope made in Victoria. His first factory was a small shed erected near the Barwon River at Marnock Vale (Chilwell), and his only assistant at that time was a lad who helped to spin the yarn by hand. Once the flax or hemp fibres were cleaned and combed, they were attached to the hooks of a spinning (hand-turned) wheel, and the rope-maker had to walk backwards as the rope grew longer, continually feeding more fibres into the ever -lengthening rope. The length of rope was governed by how far the worker could walk backward in a straight line, and hold the rope off the ground. After a long, arduous day spinning rope, Donaghy pushed a wheelbarrow laden with rope over rough paths from Chilwell to the waterfront, where he found a ready market among the ship captains, wanting to replace broken or frayed rope on their vessels. The arduous trek each day was soon made easier with the purchase of a horse and yellow-coloured cart, which became well-known in Geelong as it made deliveries across town. By the following year (1853) Geelong’s population had grown to about 15,000. Donaghy’s rope business had become so prosperous that he now employed 30 staff, and had expanded the factory buildings. He had also installed the first crude machinery to lighten the demand on heavy labour. From 1852 until 1873, Donaghy’s original factory While ship rope was still the main was located in Fyans Street, Marnock Vale product manufactured, Donaghy had (Chilwell), an area of Geelong then known as Irish also noticed a demand for flat rope, Town, due to the large number of settlers that had used by miners at the gold fields to come from the ‘Green Isle.’ Michael Donaghy is raise and lower pit cages into their pictured sitting in the cart. mines. The strong, dependable flat 3

rope was added to the production line, contributing to Donaghy’s reputation as a quality rope-maker. The rope business continued to grow slowly, limited to some extent by Michael Donaghy’s insistence that all transactions were paid for in cash. But by 1873 it was evident that new premises, with room for a longer rope walk (See page 6) was needed. And so, in the vast open fields of Geelong West, Donaghy constructed his new rope factory. Donaghy named his new premises the Fairview Rope Factory. Around this time Michael saw fit to introduce his two sons to the business. John and Michael Jr. were both taken on, initially as apprentices, but eventually in 1878, as partners. Donaghy’s “Kangaroo” To add to the growth in Geelong, branches were established brand hay baling twine was in Melbourne, Adelaide, Dunedin in New Zealand, and later readily identified by farmers in Sydney, Hobart, Launceston, Perth, and even Fiji. throughout Australia. Sadly, on May 21, 1883 Michael Donaghy died and was buried in the Geelong Eastern Cemetery. His 41-year-old son John took over as manager of the Fairview Rope Factory. In 1886 John bought out his brother and other partner, James Wallace, and became the sole owner of the business. It was during this time that steamships were taking over from sailing ships. Initially, the demand for rope for sailing ships went into decline. This was compounded by the recession of the early 1890s. However, a new invention was to be the saviour of the rope making business—the hay baling machine! A Family Business A large number of Donaghy’s employees spent all of their working lives at the ropeworks, and it was not uncommon for three or four generations of the same family to be associated with the factory. Up to 250 people were employed at the works at any time, and many of them were quite young boys. In A Donaghy’s worker feeding sisal into fact, the works had the nick-name of Fairview a hacking and combing machine. College due to the large number of juveniles who worked there. In addition, women were found to have the dexterity needed to make the coir mats, and so dozens of young women were also employed in the factory. Industrial relations between management and staff was usually very good. During the late 1880s when about 90 men and women were employed, the factory voluntarily adopted the 8-hour work day. In June 1890, when 50 of the employees resolved to form a Rope-workers Employees Union, they immediately passed a motion thanking their employer for granting them the 8 hour day before the law required it. 4

Shown for the first time at the Melbourne Centenary Exhibition in 1888, the hay baler used twine instead of wire to hold the bale together. The baler became instantly popular with farmers, and Donaghy’s factory struggled to keep up with demand for twine to feed the growing number of hay balers. In fact, during hay- making season even the clerks in the office peeled off their coats to help load reels of twine onto the queue of horses with carts at the front of the factory in Pakington Street. The factory expanded in 1894, with a coir mat assembly line added. The mats, made from the husks of coconuts, are still a popular item at the front door of many homes today. The turn of the century saw severe drought in Australia, causing great concern for rope-makers who now relied on farmers for most of their sales. Despite this, in 1905 Donaghy’s became a proprietary company, the first in Geelong and one of the first in Victoria. The factory was overhauled, and new machinery boosted production capacity dramatically. With World War I looming on the horizon, the decision proved a valuable one to Donaghy’s and all Australia. The 20th century saw the invention of synthetic fibres. As a result, the demand for rope made with natural fibres gradually went into decline. Donaghy’s eventually merged with James Miller Holdings in 1968 but the company did not prosper. The Geelong works closed down in 1978, putting off the 203 staff, some who had been with the company for over 40 years. However, Donaghy’s was soon purchased by a previous rival, Kinnears, and the Geelong West factory re-opened later that same year. The revival was not to last. Kinnears closed its doors for the final time in 1999. The property was sold to developers who demolished the factory and built the new Pakington Strand retail area. The factory had been a Geelong icon for 125 years, and many Geelong residents fondly remember the family environment working among the noisy rope-making machines.

Donaghy’s Rope Works– at 95 Pakington Street, Geelong West; now the site of the Pakington Strand retail shopping strip, with Woolworths supermarket behind. 5

What is a Ropewalk? A ropewalk* is a long straight narrow covered pathway, where long strands of material are laid before being twisted into rope—and Donaghy’s ropewalk was one of the longest in the world! The original ropewalk, constructed in 1874 was 760m long, stretching from Pakington Street all the way to Elizabeth Street. This made possible the manufacture of Donaghy’s Fairwiew Factory in 1930, showing the 610m (2,000ft) long cables needed in 412m long ropewalk corridor. South Australia for boring wells. In 1905 the ropewalk was shortened to 412m long by 6m wide, since rope lengths had become standardized to 220m and 330m long. This change opened up land in Waratah Street for housing alongside the rope factory. Rope was made using specialised machinery known as gallantynes, fore gears, travellers and top carts. The ropewalk received major modifications during the 1950s, but by then the process of making rope using a ropewalk was already in decline. Synthetic fibres like polypropylene, nylon, and polyesters were starting to revolutionise the rope-making industry. In addition, more efficient vertical rope-making machines eased the need for intensive manual labour. The ropewalk in Geelong West was closed down in 1999 to make way for new retail outlets, including a Woolworths supermarket, but ropewalks continue to be used in other countries up to this day. * To see a ropewalk in action go to: www.youtube.com/watchv=IaHQUvG8jzA With high speed machinery and other moving equipment, accidents were very common at Donaghy’s Ropeworks. For example, in 1940, 15 year old Peter Miller lost his right hand when caught in the machinery, while in 1919 a youth named Leslie Scott died after accidently setting himself on fire. In 1923 the young son of Thomas White died after following his father into the factory and being crushed by a 2.5 ton machine. The process of using the ropewalk created lots of fibre dust which proved very flammable. Fires in 1904, 1918, and again in 1927 nearly destroyed the factory.

