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Lake Tanganyika Biodiversity Project Projet Sur La Biodiversité Du Lac Tanganyika

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Lake Tanganyika Biodiversity Project Projet Sur La Biodiversité Du Lac Tanganyika Lake Tanganyika Biodiversity Project Projet sur la Biodiversité du Lac Tanganyika Lake Tanganyika: Results and Experiences of the UNDP/GEF Conservation Initiative (RAF/92/G32) in Burundi, D.R. Congo, Tanzania, and Zambia prepared by Kelly West 28 February 2001 TABLE of CONTENTS ACRONYMS 08 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION to LAKE TANGANYIKA 11 1.1 Why is Lake Tanganyika Special? 11 1.1.1 Physiographic Considerations 11 1.1.2 Biological Considerations 12 1.1.3 Socio-Political Considerations 17 1.2 Threats to this Resource 19 1.2.1 Pollution 19 1.2.2 Sedimentation 20 1.2.3 Overfishing 21 1.2.4 People 22 CHAPTER 2. ORIGIN, STRUCTURE and EVOLUTION of LTBP 23 2.1 History 23 2.2 Project Objectives 25 2.3 Project Structure 25 2.4 Chronology of LTBP 28 CHAPTER 3. IMPLEMENTATION and OUTPUTS of LTBP 31 3.1 Capacity-Building and Training 31 3.1.1 Material Capacity Building 31 3.1.2 Human Capacity Building and Training 32 3.2 Technical Programmes 35 3.2.1 Biodiversity Special Study 35 3.2.1.1 Objectives and Strategy 35 3.2.1.2 Products 36 3.2.1.2.1 Methodology 37 3.2.1.2.2 Human Capacity 38 3.2.1.2.3 Databases 38 3.2.1.2.4 Biodiversity in Lake Tanganyika 39 Habitats 39 Lakewide Biodiversity Patterns 41 Biodiversity Patterns near PAs 41 3.2.2 Pollution Special Study 45 3.2.2.1 Objectives and Strategy 45 3.2.2.2 Products 46 3.2.2.2.1 Water Quality Studies 46 3.2.2.2.2 Industrial Pollution Inventory 47 Bujumbura, Burundi 48 2 Uvira, D.R. Congo 4 8 Kigoma, Tanzania 48 Mpulungu, Zambia 48 3.2.2.2.3 Pesticide and Heavy Metals Studies 49 3.2.3 Sedimentation Special Study 49 3.2.3.1 Objectives and Strategy 49 3.2.3.2 Products 50 3.2.3.2.1 River Gauging Studies 50 Burundi 51 D.R. Congo 51 Tanzania 51 Zambia 52 3.2.3.2.2 Coring Studies 52 3.2.3.2.3 Erosion Modelling 53 3.2.3.2.4 Sediment Transport Studies 54 3.2.3.2.5 Nutrient Dynamics 55 3.2.3.2.6 Biological Impact of Sediments 55 3.2.4 Fishing Practices Special Study 56 3.2.4.1 Objectives and Strategy 57 3.2.4.2 Products 57 3.2.4.2.1 Fishing Gears of Lake Tanganyika 57 3.2.4.2.2 Fishing Threats to Protected Areas 58 Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania 58 Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania 58 Nsumbu National Park, Zambia 59 Rusizi Nature Reserve 59 3.2.4.2.3 Capacity of National Institutions to Monitor Fishing 59 3.2.5 Socio-Economic Special Study 60 3.2.5.1 Objectives and Strategy: 60 3.2.5.2 Products: 60 3.2.5.2.1 Overview 60 Fisheries livelihoods 61 Agricultural land use and livestock 62 Deforestation, energy needs and woodland management 62 Population growth and movements 62 3.2.5.2.2 Burundi Surveys 63 3.2.5.2.3 DR Congo Surveys 64 3.2.5.2.4 Tanzania Surveys 64 3.2.5.2.5 Zambia Surveys 66 3.2.6 Environmental Education Programme 66 3.2.6.1 Objectives and Strategy 67 3.2.6.2 Products 67 3.2.6.2.1 EE activities in Burundi 67 3.2.6.2.2 EE activities in D.R. Congo 68 3.2.6.2.3 EE activities in Tanzania 68 3.2.6.2.4 EE activities in Zambia 69 3 3.2.7 Other Studies 69 3.2.7.1 LARST Station 69 3.2.7.2 Geographic Information Systems 70 3.3 The Strategic Action Programme 70 3.3.1 Process: Special Studies Contributions to the SAP 70 3.3.1.1 Biodiversity Special Study Recommendations 72 3.3.1.1.1 Coastal Zone Management 72 3.3.1.1.2 Protected Areas 73 3.3.1.2 Pollution Special Study Recommendations 74 3.3.1.3 Sedimentation Special Study Recommendations 75 3.3.1.4 Fishing Practices Special Study Recommendations 76 3.3.1.4.1 Pelagic Zone Fisheries 76 3.3.1.4.2 Littoral Zone Fisheries 76 3.3.1.4.3 Monitoring the Effect of Fishing Practices 77 3.3.1.5 Socio-economic Special Study Recommendations 77 3.3.1.5.1 Alternative livelihoods 78 3.3.1.5.2 Poverty alleviation and development 78 3.3.1.5.3 Sustainable fisheries 78 3.3.1.5.4 Sustainable agriculture 79 3.3.1.5.5 Sustainable woodland management 79 3.3.1.5.6 Institutional factors 79 3.3.2 Process 79 3.3.2.1 Principles and Analytical Framework 7 9 3.3.2.2 National Consultation 81 3.3.2.3 Regional Consultation 82 3.3.2.4 Interim Lake Tanganyika Management Body 83 3.3.3 Products 84 3.3.3.1 Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis 84 3.3.3.2 The Strategic Action Programme 87 3.4 The Legal Convention 102 3.4.1 Process: Creating the Convention 102 3.4.1.1 The Process 102 3.4.1.2 The Next Steps 103 3.4.2 Product: The draft Legal Convention 103 