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Small-Scale Renewable Energy Technologies in East Africa

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Small-Scale Renewable Energy Technologies in East Africa REPORT ZA 2018 Small-scale renewable energy technologies in East Africa An overview Authors: Lauren Hermanus (Adapt), Louise Scholtz (WWF-SA) Acknowledgements: Kind thanks to the following individuals and institutions that provided input to the report: Jeremiah Kiplagat (Kenya Power International); Patrick Karimi (Institute of Energy Studies Research, Kenya Power – IESR); John Mwangi (Kenya Power Business Strategy); Agatha Kemunto, Fred Ogutu, Mark Simbi, Winston Asugo and Nathan Bogonko (Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute – KIRDI), Geoffrey Ronoh (Strathmore Energy Research Centre – SERC) and Mary Suzan Abbo (Centre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation – CREEC) Contributors: Karin Kritzinger (Stellenbosch University: Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies – CRSES), Muyambi Bwengye Rogers (WWF Africa Regional Energy Officer), Helmut Herzog (South African Renewable Energy Business Incubator) Text editing: Marlene Rose Design: Farm Design, www.farmdesign.co.za Cover photograph: www.solinc.co.ke/products/#fosera-solar-home-systems Citation: WWF (2018) Small-scale renewable energy technologies in East Africa: An overview, Cape Town: WWF South Africa If you would like to share copies of this paper, please do so in this printed or electronic PDF format. Available online at www.wwf.org.za/report/small_scale_re_localisation Any reproduction in full or in part must mention the title and credit WWF-SA as the copyright owner. For more information, contact Louise Scholtz: [email protected] WWF South Africa’s Policy and Futures Unit undertakes enquiry into the possibility of a new economy that advances a sustainable future. The unit convenes, investigates, demonstrates and articulates for policy makers, industry and other players the importance of lateral and long-term systemic thinking. The work of the unit is oriented towards solutions for the future of food, water, power and transport, against the backdrop of climate change, urbanisation and regional dynamics. The overarching aim is to promote and support a managed transition to a resilient future for South Africa’s people and environment. The organisation also focuses on natural resources in the areas of marine, freshwater, land, species and agriculture. This report is part of a larger project on the development of suitable technologies for local manufacturing and assembly, technical training in the manufacturing and installation of these technologies, and business skills training to advance these and other downstream activities related to the sustained uptake of renewable energy. Together with additional analyses, this report lays the foundation for a project that aims to support the increased uptake of renewable energy at household and small-business level in sub-Saharan Africa, through the promotion of localisation and local content of small-scale renewable energy technologies in the targeted countries. CONTENTS List of tables 4 Acronyms and abbreviations 4 Background 6 Key recommendations to stakeholders 12 Country case studies 19 Overview and initial summary findings 20 Kenya 22 Tanzania 33 Uganda 41 Zambia 51 References 58 Small-scale renewable energy technologies in East Africa: An overview | Page 3 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Role of stakeholder groups as identified by WWF Africa Energy Hub 6 Table 2: Overview of key information for the four country cases 21 Table 3: Kenyan electricity access based on the latest available data 22 Table 4: Summary of relevant Kenyan institutions for decentralised, small-scale renewables 25 Table 5: Examples of training and capacity building in Kenya 31 Table 6: Examples of solar off-grid industry support in Kenya 32 Table 7: Tanzanian electricity access based on the latest available data 33 Table 8: Summary of relevant Tanzanian institutions for decentralised, small-scale renewables 36 Table 9: Examples of training and capacity building in Tanzania 40 Table 10: Examples of solar off-grid industry support in Tanzania 40 Table 11: Ugandan electricity access based on the latest available data 41 Table 12: Summary of relevant Ugandan institutions for decentralised, small-scale renewables 43 Table 13: Examples of locally based businesses in the solar PV industry 47 Table 14: Examples of training and capacity building in Uganda 49 Table 15: Examples of solar off-grid industry support in Uganda 50 Table 16: Zambian electricity access based on the latest available data 51 Table 17: Summary of relevant Zambian institutions for decentralised, small-scale renewables 54 Table 18: Examples of solar off-grid industry support in Zambia 57 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AFD Agence Française de Développement CSO Civil society organisation AMDA Africa Mini-grid Developers