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Rats are considered by many to be troublesome and damaging rodents. Rats, like mice, are active mostly at night. They have poor eyesight, but they make up for this with their keen senses of hearing, smell, taste, and touch. Rats constantly explore and learn, memorizing the locations of pathways, obstacles, food and water, shelter, and features of their environment. They quickly detect and tend to avoid new objects and novel foods. Thus, they often avoid traps and baits for several days or more following their initial placement. Rats reach sexual maturity at 5 weeks of age and have litters of 10-14 babies after a 21 day gestation period. Females of breeding age come into heat all year round—every 4 to 5 days unless already pregnant or weaning a litter. A typical female rat can have 3 or 4 litters in a lifetime, so rat populations can increase dramatically in a very short time. In the wild, rats live about 12 months, but as pets they can live up to 2-3 years. Wild rodents can carry many different diseases that are easily transmitted between animals and humans. The main pathways that pathogens invade humans are via breathing air, drinking water, eating contaminated food and hand to Male rats are called bucks, mouth contact. The Black Death that decimated unmated females are Europe during the 14th century was caused by a called does, pregnant or pathogen carried by fleas which travelled on rats. parent females are called Other zoonotic diseases linked to pest rodents are dams, and babies are swine fever, and foot and mouth disease. called kittens or pups. A Despite their poor reputation, rats have been kept group of rats are known as as pets since the late 19th century. Pet rats behave a pack or a mischief. differently to their wild counterparts, exhibiting friendly behaviours. They can even be taught to perform tricks. Pet rats do not pose any more of a health risk than other pets, such as dogs or cats. Over the years rats have also been used in experimental studies, after it was discovered that they share many physical and mental attributes with humans. These tests have added to our understanding of genetics, diseases, and the effects of drugs. They have proven to be of great benefit to the health and well-being of humans worldwide. While most of us may recoil in disgust at the sight of these large rodents, many people now view them with delight, a source of interest and friendship.

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Born in 1764 in Madagascar, John Caesar was of unknown African parentage. A giant of a man, he became the first person of black African descent to arrive in Australia. He also became the first Australian bushranger, and the first man to have a reward on his head. Nicknamed "Black Caesar," on March 17, 1786, he was tried at Deptford, Kent for stealing 240 shillings (today: $24). His sentence was transportation to the penal colony of for seven years. Placed on a convict transport ship that was part of the , he arrived in in January 1788. Life was harsh for the first European settlers on Australian shores, and many nearly starved to death in those first few years. Within 3 months he was accused of stealing 4lbs (1.8kg) of bread. He denied the charges, which could not be substantiated. However, 12 months later, on April 29, 1789 Caesar was convicted of stealing, after resorting to illegal methods to obtain more food. His seven year sentence was extended to ‘transportation for life!’ He fled to the bush a fortnight later, with provisions, an iron pot, and a musket with ammunition he stole from a marine named Abraham Hand. Lacking the tracking skills of the local Aborigines, Caesar could not find game to kill with the musket, and again had to resort to steal- ing food to survive. On May 26 he helped himself to a brickmaking gang's rations on Brickfield Hill and was barely able to escape. On the night of June 6 while attempting to steal food from the house of Zachariah Clark, the colony's “assistant commissary for stores," he was caught by another convict named William Saltmarsh. In July 1789, David Collins, the colony's Judge-Advocate, wrote: “This man has always reputed the hardest working convict in the country; his frame was muscular and well calculated for hard Judge-Advocate labour; but in his intellects he did not very widely differ from a David Collins brute; his appetite was ravenous, for he could in any one day devour the full ration for two days. To gratify his appetite he was compelled to steal from others, and all his thefts were directed to that purpose. He was such a wretch, and so indifferent about meeting death, that he declared while in confinement, that if he should be hanged, he would create a laugh before he was turned off, by playing some trick upon the executioner. Holding up such a mere animal as an example was not expected to have the proper or intended effect; the governor therefore, with the humanity that was always conspicuous in his exercise of the authority vested in him, directed that he should be sent to Garden Island, there to work [in] fetters; and in addition to his ration of

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provisions he was to be supplied with vegetables from the Garden.” For the first few months on Garden Island Caesar behaved himself and, as a result, was eventually allowed to work without his iron restraints. However, he soon took advantage of the extra freedom granted him, and escaped on December 22, 1789 using a canoe to get off the island. He stole a musket, and lived by up-rooting food from gardens and stealing food from Aboriginals after scaring them away with his gun. Six weeks after escaping, upon misplacing the gun in a garden at Rose Hill, and being speared by aggressive Aborigines, he gave himself up to an officer. On March 4, 1790, Caesar was sent by Governor Phillip, as part of a group of notorious convicts to establish a penal colony on . By July 1, 1791 he was supporting himself on a lot at Queenborough and was issued with a hog. In January 1792 he was given one acre of his own and ordered to work only The Singleton Argus. March 7, 1908 p.4 three days a week. His daughter Mary, by which includes an excerpt from a letter convict Ann Power, was born on March 4, 1792. written by Governor Hunter. Caesar returned to in the Kitty twelve months later, leaving behind Ann (who died in 1796) and his daughter.* Then, in July 1794 he escaped once more and began stealing from farms and huts again. He was soon back in custody and received a flogging (500 lashes) for his troubles. Rather than being broken by the experience Black Caesar defiantly stated to the Governor that “all that would not make him better.” He was right. In 1795 Caesar escaped for the last time, and formed a gang of runaways. On January 29, 1796, a reward of five gallons of rum was offered by Governor John Hunter for his capture. Every day for the next 2 weeks brought new reports of stolen items from the settlement, evidence that Caesar was still in the vicinity. Finally, on February 15, 1796, a man named John Wimbow confronted him at Liberty Plains (now a suburb of Sydney called Strathfield). Caesar raised his firearm to shoot Wimbow, but his pursuer proved to be the better shot. The huge black convict died later that day after being carried to Thomas Rose's hut. * Some believe that Mary moved to Van Diemen’s Land in 1813 and is the Mrs Kerrigan who died from alcoholism in 1822. Others believe Mary moved over to Sydney as a young adult and married brewer in 1823. 9

