THE BLACK HUNDRED in ODESSA (1905-1907) by Ostap Didenko Submitted to Central European University History Department in Partial

CEU eTD Collection Second Alfred Reader: Professor Rieber Supervisor: Professor Alexei In requirements for of fulfillment the thedegree partial of THE BLACK HUNDRED IN ODESSA (1905 BLACK INTHE ODESSA HUNDRED

Miller Central European University

History Department Budapest, Hungary

Ostap Didenko Master ofArts Submitted to Submitted 2014 By

- 1907)

CEU eTD Collection thewrmay without notbemade instructions such with accordance in made copies Further made. copies such any of part a form must page This librarian. the from obtained be may Details Library. European Central the in instructio the with accordance in only made be may part, or full in either process, any by Copies Author. the with rests thesis this of text the in Copyright CopyrightNotice

itt en permission ofthe Author. i

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CEU eTD Collection fieldmethods as bytherevolutionaries. thesame using that in successes unprecedented achieve to managed they authorities’ local the of auspices the the that and activities revolutionaries’ their drewupon monarchists the towards reaction a was actions monarchists’ the of part considerable a that shows thesis The earlier. much city the of scene political the most the of activities One was latter the of characteristics important act. to had they which in circumstances immediate the of understanding right Russian also thesis The goals. broader achieve to order in oneself guide to principles basic general of set a latter the by understand I strategy. their determining thereby 20 early situat the at itself found Empire Russian the which in situation general right Russian of analysis an offers thesis system coherent a as but acts, 1905 during empire) Russian Abstract ion, they thought, brought into life the Russian right Russian the life into brought thought, they ion, The thesis deals history the with right Russian of

- ig oacit ate’ ciiis n dsa hog te rs o their of prism the through Odessa in activities parties’ monarchist wing

rivals’ successful experience of working among the masses. Under masses. the among working of experience successful rivals’ - 1907. It presents their activities not as a haphazard collection of collection haphazard a as not activities their presents It 1907. rooted into the ways they perceived a situation around. Thus, the the Thus, around. situation a perceived they ways the into rooted - ig oacit dooit’ n dsa da o a on ideas Odessa in ideologists’ monarchist wing ii

of the monarchists’ rivals, who appeared on appeared who rivals, monarchists’ the of

- wing Odessa parties (the monarchist in - wing monarchist parties themselves parties monarchist wing provides an analysis of the the of analysis an provides th

etr. That century. CEU eTD Collection besides andpositive optimistic many hardships. warmth and love whose Olga, friend dear my to gratitude especial an express to indebted deeply am Itheories. nationalism contemporary in art of state of understanding my advanced significantly seminars Pogonyi Szabolcs Professor to grateful very am I period. interwar in fascism European comparison of perspective a with me provided who anti and reactionary conservative, European other and Hundred Black the between comparison of points possible topic. research my upon prospective history cultural interesting an discover to me helped He Sereda. advancing for helpful be to proved consultation writing academic whose Lojko Miklos Professor to grateful am I issues. historical of number a of understanding my advanced and thinking my shaped greatly to thankful very am I Acknowledgments a vr mc olgd o rfso Blz Tecey whos Trencsenyi Balazs Professor to obliged much very am I - modernist political forces. I am thankful to Professor Constantin Iordachi, Constantin Professor to thankful am I forces. political modernist

Professor Alexei Miller who kindly guided my during the last two years, two last the during my guided kindly who Miller Alexei Professor of my critical writing skills. I am very much obliged to obliged much very am I skills. writing critical my

my parents who never ceased to believe in me. I would like to like Iwould me. in believe to ceased never who parents my iii

between the Black Hundred and Eastern and Hundred Black the between smnr soe me showed seminars e helped me to stay to me helped Professor

whose Ostap ver y

CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Appendi ofList abbreviations Chapter 4.Conclusions Chapter 3.The Black Hundred activities Chapter 2.Russkaya Rech’s monarchist worldview Chapter 1. Introduction Table Contents of Odessa earlyin 20 Problems Historiography of of Blackthe Hund General historical background The Black Hundred thein city Rivals of the Black Hundred Odessa The Revolution 1905 of The Present Historical Moment Russkaya Rech’ Conclusi The Elections The Odessa Union Russian of Men (OURM) The Union Russianof People (URP) The Party the of Legal Order (PLO) The Russian The Kadets The Socialist Organizatio Ethnicity Population Economy The City Duma Elections The Second State Duma Elections The First State Duma Elections Ethnic segregation and Jews x

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Assembly (RA)

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century

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84 80 79 73 70 67 63 60 60 53 47 41 39 39 37 33 33 33 30 25 23 22 22 16 14 13 12 10 10

5 2 1

CEU eTD Collection the cityat the beginningof the 20 and city the of history of overview general for section separate a devoted I Odessa, right Russian the of activities of historiography o analysis an with and empire Russian the in movement Hundred Black the of overview general fieldmethods as bytherevolutionaries. thesame using i successes unprecedented achieve to managed they authorities’ local the of auspices the Under masses. the among working of experience successful rivals’ their drewupon monarchists a monarchists’ the of part considerable a that shows thesis The earlier. much city the of scene political the on appeared who rivals, monarchists’ the of activities was latter the of characteristics important circumst immediate the of understanding right the Russian of analysis an provides also thesis The goals. broader achieve to order in oneself guide latter the by understand I strategy. their determining thereby right Russian the 20 life into brought early thought, they situation, the at itself found Empire Russian the which in situation general right Russian of analysis an offers thesis the Thus, around. situation a perceived they ways the into rooted system coherent a as but acts, 19 during empire) Russian Chapter 1.Introduction The thesis deals history the with right Russian of eoe rceig o h mi pr o m wr I hn i i ncsay o rvd a provide to necessary is it think I work my of part main the to proceeding Before - ig oacit ate’ ciiis n dsa hog te rs o their of prism the through Odessa in activities parties’ monarchist wing tos a a ecin oad te eouinre’ ciiis n ta the that and activities revolutionaries’ the towards reaction a was ctions f the Black Hundred, which explains my choice of the research problems. As researchchoice problems. myofthe explains Black f theHundred,which 05 - - wing monarchist parties under consideration took place mostly in in mostly place took consideration under parties monarchist wing 1907. It presents their activities not as a haphazard collection of collection haphazard a as not activities their presents It 1907. th

century. - ances in which they had to act. One of the most most the of One act. to had they which in ances ig oacit dooit’ n dsa ideas Odessa in ideologists’ monarchist wing

- wing Odessa parties (the monarchist in - wing monarchist parties themselves parties monarchist wing a set of general basic principles to principles basic general of set a th

etr. That century.

situation in situation n that n n a on CEU eTD Collection individual and general in movement the both designate to used be could terms Those “Th singular the and Hundred” Black “The plural the between distinguish not do scholars The respect. this in studies Hundred Black the in mess terminological big a is there that noted be should it However, movement”. Hundred Black unlimited for autocracy monarchist traditional, values. and other stood and body legislative independent an as parliament the acknowledge to righ the Finally, regime. political new the Traderepresented Octobrist, by the parties Octobrists’ The camp. this of representative re prominent most the was constitutional party democrats’ the of strengthening the advocated but manifesto, social as parties s which one, revolutionary a as to referred be could one first The period. that at distinguished be can empire Russian the in parties political of groups main four The emerged. organizations manifest The hitherto. those tocreate opportunity legal ofthe and werehave ownpoliticaldeprived organizations their law loyal As society. the of part monarchist wing fac This empire. Russian the in status legal a acquired organizations political the on moment this From unions. trade and parties political religion, gatherings, press, of freedom as such freedoms, democratic of number a with population the parliam the of establishment proclaimed It manifesto”. “October the issued II background General historical tood for the continuation of the revolution and overthrow of the autocracy. It included such included It autocracy. the of overthrow and revolution the of continuation the for tood In the very peak of the Russian revolution of 1905, on the 17th of October Tsar Nicolas Tsar October of 17th the on 1905, of revolution Russian the of peak very the In ae tgte al f h right the of all together Taken - eouinre, social revolutionaries, gv te ta opruiy ad h frt right first the and opportunity, that them gave o

- Industrialotherfullyaccepted themanifestoand parties and - - ig ate ae ald “t called are parties wing eort ad te. h lbrl ate acpe the accepted parties liberal The other. and democrats t - wing parties until the end of the revolution rejected revolution the of end the until parties wing Bak ude” n ue hm interchangeably. them use and Hundred” Black e 2

- bdn iies t rpeettvsdd not did representatives its citizens abiding t was especially important for the right the for important especially was t e lc Hnrd o “the or Hundred” Black he om. Constitutional forms. - ig monarchist wing ent and granted and ent - - CEU eTD Collection to related was Hundred Black the (RA) Assembly Russian the called organization the through especially and leadership its Through goals. their of achievement the in successful quite were the during that believed state the of authorities local and central The empire. Russian the of troubles the of begetters sole the be to believed they whom Jews the against struggle the was Hundred Black the of aims central the of One issued. was October the after country the throughout emerged parties grassroots those of number huge A popularity. huge a acquired thus and revolution the by shaken order the of restoration W people. Russian and Orthodoxy Autocracy, the protect to revolution the of suppression the at aimed was it and society the of strata social of all to belonging members, of lot a had it empire, Russian the of work.this far the study to necessity the see not do I because right”, “far terms the use not will I general. in Hundred Black the to in organizations these to refer orderto in “monarchists” “movement”,“conservatives”, terms the of addition with plural in terms same the use will I organizations. Hundred Black “organization”, terms the “unio use “party”, I’ll same. the not still are they similar, very are URP the of and whole a as Hundred Black the of borders the Although, movement. the within organization of Union the of synonym the by synonyms a as used be as could singular and plural both used in Hundred” “Black the Additionally, usually researchers. are “conservatives” right”, “radical right”, “extreme “m “union”, plural), in “organization”, (and Hundred” “party”, Black “the terms the Additionally, particular. in organizations The Black Hundred was a strong importa strong a was Hundred BlackThe

” ih ptes te lc Hnrd ad “right and Hundred” Black “the epithets with n” hen the right the hen usa Pol (R) te ags ad h ms prominent most the and largest the (URP), People Russian - wing parties came into being they put forward the slogan of the the of slogan the forward put they being into came parties wing vmn” “oacit” “right “monarchists”, ovement”, 3

nt political movement covering huge territories huge covering movement political nt - right and moderate right separately in separately right moderate and right years 1905 years - right”, “extreme right”, “radical right”, “extreme right”, - ig t rfr o particular to refer to wing” - 1907 the Black Hundred Black the 1907 - ig, “far wing”, manifesto pluralor - right”, CEU eTD Collection gymnasiums. and schools run Black Hundredorganizations ofthe andleaflets.significant pamphlets Anumber of number eighty published unions their 1906 in Thus, efforts. espec were Hundred Black The groups. ethnic ‘hostile’ of representatives against violence and enemies political their against fighting in street participated also They scenes. cultural economic, social, political, on activities different were workers. theport organization same the of branch Odessa the of members the of most while priests, and peasants i For respect. this in Black brancheseach significantly Hundredorganizationsother that various and differed from see can one time, same the At society. Russian the of strata the all of representatives included As empire. Russian the of parts European other the in branches significant of number a with Ukraine contemporary the of territory on located were members and unions Hundred Black the of most respect geographical In members. 34000 only revolut largest the example, For time. the of group political largest the Hundred Black the made This 400000. to up grew Hundred Black the of members of number 1905 In movement. monarchist the for Tank Think a like acted and activities political in engaged became Russian it Then activities. First cultural the in predominantly the engaged it Revolution Before influence. backstage considerable a with membership restricted lan big bureaucrats, state highest the dynasty, the of members included It century. 20th the of turn the at emerged organization monarchist mighty but small a was RA The movement. the of importance the Russian the of echelons highest the rm h vr icpin h Bak ude poonl engaged profoundly Hundred Black the inception very the From nstance, the branches of the URP in Volyn’ region consisted predominantly of of predominantly consisted region Volyn’ in URP the of branches the nstance, downers and intellectuals. It was an aristocratic type of organization with a with organization of type aristocratic an was It intellectuals. and downers

dooy f h Bak ude rse uo Uao’ triad Uvarov’s upon rested Hundred Black the of Ideology empire power network and the tsar himself, which shows which himself, tsar the and network power empire ially fruitful in their publishing and educational and publishing their in fruitful ially 4

for social composition of the movement, it it movement, the of composition social for - ie esaes n junl ad a and journals and newspapers nine ionary party Bund had Bund party ionary n wd rne of range wide a in - 1907 a a 1907 the the CEU eTD Collection number a reproduce to used Hundred Black the with dealing Union, Soviet ofHistoriographyProblems oftheHundred Black My and Research Goals an prescribed branches local the ones; loyalty their changed dynamically local simultaneously, branches central rival several the to themselves of loyalty the for other each against fight lev central the on The schisms levels. local and central the on occurred organizations the within schisms of number a revolution the After organization. administrated poorly decentralized, amorphous, an remained intensive The particular. the in during conducted URP efforts the unification representative main its and general in movement FebruaryBlackHundred 1917the a were still of eve the on members 70000 around number a With country. the in parties political of most tocommon was members of numbers of reduction the towards tendency the revolution the after followi years in heyday their experienced branches the of number a contrary the on perfect: being from far is periodization this However, 1917. in collapse final its until movement Hundred Black the of decline gradual a about speak historians years these Afte united. relatively and active especially were influence, members, of lot a had they when of the Rus the of autocracy power unlimited as such values religious and monarchist traditional for stood and Nationality” Autocracy, “Orthodoxy, d proclaimed independence. The Black Hundred movement reached its peak in the period of 1905 of period the in peak its reached movement Hundred Black The ni rcnl a osdrbe at f itrorpy epcal toe rdcd n the in produced those especially historiography, of part considerable a recently Until Hundred Black the both of points weak the of one was question organizational The sian people. Antisemitism was onesian people.ofthe Antisemitism central ideology. elements oftheir el led to a big organizational mess. The central branches started to started branches central The mess. organizational big a to led el

tsar 1905 mong empire. thebiggestinRussian parties , privileged position of the Orthodox Church and Church Orthodox the of position privileged , 5

- 1907 proved to be unsuccessful: the URP URP the unsuccessful: be to proved 1907 ng the revolution. Moreover, revolution. the ng

- 1907. It was time time was It 1907. f yh and myths of

r CEU eTD Collection 2014) May23, (accessed http://vivovoco.astronet.ru/VV/JOURNAL/RUHIST/BLACK.HTM (2004), 4 konfere Materiali vv.): XX nachalo 4 3 3 3 istorii Voprosi 2 ukrainsko institut 1 Hundred Black the of history the of problems specific problem belong type third the To level. regional the on but issues, same the discusses works of group second The etc. ideology composition, a diverse their empire, Russian the throughout organizations Hundred Black works These general. in empire Russian T rule theSovietperiod of entirepublishedduringthe works the of number abigger wasthan early90s the since published opinion hisagainst go dareto not did which historiography, Soviet subsequent the perspectiveupon this imposed that Lenin by works the was it However, movement. the of discrimination at aimed pre to back dates way that in Hundred Black the about talk to tradition A only. pogroms of organization to reduced was activity Hundred’s an strata small social two very only as of representatives characterized was membership Hundred’s Black The activities. and composition social members, of most number its the to pertains of them among One persistent movement. of history the of aspects various concerning misconceptions

Igor Omel’yanchuk, Omel’yanchuk, Igor YuriyKir’yanov, SergeyStepanov, Om Igor Ukrainy(1904 naterritorii dvizhenie Chernosotennoe Omel'yanchuk, Igor Igor Omel’yanchuk, “Social'niy sostav chernosotennih partiy v nachale XX veka,” veka,” nachaleXX v partiy chernosotennih sostav “Social'niy Omel’yanchuk, Igor 1905 terror “Chernosotenniy SergeyStepanov, he first one embraces the comprehensive works which try to study the Black Hundred in the the in Hundred Black the study to try which works comprehensive the embraces one first he fe te olpe of collapse the After 1 el’yanchuk, “ el’yanchuk, .

4 (2008): 4 - rossijskih otnosheniy, 2000), 11 2000), otnosheniy, rossijskih Pravyie partii v Rossii. 1911 1911 Rossii. v partii Pravyie Chernaya sotnia sotnia Chernaya Chernosotennoe dvizhenie v Rosskiyskoy imperii imperii Rosskiyskoy v dvizhenie Chernosotennoe O meste Vserossyjskogo nacyonal'nogo sojuza v partyjnoj systeme nachala 20 v partyjnoj sojuza nacyonal'nogo Vserossyjskogo meste O

95.