Association DFID Department for International Development ARE Alliance for Rural Electrification EAC East African Community BGFZ Beyond the Grid Fund for Zambia EACREEE East African Centre for Renewable Energy CBO Community-based organisation and Energy Efficiency CEC Copperbelt Energy Corporation ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States CEFA Committee for Training and Agriculture EnDev Energising Development CIC Kenya Climate Innovation Centre ERA Electricity Regulatory Authority CREEC Centre for Research in Energy and Energy ERB Energy Regulatory Board Conservation ERC Energy Regulatory Commission CRSES Centre for Renewable and Sustainable ERT Energy for Rural Transformation Energy Studies Page 4 | Small-scale renewable energy technologies in East Africa: An overview ESMAP Energy Sector Management Assistance Program RECC Renewable Energy and Climate Change EU European Union RECP Renewable Energy Cooperation Programme EWURA Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority REEP Renewable Energy and Efficiency Partnership FiT Feed-in Tariff REFiT Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariff FRES Foundation Rural Energy Services REMP Rural Electrification Master Plan (Zambia) GETFiT Global Energy Transfer Feed-in Tariff REMP Rural Energy Master Plan GIZ Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit REREC Rural Electrification and Renewable GOGLA Global Off-Grid Lighting Association Energy Corporation GPOBA Global Partnership on Output-Based Aid RESP Rural Electrification Strategy Plan IAEREP Increased Access to Electricity and SACCO Saving and Credit Cooperative Society Renewable Energy Production SACREE SADC Centre for Renewable Energy and ICT Information and communications technology Energy Efficiency IESR Institute of Energy Studies & Research, SAREBI South African Renewable Energy Kenya Power Business Incubator IFC International Finance Corporation SATH Southern Africa Trade Hub ILO International Labour Organization SEF Sustainable Energy Forum IPP Independent power producers SERC Strathmore Energy Research Centre IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency SHS Solar home systems KCIC Kenya Climate Innovation Center SME Small and medium-sized enterprise KenGen Kenya Electricity Generating Company Ltd SPP Small power producer KEREA Kenya Renewable Energy Association SPS Solar pico systems KIRDI Kenya Industrial Research and SREP Scaling Up Renewable Energy Programme Development Institute SUHODE Sustainable Holistic Development Foundation KOSAP Kenya Off-grid Solar Access Project TANESCO Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited KPLC Kenya Power and Lighting Company TAREA Tanzania Solar Energy Association kW kilowatt Tarebi Tanzania Renewable Energy Business Incubator MGA Micro-grid Academy TaTEDO Tanzania Traditional Energy Development MW Megawatt Organization NEP National Energy Policy TJ Terajoule NGO Non-governmental organisation UECCC Uganda Energy Credit Capitalisation Company NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory UEGC Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited OBA Grid-Based Output-Based Aid UMEMD Ugandan Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development ODI Overseas Development Institute UN United Nations OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development UNACC Uganda National Alliance on Clean Cooking PAUESA Power Africa Uganda Electricity Supply UNBS Uganda National Bureau of Standards Accelerator UNEP United Nations Environment Programme PAYG Pay-as-you-go UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development PPA Power Purchase Agreement Organization PPP Public-private partnership USAID United States Agency for International Development PSDMP Power Systems Development Master Plan WEF World Economic Forum PV Photovoltaic WWF World Wide Fund for Nature REA Rural Electrification Authority ZARENA Zambia Renewable Energy Agency REBI Renewable Energy Business Incubator Small-scale renewable energy technologies in East Africa: An overview | Page 5 Most African countries are dealing with energy poverty, with BACKGROUND parts of the population having either no access or inadequate or unreliable access to formal energy services (World Bank, 2017). Decentralised development of small-scale renewable energy solutions has shown promise in addressing unserved or underserved markets, providing access where grid extension is not feasible, especially in remote rural and urban slum areas (Wesphal et al, 2017). To date the largest uptake of small-scale renewable energy technologies has been in urban, peri-urban and rural areas that are accessible by road (and relatively close to the existing grid), while more remote rural areas have seen little penetration owing to the high cost of distribution to those areas (Ronah, 2018). The potential for both grid-tied and off-grid renewable energy solutions to meet electricity access needs in sub-Saharan Africa has drawn a great deal
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