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12 Blagojevic Milos.Vp Zbornik radova Vizantolo{kog instituta HHHÇH, 2001/2002. Recueil des travaux de l’Institut d’etudes byzantines, HHHÇH, 2001/2002 UDC: 929.513.33(=861)Œ14Œ : 881.01–94.077 MILO[ BLAGOJEVI] SRODSTVENA TERMINOLOGIJA I HIJERARHIJA VLADARA U SPISIMA KONSTANTINA FILOZOFA I WEGOVIH SAVREMENIKA Po~etkomHçvekaVizantijajeprestaladabudevazalosmanskihTuraka, {to je osve`ilo postoje}e shvatawe da je vizantijski car œduhovni otacŒ svih vladara. Takvo shvatawe bilo je prihvatqivo u sredwovekovnoj Srbiji, pa je u ne{to izmewenom vidu prisutno i u œ@itiju Stefana Lazarevi}aŒ od Konstan- tina Filozofa Kostene~kog. U Vizantiji je izgra|eno i u~vr{}eno shvatawe prema kojem je vizantij- ski car izabranik Bo`iji, jedini zakoniti car, jer je legitimni naslednik rimskog i prvog hri{}anskog cara Konstantina Velikog.1 Upravo zbog toga sa wim se nije mogao izjedna~avati nijedan vladar na svetu. Takvo shvatawe obi~no nije odgovaralo realnom odnosu snaga izme|u tada{wih dr`ava, pa je prona|eno zgodno re{ewe koje se svodilo na postojawe fiktivne hijerarhije izme|u vladara i dr`ava. Na vrhu zami{qene hijerarhijske lestvice nalazio se jedino vizantijski vasilevs, a na najni`em stepeniku vladari u vazalnom polo`aju, kojima on ima pravo da {aqe œnare|ewaŒ u pismenoj formi. Tokom desetog veka iznad wih su se nalazili œprijateqiŒ carevi, a jo{ vi{e œduhovni srodniciŒ carevi. Me|u wima su œvladari Bugarske, Velike Jermeni- je i Alanije nazvani œsinovimaŒ carevim. Najzad, na jo{ vi{oj lestvici staja- li su nema~ki i francuski kraqevi koji su bili ozna~eni kao careva œbra}aŒ.2 Iz ove tradicije potekla je ustanova porodice kraqeva koja se odr`ala sve do najnovijeg doba. Tako je, pored hijerarhije vladara, bio stvoren sistem duhov- nog o~instva, sa istim ciqem: da uzdigne cara i istakne wegovu prevlast nad svim ostalim vladarima. Kao nosilac najvi{e vladarske titule i kao poglavar 1 G. Ostrogorski, Vizantijski sistem hijerarhije dr`ava, O verovawima i shvatawima Vizantinaca, Sabrana dela Georgija Ostrogorskog, kw. 5, Beograd 1970, 238–262; G. Ostrogorski, Vizantijski car i svetski hijerarhijski poredak, O verovawima i shvatawima Vizantinaca, 263–277. 2 G. Ostrogorski, Vizantijski car i svetski hijerarhijski poredak, 274, 275. 226 Milo{ Blagojevi} najstarijeg hri{}anskog carstva, vizantijski car zauzimao je najvi{i polo`aj unutar hijerarhije vladara a kao otac svih hri{}anskih naroda stajao je na ~e- lu porodice vladara.Œ Od H do sredine HÇç i po~etka Hç veka politi~ke prilike u svetu bitno su se izmenile i to na {tetu Vizantije, koja je polako i neumitno propadala. Vizantinci se i u najte`im okolnostima nisu odrekli svojih shvatawa, sve do pada Carigrada pod tursku vlast. Ovako duboko ukorewena shvatawa postala su vremenom prihvatqiva za sve pravoslavne narode i wihovu duhovnu elitu, a posebno na Balkanskom poluostrvu. To svakako ne zna~i da su predstavnici srpske i bugarske duhovne elite prihvatali sve vizantijske poglede bez rezer- ve, odnosno bez mawih ili ve}ih izmena. U nauci je odavno uo~eno da se srpski kraq u fiktivnoj hijerarhiji vladara i dr`ava osetno pribli`io vizantij- skom vasilevsu posle `enidbe kraqa Milutina Simonidom. Od tog vremena