2 . Thematically these studies could be divided into three groupsat least. three into divided could be . Thematically studies these ncii

(Moscow: Eksmo, Yauza, 2005). Yauza, (Moscow: Eksmo, h Sve Uin nme o shlry ok o te topic the on works scholarly of number a Union Soviet the

(Moscow, 1996). (Moscow, – – 1907 gg.,” In 1907 3

- 1917 gg 1917

14. discuss a huge range of topics concerning different concerning topics of range huge a discuss –

- revolutionary oiiy n lumpen and nobility

. (Mo . - oriented works which deal only with some some with only deal which works oriented Individual'niy politicheskiy terror v Rossii (XIX Rossii terrorv politicheskiy Individual'niy scow: ROSSPEN, 2001). ROSSPEN, scow: 4 . T .

hese are mostly the scholar articles. scholar the mostly are hese (Kiev:

liberal and socialist publicists who publicists socialist and liberal –

MAUP, 2006). MAUP, 1914gg.) (Kiev: Nacional'niy (Kiev: Nacional'niy 1914gg.) - rltra, n te Black the and proletariat, Otechestvennaya istoriya Otechestvennaya

cmoe of composed d ctivities, social social ctivities, -

go veka,” veka,” go

2 -

CEU eTD Collection istorii' politychnoi' 9 8 2014). April 24, (accessed http://www.personal.in.ua/article.php?ida=98 8 8 7 6 5 2014) (accessedMay 1, http://www.hrono.ru/statii/2011/rzmldn100inorod.php 4 qu and exemptions few a with have, activities violent and pogrom their and unions the of composition social members, the of number a as issues movement. w general in mentioned often been have they although investigation, the works produced inthe 90s Hundre Black the of activities the in role insignificant very played violence and pogroms that and society Russian the of strata social the of all to belonged members its that calculation), Soviet optimistic most the than higher times 4 is (which persons 400 over was Hundred Black the of membership total that found he Thus, historiography. previous the by suggested those from different and complex more much were Hundred Black ar persuasively works his In Hundred. Black the about myths Soviet of number Igor historiography. Soviet as well. Razmolodin by books the are These well. as appear to started monographs the years recent the in However,

Igor Omel'yanchuk, “Chorna sotnia “Chorna Omel'yanchuk, Igor sostav.” “Social'niy Omel’yanchuk, Bogojavlenskiy, Dmitriy Karpuhin, Dmitriy MaksimRazmolodin, MaksimRazmolodin, For instance, Skrypnyk Maksim “Golovna prava. Partija “Soyuz Russkogo Naroda”” Naroda”” “Soyuz Russkogo Partija prava. “Golovna Maksim Skrypnyk instance, For Omel’yanchuk, The post The h Bak ude uin i Oes hv nvr en sbet f special a of subject a been never have Odessa in unions Hundred Black The

5 hrfr, ete Oe'acu’ nr oit itras cnlsos n such on conclusions historians’ Soviet nor Omel'yanchuk’s neither Therefore,

and Karpuhinand Chernosotennoe dvizhenie v dvizhenie Chernosotennoe gued that both the number of members, social composition and activities of the of activities and composition social members, of number the both that gued

169. (1991): 62. (1991): 169. -

"Chernaya sotnia": vekhi osmisl sotnia": "Chernaya Soviet students Soviet O konservativnoy sushnosti chornoy sotni chornoy sushnosti konservativnoy O Inorodcheskaya

Problema liderstva v Soyuze Russkogo Naroda Russkogo Soyuze v liderstva Problema 6 . The work byBogoyavlensky workThe . Omel'yanchuk

- were still notfreewere theSoviet still stereotypes. from

mіfi ta real'nіst'” mіfireal'nіst'” ta

problematika v ideologii chornoy sotni, sotni, chornoy ideologii v problematika of the Black Hundred started to reevaluate the legacy of the of legacy the reevaluate to started Hundred Black the of Rossiyskoy imperii. Rossiyskoy

was among the first who successfully challenged a a challenged successfully who first the among was eniya v Rossii v eniya Personal 7

3 3 (2005), (Jaroslavl': N’uans, 2009). N’uans, (Jaroslavl':

alifications, been tested on the case of of case the on tested been alifications, (Moscow: Izd (Moscow: 7

could be placed within this categorythis placedwithin be could

d unions if any. However, some of of some However, any. if unions d

(Moskva:Izd

8 -

vo MGOU, 2009). MGOU, vo h ato toogl and thoroughly author the orks on the history of the of history the on orks Naukovi praci z pytan' zpytan' praci Naukovi - vo MGOU, 2012). MGOU, vo

00 0

CEU eTD Collection 10 different perceive to us allow will perspective this Ithat think electorate’ssympathies. the for compete to had unions Hundred Black the whom against actors political local other the been have should conditions supp I different. very been also have should behind them, stood which motivations least at or unions, Hundred Black the of activities the that clear is it than empire) the of parts different in different very were conditions these that know Hundred Black the of activities the on impact decisive a produced conditions local that assume to If generalizations. reasonable any allow to another each from different the fact t by explained be could this extent some to think, I did. they what do to activists Hundred Black the motivated which reasons exact the understand to us help not does it advantages, its has detailed us introduce that others and movement” activities”, strike against “Struggle activities”, “Educational “Economical Duma”, State the activities”, to “Elections “Publishing propaganda”, of “Forms violence”, and act the on chapters have they end the In categories. broader into activities located these organize criteria unions implicit some on Hundred relying then and Black empire the throughout the of number a of activities various of accounts authors together The potential. explanatory of little very with descriptivism haphazard pure into slip always scope, in empire Russian entire the have which Hundred, Black the of Hundred. Hundred inthe city. activities Odessa.

Omel’yanchuk, Omel’yanchuk, diinly I m on t cvr nte gp n h hsoigah o te Black the of historiography the in gap another cover to going am I Additionally, hat the Black Hundred unions gathered Black underonehat Hundredunions are researchers byumbrella the these too t s xcl ti ise hc I il drs i te hpe daig ih h Black the with dealing chapter the in address will I which issue this exactly is It While talking about the activities of the movement, the general studies on the history history the on studies general the movement, the of activities the about talking While Chernosotennoe dvizhenie v Rosskiyskoy imperii. v Rosskiyskoy dvizhenie Chernosotennoe

activities of the Black Hundred unions not as a list of some occasional occasional some of list a as not unions Hundred Black the of activities

accounts of endless cases. Although this strategy indeed indeed strategy this Although cases. endless of accounts 8

ose that one of the most decisive of these of decisive most the of one that ose

ivities with subsections like “Terror “Terror like subsections with ivities unions, (and we (and unions,

ipy put simply 10

CEU eTD Collection 18. 2008), Press, Central European (Budapest: 11 Iand had myself toconfine tothechronological shorter period. thesis MA the for unbearable be to appeared frame time that cover to order in studied be to had the for changed situation the and movement Hundred Black entire the on impact considerable a caused figure His 1911). (1906 Stolypin Minister Prime of rule of period a study to planned I Initially, complicated. t within situation a made This Union. right new a of establishment to led People Russian of Union the within schism major another 1907 After successes. political big or Odessa, in emerged Hundred Black the when time was It years1905 cover to going am I respect chronological sub specific of achievement to related considerations s latter the by understand to if tactics, movement’s the cover also will mostly activities BlackHundred the of issues dealingwith Inrespect3 Chapter this goal. achievemain a orderto Hundred’s Black local the with by understand deal to if will strategy, it words other In act. to had it which in reality the perceived generally Odessa of Hundred Black the way the describe to going am I 2 Chapter andactiviown behaviorthecontexts and to thereactions their of logic, subjective the including logic, the unveiling to and interaction their of the process to such as actors the from shifts focus “the that implies, It Miller. Alexei by elaborated app situational with myself guide I way that in problem research my formulating In them. around situation the perceived activists the way the into rooted whole organic an as but items, Alexei Miller, AlexeiMiller, The Romanov E Romanov The

latter after his death in 1911. However, an amount of sources which sources of amount an However, 1911. in death his after latter mpire and Nationalism. Essays in the Methodology of Historical Research Historical of Methodology the in Essays Nationalism. and mpire the latter a general plan, basic principles etc. to guide oneself in oneself guide to etc. principles basic plan, general a latter the

- ig oacit at, bac o Mkal Arkhangel Mikhail of branch a party, monarchist wing

e lc Hnrd n dsa ifrn ad more and different Odessa in Hundred Black he 9

- - goals that support the defined mission. In mission. defined the support that goals 1907, a period of the Revolution of 1905. of Revolution the of period a 1907, ties of other actors” ties ofother ganized itself and achieved its first its achieved and itself ganized

11 . Therefore, inthe . pecific roach - CEU eTD Collection 3. 1993), universitypress, 12 the to shipped were goods Asiatic now from as position Odessa’s improved also 1869 in Canal Suez of Opening year. a poods million 160 constituting times 6 to 4 around in increased int various commercial 1861 in serfs to city the linked railwaynetwork expanded of an as further even increased Odessa significanceof Emancipation the After Russia. New of center commercial intern of center a as itself 19 the of quarter second the of end the By here. branches their set to enterprises foreignand domestic prompted andcommerce city’s the promoted These allowe were Russia than other countries to transitioning goods where place a of status special a had city the 1829 to 1819 From development. city’s the Economy ethnicallypopul heterogeneous with center administrative and cultural economic, important an metropolis, growing fast huge By early 20 through the Russia Odessa. were exportedfrom manufactured and m agricultural and wheat the of all Nearly grain. export particular in products, and import for port important first the became Odessa winters. in even sea the through accessible port warm a was it as importance strategic (1787 War Turkish Second the to aacquired newlydue in located It was fortress. Tatar toa adjacent village Tatar small place a of Odessa early 20 in

Robert Weinberg, Weinberg, Robert dsa a fudd n 74 n h odr f h Rsin mrs Cteie I n a on II Catherine Empress Russian the of order the on 1794 in founded was Odessa Alexander’s I decree of 1817 granting Odessa a free a Odessa granting 1817 of decree I Alexander’s

ro mres f h epr. rm 80 tl 19 gan xot fo Odessa from exports grain 1894 till 1860s From empire. the of markets erior The Revolution of 1905 in Odessa: Blood on Step Blood on in Odessa: 1905 of Revolution The th

cent

ury ational commerce and became a major cultural, administrative and administrative cultural, major a became and commerce ational

ation. - 1792) land taken from the Ottoman Empir Ottoman the from taken land 1792)

d to enter and leave Odessa duty Odessa leave and enter to d ore than fifty percent of other grains other of percent fifty than ore s (Bloomington, Indianapolis: Indiana sIndianapolis: (Bloomington, th th -

port status played a crucial role in role crucial a played status port century Odessa firmly established established firmly Odessa century century Odessa transformed into a century transformedOdessa into e. The city had a had city The e. - free 12 . CEU eTD Collection 13 forced whichmarkets, from former the depriving East, Far the and Odessa betweenconnections outbreak nation from suffered Odessa In1900 ports. other to than higher becameOdessa to grain of shipping of cost the Additionally, equ better and deeper broader, had production, grain of centers new to closer located were which empire, Russian the of ports Sea Black other with competition growing a in itself found city The life. city the upon impact the city the of manufacturing very also important. became economy the dominated still trade grain century 20th early the in although sector factory second largest The foodstuffs. of processing was industry of branch largest The rubles. thousands 100 around valued goods produced factories Odessa of Most workers. 50 around employed the was in Odessa enterprises in of production smallness factory of feature notable “One percent. 250 in 1898 increased and 1883 between factories of number The developed. rapidly which industry heavy middlemen, goods, agricultural other in traders were rest The products. grain of moving with dealt thousands) (30 trade in engaged Black coast. Sea t on center urban important most the remained city the However, traders. city’s the 1870s In graineconomy becausefallingpricesgrain competition from started of American and to decline Odessa. through but ports, Sea Baltic the through not empire Russian

Ibi d., d., 6. Commercial strength of Odessa lied not only in grain trade. Only ten percent of persons of percent ten Only trade. grain in only not lied Odessa of strength Commercial In the early 20th century Odessa experienced a hars a experienced Odessa century 20th early the In

f a bten usa n Jpn (1904 Japan and Russia between war of

in terms of production measured in rubles was metal processing. Thus, processing. metal was rubles in measured production of terms in

em o wr fre n output…” and force work of terms ie eeso, n 94 t ae calne f a hret and harvest bad of challenge faced it 1904 in recession, wide pe hros wih ol hnl a igr mut f grain. of amount bigger a handle could which harbors, ipped

r novd n ml rti. dsa a as srn in strong also was Odessa retail. small in involved or

- 96. h wr irpe economic disrupted war The 1906). h economic decline which caused its its caused which decline economic h 13

yia Oes factory Odessa Typical he Russian empire’s Russian he CEU eTD Collection 18 17 Weinberg, and 255, 16 15 14 Most Greeks. and Armenians Ukrainians, Poles, Russians, Great as such nationalities of variety m The government. the by encouraged Odessa to resettled merchants states foreign of subjects were foreignof lot A countries. 30 over herefrom came languages and persons) 55 spokeOdessa of Residents thousand 20 (nearly residents Odessa of 5% 19 the of end the In city. one incep very its From semi thousands 16 dockworkers including thousands 6 around and laborers class day employed working to belonged population the of Half literate. Pete St. after empire the of city thousands 2,5 residents thousands 500 around had already it around 1904 by residents, only had it 1795 in If growth. population remarkable a experienced 19 the of course the Through etc. loans state exemptions, tax lands, free promising by there immigration Population with structural inthelocalexacerbategro weaknesses economy to the combined recession and “war end, the In sector. construction in especially rates unemployment the of chaos Additionally, down. Revo close to even and production reduce to factories many

Weinberg, Weinberg, Herlihy, Herlihy, Patricia 7. Ibid., 20 Ibid., - quarter of the population was Russian and Italian was the main commercial language of the of language commercial main the wasItalian and Russian was population the of quarter lution of 1905 contributed to the city’s economy decline. All of these resulted in growthof in resulted thesecity’s of the contributedeconomyAll to 1905 decline. of lution h ln aon Oes iiily a pol ppltd Te meos encouraged emperors The populated. poorly was initially Odessa around land The

- Odessa 23. th The Revolution The

etr Oes aog ih te citi other with along Odessa century , 7. , Odessa: A History, 1794 History, A Odessa: The Revolution The

tion the city acquired a pronounced cosmopolitan character cosmopolitan pronounced a acquired city the tion

, , 12. th

century only around 44 of its residents were born in the ci the in born were residents its of 44 around only century

, 45. ,

rsburg, Moscow and Warsaw. 58 percent of the population was population the of percent 58 Warsaw. and Moscow rsburg,

- 1914

(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986), 242, 246, 249, 249, 246, 242, 1986), Press, University Harvard (Cambridge: 12

s f h Rsin mie n te world the and empire Russian the of es 16 . Odessa was a city of migrants. of city a was Odessa . 15 . It became the fourth largest fourth the became It . wing pains ofOdessa” wing igrants belonged to a a to belonged igrants 17 . In 1819 only 1819 In . ty. Around Around ty. 14 18

- . CEU eTD Collection 21 20 19 Those population. city’s the of percent 60 around constituted they Slavs other with Together Ethnicity for their native vill city the leave to not decided migrants many recession of years in even However, poverty. and hunger unemployment, of perspectives face to had who people arriving for work enough have image its decline economic an Odessa experienced century the of turn the at Although visitors. city the delighted and Europe Western of reminded style neoclassical in designed buildings beautiful and parks boulevards, streets, a Odessa made university a and opera an circus, a museums, rooms, reading libraries, theaters, schools, public and private of number A city. the permeated possess not did Baltic few and Petersburg St. of exception the with empire, the of cities other which try” another “…California population city’s the of percent 30 around comprised who peasants, of inflow constant a despite small near met Ru other in Unlike which Odessa. market labor agricultural an visited employment for search in peasants of lot a summer and spring every Additionally, constructions. the at or harbor the at employment pe of number a were there dwellers permanent from Apart districts. workers’ special at segregate to tended who workers were migrants the of

Ibid., 13. Ibid., Ibid 14. Ibid., ., ., 9. The largest ethnic group was Russians (Great Russians, Russians, (Great Russians was group ethnic largest The

A o o pros ee trce t Oes b is mg o a Edrd, a Eldorado, an of image its by Odessa to attracted were persons of lot A . 20 aohr rnir ertr wee os budd n stlr cud ie life give could settlers and abounded jobs where territory frontier another , .