“Location Location Location!” This common saying used by those investing in real estate fits Singapore perfectly. Located in the Singapore Straight, the city-state is on the most direct shipping route that connects Europe, the Middle East and Africa with eastern Asia. The name Singapore is derived from the word “Singapura” or “Lion City” as legend has it that a Sumatran prince sighted a beast that looked like a lion when he first set foot on the island in the 14th century. Would you believe Singapore has over 5 million people on a landmass area of only 693km2! The City of Greater Geelong has twice that area (1,250km2) but only around 220,000 people. The Port of Singapore is one of the largest and busiest ports in the world. About a fifth of the world’s cargo containers and half of the annual supply of crude oil goes through the port each year. The World Bank ranks the city/state as the world's top logistics hub. Singapore’s Changi Airport has also been voted the best in the world. The country is currently the only Asian country to receive AAA credit ratings from all three major credit rating agencies, and even the World Bank has named Singapore as the easiest place in the world to do business. With a Chinatown and Little India, both gastronomic and shopping enthusiasts have it all. Tourist attractions include the Science Centre Singapore and the Singapore Flyer (pictured below), which at 165m tall is the world’s second largest observation wheel.

Singapore The bold line on the map shows the main shipping route from Europe to East Asia, with Singapore located directly on this route. 10

Built in 1854 for J. A. Russell, the Freemasons’ Hotel was one of 19 hotels quickly erected in Geelong to accommodate immigrants in the days of the Victorian gold rush. The hotel was de-licensed in 1888, a victim of the Local Option vote*, with owner James McGee receiving £750 compensation, and the tenant, Mrs Beattie, receiving £300. With no liquor license the business was then turned into lodging accommodation. Recently, the shop fronting Malop Street once more came up for lease. Today the building is known as Tirana Lodge, located past Westfield Shopping Centre, and opposite Officeworks at 163 Malop Street. The building is typical of colonial Regency architecture of the 1850's and is a conservative example of this style. As a result, few would give it consideration as they pass by today, but an interesting event occurred at the Freemasons’ Hotel 129 years ago. We’ll let the Geelong Advertiser (January 12, 1885 p.3) take up the story:

“A man named John Jones, aged 50 years, met with a shocking death in Malop-street shortly before three o’clock yesterday (Sunday) morning. At the hour named Constable [Crowther], who was on the beat in that thoroughfare found the man lying on his back on the pavement in front of the Freemasons’ Hotel, on the north side of the street, and nearly opposite the Salvation Army barracks. On examining the prostrate form of the man the constable found that it was lifeless... It was then found that the back of the man’s head was completely smashed, and that blood was flowing freely from the wound... There were no signs of a struggle on the pavement, and whatever caused the injury to the head appears to have occasioned instantaneous death... At eleven o’clock on Saturday night he retired to his bedroom on the third landing of the hotel, the room being an attic one 30ft above the level of the footpath, the window of which overlooks the street and is in the form of a folding door. The

* Local Option—See the March 2012 edition of the Jillong Pocket for more information on Geelong’s Liquor War and the Local Option vote. 11

landlady asserts that the deceased went to his room quite sober and no disturbing sounds were heard during the night... From the appearance of the room it is surmised that the deceased must have got out of bed, and walked in his sleep through the folding window, and thus fell to the footpath below, for there is no verandah in front of the hotel. The body was found on the footpath, a few feet from the front of the hotel, and in a line with the upstairs bedroom window… It was asserted yesterday afternoon that twelve months [ago] the deceased paid a visit to Geelong and stopped at another hotel, where he was noted for walking about in his sleep and terrifying the inmates of the hotel… On searching his room at the Freemasons’ Hotel yesterday morning the police found the deceased’s silver watch, but no money, whilst in the room they found the deceased’s return ticket by coach from Streatham to Scarsdale, from which place the train runs to Ballarat.” The inquest held into his death on the following Monday by Coroner, Mr. Heron, revealed more clues to the puzzle. When John Jones first arrived at the Freemasons’ Hotel on Thursday, January 8, 1885 he was drunk. The next day (Friday) he had purchased over £5 worth of clothes from Mr Morris Jacobs, the draper. He paid for them using a £17 cheque drawn against his employer Mr McPherson at Streatham, his wages for working there as a gardener. Later that evening he complained to the landlady, Mrs Elizabeth Morgan, that he had been robbed of the rest of his money, along with his pipe, by three men. He promised to contact a friend back in Streatham the next day to send money to him to pay his hotel bill. Jones’ final day (Saturday), he appeared sober when he bid Mrs Morgan good- night. However, a closer inspection of his room after his death revealed that, around 3am in the morning, he had dressed, rolled back the carpet on the floor, and then climbed onto the table to exit from the window. The Mr. heron noted that this was very unusual behaviour for a person if preparing for suicide. An autopsy conducted by Dr Walshe concluded that the Welshman had died from “injury to the system,” caused by having the back of his scalp crushed after it hit the pavement. Without any eye witnesses to substantiate the state of mind of Mr Jones, the coroner had no choice but to find that he had died after falling 30 feet (10m) from the third-floor window of the Freemasons’ Hotel, but could not conclusively determine whether it was suicide or an accidental death after sleep-walking. Could the man have plummeted to his death while still asleep? What do modern researchers know about this strange form of human behaviour? 12

Sleepwalking

Typically occurring when a person is in the deep stages of sleep, sleepwalking causes people to perform actions normally associated with being awake. Sleepwalking can be as benign as sitting up in bed, walking to the bathroom, cleaning, or as hazardous as cooking, driving, violent gestures, grabbing at hallucinated objects, or even homicide. Episodes can range from quietly walking about the room to agitated running or attempts to "escape." Typically, the eyes are open but their expression is dim and glazed over. On questioning, responses are slow or absent. In some cases, sleepwalking is associated with incoherent talking. Sleepwalking occurs most commonly in childhood, typically between the ages of 4 and 8, but can last into adulthood. Older children, who may awaken more easily at the end of an episode, often are embarrassed by the behaviour (especially if it was inappropriate). If a sleepwalker is returned to bed without waking, they usually don't remember the event. Sleepwalking may last as little as 30 seconds or as long as 30 minutes. Should you wake up a sleepwalker? What Causes a Person to Sleepwalk? Several different factors may be involved. These may There are conflicting viewpoints on include genetics (traits that run in families), this point. Some experts say that environment, and medical conditions. Sleep- sleepwalkers should be gently walking is not normally associated with other guided back to bed without waking sleep problems, sleeping alone in a room or with them. others, fear of the dark, or anger outbursts. Others counter that idea and Factors associated with sleepwalking include: state that, although waking a Sleep deprivation; Chaotic sleep schedules; sleepwalker may result in some Stress; Alcohol intoxication; Sedative/hypnotics disorientation, it is not harmful. (drugs that promote relaxation or sleep); Neuroleptics (drugs used to treat psychosis); Stimulants (drugs that increase activity); and Antihistamines (drugs used to treat symptoms of allergy). Medical conditions that have been linked to sleepwalking include Psychiatric disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder, panic attacks, or dissociative states, such as multiple personality disorder. Experts advise putting away dangerous items and locking doors and windows before going to bed, to reduce risks of a sleepwalker engaging in harmful activity.