3.4.2.1 Preamble 104 3.4.2.2 Articles 1-3: Introductory Provisions 104 3.4.2.3 Articles 4-12: Principle Obligations 104 3.4.2.4 Articles 13-22: Mechanisms for Implementation 104 3.4.2.5 Articles 23-28: Institutional Arrangements 105 3.4.2.6 Articles 29-32: Liability and Settlement of Disputes 105 3.4.2.7 Articles 33-44: Miscellaneous Procedural Matters 106 3.4.2.8 Annexes 106 3.4.3 Anticipated Benefits of the Convention 106 4 3.5 Dissemination of LTBP Results 106 3.5.1 Project Document Database 106 3.5.2 Website 107 3.5.3 CD-ROM 107 CHAPTER 4. LESSONS LEARNED FROM LTBP 109 4.1Introduction 109 4.2 Civil Wars and Insecurity 109 4.2.1 Remain flexible and seek creative solutions 110 4.2.2 Maintain a presence 111 4.2.3 Facilitate regional collaboration 112 4.2.4 Remain neutral 112 4.2.5 Do not underestimate people’s good will during difficult times 112 4.2.6 Be briefed on security and have contingency plans 113 4.3 Project Ownership and Partnerships 113 4.3.1 National and Regional Ownership 113 4.3.2 Need to implicate highest levels of government 113 4.4. National Ownership 114 4.4.1 Lead institutions and their relationship to the lake 114 4.4.2 Assessment of institutional mandates and capacity 115 4.4.3 National Coordinators and National Directors 115 4.4.4 Financial Control 115 4.4.5 Stakeholder Participation 116 4.5 Execution and Implementation 116 4.5.1 Cultivating a shared vision 116 4.5.2 Establishing a coordianted project mission 117 4.5.3 Linking the social sciences and the natural sciences 117 4.5.4 Financial incentives are necessary 117 4.5.5 Be sensitive to language considerations and budget time and 118 money for translation 4.5.6 Do not underestimate staffing needs 119 4.5.7 Recruitment 119 4.5.8 It takes time 119 4.5.9 Email links and websites facilitate communications 119 4.5.10 Planning for the post-project phase 120 4.5.11 Use Appropriate Technologies 120 4.5.12 The countries in a multi-country project are different 121 4.6 Other Considerations: Conservation and Development at 121 Lake Tanganyika 5 EPILOGUE – LOOKING TOWARD THE FUTURE 125 REFERENCES 127 Figures Figure 1.1 Lake Tanganyika and its riparian nations 10 Figure 2.1 Organogram for the Lake Tanganyika Biodiversity Project 26 Figure 3.1 Relationships between the various technical components of LTBP 36 Figure 3.2 Sample littoral zone substrate map derived from manta survey of 39 Nsumbu NP Figure 3.3 Habitat profile map from BIOSS surveys using SCUBA 40 Figure 3.4 Sediment Source and Erosion Hazard Zones 53 Figure 3.5 Analytical Framework for the SAP 80 Tables Table 1.1 Physiographic statistics for Lake Tanganyika 12 Table 1.2 Inventory of species in Lake Tanganyika 13 Table 1.3 Socio-economic statistics for Tanganyika’s riparian nations 16 Table 1.4 Sources of Pollution in the Tanganyika Catchment 20 Table 2.1 Lead Agencies and National Coordinators for LTBP 27 Table 2.2 Chronology of key LTBP activities 29 Table 3.1 Material resources and infrastructure provided by LTBP 31 Table 3.2 LTBP Training Activities 33 Table 3.3 The proportion of each major substrate-type recorded by Manta-board 40 surveys Table 3.4 Number of species found exclusively in each basin of Lake Tanganyika 42 Table 3.5 Number of species per family recorded in each riparian country 42 Table 3.6 Number of fish species recorded in the waters adjacent each NP 42 Table 3.7 Complementarity analysis, fish species richness 44 Table 3.8 Complementarity analysis, mollusc species richness 45 Table 3.9 Basic Limnological Parameters for Lake Tanganyika 46 Table 3.10 Some Water and Sediment Discharge Rates 50 Table 3.11 The 12 most important fishing gears in Lake Tanganyika 56 Table 3.12 Summary of Capacity to Monitor Fisheries in Each Country 59 Table 3.13 Data collected at the LARST Station in Kigoma 70 Table 3.14 National Consultation Meetings for the SAP 81 Table 3.15 Regional Consultation Meetings for the SAP 82 Table 3.16 Main Threats and General Action Areas 84 Table 3.17 Prioritization of Problems - Reduction of Fishing Pressure 85 Table 3.18 Prioritization of Problems - Control of Pollution 85 Table 3.19 Prioritization of Problems - Control of Sedimentation 85 Table 3.20 Prioritization of Problems - Habitat Conservation 85 Table 3.21 National Actions in Response to Excessive Fishing Pressure in the 88 Littoral Zone 6 Table 3.22 National Actions in Response to Excessive Fishing Pressure in the 89 Pelagic Zone Table 3.23 National Actions to Control the Ornamental Fish Trade 90 Table 3.24 Burundi: National Actions to Control Urban and Industrial Pollution 91 Table 3.25 D.R.
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