21 The presence of a large foreign community gave Odessa a cosmopolitan flavor cosmopolitan a Odessa gave community foreign large a of presence The . The cultural influence of those residents of Odessa who came from Europe from came who Odessa of residents those of influence cultural The . ages, towns orages, shtetls. towns

ssian towns the influence of peasant culture upon Odessa was quite was Odessa upon culture peasant of influence the towns ssian

of a kind of El Dorado persisted. The city did not did city The persisted. Dorado El of kind a of 13 ople coming to the city in search for temporal for search in city the to coming ople

Belarusians ue etr f utr. Broad culture. of center huge

and Malorussians). and seaports, CEU eTD Collection which in setting a with Jews provided therefore, “Odessa, culture. and society Jewish of norms and values traditional by influenced less was Odessa in community Jewish new A atmosphere. intellectual and psychological its for Jews to Ode reasons economic to addition In imagination. popular in force strong a was hope This wealth. to penury from rise could one where place a money, make to place anti discriminatory of part from exempted were and there resettle to permission special any require not did Jews the and Settlement of Pale the within located was it as them to appealing was Odessa empire Russian and of States destina Europe United Western the problems after next experienced the was shtetls Odessa and The etc. overpopulation Odessa. impoverishment, to attracted especially were Settlement arou to and 1873 in thousands Jews one oftheJews ofitsideology. central elements cit the of ethnicities the of all Among Jews. and Russian among both members strata lower of lot a were roughquitethere as is division this course, Of ladder. social of middle the somewherein Odessa’s of population. percent 6 around comprised groups ethnic Other group. ethnic largest second the were and population the of percent 35 approximately constituted Jews persons. thousands re their as Orthodoxy Russian reported who y Jews deserves for a special attention as the Odessa Black Hundred made struggle against struggle made Hundred Black Odessa the as attention special a for deserves Jews y

h Rsin predomi Russians The h Jws pplto o te iy rw p rm 7 huad i 15 t aon 52 around to 1854 in thousands 17 from up grew city the of population Jewish The

tion for increasing Jewish migration. Comparing to other cities of the of cities other to Comparing migration. Jewish increasing for tion - Jewish legislation of the empire. The Jews believed Odessa to be a be to Odessa believed Jews The empire. the of legislation Jewish ae a te otm n tp f h scey n te es stood Jews the and society the of top and bottom the at nated nd 150 thousands in the early 20 early the in thousands 150 nd 14 iin ee 6 ecn wih s rud 225 around is which percent 56 were ligion

hy ol egg i nw n different and new in engage could they th

century. Jews from Pale of Pale from Jews century. ssa was also attractive also was ssa CEU eTD Collection 25 24 23 22 Duma inlo Despiteof Jews theprominence City the to deputies elect to right the of them deprived statute 1892 the as politics local upon influence direct a have not did Jews wealthy However, city. the of guilds merchant and factory Odessa under in operating enterprises banks of the percent of most 40 inspection, around controlled also they century 20th early products grain in trade export the of percent 90 around owned they 1910 By stores. grain in trade export the of half than more slightly controlled entrepreneurs Jewish 1870s late the By niche This profits. greater promising ventures other pursued and anymore profit high them bring not did which enterprises their closed others bankrupted, traders Greek the of Some America. from (1853 War Crimean the until Odessa in trade grain the controlled Greeks hands. their into trade grain 19 the of middle the various enterprises and working inlocal municipality. establishing politics, and economy city’s the in participated actively also Jews The figures. cent a became It (Haskalah). Jewish settlement” traditional of areas in than freely more pursuits economic and cultural, intellectual,

Weinberg. Weinberg. 17. Ibid., 16. Ibid., Weinberg, 23

- was filled in by Jewish traders who were accustomed to operate at smaller profit margins. margins. profit smaller at operate to accustomed were who traders Jewish by in filled was 1856) which turned Eu turned which 1856) , around 60 percent of the city’s commercial firms and owned a owned and firms commercial city’s the of percent 60 around , Odessa Jews were engaged in commerce and a and commerce in engaged were Jews Odessa

The Revolution The Revolution The 22 . In the 19th century Odessa rose as one of major centers of Jewish Enlightenment Jewish of centers major of one as rose Odessa century 19th the In .

century the Jews started to dominate the city’s commerce and took the took and commerce city’s the dominate to started Jews the century , , 19. , 10.

er of Hebrew and Jewish literature with a number of outstanding of number a with literature Jewish and Hebrew of er

ropean markets to import grain not from the Russian empire but empire Russian the from not grain import to markets ropean cal economy more thanhalfinpoverty. lived of them 15

cted as middlemen in various trades. In trades. various in middlemen as cted constituted over half members of of members half over constituted round half of Odessa’s of half round 24 . At the At .

25 . CEU eTD Collection 27 Uni Duke of School Graduate Durham: the 26 around they comprised as Jews Odessa for especially painful was This universities. in representation Jewish on quotas established government the 1886 In empire. the through gov The assassination. II Alexander Emperor’s to response a as Odessa including empire Russian anti an 1881 spring In dumas. municipal in representation B Jews. towards 19 the of half second the From ranks. revolutionaries’ in numerous quite were policies governments’ the by encouraged Jews gent to contributed also which hardships accompanying other and workplaces of cutting decline, economic to led events revolutionary pogroms. clashesbetween Additionally, J city the of gentiles many among Antisemitism of form took often most Jews of success economic with supplemented xenophobia popular with clashed policies official the However, center. cosmopolitan a as Odessa of development to contributed actively Enlightenment the of spirit the in policies whose France of subjects themselves were Odessa non of migration encouraged policy government’s segregation Ethnic and animosity (PhD.diss., hundred,” the black fall and of therise the counterrevolution: and “Corruption Langer, David Weinberg. Weinberg. ernment passed the May Laws which restricted Jews’ economic activities and movement and activities economic Jews’ restricted which Laws May the passed ernment 26 . For several times during the 19th century it resulted in violent clashes and anti and clashes violent in resulted it century 19th the during times several For . For many years a degree of inter of degree a years many For Chaos of the Revolution of 1905 contributed to gentiles’ animosity towards Jews. The Jews. towards animosity gentiles’ to contributed 1905 of Revolution the of Chaos The Revolution The eginning in 1870 the government adopted a set of laws restricting Jewish Jewish restricting laws of set a adopted government the 1870 in eginning

, , 15.

century the government took an increasingly hostile stand stand hostile increasingly an took government the century

versity), 2007, 177. 2007, versity), iles’ anxiety against Jews. This was due to the fact that fact the to due was This Jews. against anxiety iles’ - ewish and Russian youthewish and Russian rare were not ethnic animosity was relatively small in Odessa. The Odessa. in small relatively was animosity ethnic 16

- Russians into the city. The first g first The city. the into Russians

- eih orm et hog the through went pogrom Jewish

resentment and envy caused by caused envy and resentment 27 .

one overnors of of overnors - - third of third Jewish CEU eTD Collection 34 33 32 31 1998 Press, CambridgeUniversity (Cambridge: 30 29 28 by inhibited was district Port The city. the of part Central the and Moldavanka Peresyp, and outskirts the Port, areas: distinctive five into divided was city The workers. Russian themselves cities as inRussian strangersand outsiders anti their of destruction the develo from preventing thus minimum, a to anti thecity to popular and brought notencounter Jews, almost did theymostly villages, where form T workers. Russian of character migrant the into rooted was Weinberg, workforce the of half constituted st was hostility competition reciprocal the together worked Russians and Jews were workers bythe exploiters as perceived were keepers tavern andshopkeeper small at work to preferred Jews industry. wo of branches different in work to tended also They simultaneously. enterprise same the at working rarely were Russians and Jews groups. in encouraged participationJews’ therevolutionary in movement of growth rapid a in resulted policies These Odessa. in university Novorossiysky in students all

Ibid., 48. Ibid., 53. Ibid., Weinberg. Kuromiya. Kuromiya, Hiroaki Weinberg. 178. “Corruption,” Langer, rkshops and as salesclerks, while Russians at the factories the at Russians while salesclerks, as and rkshops - Semitism. At the cityjoined the they At Semitism. atrs f eieta ad ao sgeain f h pplto o Oes also Odessa of population the of segregation labor and residential of Patterns Residential patterns played their role in the growin the in role their played patterns Residential

The Revolution The Revolution The Freedom and Terror in the Donbas the Terror in and Freedom 31 Fr xml, uh stain a i Oes Pr, hr Jws dockers Jewish where Port, Odessa in was situation a such example, For . eehi hsiiy y euig otcs ewe mmes f ifrn ethnic different of members between contacts reducing by hostility terethnic Freedom and Terror in the Donbas: A A Ukrainian Donbas: the Terror in and Freedom

, , 45. , 49.

- Semitism

32 33 zemlyachestvo to according animosity, ethnic for reason Another . ), 44; Herlihy, ), 44; . There are indeed exist accounts that the workers felt workers the that accounts exist indeed are There . , 47. ,

pment of contacts with Jews, that could stimulate could that Jews, with contacts of pment 17

28 Odessa .

which limited their contacts with outsiderswith contacts their limited which 34 .

, 255. , g of the distance between Jewish and Jewish between distance the of g - Russian Borderland, 1870s Borderland, Russian

29 . Moreover, quite often Jewish often quite Moreover, . hey arrived to Odessa Odessa to arrived hey 30 . At the enterprisesthe At . irred up by job job by up irred - 1990s 1990s –

Slobodka CEU eTD Collection 36 Univer 35 or business a as but itself crime a not as there perceived was journalist the to according Moldavanka in crime The neighborhoods. other than more much crime with associated was people inthecity. than violent more as press the in portrayed always were Peresyp and Slobodka of residents the Thus, women. rape or reasons petty some for other” each shot or knifed, “beat, workers lower were areas the as figured often Peresyp and Slobodka reports press In qualities. moral and conditions living poor between relations the saw often journalists The poisonous. w port, the of case and the in as cinemas rooms, The like better. much not places were there conditions more living the However were auditorium. There there. lived peasants Ukrainian and Russian especially thieveryand smuggling. noses” “broken with aggressive and “sick” looking”,“ragged”, “unpleasant as port the of workers depicted journalist time free their spent they where for place facilities main enough The not workers. were There port. the in them for jobs enough not were there and floor the on slept theywere flophouses, diseased and dirtypoor in lived They poor. verywere conditions working and living Their laborers. day unskilled were them of Most Russia. of parts central f man unmarried young mostly

Ibid., 50. Ibid., Sylvester, Roshanna sity Press, 2005) Press, sity The character of Moldavanka was quite different quite was Moldavanka of character The ind were Slobodka andPeresyp close to each other. They always were hungry and drunk. Their wages were very low very were wages Their drunk. and hungry were always They other. each to close

Tales of old Odessa: crime and civility in a city of thieves of city civility a in and crime Odessa: old of Tales , ere dark, diseased and cold. The smoke from the factories made the air air the made factories the from smoke The cold. and diseased dark, ere 35.

35 I pplr rs te wr awy ascae wt ciia activity, criminal with associated always were they press popular In .

or who did not born in Odessa. Most of them came from the the from came them of Most Odessa. in born not did who or

ustrial districts with a lot of different enterprises. Former enterprises. differentof lot a with districts ustrial 18

36 . In . was the popular mind Moldavanka mind popular the

(Illinois: Northern Illinois Illinois (Illinois: Northern aen. h contempora The taverns. - class ry CEU eTD Collection 41 40 39 38 37 ethno the of one of representatives the by populated be to tended neighborhood the area Old near Bazaar Alexandrovs especially city, central the of part criminal most the as portrayed persons class middle lower with populated Alexandrovsky Kh goes than Bul’varniy, was district richest The comfortable. and bright clean, were apartments and streets the there, located werefacilities of lot a and outskirts the at than higher much were there t by mostly populated was and districts was “workers” young presentedas mainexercisers its and neighborhood the in commonplace and banal as journalists the Violence defective. morally and dirty aggressive, hostile, as journalists the non other of residents jour the by same the in almost lived depicted were there apartments The neighborhoods. previous two neighborhood the of residents as conditions the of residents the of most However, Peresyp. so of presence the to due there conditions living The enterprises. industrial big of number small a and workshops artisan pre of district manufacturing was It Jews. by mostly populated population the among widespread was and profession

Ibid., 87. Ibid., 80 Ibid., 62. Ibid., 54 Ibid., 56. Ibid., Thus, the Jewish and gentile population tended to live in isolation from each other. Eachother. each fromisolation in to live tended population gentile and the Jewish Thus, Alexandrovsky and Khersonsky Bul’varniy, included city the of part central The rosy ih t sgiiat tdn pplto ad h ls petgos itit was district prestigious less the and population student significant its with ersonsky - -

85. 55. nalists in the same terms: as small, overpopulated dirty and diseased and dirty overpopulated small, as terms: same the in nalists

- central districts of the city, residents of Moldavanka were portrayed by portrayed were Moldavanka of residents city, the of districts central 41 . e well me

39 .

- qipd oss ee ltl bte ta a Sook and Slobodka at than better little a were houses equipped he middle he 19

and higher and of the neighborhood the of 40 . Alexandrovsky district was also was district Alexandrovsky . - - class persons. Living conditions Living persons. class industrial character with a lot of lot a with character industrial 37

. Moldavanka was Moldavanka . was perceived by by perceived was kaya street and and street kaya 38 - confessional confessional . As well as well As . CEU eTD Collection 45 44 43 42 as working Odessa in ladder social of middle the occupied also Jews The workers. port J and Russian between competition economic strengthened which port the at workplaces 20 early in Odessa by experienced decline Economic represented equallyamong less or more were ethnicities the of both reciprocal hand other of the level On of animosity. growth to contributed which residence and labor in both other each group ethnic main two the of class members The population. ethnically lower administrative heterogeneous center with of population the towards differentcity, especia of the parts hostility reciprocal encouraged thus and their “Others” and city as the residents of parts other of perception to contributed fact this that assumed be can or more and separated quite other of inhabitants of life the in interfere not did almost inhabitants which areas homogenous ethnically less or more other, t under even places this change to circumstances not hard tried and lived they where place the anymore” Odessa even t the by connected purely were district Port the and outskirts the that fact the was geography city’s the twenty near were there Peresyp groups

Weinberg, Weinberg, Sylvester. 40. Ibid., Weinberg,

42 Thus, at the beginning of the 20 the of beginning the at Thus, asotbt t tecnrl iy n o ahohr okihwoeaot hm “not them about wrote Moskvich other. each to and city central the to both ransport workers of the city port, an enterprise providing a huge number of workplaces. workplaces. of number huge a providing enterprise an port, city the of workers . However, for example, example, for However, .

Tales of old Odessa, Odessa, old of Tales The Revolution The Revolution The 45 . So, there were large, quite separated, although located not far away from each from away far not located although separated, quite large, were there So, .

44 s of the city (Russians and Jews) in general tended to segregate from from segregate to tended general in Jews) and (Russians city the of s , , 46. , 52. . It should be added that the workers of the city tended to work near work to tended city the of workers the that added be should It .

29.

percent lly thatofethniclly thedifferentgroup. and religious n uh taiinly ald Rsin nihoho as neighborhood “Russian” called traditionally a such in

of Jewish residents Jewish of th

century Odessa was a huge economic, cultural, and cultural, economic, huge a was Odessa century 20

century led to cut down of a number of number a of down cut to led century

less ethnically homogenous areas. It areas. homogenous ethnically less 43 . One of the important features of features important the of One .

e bad he ewish CEU eTD Collection of Jews’st hostility Russian towards evidence as fact this represented Hundred Black The 1905. of Revolution the of period in city the terrorized who revolutionaries the among visible particularly also were Jews the that fact Black The city. the of population Russian to appeal wide a found state Russian the of misfortunes all for Jews of blaming which propaganda Hundred Black the for source fruitful a appeared Jews towards animosity The Russian Russians. to belonged have should workplace educated the few occupied thought, to they who, contribute Jews towards could animosity professionals’ fact This etc. doctors lawyers, physicians, ate and Russians. 21

Hundred also made use of the of use made also Hundred s which which s CEU eTD Collection Russkaya itselfacould non call Rech’ do former the though parties, monarchist people’s of one that to corresponds editorship our of program “A funds. further with newspaper the providing with dealingmeeting shareholders newspaper’s Rech’ Russkaya into translated are English scholarly and into introduced the firstfor time. literature them of most because lot, a sources the quote shall I contexts. political Black the how si on the and account themselves perceived comprehensive Hundred a in up end will that think I actors. important other perceived Hundred Black way the address will I contexts geographical and historical ha Hundred Black the agenda local what understand to 1905 years in empire Russian the in situation general a of issue an to proceed will I then and source, main Russkay concerning remarks few a make shall I on Later around. reality perceived they way the from stemmed actions Hundred’s Black the that assume I as activities, Hundred’s had they 20 early in Odessa in Hundred) Black Chapter 2.Russkaya Rech’smonarchist worldview In this chapter I am going to address an issue of how the right the how of issue an address to going am I chapter this In people’s freedom. We have We freedom. people’s political bulwark and independence and of reliable firmenslavement…but asa people’s unlimited and single that perceived We only…autocrat unlimited by governed Empire the of unitythe w program Rech’s Russkaya

o c. tik ht hr le oe f h ky t udrtnig h Oes Black Odessa the understanding to keys the of one lies there that think I act. to es not equal the exact programs of any individual monarchist party. Therefore, Therefore, party. monarchist individual any of programs exact the equal not es - 1907

Then I will look at the way they constructed the situation in Odessa in order in Odessa in situation the constructed they way the at look will I Then

oe besd y h cuc nt s rsrcin f epe n nt as not and people of restriction a as not church the by blessed power been as described in detail in an article devoted to an important an to devoted article an in detail in described as th - party daily”. The newspaper stood for party Thefor daily”. newspaper stood

century Russian empire constructed the reality in which which in reality the constructed empire centuryRussian always uto aon te i hsoia, egahcl and geographical historical, in them around tuation 22

perceiving d. After I am done with those so to say say to so those with done am I After d.