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Australia’s greatest landmark, the Great Barrier Reef is located off the north east coast of Australia, on the continental shelf in the Coral Sea. The Great Barrier reef is home to over 2,000 species of fish. That’s almost double the number found in the Caribbean! There are also over 400 species of coral, over 30 species of marine mammals including whales, dolphins and dugongs, 6 species of marine turtles, and much, much more! The Great Barrier Reef, composed of over “The Great Barrier Reef is arguably 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands, the most famous of all Australian running for over 2,300km and covering an area of approximately 344,400 square km, Landmarks, though one thing is all combines to make The Great Barrier for sure, no trip Down Under is Reef the largest reef system in the world. complete without a visit to this Built by tiny coral polyps, the reef is the awe inspiring marvel of nature.” biggest structure made by living organisms on earth and being bigger than the Great Wall of China, it is the only living thing visible from space. While coral reefs initially made the Great Barrier Reef famous, they only comprise about seven per cent of the Marine Park and the World Heritage Area. The rest of the Marine Park is an extraordinary variety of marine habitats, ranging from shallow inshore areas – such as seagrass, mangroves, sand, algal and sponge gardens, and inter-reef communities – to deep oceanic areas more than 250km offshore. Understandably, the Great Barrier Reef is included as one

At over 2,300km long, the reef is shown against Europe and North America for size comparison. 14

of the Seven Wonders of the Natural World. Captain James Cook provided the first written record of the Great Barrier Reef after charting and naming many of the Reef's landmarks during his 1770 voyage on the Endeavour. However, Cook didn't actually name the Reef itself. That honour fell to Matthew Flinders in 1803. In the early days of settlement along the Queensland coast, shipping in the waters of the Great Barrier Reef was the only way to transport goods, supplies and, of course, people to the Matthew Flinders expanding coastal communities. Historic lighthouses dotted the coastline to help protect travellers. However, the many shipwrecks along the coast testify to the fact first experienced by Captain James Cook, that the coral reefs are treacherous. Even today, with modern charts and clearly defined shipping channels, every year a number of ships run aground and risk polluting the reef before they can be rescued. Climate change, pollution, crown-of-thorns starfish and fishing are the primary threats to the health of this reef system. Other threats include shipping accidents, oil spills, and tropical cyclones. Skeletal Eroding Band, a dis- ease of bony corals affects 31 coral species. According to a 2012 study by the National Academy of Science, since 1985, the Great Barrier Reef has lost more than half of its corals. Due to its vast biodiversity, warm clear waters and accessibility for tourist boats, the reef is a very popular destination, especially for scuba divers. With its international reputation, tourists make around 1.9 million visits to the Marine Park each year, while recreational users make an estimated 14 million visits annually. Tourism on the Great Barrier Reef is concentrated in Cairns and also the Whitsundays due to their accessibil- ity. Tourist activity uses only 7% of the Park's vast area. Many cities along the Queensland coast offer daily boat trips. Several continental and coral cay islands are now resorts, including the pristine Lady Elliot Island. Have you ever visited this Great Barrier Reef?

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PART 10—Let The Fun Begin! As early settlers around Geelong established themselves, time was found for sports and recreation. One of the most popular early sports was fox hunting (or kangaroo hunting, as the early Australians sought more prey).* Hunt clubs were formed throughout the colony, and riders met regularly to give their dogs and horses a run. Sometimes a week-long carnival would be held, like the one hosted by the Corio Hounds, at the start of September 1846. The Geelong Advertiser takes up the account: “On Monday morning a select field of the Corio sportsmen met Mr Pyke’s party at Station Peak (the You Yangs); and on Tuesday morning, a field of no less than thirty-six well-mounted and well-appointed horsemen followed the Corio hounds in as pretty a run as any reasonable man could desire. It was not the good fortune of the whole, however, to be in at the death; although they kept well together for the first eight miles. The hounds divided, and both divisions killed, the one a fox, the other a kangaroo; the trophies being carried off respectively by Mr Pender and Master Fisher… Those strangers who may have the good fortune to sojourn this week in Geelong, will be constrained to admit that we have not altogether degenerated in this remote outstation of Her Majesty’s dominions.” While the English enjoyed riding, those who came from other parts of the world brought their games with them. As early as 1843 Scottish migrants had organised Shinty matches, a game similar to modern hockey, but with origins dating back over 2,000 years. Twenty years later, a group of youths who had organised a game of Shinty in the vicinity of Cowies

* In 2005 fox hunting was made illegal in England, but in Australia the sport is still pursued today. The European red fox was introduced solely for the purpose of fox hunting in 1855. Native animal populations have been very badly The Geelong Field & Game affected, with the extinction of at least 10 species attributed Association includes fox drives to the spread of the foxes. among its hunting activities. The In the state of Victoria there are thirteen hunts, with more Association meets at 7:30pm on than 1,000 members between them. Fox hunting with the first Monday of every month hounds results in around 650 foxes being killed annually in in the lunchroom of the Geelong Victoria, compared with over 90,000 shot over a similar Sale Yards in Weddell Road, North period in response to a State government bounty. Geelong. 16