kraq Milutin pomiwe svog tasta, cara Andronika ÇÇ, kao œgospodina mi i ro- diteqa svetoga cara gr~koga kir Andronika, i voqenoga sina wegovog, brata kraqevstva mi kir Mihaila, cara gr~kogaŒ.3 Iz navedenog citata jasno se vidi da srpski kraq naziva vizantijskog vasilevsa svojim roditeqem, a carevog si- na i savladara svojim bratom. Na sli~an na~in su se ophodili i vizantijski carevi, pa Andronik ÇÇ naziva kraqa Milutina œvoqenim sinomŒ, dok ga car Mihailo ÇH naziva svojim œvoqenim bratomŒ.4 Mora se imati u vidu i ~iwe- nica da su zaista bili uspostavqeni i bliski rodbinski odnosi, izme|u zeta i tasta kao i izme|u zeta i {uraka. Sli~ni rodbinski odnosi postojali su izme|u kraqa Stefana De~anskog i bugarskog cara Mihaila [i{mana, koji je bio o`ewen Stefanovom sestrom Anom. Kada se car Mihailo razveo od carice Ane, do{lo je do rata izme|u Sr- bije i Bugarske, koji je okon~an bitkom kod Velbu`da (1330) u kojoj je Mihailo izgubio `ivot. No i pored o~iglednih neprijateqstava, prema pisawu Nasta- vqa~a arhiepiskopa Danila ÇÇ, Stefan De~anski i pre i posle bitke naziva bu- garskog cara œbratom kraqevstva miŒ.5 Izgledadasusesuverenivladari sli~ne mo}i i vladarskog dostojanstva obra}ali jedan drugom kao œbratŒ œbratuŒ. Ovu pretpostavku donekle potvr|uje i pisawe Grigorija Camblaka. Sastavqaju}i @itije Stefana De~anskog sa znatne vremenske distance, po~et- kom Hç veka i u izmewenim odnosima izme|u dr`ava na Balkanu, on je u @iti- je unosio shvatawa svog vremena, kao i shvatawa sredine u kojoj je boravio i de- lovao. Opisuju}i Stefanovo zato~eni{tvo u Carigradu, Grigorije Camblak sa- op{tava, pored ostalog, da je Stefan osu|ivao i Varlaamovu jeres koja se jo{ 3 S. Novakovi}, Zakonski spomenici srpskih dr`ava sredwega veka, Beograd 1912, 479. 4 G. Ostrogorski, Srbija i vizantijska hijerarhija dr`ava, O knezu Lazaru, Beograd 1975, 132. Od H do HÇÇ veka vizantijski carevi ophode se sa vladarima Srbije kao vladari sa svojim po- danicima. Vi{e o tome: Q. Maksimovi}, Srbija i metodi upravqawa Carstvom u HÇÇ veku, Ste- fan Nemawa — Sveti Simeon Miroto~ivi, Beograd 2000, 55–64. 5 Arhiepiskop Danilo, @ivoti kraqeva i arhiepiskopa srpskih, Preveo L. Mirkovi}, Be- ograd 1935, 136, 144. M. Blagojevi}, Srodstvena terminologija i dru{tvena hijerarhija u sredwo- vekovnoj Srbiji, Zbornik Etnografskog muzeja u Beogradu 1901–2001, Beograd 2001, 121. Srodstvena terminologija i hijerarhija vladara u spisima Konstantina Filozofa… 227 nije ni pojavila. Saznav{i za osudu Varlaamovog u~ewa vizantijski car An- dronik ÇÇ obratio se budu}em srpskom kraqu re~ima: œGovori, o najizvanred- niji od drugova i bra}eŒ.6 Zaista, te{ko je i pomisliti da je vizantijski vasi- levs nazvao zato~enog srpskog princa svojim œdrugomŒ i œbratomŒ. Takva se terminologija koristila u srpskoj feudalnoj sredini, gde su srpski vladari nazivali svoje najistaknutije velmo`e œbra}omŒ i œdrugovimaŒ.7 Prema tome, Camblak je preneo shvatawe sredine u kojoj je pisao @itije, a ne shvatawe ca- rigradskog dvora. Nastavqa~u arhiepiskopa Danila ÇÇ bilo je ~ak poznato da je car Andro- nik ÇÇÇ predlo`io kraqu Du{anu uspostavqawe savezni~kih odnosa (1334) sle- de}im re~ima: œMene u~ini da ti budem qubazni brat i drug kraqevstva tvogaŒ.8 Ovaj je predlog bio