Russian autocracy as the best form best the as autocracy Russian

- wing monarchists (the (the monarchists wing

a Rech’, my my Rech’, a CEU eTD Collection 46 deceived Russian that fact the to onlydue moment that at survive to managed state Russian The it kill to conspired and nation Russian the among havoc They power. and money for hungry were and institutions state and zemstvo at served who gentry landing bankrupt and birth, by Russian professors, scoundrel in Dark following. the was moment historical the1905 Inin state.view theirthe Russian in goingon transformations deeptherearesome that feltauthors its as moment” historical present the of essence “an called it what of explanation an The Present Historical Moment qualification “in Odessa”. one only with but worldview” monarchist a of representative “a as namely itself, represented Russka treat and granted for party’s words that particular take will any I ideology. to inclination without general in worldview monarchist a represent

Russkaya Rech’, October 8, 1906. 8, Rech’,October Russkaya oh s n te t separ to them and us for both better is it that and Christians, towards hatred their of because peacefully Jews the Russian the populating… withlive impossible to is arguing it question that the Jewish singledout We statehood… nations other reservation only of the with Slavic rights empire enough natural unanimous always violating not but without great, a family, of sister elder an is which nation, state area the the of In improvements Russia. illusionary of not system real, various from us prevented never had monarchy to devotedness why is That statehood… of form other any into transforming allow reign of One of the first things the newspaper wanted to deal with is to present it present to is with deal to wanted newspaper the things first the of One above the in important is What could b logically and harmonious that of school a be to decided Rech’ Russkaya teachings… destructive of representatives against struggle to countries hand greaother a achieve to wanted the we on and Slavdom, the with possible was it where and unite Eastto aspiring both West on interests state Russian for stood we policy foreign our In animosity. e called“monar

ing various improvements and capable of development without without development of capable and improvements various ing with its own hands what manifested itself in the “October slaughter”. “October the in itself manifested what hands own its with

chist worldview chist

ter unity between monarchists and Christians from different from Christians and monarchists between unity ter ate from each other, then to live together in a constant constant a in together live to then other, each from ate

- of internal politics we stood for a priority of Russian Russian of priority a for stood we politics internal of mentioned account is that Russkaya Rech’ pretended to to pretended Rech’ Russkaya that is account mentioned that those nations should not be enemies of Russian of enemies be not should nations those that 46 23 rds fre o Rsi jie tgte with together joined Russia of forces orodtsy .

- ya Rech’ in the same way as it it as way same the in Rech’ ya complete system of ideas which ideas of system complete s readers with with readers s CEU eTD Collection 48 47 staf learn should nation Russian continued, he Therefore, East”. Far the at markets our open and indust factory and agriculture West” the of road the along go should “We one. manufacturing to industry extractive from and techniques, agricultural fr transition of middle the in was nation The nation. the of life economic in point turning a was it that fact a in lied essence Its different. was Leydensky, Ivan to according nation, Russian the of situation the 1907 July By destroyed. “liberators” that felt instinctively nation the of part other The workers. and peasants of elements “conscious” nation not was madness leaders. true its followed and talks “liberators’” by produced lies the discovered Nation

Russkaya Rech’, December 14, 1907. 14, Rech’,December Russkaya 1907. 31, Rech’,July Russkaya f which it t

various mechanical arts, develop arts, mechanical various population of Russia constitutes around 25% of the entire population 3. In towns and towns In also but onlyJews not 3. live cities population entire the of 25% around constitutes Russia of population urban All 2. cities and towns in concentrates population Jewish 1. that account into take jur Odessa in population, whole the of 15% point” same the to us lead they and revolution, the goodof the to nations other They led Jews. Itthe is revolution?... the W terror. the lead and it admireand still fanatic who blind, people, useless of group lostsmall a with has left is revolution it previously, anymore...The won again… it events everything almost revolution bloody of greet will fire a nobody a again and light happen transformed never to will wants happened it have what and However, revolution the of events directs hand invisible Somebody’s Motherland… the of servants devoted the of hundreds and war acts terrorist wage from energy A his takes grain… Revolutionaries revolutionary of reserves statehood… destroy systematically they the state: the of of good enemies economic against called are who monsters is of army the but revolt, to f not occasionsdid but down calmed revolution The ready… new for searching are its defeated; they been surrendered, has revolution leaders the army tsar the to devoted of strikes strong Under had

were produced byproduced itself

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ry and only after that we should come at international trade scene trade international at come should we that after only and ry

vn ednk woe “e hud eeo a intensive an develop should “we wrote, Leydensky Ivan 47 . 48

. “In Vilna juridical district the Jews constitutes around constitutes Jews the district juridical Vilna “In . other inorodtsy, then it will appear that in that juridical that in that appear will it then inorodtsy, other

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CEU eTD Collection 49 peasantry,national interests. Russian over Jewish of legitimization a but Russia, of dwellers city alien by done revolution The f Russia to came Hyksos Egyptian to similarly but enemies, its against fight not while the in that the continued, author was and population nation same the ruralto belonged aristocracy the with together people, that However, rich. grown had who people was revolutions European Western in factor main the Rech’, Russkaya to According Europe. c to was so do to ways the of One Russia. in revolution of1905The Revolution revolution against people. conductedtheJews by theRussian

Russkaya Rech’, March 14, 1907. 14, Rech’,March Russkaya

a national revolution. The things things The revolution. national a Russian Therefore, the years1905 the Therefore, movement than64, Russians… 1901 In hands… Russian shows Russia Southern and and Western of Jews towns the dominate are Jews that fact The dwellers Russians. are 1/3 urban only and inorodtsy of 2/3 gubernias, 20 around encompass which districts, who wants to replace a Russian. As a result of revolution Russia tends to be a Russian a be to tends Russia revolution of result a As Russian. a replace to wants who inorodets an is it West, the in was it as class, higher a of position a take to Jewish a into transforms Aristocratic nation. same constitutional Aristocratic the of contents and for reasons the explain to hard tried publicists Rech’s Russkaya West bourgeois came from peasants and belonged to the same nation as the latter, latter, the as nation same the to belonged and peasants from came bourgeois West

city dwellers dwellers city - ueurtc etr Erp tasomd u t rvltos no a into revolutions to due transformed Europe Western bureaucratic

democratic one, but everywhere the power remained in the hands of the the of hands the in remained power the everywhere but one, democratic revolution in Russia Russia in revolution - 1907 were

- bourgeois one. In our case, it is not the middle class who wantswho class middle not the is it case,In our one. bourgeois -

to a large extend inorodtsy who did not create Russia and did and Russia create not did who inorodtsy extend large a to 07 for the Black Hundred was the time the was Hundred Black the for 07 - - bureaucratic Russia, due to the revolution, gradually gradually revolution, the to due Russia, bureaucratic 4 es ok uh oe cie at n revolutionary in part active more much took Jews 04 ht neet o Rsin ra pplto… r nt in not are population… urban Russian of interests that 9% political criminals are Jews were different in Russia. Russia. in different were . Therefore, Therefore, .

- , according to the author the to according , was inorodtsy city dwellers’ domination over Russian Russian over domination dwellers’ city inorodtsy 25

done by done

the author concluded, author the ompare it to the revolutions in Western in revolutions the to it ompare urban

population, with only difference only with population, As in the Western Europe, Western the in As

was 49 .

s of rise and fall of the of fall and rise of s not a democratization a not bourgeois revolution bourgeois rom nowhere. rom - town dweller town

the the CEU eTD Collection 52 51 50 stood Kadets) PPR, (the Renovation Peaceful of Party The one. left constitute former the Thereby, them of Some PDR. the by elaborated Assembly participate it it system state concerning questions theoretical generally Russia task main its and freedom and equality Refo Democratic of Party parties republican Assembly Russian the As parties. Oc centrist from left the to continued, newspaper (Constitutional Kadets’ the in itself manifested to any toas progress but was

Тащит еврея за собой. за еврея Тащит strikes”. and meansofterror “by meant author probablythe Most 1906. 3, Rech’,September Russkaya

that it it that

t h rgt wing. right the at “ only wrong goes everything that clear becomes thing becausewe stro lack one least similar at to ones, events recent European our comparing “When public”. consuming and governing its its by one t s te pris who parties other is It Russia in revolution a wage to desire Jews’ the Rech’, Russkaya to According Therefore, according to Russkaya Rech’, the main peculiarity of the Russian revolution revolution Russian the of peculiarity main the Rech’, Russkaya to according Therefore, through plebiscite through had was

a bourgeois character. As a purely academic party which which party academic purely a As character. bourgeois a done not by the Russian nation, but by inorodtsy and that it would it that and by inorodtsy but nation, Russian the by not done rural, governed and taxpaying public and Jewish and Jewish and public taxpaying and governed rural, had, according to Russkaya Rech’, Russkaya to according had,

ubordination by ofone nation another. in politics and theStatein politics Duma elections in only “ rm ” s h a As . The party acknowledge party The . ng, enlightened and conscious ng,and enlightened conscious s (PDR). The newspaper defined its basic principles as principles basic its defined newspaper The (PDR). s

d acrig o usaa Rech’, Russkaya to according ,

the right wing of the republicans while oth while republicans the of wing right the eritage of Mason theories it it theories Mason of eritage was

n aaei” at fr h right the for party “academic” an

to elaborate a way for a republican transformation of of transformation republican a for way a elaborate to tried 26

to to had tober 17 party 17 tober do - d

eort) ate atvte. hs the Thus, activities. parties Democrats) a small membership and like the Russian the like and membership small a

the of form the in “academics” own their private property private this

meschanstwo

peacefully, others others peacefully, , according to Russkaya Rech’, Russkaya to according ,

stood ris Jw fe itself” after Jew a trails

tr ied

not Kadets but republican but Kadets not , the author proceed, author the ,

50 directly. o mlmn theories implement to inorodcheskiy .

ers constitute ers - dealt ig ate, the parties, wing –

“ have oty with mostly violently

fraternity,

not lead not ones by ones 52 d .

an ” All the 51 d .

CEU eTD Collection 55 54 53 way only the is Revolution openly. act to started it Now successful. not were they state the of 19 the of beginning the at began Russia enslave to Masons of attempts first The weak. became suddenly which country another into moved it France in religion defeated successfully has it After (PPF). Freedom” unde organization “Masonic name: true its with itself calls had mask that it because soon, mask the off threw it but Kadets), resortof another tothe legal rightsparty. Party, Republican the namely legalized, not was which party another for centers. university Rech’, Russkaya should party this perspective this from and manner may it as plants give to Rech’ foundation its and bourgeois proceeded, newspaper the respects, other In humanity. wh sect, religious a as which life at look to want t Rech’ Russkaya shou and equal are party, that to according people,

Для видимости. Человеконенавистнический. Метафизики. wrote that a that wrote h Rpbia Pry omry ald tef h Constitutional the itself called formerly Party Republican The , Russkaya Rech’ concluded, Rech’ Russkaya ,

to workers, everybody understood everybody workers, to already helped it to confront with the monarchy and to show it its teeth. Now it Now teeth. its it show to and monarchy the with confront to it helped already

he members of that party were party that of members he had around 20 branches around Russia but most of them of most but Russia around branches 20 around had lthough some of its points indeed promise indeed points its of some lthough From Russkaya Rech’ perspective Rech’ Russkaya From

ich ich th

century. had shown had

was

ae on based

the preservation of capitalism and private property. private and capitalism of preservation the However, because of opposition from the supreme authority supreme the from opposition of because However,

that a Jew as a spice could spice a as Jew a that the PPR want PPR the “

humanity 27

“metaphysics theoreticians” “metaphysics that it it that

- have hating ld have equal political rights. political equal have ld did not want to preserve the monarchy and monarchy the preserve to want not did ed , t ,

to reform Russia in Russia reform to hat party serve party hat was

be ” h PR at program party PPR the 54 r the name of the “Party of People’s of “Party the of name the r en

there just “for appearance” “for just there

Talmud, it it Talmud, permitted. The PPR The permitted.

to grant peasants with lands and lands with peasants grant to

equaled to other spices other to equaled d

- as a front organization front a as eortc Par Democratic is

a peaceful and legal and peaceful a ey agru f dangerous very were 53 and

and they d they and

in the biggest the in which which , according to accordingto , According to According was Russkaya Russkaya 55

y (the ty had purely . Be it Be . id

but not

or to CEU eTD Collection 56 one, the small revolution the against a force used them, government the After of revolution. the second with sympathized The events political opposition. the or treated sympathy one, either lager without a them, indifferently of One parts. equal not two of consisted society the revolution the of beginning the at Rech’, Russkaya to According occasion. by camp have could they that believed they as optimistic, monarchists the made Jews the of part the from had controlled by Jews. the small a included also they but Jews, the by financed were Jews, the among popular extremely were Jews, the by controlled were parties Kadets’ Rech’ lived. Jew single a least at where T place every in behavior. branches political their changing from latter the preventing PPF, the of leaders the of any murder to moment any ready are activists Bund The Jews. the by death with mass the instigate to party the of leaders Russian from demand Jews The PPF. the to money of lot a give The Jews nationto Jews. Christian subordinatesthe it throughrelationshipthis and civil of laws the enticesIt individual. every enslave to capitalfor possible it make will it commune peasants’ of strength By destroying principle. its is rule” and “Divide nation. French them by enslaved by produced capitals huge a by backed is It t of improvement for fight violently to 18 masses the direct to wish, it movement the in was it as same the is tactics Its aimin by Republicans the of wing left the occupies PPF the why is That aims. their reach to Masons for

Russkaya Rech’, February 2, 1907. 2, Rech’,February Russkaya successfully A perceived nature of that support which the Kadets’ parties and other left other and parties Kadets’ the which support that of nature perceived A es to violent actions for illusionary ideals. The Russians in that party are threatened are party that in Russians The ideals. illusionary for actions violent to es g at realization of all the reforms it need in a revolutionary manner, without waiting. without manner, revolutionary a in need it reforms the all of realization at g retook

ers n mns f hs Rsin who Russians those of minds and hearts

people by illusionary personal freedom and draconian and freedom personal illusionary by people th 28

century France, namely to gain control over over control gain to namely France, century

Therefore, according to Russkaya to according Therefore, ubr f usas h were who Russians of number had o it te left the into got heir material life. material heir he PPF had its its had PPF he - wing parties parties wing - wing CEU eTD Collection f have should they should monarchists revolutionariesthe warned, Rech’ Russkaya and decades follow strength their show to time Rech’, Russkaya to according 1906, way that should they enough strong preceded, Rech’ should monarchists The they however worldview, their by fast. anarchy the suppress governme there number their appear. to used it with sympathized initially who those time same which organizations and individuals produce to started revolution latter the that so freedom with society the grant to decided it therefore worse, situation the made force of implementation the that realized Th radicalized. more became intelligentsia the but indifferent remained masses urther activity for all of the organizations throughout Russia should have been elaborated. And elaborated. been have should Russia throughout organizations the of all for activity urther tl remained still ed

would have would eouinr pris eape Ta pris ha parties That example. parties’ revolutionary t elzd ht oit dd o smahz wt te eouin nmr i would it anymore revolution the with sympathize not did society that realized nt ” . In a while, after the revolution turned into turned revolution the after while, a In . was were th From still not larger than that of those who continue who those of that than larger not still

introduced the the ut eprecd n ht epc. However, respect. that in experienced quite

communicate a lot of indifferent people. people. indifferent of lot a monarchist

have the at moment on moment at Russkaya Rech’ believed that m that believed Rech’ Russkaya

have had already c already had monarchists should should monarchists

awake discipline within their organizations. Then a common plan of of plan common a Then organizations. their within discipline show s were d

ned ma

its will to the government through numerous petitions. petitions. numerous through government the to will its n when monarchists monarchists when have

d more and more people openly oppose openly people moreand more . By inviting people inviting By . this strength to every to strength this not active, they active, not ome e the organizations organizations the unite .