Creek in North Geelong raised the anger of the more conservative citizens in the town, who were disgusted to see the Sabbath being desecrated (playing a sport on Sunday)! The Irish version of the game, Hurling, could also be seen among the new arrivals in the town. By 1863 a A game of Shinty in 1835. competition between teams established in Geelong got underway. At a meeting to determine the rules to be followed all parties agreed that: “any player making a stroke with his hurley with the intention of doing any bodily harm to an opponent, be given up at once to the authorities by the stewards.” And “any member appearing on the ground during the progress of the game the worse of drink, he shall be expelled [from] the game.” Another popular past-time, although usually done on the quiet, away from prying eyes, was cockfighting. Contests between competing fowls were usually organised among small groups of enthusiasts behind farm sheds, or in backyards. One group of boys were hauled before the magistrate “for engaging in an unlawful recreation, to wit—cockfighting on Sunday. The evidence of a number of little boys, some of whom had been prevented from attending church by the superior attractions of the ‘rooster’s duel,’ showed that… a series of fights took place in the yards of the fowl fanciers… The Bench ordered each of them to pay a fine of 20s ($2) and 5s (50c) costs, or suffer 24 hours imprisonment.” Of course, cricket was well established as a game back in England before the early settlers came to the Port Phillip District. Among the luggage of new arrivals were Duke’s bats and cricket balls. As soon as a sizable piece of ground was cleared games were organised. The hot summers and mild winters proved ideal conditions for outdoor sports, and many early Victorian settlers excelled, to the surprise of English gentlemen who visited the area. Within the first 15 years of settlement in the Corio area, farmers and townsfolk had carved a good standard of living from the land. However, two events would soon change their lives forever. In 1851 gold was discovered at Ballarat. The second event had its beginnings the following year... Next month the story continues . . .

(story with help from Ian Wynd’s book So Fine a Country) 17

The ‘Boston Tea Party’ as it came to be known, was one of the most famous events in American history, leading up to the American Revolution and the United States of America separating from England. During the 1760s England was at war with the French as well as with Indian tribes on the subcontinent. While coming off victorious in 1763, the wars were very expensive campaigns. King George III and his government looked at taxing the American colonies as a way of recouping their war costs. They also sought ways to re-establish control over the colonial states that had become increasing- ly independent from the Crown. Royal ineptitude compounded the problem. A series of actions by British forces agitated the colonists, straining relations with the mother country. But it was the Crown's attempt to tax tea that proved to be the trigger for action by the 13 American colonies. The colonies began refusing to pay the British levies and taxes, since they had no representation in the government of the time. While some taxes were removed they were still expected to be paid when shipments of tea were landed on American shores. Tea was a staple of colonial life and it was assumed that the colonists would rather pay the tax than deny themselves the pleasure of a cup of tea. However, if the colonies continued to pay the duty tax on the imported tea they would be acknowledging Parliament's right to tax them. The colonists would have none of it! When the East India Company sent shipments of tea to Philadelphia and New York the boats were not allowed to dock. The crisis came to a head on December 16, 1773 in Boston, when the arrival of three tea ships ignited a furious reaction. As many as 7,000 agitated locals milled about where the ships had forced their way to the jetty. A mass meeting at the Old South Meeting House that morning resolved that the tea ships should leave the harbour without payment of any duty. A committee was

George Hewes was one of the men who boarded the ships and threw the tea overboard. 18

selected to take this message to the Customs House to demand release of the ships out of the harbor. The Collector of Customs refused to allow the ships to leave without payment of the duty. Stalemate! The committee reported back to the mass meeting and a howl erupted from the meeting hall. It was now early evening and a group of about 200 men, some disguised as Indians, assembled on a near-by hill. Whooping war chants, the crowd marched two-by-two to the wharf. There they boarded the three English Ships, the Bedford, Beaver and Dartmouth, and threw 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbour. Many of the Boston Tea Party participants fled Boston immediate- ly after the event to avoid arrest. Hundreds of people had watched the event, yet no eyewitnesses would cooperate with the authorities. As a result, British authorities decided to punish the town of Boston as a whole. In March 1774 Parliament passed a bill which, among other measures, closed the Port of Boston. The Old South The blockade barred supplies from entering the harbour and Meeting House, where prevented Massachusetts merchants from selling their goods. the protesters met British army regiments were sent to the town to quell the unrest. before walking to the harbour and attacking American colonists responded with protests and coordinated the ships. resistance. The First Continental Congress was convened in September and October of 1774 to petition Britain to repeal the oppressive laws established to suppress the American colonists. The King refused. On April 19, 1775 the Battles of Lexington and Concord followed. They were the first battles of the American Revolutionary War. An army was created and George Washington was appointed as its commander in chief. On July 4, 1776, the thirteen American colonies, still at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer a part of the British Empire. The Declaration of Independence was signed and a new nation was born—the United States of America. The date, July 4, is still celebrated every year in the USA as “Independence Day.” Despite the hostilities between the USA and Britain 240 years ago, the First World War (1914-18) allied the two nations together and they now form the The United States Declaration of formidable Anglo-American World Power. Independence, signed by a congress of 13 American States on July 4, 1776. 19

Helena Rubinstein was born in Krakow, Poland, on Christmas Day in 1870. She was the eldest of eight daughters (a son died in infancy) born to Horace Rubinstein and his wife Augusta. Described as ‘haughty and difficult,’ Rubinstein immigrated to Australia in the summer of 1894, fleeing a marriage proposal from a wealthy widower, arranged by her father. Now 24 years old, the tiny woman (only 147cm or 4’10” tall) began living with her uncle, Louis Silberfield, a store keeper at Coleraine, 34km west of Hamilton in Western Victoria. She later complained of being hungry, lonely and poor in 'that awful place.' Helena’s milky complexion cultured by face cream brought over with her from Poland was soon noticed by Australian women who had skin coarsened by sun and dust. Soon after, she sent home to Poland for supplies to sell. Coleraine may have been an "awful place" for a young refined woman to live in, but it introduced her to something that would dramatically change her life— sheep. Some 75 million sheep made up vast flocks in Victoria’s Western Districts. The merino sheep produced the finest wool in the land, and also secreted abundant quantities of wool grease—lanolin. Lanolin has been described as one of the most skin-loving ingredients in the world! After discovering the amazing qualities of lanolin, Helena started making skin cream from it. To disguise the pungent odour she experimented with lavender, pine bark and water lilies. Not long afterwards, the strong-willed Helena fell out with her Uncle Louis. For a time she worked as a governess to the sons of Steve Fairbairn at Stonehaven, 10km west of Geelong, before acquiring a job as a waitress at the Winter Gardens Tearooms in Melbourne. There she found an admirer willing to fund the launch of her Crème Valaze. Costing 10d. (10c) to make and selling for 6s. (60c) the crème walked off the shelves faster than she could pack it into pots. The crème earned Helena £12,000 in two years enabling her to open her own salon in Collins Street, Melbourne. Sydney came next, and after 5 years her Australian operations were profitable enough to finance a salon, the de Beauté Valaze, in London. Forming one of the world’s first cosmetic companies, Helena’s business enterprises proved immensely successful. In 1908 her sister Ceska became manager