prihva}en, pa vizantijski vasilevs i srpski kraq œpostado{e qubazna bra}a i drugoviŒ.9 Kori{}ewe srodstvenih termina (brat, bra}a) proisti~e iz shvatawa srpske feudalne sredine, ali se ovde mora primetiti da je mladi car Jovan ç, sin Andronika ÇÇÇ, nazvao u zvani~nom do- kumentu (1351) cara Stefana Du{ana svojim œvoqenim stricemŒ.10 Upotreba ovakvog srodstvenog termina odgovarala bi u potpunosti uspostavqenim ro- |a~kim odnosima izme|u œbra}eŒ, Andronika ÇÇÇ i Stefana Du{ana. Za cara Du- {ana je od ranije poznato da je nazivao œbratomŒ mleta~kog du`da, dok je opet Du{ana nazivao svojim bratom nema~ki car Karlo Çç.11 Du{anov naslednik car Uro{ naziva bra}om i svoje najistaknutije velmo`e, pa u jednom zvani~nom dokumentu pomiwe œbrata carstva miŒ, kneza Vojislava Vojinovi}a, a u drugom dokumentu œbrata carstva miŒ velikog vojvodu Nikolu Stawevi}a.12 Jednom us- postavqena i utvr|ena terminologija nije napu{tena ni sa prodorom Turaka u srpske zemqe. Prevlast Turaka na Balkanskom poluostrvu do koje je do{lo sedamdesetih i osamdesetih godina HÇç veka poremetila je postoje}u hijerarhiju vladara na ovim prostorima. Godinu ili dve posle bitke na Marici (1371) vizantijski car postao je vazal emira Murata, kojem je morao svake godine da pla}a danak i da mu {aqe pomo}nu vojsku.13 Nepune dve decenije kasnije Srbiju je zadesila jo{ ve}a 6 Grigorije Camblak, @ivot kraqa Stefana De~anskog, Preveo L. Mirkovi}, Stare srp- ske biografije Hç i HçÇÇ vek, Beograd 1936, 11. 7 M. Blagojevi}, Srodstvena terminologija i dru{tvena hijerarhija u sredwovekovnoj Srbiji, 118–124. 8 Arhiepiskop Danilo, @ivoti kraqeva i arhiepiskopa srpskih, 168. 9 Arhiepiskop Danilo, nav. delo, 169. 10 G. Ostrogorski, Srbija i vizantijska hijerarhija dr`ava, 134. Uspostavqeni odnos iz- me|u œstricaŒ i œsinovcaŒ ukazuje na to koji je vladar œstarijiŒ i mo}niji, ali ne i na vazalni odnos. 11 Q. Stojanovi}, Stare srpske poveqe i pisma Ç/1, Beograd — Sremski Karlovci 1929, 65. K. Jire~ek, Istorija Srba, kw. Ç, Beograd 1952, 234. 12 Q. Stojanovi}, Stare srpske poveqe i pisma Ç/1, 100; S. Novakovi}, Zakonski spomeni- ci, 444. M. Blagojevi}, Srodstvena terminologija i dru{tvena hijerarhija u sredwovekovnoj Sr- biji, 119. 13 G. Ostrogorski, Serska oblast posle Du{anove smrti, Beograd 1965, 143–146. 228 Milo{ Blagojevi} nesre}a. Posle bitke na Kosovu (1389), u kojoj je izgubio `ivot knez Lazar i mnogobrojna srpska vlastela, dr`ava je bila ugro`avana i od Turaka i od Ma|a- ra, a u zemqi su izbili neredi. Potra`iv{i izlaz iz nastalih te{ko}a, knegiwa Milica i weni maloletni sinovi, Stefan i Vuk, bili su primorani da postanu vazali tada{weg turskog emira Bajazita, po ~ijem je nare|ewu pogubqen knez La- zar. Oni su tako|e pla}ali godi{wi danak, a kada su postali punoletni, li~no su sa svojim odredima u~estvovali u turskim vojnim pohodima. Znatno kasnije despot Stefan Lazarevi} je opisao svoj polo`aj slede}im re~ima: œOd Kosova bih porabo}en ismaiq}anskom narodu, dok ne do|e car Persa i Tatara (Tamer- lan) i razru{i wih, i mene Bog svojom milo{}u izbavi iz wihovih rukuŒ.14 U ovim re~ima nema preterivawa, jer se terminom œporabo}enŒ iskazuje pot~iwe- nost i li~no izvr{avawe utvr|enih obaveza.
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