29 Russkaya Rech’ suggested that t that suggested Rech’ Russkaya ol b al raie “ realize able be would the

have d

like anarchy realized that it it that realized anarchy usaa eh blee ta o that believed Rech’ Russkaya not resort not -

minded people into organizations. Then organizations. into people minded

aimed at fight against anarchy. against fight at aimed anarchy were were d ost of the Russians Russians the of ost

en raiig n aiaig for agitating and organizing been into their organizations their into one. Russian society organized in organized society Russian one.

still sleeping in pol in sleeping still togr n atr hy bec they after and stronger still organizing Russian society society Russian organizing still ed the

d to violence. In following the following In violence. to

nie h revolutionaries, the unlike

to sympathize with it, and it, with sympathize to indifferent part of society society of part indifferent tu ntr o the of nature true a was d the d were hey should hey

not as good as good as not government e itical respect. itical

anarchy, but anarchy, monarchists , Russkaya , nce the the nce

have t the t a me In

CEU eTD Collection weretheJews. trades in those engaged persons ofthe all that that 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 conclude He well. as Jews the by captured was Odessa in others and painterswatchmakers, argue He latter. the of favor in resulted which Jews the and Russians the between competition professional well as Odessa expl and dominated economically Southern in lawyer a as working of experience professional Kingdom” Jewish a in live or Russia in am, I Russian where me, a Tell Odessa… bein citizen to me for dangerous is it that doubts reasonable have I citizen Russian a still Iam and Russia I that …when is thatOdessa readers think a indeed city…? Russian “IsOdessa anti and domination Jewish Odessa of in discrimination fact alleged the namely phenomenon, broader R by importance great a with infused This Trofimov. professor Russian a verbally offended Livshits student Jewish Odessa to the ways perceived revolution it anditsmainactors. the concluded would they afterwards only

The author does not dwell upon this point, however, it seems that by “monopolization” he understand the fact fact the heunderstand “monopolization” by that it seems however, point, uponthis notdwell authordoes The “ 1906. 21, Rech’,September Russkaya meant author seemsthe It that 1906. 17, Rech’,September Russkaya 1906. 31, August Rech’, Russkaya 1907. 14, Rech’,March Russkaya Союз

In late August of 1906 there happened an incident in one of the city’s gymnasiums. A gymnasiums. city’s the of one in incident an happened there 1906 of August late In

номер 57 . Therefore one can see, that general Black Hundred’s pro Hundred’s Black general that see, can one Therefore .

1 - 61 й d ”. I a atce Uin ubr h first” the number “Union article an In .

that such such that

the New Russia. the New I a atce Tl u wa i t b dn? the done?” be to is what us “Tell article an In . 59 occupations have . The author of an article “Jews at the south of Russia” share Russia” of south the at “Jews article an of author The .

had been had be ie te oa pplto i te ein hc included which region the in population local the oited en

able to start to influence Russian life Russian influence to start to able usskaya

n dsa s ikr, lmes tres shoemakers, turners, plumbers, tinkers, as Odessa in

monopolized 30

R ech’

I ws xlie a a ypo o a of symptom a as explained was It . in Judea? … Odessa is not Russia, you Russia, not is Odessa … Judea? in 63

by the Jews. He argue He Jews. bythe

60 d h ato point author the

Russia. He argue He Russia. that Russian workers’ poorness poorness workers’ Russian that gram was tightly related tightly was gram ed , Russkaya Rech’ Russkaya , uhr ss the asks author

d d t ntne of instances at

that the Jews the that that the tradethe that niet was incident - Russian Russian d

his CEU eTD Collection 65 64 ha they that believe to Hundred Black the made This values. monarchist traditional sharing actually either them made of most of passivity the to only due state the of life upon impact huge a such have to able were and Russians the of sympathies the win not did Hundred, Black by controlled J Russians Kadet leaders were the whose parties of hands by done was it Hundred, Black the to According people. Russian dominate to order in “inorodtsy” other and Jews the by done was persuasion deep its to according which, revolution beingeconomically dominated by theJews. Jews the by conquered Ode in journalists and jurists physicians, hospital city the of employees the houses the of half peoples, have them of most that fact the despite author, the to According author the next” be to going ways” Russian the on everywhere traps Jewish are there and Jews… life their improve to workers Russian /for ways the of “All work. could workers Russian were places free of lack the from but drunkenness, the from not resulted

Russkaya Rech’, September 24, 1906. 24, Rech’,September Russkaya 1906. 24, September Rech’, Russkaya

see d Therefore, one can see that the Black Hundred in Odessa was born as response as born was Odessa in Hundred Black the that see can one Therefore,

n huge and bright perspectives in awakening the Russians’ consciousness which could which consciousness Russians’ the awakening in perspectives bright and huge

h Rsin epe lot nwee Te shop The anywhere. almost people Russian the

not

to ”, the author concluded author the ”, oppose Kad oppose were

wrote

not Russian, and “nothing goes in the Russian ways”. Most of Most ways”. Russian the in goes “nothing and Russian, not

were ets or to express fake sympathy towards the latter while latter the towards sympathy fake express to or ets

ht there that

h Jw. There Jews. the s soon ssa 31 65

. Thus, the newspaper represented the city as city the represented newspaper the Thus, . were *

h wrote he ,

500 thousands inhabitants in Odessa. Odessa. in inhabitants thousands 500 bel s would were ews. The Kadets, according to the ews. Kadets, according The tothe . “Odessa has already been been already has “Odessa . onged

the Russians, one Russians, the the

e o lcs o Russian for places no be – 64

Russians. This passivity This Russians. OD . In . o h Jw ad other and Jews the to / are blocked by the by blocked are /

an article “What is “What article an could not could

to the to CEU eTD Collection believed been thatthe city had conquered and by theJews thatthey have ma d e them m them e ore important in the political life of the state. The Odessa Black Hundred Black Odessa The state. the of life political the in important ore 32

had

to retake to it.

CEU eTD Collection several next the for strife labor and opposition radical for “hotbeds remained influence fe which the enterprises the short, was life workers its Although police. the by closed 100 was Union around organize to managed it after 1875 late the In Russia. of South the and Zaslavskii With city. the in emerged Union, Workers’ Russian South empire, Russian the in organization mid to back dates movement revolutionary Odessa of and minds for struggling organizations underground socialist active of number a with empire Russian the in activities revolutionary Organizations Socialist The o Rivals of the and socialists revolutionaryactivities of inOdessa. activists liberal history of account original and extensive detailed, quite provides sources of amount profound a Black the within situation Hundreds’enemies’cam a of overview general a Black give the to necessary of is analysis it parties to Hundred proceeding before Therefore, Hundred. Black the of opponents Hu Black the to rise gave which latter the of activity revolutionary extent large a to is It years. 30 around for activists liberal and organizations socialist by dominated been had which Odessa of scene political on appeared Chapter 3. n h cus o te eouin f 95 nw actor new a 1905 of Revolution the of course the In t h bgnig f h 20 the of beginning the At f theHundred Black

Lavrov The BlackThe Hundred activities

at the head, the Union aimed to organize artisans and factory workers in in workers factory and artisans organize to aimed Union the head, the at p. InIp. onWeinberg’s rely work, will basing which itselfupon so doing

de. h lcl oilss n lbrl bcm te main the became liberals and socialists local The ndred. th hearts of the city workers and intelligentsia. The history The intelligentsia. and workers city the of hearts

century Odessa was one of the major centers of of centers major the of one was Odessa century 33

- 1870s when the first workers’ political workers’ first the when 1870s

–

h Bak ude parties Hundred Black the

ll under its under ll –

CEU eTD Collection 71 70 69 68 67 66 were funds strike of number A fruitful. were SD’s Vilna the of efforts the predecessors their to Comparing ideas. their of propaganda wide and members new of enlistment on concentrated Vi the organizers, and agitators as qualities demonstrating individuals leadership of special training at but possible, as members many at as not of aimed recruitment who revolutionaries previous the Unlike funds. strike establish to and unrest org to workers Jewish helped and milieu Jewish the in mostly acted They Odessa. in fluid wasmembership Wein program similar a had 1890s the in city the in acting narodovol’tsy The reforms. economic and freedoms political achieving on focused union at aimed union The Iukhtonskii. exploitative condemning Ivan and Boreish Anton Okol’skii, Boris by up set was members 200 around with Union Workers’ Russian South new a 1895 In 1894. in arrested were amo circles of network a reestablished students by continued was line His arrested. well a up setting and circles other few a establishing member the among ideas Marxist popularized and lectures gave and Europe Western in movement workers’ the concerning discussions led Goldendakh workers. of number a were there circle the of members Among Odessa. in Goldendakh David Russia Southern the throughout movement decades”

Ibid., 65. Ibid., 67. Ibid., 66. Ibid., 65. Ibid., Ibid. Weinberg, eg ahee ol “oet ucs” Atnac a meig ws reua and irregular was meetings at Attendance success”. “modest only achieved berg,

I 1870 In . The Revolution The

- 80 a ubr f eouinre atmtd o eie h workers’ the revive to attempted revolutionaries of number a 1890s 71 , , 64. . In the late 1890s Jewish Marxist and labor activists from Vilna arrivedVilna from activists laborand Marxist Jewish 1890s late the In .

practices of subcontractors dealing with construction workers construction with dealing subcontractors of practices

ng artisans and factory workers factory and artisans ng 67 . In 1890 the first Marxist first the In1890 . 34 Yurii

70 Te ice o ti pro, codn to according period, this of circles The .

- stocked socialist library, Goldendakh was was Goldendakh library, socialist stocked trlv n Gioi Tyeoih who Tsyperovich, Grigorii and Sterklov o te ice I 19 after 1891 In circle. the of s n Sca Dmcas (SD) Democrats Social lna 68 circle was established byestablished was circle . They and other leaders other and They . anize labor labor anize 69 . The . CEU eTD Collection 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 Weinberg as However, agenda. SD’s the on were which demands political of some assume backgroun ideas. and views their with acquainted was and former the of activities political the on news with political the in involved directly was workers the of part small only Although, activists. and organizations revolutionary 1905 late in unrest pl to began and students local to appealing especially was It organization. SR local the of split tactics revolutionary appropriate an as strike general and enterprises several of workers among mid the In Odessa. in established was movement SR the Odessa in establishedwas Bund movemen Odessa” feelings ei want not did organization single a into city the in circles workers’ and funds strike the of all unite to failed SD Vilna the profes different of workers among established

Ibid., 95 Ibid., 76. Ibid., 75. Ibid., 74. Ibid., 71. Ibid., 70. Ibid., 69. Ibid.,

oevr a ubr f edr o te tie oeet n dsa a “socialist had Odessa in movement strike the of leaders of number a Moreover, 73 74 .

. Be it as it may, “Jewish workers soon formed the backbone of the SD movement in movement SD the of backbone the formed soon workers “Jewish may, it as it Be . t in Odessa was challenged by a number of other socialist groups. In 1903 a branch of branch a In1903 groups. socialist other of number a by challenged was Odessa in t ms o wo wr wrso epoes Te Ds edrhp n revolutionary in leadership SD’s The employees. workshop were whom of most , d” 72 78 Atog te in atvss togy rvttd oad Jws wres they workers Jewish towards gravitated strongly activists Vilna the Although . I te ore f h Rvlto o 1905 of Revolution the of course the In . hr o rae n needn Jws mvmn o si u Jws national Jewish up stir or movement Jewish independent an create to ther 77 . Thus, on the eve of 1905 workers of Odessa were exposed to a variety of variety a to exposed were Odessa of workers 1905 of eve the on Thus, .

activities, the other part of the workers was undoubtedly bombarded undoubtedly was workers the of part other the activities,

75 . In 1904 it claimed a membership of 400. In 1901 a branchofa In 1901 400. of membership aclaimed In it 1904 . 76 . In late 1903 a group of anarchists advocating terror advocating anarchists of group a 1903 late In . sions and a number of libraries opened. However, However, opened. libraries of number a and sions 35

- ay a major role in political and social and political in role major a ay 97 h srkn wres tre to started workers striking the 1907 - 92 hy o sm prom some got they 1902 inence CEU eTD Collection 84 83 82 81 80 79 to opportunity an with provided was Hundred Black the Thereby etc. societies o loan mutual forms various tea tested of establishing as socialists such workers city the the among activities time organizational that 1870s acquired Since thereby hue. activities whose socialist organizations, remarkable own workers’ the lead to them elected th workers, of attractanynumberconsiderable not did parties SD’s the Although conditions. workingbetter for struggle workers’ in assisting and ideas Socialist disseminating milieu workers’ the in years organi Democrats Social various of network all ofthese neutrality formal theSoviet proclaimed political Menthe SD’s, particularly the of imprint indelible the bore tradeunions, than moreeven “TheSoviet, Weinberg, Accordingto SD’s local of c was It Deputies. Workers’ of Soviet the in observed parties Democrat Social the of members were leaders unions trade the of number a movement, strike the with case the in like However, unions. trade workers’ work generating in influence stoppages” secondary a exerted they unrest, the of leaders or initiators and speeches made who agitators, d SD individual of activities devoted the despite notes, srbtd leaflets istributed

Ibid., 209. Ibid., 209. Ibid., 205. Ibid., 196. Ibid., 123. Ibid., 131. Ibid., Thus, by the time the Black Hundred unions in Odessa came to the fore, a developed developed a fore, the to came Odessa in unions Hundred Black the time the by Thus,

80 e workers acknowledged the SD activists’ superior organizational skills and eagerly and skills organizational superior activists’ SD the acknowledged workers e . Neither the socialist parties had a considerable formal ties t ties formal considerable a had parties socialist the Neither . 82

n ms o is euis ee ebr o dfeet eouinr parties. revolutionary different of members were deputies its of most and 79 “hy i nt iet h wres mvmn. s atcpns u not but participants As movement. workers’ the direct not did “they ,

sheviks, in its outlook, program, and actions” program,and outlook, sheviks,in its zations had already been functioning for around 35 around for functioning been already had zations 36

reated in November 1905 on the initiative initiative the on 1905 November in reated 84 .

81 . The same pattern could becould pattern same The . 83 o emerging in 1905 in emerging o . However, despite. However, - houses, libraries, houses, f CEU eTD Collection 91 90 89 88 87 86 2014. University, (1903 revolyuciji rosiys’koji 85 funds Law Electoral pre of number a lead Kadets pre and elections Duma State the were inception students” and teachers school and city the of institutions educational of network estates “meshane” and nobility to belonged Ukrainians” and Poles Jews, of “groups were whom among members head the at Shepkin E.M. of with professors University of initiative Novorossiyskiy an on 1905 11 December on Odessa in up set the was of party branch Kadets a author, the to According value. its underestimate to unfair it makes which new to community scholarly exposes it one; groundbreaking a is study this time,same the At need.we informationall the of uswith provide not doesOdessa in Kadetsthe sim author Koval KadetsThe they that opportunity. didtake milieu workers the in working of experience socialists’ the upon draw

Ibid., 131. Ibid., 128. Ibid., 136. Ibid., 133. Ibid., Ibid. Ibid.,126. pershoji v ta period naperedodni demokrativ konstytucijnych partiji Diyal’nist’ Stanislav. Koval'chuk, 91

’ hks dissertation chuk’s . The only work which focuses on the Kadets in Odessa as the main subject is Stanislav is subject main the as Odessa in Kadets the on focuses which work only The

ply describes his occasional press and archival findings. Therefore, this only work on onlywork this Therefore, archivalfindings. and occasionalpress his plydescribes

Te at pbihd rils n oa nwppr cmliig bu lc of lack about complaining newspapers local in articles published party The .

–

3 chervnya 1907 rr.) diss. rr.) PhD. chervnya 1907 3 85 Hwvr hs artv i to ahzr ad nytmtc The unsystematic. and haphazard too is narrative his However, .

- 89 elect

h mjr su te at dvtd t efrs o rm the from to efforts its devoted party the issue major The o meig fr eea pbi i odr o xli the explain to order in public general for meetings ion 88 . The party was established “on the basis of a widea of basis the “on established was partyThe . 37

- elections agitation. In late January 1906 the 1906 January late In agitation. elections Odessa: Odessa National I.I. Mechnikov I.I. National Odessa Odessa: a cmoe msl o poesr, high professors, of mostly composed was 86 By .