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of the Melbourne shops and Helena moved to London. There she met her first husband, Polish born American journalist Edward Titus. They had two sons. In 1912 the family moved to Paris where Helena opened another salon. At the outbreak of WW1 they escaped war-torn Europe and moved to New York where Helena opened yet another salon in 1915, the forerunner of a chain of stores throughout the USA. Rubenstein enjoyed the cut and thrust of business, especially on Fifth Avenue in New York where her feud with Elizabeth Arden and Charles Reyson (founder of Revlon) reached extraordinary levels of bitterness. In 1928 she sold her American business to the Lehman Brothers for $7.3 million (equal to over $90 million today). The timing of the sale was very fortuitous. After the great depression she bought back the stock for less than $1 million and made a fortune in the fast-growing cosmetics industry, establishing salons and outlets in almost a dozen U.S cities. Helena married her second husband in 1938 Prince Artchil Gourielli-Tchkonia who was 23 years younger than her. Eager for a regal title to call her own Helena pursued the handsome youth avidly, coming to name a male cosmetic line after her prize. In 1953 she established the philanthropic Helena Rubinstein Foundation which provides funds to organizations specializing in health, medical research and rehabilitation, as well as to the America Israel Cultural Foundation, and makes scholarships available to Israelis. Some consider Rubinstein the first self-made female millionaire. She was an advertising genius—she introduced the concept of 'problem' skin types; she pioneered the use of pseudo-science in marketing, donning a lab coat in many advertisements; she knew how to manipulate consumer anxiety, playing on their desire for social status; and if a product faltered initially, she would hike the price to raise the perceived value. Rubinstein died April 1, 1965 at the age of 94, survived by one son. She continued to manage her cosmetics empire until her death. In 1973 the company Helena Rubinstein Inc. was sold to Colgate Palmolive and is now owned by L’Oreal.

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“Geelong’s Busiest Drapers” was the catch phrase used on all Solomon’s advertising when the store first opened in 1913. Let me tell you how the Solomon’s store came Looking east along Malop Street in 1925, Solomon’s stands about. proudly next to the recently completed CML building. After arriving from Prussia during the 1850s gold rush era, Jewish migrant Isador Solomon and his family settled in Talbot, 57km north of Ballarat. In November 1879 his son, Sol Solomon, established a drapery store in the town. The first day’s takings were only 6d. (6c). From these small beginnings the Solomon family went on to become one of the biggest retailers in Geelong from 1913 until 1966. A year before he opened his store in Talbot, Sol and his wife Sarah had a son they named Julius. Young Julius became the driving force behind the Solomon business empire. As a boy he helped his father in the family store, and by his early twenties was given credit for turning the business into a huge success. Then, in 1907 the entire family decided to move to Geelong. They purchased the business of Lige, Cocking, & Co., and began trading as the “Colosseum” in Malop Street. In July the following year Julius was elected to the Geelong Progress Association, a group of prominent Geelong businessmen and residents determined to advance amenities within the township. Meanwhile, the town of Geelong had already earned the well-deserved nickname “Sleepy Hollow.” By 1910 Melbourne’s population was well over 600,000 and growing rapidly, while Geelong’s population had staggered to about 25,000. What could the local council do to speed up growth and prosperity within the newly designated ‘city’? Attention was quickly drawn to the Market Square area. Since the town’s establishment back in 1838 the square had basically been a farmer’s market, with traders paying a daily fee of 1 shilling (10c) to set up a barrow selling fruit, vegetables or dairy products from sunrise to 4pm every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday. Previous councils had made some improvements. The 1,500 Julius Solomon, as Geelong seat His Majesty’s Theatre provided a source of entertain- mayor in 1926. ment. And gardens, including fountains, a kiosk, and a statue 22 of Queen Victoria had been established at the western end that fronted Moorabool Street. A white picket fence surrounded the gardens, protecting the flower beds and park benches from stray animals. Yet, the entire area was described as “a resort for tired and weary people.” Yawn! In addition, the area was a dustbowl in summer and a smelly mud heap in winter. This most prized land in the very centre of the city needed a desperate over- haul. Lacking funds the council felt they had limited options to expand the city’s main shopping area, until young Julius Solomon came up with an idea they simply couldn’t refuse. Looking south along Moorabool St from Malop St corner. 1915 Since arriving in Geelong in late 1907, Julius Solomon had looked to expand the family business from drapery to household goods and furniture. But there were no existing buildings in Geelong large enough for what he had in mind. His idea was, that if the council leased land in Market Square to his family business at £650 per annum, (plus annual rates of about £280), he promised to build a large department store at his own expense. Then after 50 years had elapsed, the entire facility would revert back to council ownership. Work got underway in 1912 with the relocation of the fountains and the Queen Victoria statue. Architects, Tombs and Durran designed the two-storey building which became defined by domed pavilions at each end of the Moorabool Street facade. Building contractor Mr. W. Murphy then took charge of the site. Once completed, the building claimed the third largest open retail space without walls in Victoria. The ‘modern’ department store even boasted “automatic inter-communication telephones” throughout the store, enabling departments to communicate with each other. Nine other smaller shops were added inside

Advertisement in the Geelong Advertiser, August 6, 1913 23 the building, most fronting on to Moorabool Street. Two new streets were formed—Jacob St and McCann St, separating Solomon’s from the market area. Only one short-sighted councillor, Horace Richardson had grumbled over the deal, complaining that getting less than £1,000 ($2,000) per year for 81m (266ft) of frontage along Moorabool Street and 27m (90ft) along Malop Street was ridiculous! However, to his credit, once the project was completed he humbly acknowledged his error and fully endorsed the new shopping precinct, stating that, along with the sewerage system then under construction, the new works would rid the city centre of its filthy gutters and putrid smell once and for all. A large celebration was held to open the store on Wednesday, April 16, 1913. In the speeches that accompanied the event, all acknowledged that the big winner was Geelong itself, as it would kick-start a retail and construction boom in the middle of the city. Despite the dark clouds of World War I looming on the horizon, the prediction of stimulated growth for Geelong proved true. In 1915 a referendum was held in Geelong, asking if more stores should be built in the Market Square. The resounding answer was “Yes,” and the Block Building in Little Malop Street was built soon after. Eight years later the CML building replaced the Austin Clock Tower in Malop Street next door to Solomon’s. Julius Solomon continued to play a prominent role in Geelong. He entered the Geelong City Council in 1923 and was elected mayor of Geelong during 1926-7. In 1932 he became a city alderman, while continuing to run the department store and serve as a director of the Federal Woollen Mills. While he remained an active member of the Geelong Jewish community, he was also identified with the Geelong Racing Club, Agricultural Society, the Victoria Coursing Club, Turf Cricket Association, and Geelong Football Club. But all was not well with his health… During the winter of 1933, Julius contracted a chill. It was not taken seriously until a week later pneumonia set in. He died at his home at Eastern Beach on July 8, 1933 aged only 55. Although Jewish, his will generously gave to Catholic and Protestant orphanages, as well as the Geelong hospital. The store that carried Solomon’s name continued to trade under the management of his son, Loris, but was eventually forced to close in 1966. The site was then taken over by Woolworths, until the Geelong City Council, now back in control of the site, re-developed it into the Market Square shopping centre we have The Solomon’s building as it appears today, now today. part of the Market Square shopping centre. 24