96 t a aon 600 around had it 1906

87 and, as I will show later, show will I as and, . Most of the members the of Most .

source evidence evidence source CEU eTD Collection 93 92 center thecity. revolutionarymovement the of in stude and professors the as and building a as with both university, The troops. confrontation violent even and demonstrations rallies, mass through government the upon pressure the of organization in and population local the among ideas revolutionary of university role indisseminati and a toautocracy played significant opposition inthe open students stood the and students and teachers school secondary the professors, the namely, city, barricades thearmy.fought by against However, andevening dispersed. thethey were out broke revolution the 16 October On 17. October for strike membe and students professors, rally this 7000 with rallies mass Huge promoted. reform political comprehensive a of necessity the on ideas th against struggle concerning issues meetings the At other. and SD’s Kadets, as such parties political various for forum a became building university the rallies mass self direct and organize hold and demonstrations, to building its “used workers and revolutionaries students, school Odessa of citizenry the of movement protest the re party Kadets

Ibid., 157. Ibid., Weinberg, - 10 eneg rvds s ih mr vlal isgt no h drc peusr’ f the of precursors’ direct the into insight valuable more a with us provides Weinberg Thus, the individuals d individuals the Thus,

000 persons participating took place at the University auditorium on October 15. At 15. October on auditorium University the at place took participating persons 000

The Revolution The volutionary activists. In autumn 1905 the University reemerged as a center for center a as reemerged University the 1905 autumn In activists. volutionary

, , 150.

irectly involved into the functioning of educational institutions in institutions educational of functioning the into irectlyinvolved s f eouinr ognztos lne a general a planned organizations revolutionary of rs - defense groups”. The students’ assemblies hold in hold assemblies students’ The groups”. defense 38

92 . Professors, university students, secondary students, university Professors, . 93 e autocracy were discussed and and discussed were autocracy e . The students and workers builtworkers and students The . nts, became an important important an became nts,

plan , on CEU eTD Collection 94 also RA The 1905. of pogrom Jewish the duringcrowd Jewish a by wounded were who people, Port “a body, Kondratenko’s general’s of to departure warships’ to pertaining important present most “the concerning lectures various where meetings of number a held RA the insigh detailed more a provides meeting same the on Odessa in organizations monarchist subsequent the of all of progenitor the of up according RA, the of achievement second The RA. the of head former the was Mikulin, colonel was newspaper the of publisher current the as establishing, Rech’ Russkaya in involved being of proud be could RA the proceeded, Pelikan However, obstacles. nu encountered it since lot a do to unable was organization the that said He that. like not is it but nothing, did RA the that assumed generally was it Pelican, to According remained. le people of number the for hard very was organization existence of year first the that said Pelikan There 1906. at meeting most The history. its to pertaining t on information of piece extensive left information of lot be a not could not city is the there at underestimated, movement Hundred Black the in role its that indicates evidence Febru on established was It city. the in organization Assembly Russian The (RA) the in The Hundred city Black

Omel’yanchuk, Omel’yanchuk, - h Rsin seby Rske orne bcm te is Bak Hundred Black first the became Sobranie) (Russkoe Assembly Russian The a” sus ee eiee. h ognzto priiae i a aeel ceremony farewell a in participated organization The delivered. were issues day” URP .

seily ad te pae rcle, ee etme ad coe we a when October and September were recalled, speaker the hard, Especially Chernosotennoe dvizhenie na territorii Ukrainy na dvizhenie Chernosotennoe . t nte pae eia srse ta te A hud e lo eadd as regarded also be should RA the that stressed Pelikan place another At ?. people reliable and faithful of nucleus small a only and ranks RA the ft

he RA is Russkaya Rech’s report on the party’s anniversary party’s the on report Rech’s Russkaya is RA he

Far East. The RA participated in a ceremony of reception reception of ceremony a in participated RA The East. Far Arthur 39 ” hero. The party medically assisted to Russian to assisted medicallyparty The hero. ”

ary 26 1905. Although some circumstantial some Although 1905. 26 ary t into the RA activities. According to him, him, to According activities. RA the into t , 17. ,

94 to Pelikan, was setting was Pelikan, to . Rodzeivch’s speech Rodzeivch’s . merous merous CEU eTD Collection 101 Men. Russian of Union Odessa Rodzevichand Arkhangeland Mikhail 100 99 98 250 97 96 95 in members 278 were there 1905 In the of branches of composition social to corresponded also RA the of branch Odessa the of composition Social RA the belongedto also indeedparties Black Hundred local the of leaders the of where most support organizational its with Black the of center intellectual brain and ideological a its movement, of Hundred kind a was it Namely, general. in empire Russian the in Hundred was Odessa in Hundred Black the for branch RA local pure for pedagogical,for profile elaboration of ofthe educational responsible school responsible one, economic an school, the library thesecondone and aschool be tobuild will able firstwhich one the the and RA the endows he that announced RA the of the members of one delivered were Rodzevich and Pelikan by speeches the where meeting same the electora RA’s the At electoralprocess. the of details the on them instructed which voters, forguide a andprogram proclamations, published RA the Duma State First the to elections the During propaganda. revolutionary oppose to order in people for leaflets and pamphlets charge T in part took Kir Stepanov, Stepanov, 62. Prava,” “Golovna Skrypnyk, 1906 25, Rech’,March Russkaya Russk

Russkaya Rech’, March 25, 1906. 25, Rech’,March Russkaya Konovnicin – ’ 257. yanov 95 aya Rech’, February 28, 1906. 28, Rech’,February aya Although we do not have any direct evidence, I think, it is possible to assume that the that assume to possible is it think, I evidence, direct any have not do we Although

. In the end of March the RA organized two commissions responsible for building of building for responsible commissions two organized RA the March of end the In . , Chernaya Sotnia Chernaya Yuriy

and Odessa branch of the Union of Russian People, Pelikan and Odessa branch of the Union of Union ofthe branch Odessa and Pelikan People, ofRussian Union ofthe branch Odessa and he Russian Assembly All Assembly Russian he

. RA elsewhere RA Pravie Partii Pravie

, 55. , . 1905 .

– 98

– a small membership belonging to the highest strata of society. of strata highest the to belonging membership small a

1917. 1917. n l and the Dokumenti I Materiali V Dvuch Tomach, vol. 1. Moscow: 1998, Moscow: 1. 1998, vol. Dvuch Tomach, V DokumentiMateriali I - eaders Russian Rally. The RA published a number of free of free of number a published RA The Rally. Russian dsa RA Odessa 99 40 Te at on i epcal tu fr Odessa for true especially is point last The .

101

ly financial aspect and another one one another and aspect financial ly

the same as the RA was for the Black Black the for was RA the as same the oto hmwr oa aristocrats, local were whom of most

which also provided other unions other provided also which URP –

to build a tea to build

with a with 96 .

piece of land at land of piece - house and a and a house 100 l . CEU eTD Collection 103 102 Trade the and emerged 17 later. October of Union the of branches to birth gave right of center different a formed party the that suggests also PLO the of case The exist. to ceased PLO the and People Russian of Union the of ex some to was critique branchOdessa into transfusedgradually indeedPLOmembers pressure itsthe under as justified RA the that seems It ranks. Hundred Black the in been have should believed, firmly RA the as who, members, its fooling of leadership PLO accusedthe RA and meetings its surrounded and rhetoric Hundred Black openly used it program political Octobrist an having While time. that of forces political the of classification of perspective the from case interesting middle to belonged meetings general was elections right mass Duma first the State became It the announced. concerning Law Electoral the after soon 1905, December PartyThe theLegal Order of (PLO) developmentof growth, and expansion oftheRA. Hundred historyBlack isthe Odessa of the generally history that tosay the ispossible I it think, RA the of f members that of one only on the concentrating each parties separate established Later, front. educational an on work a with strata lower the with work a combine to tried it that conclude may one above cited piece the from but organization, military the and servants civil

Russkaya Rech, December 13, 13, Rech,December Russkaya 1906. 26, Rech’,March Russkaya h Pry f h Lgl re (aty Pra (Partiya Order Legal the of Party The actions with symbols and rites characteristic for the Black Hundred parties. The parties. Hundred Black the for characteristic rites and symbols with actions

1905.

102

. It is hard to say anything precise concerning the aims of aims the concerning precise anything say to hard is It .

ls ad okn class working and class - ig at i te iy Ms o te iios f the of visitors the of Most city. the in party wing 41 -

wing politic wing

ooo oyda ws salse i early in established was Poryadka) vovogo s in Odessa which, I hypothesize, hypothesize, I which, Odessa in s 103 ields of activity. Therefore, activity. of ields Te L rpeet an represents PLO The . - nutil at which party Industrial

tent the CEU eTD Collection 106 105 104 politic established newly the accepted fully program forces military Russian the of Improvement 5. education People’s 4. question state workers’ on Settlement the 3. question. peasant on in Settlement 2. state Russian the order of indivisibility legal a of protection for crucial are measures following the authors the to According “. order… and peace bring will Duma State The Duma. State the State Du the of convocation The monarchy. constitutional by on based angles is different party from “Our parties. covered competing are latter the if only affairs state of sphere a in usefully w parties join to everybody harmony in state the rule to representatives its of person in people Russian invited manifesto October the document the andthe RA became members of PLO the left just have They PLO. the of aspirations” “constitutional about anything known not had they that confirmed discussed were questions these where meeting RA the at present were wh PLO the of members The autocracy. for stays party the that think party the of members makes concluded, speaker RA the fact, This all. at constitution the about speak not do party argued members RA The RA. the of members be should leaders, RA the to according members, party the of Most misunderstanding. of kind a of because party this into got PLO the members of number a that situatio the to devoted deliberately

Russkaya Rech’, December 14, 1905. 14, Rech’,December Russkaya согласии. В 1906. 25, Rech’,January Russkaya The RA treated establishment of the PLO with suspicion. One of the RA meetings was was meetings RA the of One suspicion. with PLO the of establishment treated RA The The PLO program was published in ear in published was program PLO The ma is the main aspiration of our party. We should do our best to elect representatives to elect representatives to ofdoour should ourparty.We best aspiration ma isthe main

that although leaders of the PLO stood for a constitution, speakers of the of speakers constitution, a for stood PLO the of leaders although that 105

hich they like and that a collective reason of people can work work can people of reason collective a that and like they hich

ih sr Te uhr o te rga woe ht t s ie for time is it that wrote program the of authors The tsar. with

104

. n around the PLO. The RA speakers at that meeting argued meeting that at speakers RA The PLO. the around n

42 ly December at Russkaya Rech’. According to According Rech’. Russkaya at December ly

al regime it could be regarded as a party of party a as regarded be could it regime al 106 1 Uiy and Unity 1. : . Thus, as the as Thus, . o CEU eTD Collection 110 109 108 91 2001), biblioteka, istoricheskaya publichnaya Gosudarstvennaya (Moscow: Vitte doklada g. ivsepoddaneyshago oktyabrya1905 107 at delivered speeches the of content the continued, Council the time, same interprete the At constitution. be could It obscure. too was, Council, PLO the the to of according program previous The parties. the between alliance an of establishment for space any provides latter the of ideology the if out find to order in PLO the with argument pre preserve left both the of restriction the for aspiration monarch’s any expressed never has it that responded PLO The rule tsar’s unlimited under remain should Russia that believed leaders their that confirm to i abandoned had it that confirm to PLO the asked RA the Than autocracy. the for stood it that confirmed PLO the that welcomed 17 the October 6 the of Manifestos of issue PLO the information that to contrary that continued the council The tsar. autocratic the against in goes PLO the that argued publish published which newspapers articles was were Rech’ there that Russkaya wrote to council council The column. PLO correspondence the by letter a 29 January On credo. political its ascertain to order in column correspondence Rech’s Russkaya at PLO with closely program resembled Unionof October the thatone the of 17 of points some Moreover, spectrum. political the of part Octobrist an

Russkaya Rech’, February 19, 1906. 19, Rech’,February Russkaya 1906. 2, Rech’,February Russkaya 1906. 29, Rech’,January Russkaya 17 manifesta visochayshego prilozheniem S partiy. politicheskih russkih vseh sbornikPolniyplatform In around a month after the PLO opening ceremony the RA opened a public public a opened RA the ceremony opening PLO the after month a around In - ig ate wih tuge o is etito ad right and restriction its for struggle which parties wing autocratic will. On the contrary, it has always protected the autocratic rule against rule autocratic the protected always has it contrary, the On will. autocratic - eom ueurtc regime bureaucratic reform th

- Manifesto and through this fulfils the will of the tsar” he wrote he tsar” the of will the fulfils this through and Manifesto 101.

f uut n o the of and August of

ts previous program “designed in a constitutional spirit” and spirit” constitutional a in “designed program previous ts 110 stood Te A oni rpid ht t s it that replied Council RA The . 107 43

for autocracy “but it did not wish to touch an touch to wish not did it “but autocracy for

17 th

f coe” “h pry ep to keeps party “The October”. of ta te L sod o a for stood PLO the that d - ig ate wih at to want which parties wing d n different in ed 108 atd the tarted . The RA The . polemic 109 . CEU eTD Collection 111 of act the 17 sense October that In will. monarch’s a of restriction a of notion a to related necessarily is, That activity”. country’s legislative the into with involvement establishment deputies’ state’s a concerning law “a means Constitution Duma. State the of representatives their of person in people the to back power legislative the delegates legislati in bureaucracy the of tyranny the restricts Manifesto power. the misuse not would bureaucracy that guarantee not could such as bureaucracy of specifics the because R The people. the of the powerof limitation in result would tsar powerof the of why is limitation That tsar. to power their delegate people Russian The people. Russian the to belong should power mo bit a in issues party’s that the on position explained speakers of one meetings party the of one at However, respond. not constitution” Russian the of beginning “the as regarded be cannot Manifesto perspec this Fatherland’sFromenemies.and his against tsar the support would they but tsar, the against struggle not would they people, the govern not would continued, Council RA the Duma, State the to elected deputies The tsar. was wrote, Russ the of representative best The representatives. its to it delegates and him of power his take monarch against struggle after people when is wrote, it constitution, of essence continued, Council the However, autocracy”. tsar’s restrict not does which constitution “Russian some of spoke again Council, RA the to according party, The issue. the clarify not did points RA the latte the restrict to aspiring without autocracy the for stood party the that evidence as interpreted be could meetings party PLO the

Russkaya Rech’, February 22, 1906. 22, Rech’,February Russkaya sin epe i nt at o is oe t b lwesy eeae t bureaucracy, to delegated lawlessly be to power its for want not did people ussian

th t a nt orc t pa wt te od wih a well had which words the with play to correct not was it

is a constitutional act. An elections procedure as such cannot guarantee that the that guarantee cannot such as procedure elections An act. constitutional a is

re detail. P. D’Arman claimed that in the Russian state the state Russian the in that claimed D’Arman P. detail. re r... However, the Council continued, the PLO’s responds to to responds PLO’s the continued, Council the However, r... 44

tive, the Council continued, the Octoberthe continued, Council the tive,

h wr “osiuin i not is “constitution” word the - nw maig The meaning. known 111 . The PLO did PLO The . ian people, it people, ian e il and field ve CEU eTD Collection 116 115 114 113 112 factories from workers and artisans of lot a that reported” afterwards PLO the of leaflets disseminate to started and empire Russian the hymnof the singing with speakers the workersresponded The strikes. participatein work the provoked and state the and PLO the slandered who speakers to listen to refused workers factory Gen 150 meeting that At elections. Duma State First the to pertaining meetings correspondence the in article city.An the of workers influenceamongthe its expand to PLOcontinued the 1906 storehouses and shops consumers’ open to planned also party plants, factoriesand tradeenterprises of educational an of statute a of project a 9 March done” have they what “for apologized and icon orthodox an with Odessa of governor th by organized workers plants’ and factories’ 19 February acknowledge. to want not did RA the which “constitution”, word aut very the tsar’s about restricted went basically not argument had Manifesto October the that fact the on agreed will own his by parties radical of aspirations political of favor autocra his got tsar Russian since Additionally, state. own its within position privileged their lost could people Russian the restricted, nevertheless is it If restricted. be not should power monarch’s peopl Russian the by sent deputies

Russkaya Rech’, April 1, 1906. April 1, Rech’, Russkaya 1906. April 18, Rech’, Russkaya Russkaya 1906. April 27, Rech’, Russkaya 1906. 14, Rech’,February Russkaya tic power from the Russian people, he could not either resign or restrict the power in power the restrict or resign either not could he people, Russian the from power tic rm h vr icpin h pry oue o wrig n h wres mle. On milieu. workers’ the in working on focused party the inception very the From Rech’, March 9, 1906. 9, Rech’,March

oun el u aot n ciet ht ok lc o oe f h electoral the of one on place took that accident an about us tells column

wud e hi tu rpeettvs ht s h the why is that representatives true their be would e

Odessa was elaborated by members ofthe PLO elaborated was byOdessa members 45

- economic society of workers and servants at servants and workers of society economic

and plants want to become members become to want plants and e PLO presented temporary general temporary presented PLO e 115 . It seems that by end of spring of end by that seems It . 112 116 Tu, oh f h parties the of both Thus, . . In another article “it is “it article another In . oiy n the and hority 114 113 . The ers to ers . On . - CEU eTD Collection 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 the of ceremony the 3 December On before. milieu workers’ the in acquired anymore Hundred with the Black although that announced workers the letter this In Novosti”. “Odesskie in appeared workers factory Gen by signed letter a 27 July On OURP. the with unite to ready is party the that announced council leaders among persons unselfish and skillful intelligent, no is there that hands, unreliable and inefficient to got administration column correspondencethe appeared OURP in the ins and party the in on going mess a is there that complaining latters few a 1906 July In like. looked routine leaders’ party the how into insight interesting rooms the of lightening and heating mailing, for pay to workers, office salaries pay to leaflets”, “useful publish to had party the members, party of meetings general for party, the of bodies ruling of meetings for offices, its for rooms rent to had party the th wrote author an ones” spring late in wrong go to started something tea own its run PLO The workers. t of impact the to due only stopped was elected was PLO the organization the of

Russkaya Rech’, July 29, 1906. 29, Rech’,July Russkaya 1906. 21, Rech’,July Russkaya July 16, Rech’,July Russkaya 1906. April 27, Rech’, Russkaya 1906. 22, Rech’,July Russkaya 1906. April 25, Rech’, Russkaya 1906. April 18, Rech’, Russkaya previously they actively participated in activities of the PLO they do not want to deal to want not do they PLO the of activities in participated actively they previously 117

118 . On April 25 the Council of the educational the of Council the 25 April On . . According to Smirnov the second workers’ strike on the eve of Easter of eve the on strike workers’ second the Smirnov to According . at the PLO did not have enough funds for functioning. He wrote that wrote He functioning. for funds enough have not did PLO the at 18, July1906. 18, 21,

123

f h party the of - house and library for the workers the for library and house . Thus, in late July the PLO lost some of the influence it had influence it the some lost of PLO the July . Thus,inlate

e at’ polmtos ismntd mn the among disseminated proclamations party’s he 122 – 46 summer 1906. In an article “To the right the “To article an In 1906. summer PLO the 22 July on meeting general a On . 121 . One of the authors claimed that the partythe that claimed authors the of One . isting that the party should join should party the that isting - economical society run by run society economical 119 . However, it seems that seems it However, . 120 I hn i i an is it think I . unification of the the of unification o the to - wing CEU eTD Collection 125 124 order legal a of establishment and Duma State the of convocation in Nation, and Autocracy Orthodoxy, of preservation firm lies motherland the of good “The Fatherland. the of good for work will party the that said is deta paramilitary strong and organizations workers’ large URP’s The revolutionized. was especially previously, shown have I as which milieu, workers’ in work on concentrated URP the mil workers’ was it as one first the with connected deeply was aim second The bureaucracy. and entrepreneurs local terrorize to continued who revolutionaries against fight violent a was one second The s loyal into transform to wanted it whom milieu, class working a of members with work a was one first The lines. main two along acted party The masses. citythe upon activities its expand to wanted which RA local the of initiative the in opened was People Russian of Union the of branch Odessa leader’s its to due The decay. total of state a in was Langer, it I War World the by and fast decline to started D. it corruption, to according 1900s, late the in However, empire. Russian e the in but Odessa, in only not organization successful and strong large, prominent, most of Russian Union PeopleThe (URP) exception of establishing the strikefunds and with socialists the as milieu workers’ the in activities of forms same the to resorted PLO the toexist ceased PLO The and tookplace. PLO URP local ofthe branches

Russkaya Rech’, January 25, 1906. 25, Rech’,January Russkaya 1906. 5, Rech’,December Russkaya chments brought it a statewidechmentshighly broughtafameand it were valued byofficials. local In the mid the In In an announcement about upcoming opening ceremony of the URP branch in Odessa it it Odessa in branch URP the of ceremony opening upcoming about announcement an In ieu which provided the URP’s paramilitary detachments with recruits. Thus, recruits. with detachments paramilitary URP’s the provided which ieu - 1900s the Union of Russian People (Soyuz Russkogo Naroda) became the the became Naroda) Russkogo (Soyuz People Russian of Union the 1900s

125

. The job of the URP, according to the announcement was to was announcement the to according URP, the of job The .

ubjects of the tsar and conscious Russian nationalists. Russian conscious and tsar the of ubjects other acts ofrevolution.other toorganization related 47

ae aur 10 o the on 1906 January late 124 . Thus, it is clear that isclear . Thus,it

ntire

in CEU eTD Collection 130 129 128 127 126 one fourth the and director kitchen a for one third the storage, dishes and plates for one second tea a for hall big one have tea books” useful and newspaper Russian a read to tea URP a in that said was it announcements Rech’s Russkaya of one At guests. with discussions through members discussions of basis tea a of aim first the Konovnicin, to According issue. that to attention special a pay will I Therefore, activities. its of centers important most workers. for tea of establishment was it namely, camp, revolutionaries’ the from rivals monarchists’ the of experience an by proved was effectiveness 20 thousands members URP the in members party 500 around were there Initially properly. Elections the to prepare to manage wi we as However, perish. the would if Russia elections, because the would elections, enemies Duma State the were now event important most the that claimed Konovnitsin count URP the of head the ceremony pamp opening the proclamations, At propagating”. persuading press, deeds, “words, through people Russian attract

Russkaya Rech’, February 15, 1906. 15, Rech’,February Russkaya Бесед. 20 “Corruption,” Langer, 1906. 22, Rech’,February Russkaya 1906. 2, Rech’,February Russkaya - houses should look like. The place where the tea the where place The like. look should houses n eln wt te workers the with dealing In

126 . In twenty days this number grew up to 1000 to up grew number this days twenty In .

The URP set up an especially large number of the tea the of number large especially an up set URP The 129

house “every Russian poor man will be a be will man poor Russian “everyhouse 128 and team and 7.

- os an house

readings. The second aim of the tea the of aim second The readings. d a few smaller rooms, the first one for the library, the the library, the for one first the rooms, smaller few a d h UP eotd o h sm kn o atvte which activities of kind same the to resorted URP the - houses, libraries and various economic organizations economic various and libraries houses, 48 130 - house was to unite members of t of members unite to was house

. Konovnicin also outlined the way the futurethe way the outlined also Konovnicin . - house would be located, he wrote, should wrote, he located, be would house 127 . By January 20 1907 it had aroundhad it 1907 20 January By . ble to have a tea with bread and bread with tea a have to ble - houses which became the the became which houses - house was to attract new attract to was house ll see the URP did not did URP the see ll he U he lt ad our and hlets RP on the on RP CEU eTD Collection 137 136 135 134 133 132 131 Council the by permitted publications other and Assembly, Russian the by and branches its and char moral and religious have which one not does Nationality those a). of except publications disseminateany to faith. Prohibition 4. life. of way Teetotal3. matter. Christian 2. tsar the to Devotion 1. following: the were statute cr The membership thatinstitution. thenatureinsightful of information on screened Wor meetings… their hold constantly gangs and characters” “dark the where taverns to go not would workers our time free a in that sure pretty am I other… each to talk peacefully could We and newspapers Russian reading revolutionary tea to the listened and URP and the “In degraded agitation. workers city the which in taverns for substitutes by donated building a in street 1 Torgovaya at tea another up set URP the 9 October On street. 33 Torgovaya at center city the in house street) 42 (Gradonachalnicheskaya city 27 the On tea a where center city the in place a URP the donated Sedov February of the cit tea and meetings the for

Russkaya Rech’, November 21, 1906. 21, Rech’,November Russkaya 190 31, Rech’,October Russkaya 1906. 26, Rech’,February Russkaya 1907. 9, Rech’,October Russkaya 1906. 5, Rech’,March Russkaya 1906. 21, Rech’,February Russkaya 1906. 22, Rech’,February Russkaya ker” y center, the party planned to establish further tea further plannedy toestablish partycenter, the h tea The 137 135 th .

of February Charnavsky donated a place for a tea a for place a donated Charnavsky February of I te tea the In .

- houses statute is an especially interesting document as it provides the most most the provides it as document interesting especially an is statute houses

- - house documents house oss harcl efracs lo ok place took also performances theatrical houses

journals instead of listening to agitator’s incendiary speeches. speeches. incendiary agitator’s to listening of instead journals

- os, e Rsin okr cn pn or re ie by time free our spend can workers Russian we, house, 133 acter b). those one which are published by the URP URP the by published are which one those b). acter . On the 23d of April the URP opened the first tea first the opened URP the April of 23d the On . 131 . After the first tea first the After .

49 Sinitsin

134 - houses at the peripheriesat the houses . The URP presented its tea its presented URP The . - house a house - house would be established in established be would house t Moldavanka part of the of part Moldavanka t iteria according tothe iteria - 136 house could be built. be could house

n mve were movies and 132 . Onthe 26 - houses as houses - house -

th a -

CEU eTD Collection 144 143 142 141 140 139 138 or The 1906. 1 October on up it set URP The organization. andshop published disseminated patriotic pamphlets mov to made was decision tea the of room the in 20 December on opened couriers special through villages neighboring around literature its disseminate consciou national its awaken to and population well as sold be would pamphlets and books patriotic where shop materials writing a up set to going houses tea the maintain to continue to able be to organization the for pay should members the which 25 introduce to decided URP the of gathering weekly the March gather could members URP tea the statute, the to according not will There 6. crimes. and pogroms to incitements and violence of kind any of Prohibition 5. house. fromexpel the tea “Den’”, Rech’”, “Russkaya “Svet”, Ved “Moskovskie “Drug”, “Kievlyanin”, newspapers c). branch URP Odessa the of

Russkaya Rech’, February 22, 1907. 22, Rech’,February Russkaya 190 24, Rech’,December Russkaya 1906. 22, Rech’,December Russkaya 1907. 22, Rech’,February Russkaya 1906. 16, Rech’,December Russkaya 1906. 25, Rech’,March Russkaya 1906. 22, Rech’,February Russkaya 140 139 Te i o te hp a t dseiae h Bak ude ltrtr aog the among literature Hundred Black the disseminate to was shop the of aim The . pr fo te tea the from Apart Konovn column correspondence the in 16 December On be fixed prices in the tea the in prices fixed be .

- house anyone who would attempt to propagate to inthetea revolutionaryanyone ideas wouldattempt who house

e the shop to a different location. During the elections campaign the campaign elections the During location. different a to shop the e 138 - oss n te okhp h UP a a oefl workers’ powerful a had URP the bookshop the and houses

. However, the URP abandoned the point 6 soon. 6 point the abandoned URP the However, .

- 6. house is not a commercial organization, but a place where the where place a but organization, commercial a not is house

- msi, Phr” “aony oo” “ay” ) a uy to duty a d). “Zarya” golos”, “Narodniy “Pahar’”, omosti”,

house. Every visitor could pay as much as he wants, because, because, wants, he as much as pay could visitor Every house. 5 sness - 0 house at Torgovaya street Torgovaya at house

141 144 . Additionally, the shop was supposed to supposed was shop the Additionally, . .

ganization had “purely economic “purely had ganization icin announced that the URP is URP the that announced icin kopecks 143 . On February 22 a 22 February On .

142 of obligatory fee fee obligatory of . The shop was shop The . On the 25 the On th

of - - CEU eTD Collection 150 149 148 147 146 145 the At p pray. reviewed Konovnicin with meetings closed and opened meetings The activities. URP important most the of guards. wh city the of history the organization political first the became URP The sphere. that into innovations some brought had URP the However, socialists. the as workers the among activities of sorts same the almost in engaged was PLO OURP the of onlymembers be couldmembers 4 the that reported newspaper the 10 November “ previous a for substitute a as opened was It killed and wounded were workers port 4 the on place took which workers port the and guards the between conflict work port the agitation the of Because members. URP the against workers port the among agitation extensive an was There destruction. from ships few a prevented successfully guards The strikers. fired protect also They explosive. by them destroy to wanted who strikers fired against ships the protected They port. the in guards as also of strikers the of instead worked URP the of members 1500 means political are strike as whichacted URP the of members unions trade from revolutionaries…” it distinguish which character,

Russkaya Rech’, November 10, 1 10, Rech’,November Russkaya 1907. 3, Rech’,June Russkaya 1907. April 5, Rech’, Russkaya 1906. 29, 28, 26, 23, Rech’,November Russkaya 1906. 3, Rech’,October Russkaya 1906. 1, Rech’,October Russkaya Sunday weekly general meetings where all of the members could participate were one were participate could members the of all where meetings general weekly Sunday

ers became very angry at the URP members. This animosity resulted in a violent a in resulted animosity This members. URP the at angry very became ers 145

There were around 5000 persons present at the opening ceremony opening the at present persons 5000 around were There

907.

olitical and social events of the last week and announced announced and week last the of events social and olitical - breakers when the port the when breakers ed the URP dockers against violence from the part of the of part the from violence against dockers URP the ed 148 . On July 3 the URP set up its organization of organization its up set URP the 3 July On .

sailors 51 150 ose members acted as strike as acted members ose

. Thus, one can see th seecanone Thus, . th ’ registration”. It had 300 members 300 had It registration”. ’

okr’ oprtv i etbihd Its established. is cooperative dockers’ 147

. The members of the URP worked URP the of members The . workers stroke. On November 29 November On stroke. workers at the URP as well asthewell as theURP at - th breakers and port and breakers

of April. A few A April. of 146 sailors. 149 . The. . On . th CEU eTD Collection 157 156 155 154 153 152 151 choir a had URP The pogroms. organize to people provoke not does URP Kar presented The revolution. the against fight their in united are latter the and URP the that show general Odessa temporal to went RA the of head the and members newspa forand family. thetsar his officials, and policemen Cossacks, members, murdered for prayed URP The services. religious idea” religious and political one and heart one soul, one has which organism living a are people… Russian the that showed …it Motherland. the for die to or enemyany eliminate to readyarmy organized depic enemies their as gang small a not are it in participating people of thousands that showed procession “The procession. the in participated orchestra an tea the to 12 the at place took events these of One meetings. weekly the of instead processions organized URP the on speeches officials different ministers, tsar, the to telegrams URP’s The leadership. party the by made decisions important

Russkaya Rech’, July 4, 1906. 4, Rech’,July Russkaya 1906. 7, Rech’,March Russkaya 1906. 14, Rech’,November Russkaya 1906. 30, Rech’,June Russkaya 1906. 10, Rech’,June Russkaya 1906. 20, Rech’,September Russkaya 1906. 14, Rech’,November Russkaya per “Za tsarya i Rodinu” on March 18 March on Rodinu” i tsarya“Za per h UP atcptd n aiu kns f ciiis I satd o uls is own its publish to started It activities. of kinds various in participated URP The th - house at Torgovaya street. Together with members of the URP Cossacks, priests and priests Cossacks, URP the of members with Together street. Torgovaya at house of November. The procession moved the URP banner from Konovnicin’s apa Konovnicin’s from banner URP the moved procession The November. of

enormous variety of political, social, economic and cultural issues cultural and economic social, political, of variety enormous a ngozov with the URP badge. The delegation also reassured Karangozov that the that Karangozov reassured also delegation The badge. URP the with ngozov 155 151 Aohr motn tp o type important Another .

and friendly organizations friendly and

156 52 152 te R rglr ciiis ee collective were activities regular URP the f . On the 19th of March a delegation of the URPthe of delegationa March of 19th the On .

were read were 153 . Speakers of the party delivered party the of Speakers . ts them but a strong and well and strong a but them ts - oenr aagzv to Karangozov governor 157 . The URP took URP The . 154 . Sometimes .

delegation rtment - CEU eTD Collection 161 160 159 158 po a is however, which, Odessa, international in create to is OURM the in participate to allowed were ceremony members the by recommended persons and OURM ceremony the at “Slav’sya” singingand slaven”, “Kol’ kharni”, choir’s tsaria “Bozhe a by accompanied and water of consecration a with service church solemn a with began meeting The delivered. were aims and ideology party’s the revealing speeches of confined itselftotheeducation. sphere ofschool OURP the only, workers the with dealt which URP the Unlike Men. Russian of Union Odessa form and seceded who RA) the of members were also (who leaders URP the of part among resentment to rise gave fact This existence. its of months ninth 9 first the in education school of sphere in nothing almost did RA the of members by time same established URP the However,members. byits the of RA one to donated was school of Russian Men Union Odessa The (OURM) was Oleg Vlazinsky. theOURP. join intelligentsia forces when of isthefirstthat it time Odessa in said Konovnicin ceremony Konstantinovna opening the At branch. student its up set URP the 1907 16 February Olga Greece of queen the welcomed which ceremony celebrations and holidays detachments Cossacks’ in part

Russkaya Rech’, October 18, 1906. 18, Rech’,October Russkaya 1906. 3, Rech’,December Russkaya Russka «Боже царя храни», «Коль славен», «Славься». «Кольславен», храни», «Боже царя The OURM opening ceremony took place on October 22 1906. At that meeting a coup a thatmeeting 1906.At 22 October place on ceremony openingtook The OURM a building for land of piece a 1906 early the in as recently as that shown been has It ya Rech’, October 10, 1906. 10, yaRech’,October 161 . According to one of the persons speaking at the opening ceremony “the aim of theof ceremonyaim opening“the the atspeaking persons the of one Accordingto .

ed a new political party called the the called party political new a ed 158 Te R par URP The .