 Located in the south-western Pacific Ocean, New Zealand encompasses two main islands, simply referred to as the North Island and the South Island.  Other smaller islands include Stewart Island, Waiheke Island, Chatham Island, Great Barrier Island and hundreds more, although many are uninhabited.  The capital city of New Zealand is Wellington.  The largest city is Auckland with over 1.4 million people. This is 32% of the entire population of the country!  The population of New Zealand was estimated to be around 4.5 million in the middle of 2014.  67% of New Zealanders are of European descent, while 18% are of Maori and Pacific Islander background. 10% are Asian.  Maori are the indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand.  The Maori name for New Zealand is Aotearoa.  The Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840 between the British and Maori, making New Zealand a colony of the British Empire.  In 1893 New Zealand became the first country in the world to give all women the right to vote.  Due to its isolation, New Zealand has developed unique animal and plant life, including alpine parrots and ground dwelling Kiwis.  The term ‘Kiwi’ is also used as a nickname for a New Zealander.  The Lord of the Rings and Hobbit movies were filmed in New Zealand.  No part of the country is more than 128km from the sea.  Located in the South Island, the highest mountain in New Zealand is Mount Cook, 3,754 metres (12,316 ft) in height.  Dairy products are New Zealand’s highest earning exports.  Rugby is the most popular spectator sport in New Zealand followed by soccer and cricket.

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American actor and film producer, William Bradley Pitt was born on December 18, 1963 in Oklahoma, USA, the eldest of three children in a devoutly Southern Baptist family. Described as one of the world's most attractive men, Brad is married to actress Angelina Jolie, making them the most watched couple in Hollywood. Soon after his birth, Brad’s family moved to Springfield, Missouri, where his father ran a trucking company. Following his graduation from school in 1982, he attended the University of Missouri, majoring in Journalism and Advertising. Becoming unhappy with where the course was taking him, he dropped out with only two credits left to gain his degree. Brad told his parents he intended to enrol in the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, but instead spent the next several months driving a limousine, delivering refrigerators, and even working as a costume-wearing mascot for a restaurant chain. Meanwhile, he had joined an acting class. After a time, he accompanied a classmate to her audition with an agent. In a twist of fate, the agent signed Brad instead of his classmate. After weathering only seven months in Los Angeles, he had secured an agent and regular acting work. In the late 1980s, Brad started getting television work, appearing in shows like Dallas, 21 Jump Street, Growing Pains, Thirty something, Freddy’s Nightmares, Another World, and Head of Class. His debut on the big screen was in an uncredited part as a waiter in No Man's Land (1987). However, like many aspiring actors, even those with good looks, he found he had to do something controversial to advance his career. In 1989 he played his first starring role in the horror/slasher film Cutting Class. The movie was poorly received, but Pitt was starting to get himself noticed. Two years later, a well-timed bit part in a controversial Hollywood film pushed him into the glare of instant stardom. In Ridley Scott’s Thelma & Louise (1991), starring Susan Sarandon and Geena Davis, Brad played the role of a scruffy hitch- hiker, who is picked up by the two women. Despite the role being a small one, involving a mere fourteen minutes of screen time, the steamy scene with Geena Davis cemented his reputation on the big screen. Brad Pitt then played the memorable role of Paul Maclean in A River Runs through It (1992), a true story set in Montana. He was Floyd in True Romance

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(1993), the thriller written by Quentin Tarantino, starring Patricia Arquette, Christian Slater and Val Kilmer. Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles (1994) starred Pitt as the unforgettable Louis de Pointe du Lac opposite Tom Cruise in the horror/fantasy movie. It won him two 1995 MTV Movie Awards, for Best Male Performance and Most Desirable Male. He was also nominated for Best Actor by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films, and for Best On-Screen Duo in the 1995 MTV Movie Awards. Having proved his capabilities as an actor, as well as his box office 'bank-ability', Brad con- tinued to give outstanding performances in movies such as Legends of the Fall (1994), Se7en (1995), Twelve Monkeys (1995), Ocean's Eleven (2001), Ocean's Twelve (2004), Troy (2004), Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005), Mr & Mrs Smith (2005), Ocean's Thirteen (2007), The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008), Eat Pray Love (2010), and many more. In all Brad Pitt has received four Academy Award nominations and five Golden Globe Award nominations, winning one Golden Globe. Brad has always had a weakness for his leading ladies and has been linked by the tabloids to many affairs. As a result, his hatred of the paparazzi is well known and he goes to extreme lengths to protect his privacy. He was with Juliette Lewis, his co-star in Too Young to Die for three years, and enjoyed a long-term relationship with Gwyneth Paltrow. They were engaged in December 1996, but split up in June 1997. Then, in July 2000, Brad married Friends star Jennifer Aniston in a fabulous cliff-top ceremony in Los Angeles. They became Hollywood’s ‘Golden Couple,’ but after four and a half years of marriage he walked out on her. After Brad starred in Mr & Mrs Smith in 2005 with Angelina Jolie, photographs began appearing in the media of the two of them spending time together. In December 2005, they finally announced that they were a couple. Brad adopted her two children before Jolie gave birth to their daughter, Shiloh Nouvel, the following year. In 2007 they adopted a Vietnamese boy, before Jolie gave birth to twin boys the following year, increasing the family’s size to six children. The couple announced their engagement in 2012 and finally tied the knot in a private ceremony on August 23, 2014 in France. The world continues to look on with interest. . . 27

Ingredients  2 tsp peanut oil  100g blanched almonds  2 garlic cloves, crushed  1/3 cup fresh Thai basil leaves  400g chicken tenderloins halved lengthways  1 brown onion, halved and cut into thin wedges  1 bunch of broccolini, cut into 5cm lengths  1 fresh long red chilli, halved, deseeded, thinly sliced  4 green shallots, ends trimmed, thinly sliced diagonally  115g (1/3 cup) Asia @ Home Thai chilli jam stir-fry paste  Steamed jasmine rice, to serve

Method

Step 1 Heat half the oil in a wok over high heat until just smoking. Add the almonds and stir-fry for 1 minute or until golden. Transfer to a heatproof bowl.

Step 2 Add half the chicken to the wok and stir-fry for 2 minutes or until brown. Transfer the chicken to the bowl with the almonds. Repeat with the remaining chicken, reheating wok between batches.

Step 3 Heat the remaining oil in the wok. Add the onion, broccolini, chilli and garlic and stir-fry for 2 minutes or until the broccolini is bright green and tender crisp. Add almonds, chicken, shallot and chilli jam and stir-fry for 2 minutes or until heated through.

Step 4 Spoon the stir-fry among serving bowls. Sprinkle with basil and serve with steamed rice.

28 Word Search– Aussie Rules K C T A C K L E S P R R Y E H D D S G U G R A S S M A E T K P S S M S T A P U H P B C V A O C D U B O T S L L L A B T O O F R E S P N U O O N P F N C R A U R P P U E O T O P S T U D S T N I N E S P D U H B U D F L B R E E V N D B P R M G A A O P L A Y E R S B O A O O P U S E N E I L V F I E D L R R A I A N F I N A L S O S I E E E T Y R R A T I O E E N R R R E D N E F E D M N G S R R S W R U M E L R U P L G I G R E D D A L J C T R S O O T N O Y H P D B R O N S K D W O R C I P T P M U B D U I C A R U R T U W A D T U P N O H I S Q U A R E E G U U C J E B W K C O A C H M D U

BANNER FOOTBALL OVAL STUDS BARREL FORWARD PLAYERS SUPPORTERS BOOTS GATHER POINT SUSPENSION BOUNCE GOAL POST RUCK BOUNDARY GRASS PUNT TACKLE BUMP HANDBALL PUSH TAP CAPTAIN INJURIES REPORTED TEAMS COACH JUMPER ROVER TORPEDO CROWD KICK SCOREBOARD TRAINING DEFENDER LADDER SIREN UMPIRE FINALS MARK SQUARE WINGMAN FLAG MOUTHGUARD SPECKY WHISTLE 29

On the $50 banknote is: Howard Florey

Howard Walter Florey, was born on September 24, 1898 at Adelaide, the son of a boot manufacturer from England. Educated at the Collegiate School of St Peter and the University of Adelaide, Howard sailed for England in 1921 as a Rhodes Scholar. At the University of Oxford he studied physiology. While a student in Adelaide, Florey had met Mary Reed. After a prolonged correspondence she joined him in London and they were married in October 1926. The marriage proved an unhappy one. From 1927 Florey lectured in the pathology department at Cambridge. In 1931 he was appointed professor of pathology at the University of Sheffield. Four years later he moved to the Sir William Dunn school of pathology in Oxford; and was to remain in it until 1962. Although Florey made advances in many fields of experimental pathology, by far his greatest contribution to science was the development of penicillin as a systemic antibacterial agent, thus inaugurating the antibiotic era. In1938-39 Florey and Ernst Chain jointly initiated a systematic investigation of the biological and biochemical properties of antibacterial substances produced by bacteria and fungi. They eventually selected penicillin, discovered by Fleming in 1928, for detailed examination. Due to the enterprise of Florey's team enough penicillin was prepared to carry out clinical trials in 1941. The results were dramatic! Penicillin for the treatment of war casualties was first produced in the United States of America. Its effects were immediately miraculous. Despite living in Britain since the age of 23, Florey remained Australian in accent and outlook. In 1944 he visited Australia to discuss the local production of penicillin. He returned to live out the rest of his life in England. Florey was reserved, but sure of himself. A splendid experimentalist, he had no liking for speculation or abstract ideas. He was intensely hard-working and expected the same devotion from his colleagues and students. He was a man of vision and above all a man who got things done. He was knighted in 1944, won (with Chain and Fleming) the Nobel prize for physiology and medicine in 1945, was appointed to the French Légion d'honneur in 1946, and was awarded the U.S.A.'s Medal of Merit in 1948. Howard Florey died from a heart attack on February 21, 1968 at his home in England and was cremated. The world is indebted to him and his research team for saving the lives of millions of people with the introduction of antibiotics. 30

Geelong– 150 years ago this month “On the 17th instant, the battery at the Heads* was opened for the first time for shot and shell practice. There were present on the occasion Colonel Anderson, Colonel Rede, Captain Woolley, and fifty-four volunteers. The correspondent of the Geelong Advertiser says:- ‘The object of the trials was to test the recoil and reverberation. The guns are sixty-eight pounders, three in number, and six rounds from each were fired at a target placed near the Pope’s Eye Battery, a distance of about two miles. The first rounds fell short, but the remainder of the firing was remarkably good, the shells apparently exploded right over the target. Before shooting was commenced, notice was given to the inhabitants to open their windows; but there seemed to be no occasion for this precaution, as the foundation of the new battery is many feet thick of concrete, and having blocks of stone, so that the reverberation was not so much felt as from the old thirty-two pounder when fired off the bluff.’ ” (The Sydney Morning Herald October 27, 1864 p.2 )

* At Queenscliff

About this brochure: This brochure has been produced as a community service by participants in the Work For The Dole scheme at Workskil- Corio branch office. This is part of a Job Services Australia initiative. All comments and views expressed in this publication are the opinions of the participants in the scheme and not necessarily the views of Workskil or Job Services Australia. If you have any comments about information contained in this brochure, or suggestions for future issues please contact us: Workskil WFTD Unit 1001 Corio Shopping Centre. Bacchus Marsh Rd. Corio 3214 Ph: (03) 5245 3000 Email: [email protected]

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1890

Corner of Malop Street and Moorabool Street—looking south-east The photo above shows the Victoria Hotel on the left, with taxi carriages waiting patiently along Malop Street for a fare. Behind stands the Austin Clock Tower in Market Square. Below, pictured during the Anzac march along Malop Street, is the Commonwealth Bank building dominating one corner of the intersection, while the Solomon’s building stands proudly on the corner of Market Square. Built in 1912, it was incorporated into the Market Square shopping centre during the 1980s. See inside for further details on Solomon’s.

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