A head of the studentbranch head A 160 ssin f h Russian the of ssession . O . nly members of the of members nly iiae i a in ticipated

around thearound 159 On . le CEU eTD Collection 169 168 167 166 165 164 163 162 162 to established was audience, the to reminded he date, latter of The icon. God day of mother celebration Kazan’s a with coincided ceremony the that noted bishop The people”. Russian 100 of thoughts innermost “expressed Rech’, Russkaya to according he, which Istudies was it simplyassumeHundred that mayBlack ideology itself. the backg general on basing However, ideology. party’s the in places central the of one occupies appears, it which, concept, thought” “Russian into put OURM the deed!” Minin’s equals dark Jewish a into got which souls, Russian captivated liberate to is army this for task A revolution. which army an force, spiritual a with armed army an Odessa, in born being is army new a that evident matter Russian the of defenders the in trust one’s undermine not dir throw to use “osvoboditeli” half This enterprise”. “reactionary a not is thought Russian the develop to that everyone persuaded ceremony opening The Russia… in exist should also but Russia realized intelligentsia… Local it. for conditions favorable a provides which city the in emerged already has thought” “Russian that ascertained thought”” “Russian a people,

Russkaya тьму. Иудейскую тьмы. иудейской Исчадия исветом. мыслью Бороться Русскоедело. Жупелные Русский 1906. 24, Rech’,October Russkaya Русскую 168

il tuge y huh ad light and thought by struggle will t h sm oeig eeoy ooigrdk bso Dmty ae sec in speech a gave Dimitry bishop Novomirgorodsky ceremony opening same the At hog esaeet f usa mns n Rsin ers Ta i a de a is That hearts… Russian and minds Russian of enslavement through .

мысль Rech’, October 24, 1906. 24, Rech’,October .

169

Unfortunately, Russkaya Rech’ does write plainly what exact meaningexact plainlywhat write does Rech’ Russkaya Unfortunately,

162 t into eyes of people who are afraid of bugaboo of afraid are who people of eyes into t

. “Those who visited the union’s opening ceremony could be could ceremony opening union’s the visited who “Those . 166

gis icrae o Jws dark Jewish of incarnates against 54

ht te Russian” “the that 165 round of the Black Hundred Hundred Black the of round

163 and Russian freedom. It is It freedom. Russian and

not only could exist in exist could only not - eih us, which curse, Jewish

164 167

words, could words, cle the called ,

ilo of million d which ed CEU eTD Collection 173 172 171 170 the to Stolypin, Minister Prime the to tsar, the to telegrams sent OURM the Then emergence. Ro speech founder’s educa to union the by paid ideas” “state Russian shares who everyone of and men Russian the of all unite to desire a that said he not. or Manifesto October the by restricted became autocracy the if namely period, that at Hundred been” always has it as autocr “My that words his by proved be could what unrestrictedpower Boyars” Seven the of “Rule of times through live to not order in ruler autocratic an stay to him ask would nation Russian the nation, and of ortothe heir give tohis it power, this should he renounce if he to decided Even power. that restrict not could tsar a and power, autocratic an with Mikhail granted people it state the been of have could it wished, organization political of form any choose to able was nation the and nation Russian the from autocracy his got tsar the that said he Then continued. bishop the today, tsar t Romanov Mikhail elected sobor Zemsky Afterwards, Moscow. saved Pozharsky and Minin around united people The Fatherland. and Orthodoxy for stand to and state Moscow of enemies against fight to people proceeded,agitated bishop the Dioni Monks 1612. in Poles from liberation Moscow’s commemorate

Двигатель. идеи. Государственные 1906. 24, Rech’,October Russkaya 1610. Year

172 After the bishop’s words the OURM found OURM the words bishop’s Afterthe

is the main “motive power” “motive main the is

d eih .. rvdd h adec wt a hr hsoy f h OURM the of history short a with audience the provided N.N. zevich 171

. Thus, the bishop addressed an issue which was central to the Black the to central was which issue an addressed bishop the Thus, .

constitutional monarchy, it could have been republic. However, the the However, republic. been have could it monarchy, constitutional in f hlrn n yuh n oacit prt Atrad the Afterwards spirit. monarchist in youth and children of tion

170

gi. oee, sr ioa hv nt eone his renounced not have Nicolas tsar However, again. 173

for the union. A special attention, he said, would be would said, he attention, special A union. the for 55

er Davydov N.S. delivered a speech in which in speech a delivered N.S. Davydov er o be a tsar. His ancestor Nicolas II is a is II Nicolas ancestor His tsar. a be o siy and Avramiy Palicin, Avramiy and siy acy will remain the same same the remain will acy

course, CEU eTD Collection 175 174 fore”the to come will monarchists the of all for common issues whenactions their unite of propaganda wide more a for desirable is organizations the of both of functioning independent An latter. the of initiatives anyingood URP the assist to promises OURM Thematter. Russian goodof the to m “The program”. the of points individual of development detailed more a “in lies difference only the same, the are programs parties’ prayer performed ende meeting the and delivered speeches OURM few a read, the were opening praising unions monarchist other from addresses rule. salutatory few administration a university Afterwards, the by patronized gangs” revolutionary “Jewish telegram, the to according which, in University, Russia New the in situation the about basedhis politics onnative principles”.Inthegripped Russian telegram theOURM Kaufman to pr been not has it since empire the ruling of way parliamentary “rejecting for him to gratitude its expressed StolypinIn OURM telegram to the the children”. our “neither us,nor foreigners notpervert will of “nativerights”stand for will land”, Russian of borderland Southern in here, “everybody that tsar the ensured OURM The respect). juridical in equal people Russian the making for and lands new for payments their in people the helping ts the from taken lands additional with people Russian (granting acts political latest his for him to gratitude its expressed OURM the tsar the to telegramIn the Petersburg. St. Minister ofN

Russkaya Rech’, October 31, 1906. 31, Rech’,October Russkaya Russkaya hn se hw h nwy mre OR rlts o R Rdeih ad ht the that said Rodzevich URP to relates OURM emerged newly the how asked When

Rech oclaimed by law”, for staying above party conflicts and for taking “a right course in course right “a taking for and conflicts party above staying for law”, by oclaimed ational Education Kaufman and to a number of monarchist leaders in Moscow and number leaders ofmonarchist inMoscow toa Kaufman and Education ational ’, monarchist ideas and for a unification of like of unification a for and ideas monarchist October 174 .

25, 1906. 25,

embers of the OURM united for a more fruitful work fruitful more a for united OURM the of embers 56 the Russian nation, and that harmful doctrines of of doctrinesthat harmful and nation, Russian the

- minded persons. The unions will will unions The persons. minded d up with “Spasi Gospodi” “Spasi with up d ar’s lands and for for and lands ar’s

authors of the the of authors 175 . The. CEU eTD Collection 181 180 179 178 177 176 todevotion faith, orthodox of spirit the educationin with children orthodox Russian provide “to follows as school the of aim describedthe OURM gymnasium.The a open to allowedbe would author the well, go would business school the if Then, first. years 4 or 3 progyminasium a open to OURM the permitted authorities local the organized, properly financi strengthen to order in However, gymnasium. women a open to permission for authorities local charge of free education the make to planned party The study. to 8 30 with building seminary theological old in 1906 21 November at started charge of free education the make to planned party The 1906. two exemplary an of establishment root” long a is schools new the of each later, fore “T member party a to According children. for intuitions in hand working keep hand will unions the that hope a expressed and brothers like live unions identical are unions the of both of goals main and programs the that noted Konovnicin air. the in kerchiefs and hats their tossed and ovation standing a him gave members OURM The the person. in union the greet to anniversary first Konovnicin, OURM the to came leader, good. were unions the between relations that proves fact following

Прогимназию 1906. 31, Rech’,October Russkaya 1906. 21, Rech’,November Russkaya 1906. 31, Rech’,October Russkaya 1906. 24, Rech’,November Russkaya 1907. 4, Rech’,October Russkaya 176 177 al state of the future educational institution and for the educational process there to be to there process educational the for and institution educational future the of state al . h frt su te UM tre t da wt ws salsmn o educational of establishment was with deal to started OURM the issue first The Te UM oni hd oe ot f h ognztoa wr concerning work organizational the of most done had council OURM The .

- 10 years boys e boys years 10 .

ach. Initially, only children of members of the OURM were allowed were OURM the of members of children only Initially, ach.

- year (wit year - h five h range artillery which will undermine the enemy’s the undermine will which artillery range 57

- year course) religious school by October 31 October by school religious course) year he fruits of the school will come to the to come will school the of fruits he 178 . The OURM’s school for boysfor school OURM’s The . 180 . The OURM petitioned the petitioned OURM The . 179 . It had two departments two had It . h as ntd ht the that noted also he , ities replied, the union the replied, ities 181

URP URP with CEU eTD Collection http://wg 188 187 186 185 184 183 and 182 school the between gap the bridge to different, situation this make to established were life school upon influence any have not did parents the and laws, 1870s with accordance in prohibited was parents by system educational of critic Any business. sch Russian this Before 1905. autumn in youth revolutionary of pressure under government the so weekly holding domina for fighting from Novemberfrom to9pm. and 7pm 10amto3pm 4isthelastdate” wit electoral the process over supervise to OURM the of members for permission for asking governor co city the of people working of most OURM, the to according because, time, evening to elections Duma State the in part take to wanting people from applications accepting office an of hours working el the in part take to people procedures Duma State the family” hig of awareness in and fatherland and tsar

Pashkova, Tat’yana. Gimnazisti, shkol’naya reforma I revolutsia 1905 goda , goda revolutsia 1905 I reforma shkol’naya Gimnazisti, Pashkova,Tat’yana. 1906. 3, Rech’,November Russkaya 1906. 31, Rech’,October Russkaya 3 Rech’,October Russkaya 1906. 31, Rech’,October Russkaya 1906. 31, Rech’,October Russkaya 1907. 19, Rech’,June Russkaya h following message “The State Duma elections! Russian people apply! In the City Duma Duma City the In apply! people Russian elections! Duma State “The message following h o ws kn o ett wti isl, poig n etra atmt t itue no its into intrude to attempts external any opposing itself, within entity of kind a was ool At the OURM meetings party leaders instructed the party members on the elections to to elections the on members party the instructed leaders party meetings OURM the At - was sphere educational in revolutionaries oppose to OURM the for way Another 186 182 lj.livejournal.com/1146896. . On the eve of the elections the OURM disseminated leaflets “in a huge number” huge a “in leaflets disseminated OURM the elections the of eve the On . . uld not apply during daytime during apply not uld - called pedagogical meetings. The parents’ committees were established by established were committees parents’ The meetings. pedagogical called tion within the so called parents’ committees. The OURM did this through this did OURM The committees. parents’ called so the within tion

1, 1, 1906. 183

ections Te UM rne ad ismntd pca lalt inviting leaflets special disseminated and printed OURM The . html

(accessed May 31 2014). May31 (accessed 184 Te UM eiind ao o te iy o extend to city the of mayor petitioned OURM The . 185 . The OURM petitioned a city major and a general a and major city a petitioned OURM The . h duties of women to motherland, society and and society motherland, to women of duties h 58

188 . The . 187

parents’ committees parents’ .

- CEU eTD Collection 191 190 189 “pedagogical these here discussed, provisionally on be could deal committees parents’ Here, which with issues Saturdays”, Fatherland. and tsar to duties of awareness and motherland of education in interest common of basis aon parents Russian unite to helpmeetings “thecould that written was it OURM the meetingat held were chair the at being pedagogues with parents peda Saturday every purpose that For education. of problems key the of all on position clear with meeting committees parents’ to come have should parents deal” usually should committees that unity take. should from exact what describing however without parents, and school between unity the of necessity the about skeptical be should school concluded Rodzevich and different, parents between unity The life. school upon influence have parents impossible it makes circumstance This respect. ideological and national in different too are Parents incomplete. and too uncertain is them legitimized which law The claimed. Rodzevich useless, totally are as committees such issues establi inappropriate and discussed convocation Union government Parents’ Provisional the meetings its At Unions. of Union the of platform accepted proceeded, he Union, Parents’ The regime. state the “liberationand school of results w the Rodzevich activity, Their were school. secondary in committees movement” parents’ Rodzevich, to According society.

Russkaya 1906. 2, Rech’,November Russkaya 1906. 13, Rech’,December Russkaya t h pdggcl etns h OR dat ih atr “ih w “with matters with dealt OURM the meetings pedagogical the At

Rech ’, October

parents’ unions. At the same time he did not oppose the very idea of the the of idea very the oppose not did he time same the At unions. parents’

31, 1906. 31,

189

190

. Therefore, it seems that the leader of the OURM was very was OURM the of leader the that seems it Therefore, . for the committees to be productive. Nowhere in the world the in Nowhere productive. be to committees the for . According to the OURM activist Slusarevsky the Russian the Slusarevsky activist OURM the to According . e gnrtos n prt f re at, oe to love faith, true of spirit in generations new 59

het f h ct mlta Te parents’ The militia. city the of shment 191 I arpr ntefrt pedagogical first the on report a In . oe hd en amu t both to harmful been had rote, oia meig o Russian of meetings gogical ih parents’ hich CEU eTD Collection 198 197 196 195 194 193 192 right the of all for common elections the of importance underline to tried ways various in and active Rech’ more be to unite, to them Russkaya encouraged although victory, the achieve to a efforts became serious any deputy that and Duma, put State not did organizations Hundred Black the The party. Kadets of branch local to a of representative deputy one send to supposed was city FirstThe Duma State Elections ElectionsThe of kind that contain not do period that information. of sources the as Odessa, in unions parents’ the women schools Odessa in on going committees pedag to elected get be to presidents for candidates on decide and other each could with acquainted parents the meetings those at as importance organizational an also had meetings domina Jewish motherland” their of improvement cultural about ignorami “Iudestvuyushie” and Jewish confront to arguments necessary with” t listen could parents the

Russkaya Rech’, September 28, 1906. 28, Rech’,September Russkaya 1906. 8, Rech’,November Russkaya 1906. 23, Rech’,November Russkaya Rech’,Nov Russkaya 1906. 8, Rech’,November Russkaya 1906. 8, Rech’,November Russkaya невежды. Иудействующие 197 The Odessa Black Hundred was totally defeated at the First State Duma elections. The elections. Duma State First the at defeated totally was Hundred Black Odessa The . It is hard to judge if the OURM achieved any success in its f its in success any achieved OURM the if judge to hard is It . 195

. The meetings also served as a source of information for the OURM on what waswhat on OURM the for information of source a servedas also meetings The .

tion in the Russian educational system was often discussed often was system educational Russian the in tion 198 B te uiiain Rsky Rc’ nesod n lbrto o a of elaboration an understood Rech’ Russkaya “unification” the By . ember 8, 1906. 8, ember

oiin o Rsin y prt eaous n cud e “charged be could and pedagogues spirit by Russian of opinions o

196

- ig ate (nldn te corss a Octobrists the (including parties wing were meetings pedagogical the at present parents the of Most .

193 Tu, t h pdggcl etns the meetings pedagogical the at Thus, . d h PO ls of list ) PLO the nd ight for domination in domination for ight

n advance in 194 . The pedagogical The . 192

while arguing while

a ctively ogical ogical

CEU eTD Collection 199 vote to right the had who Jews the of most while elections, the ignore to preferred Russians the of most proceeds, newspaper the since, Jews, where people these of Most participated. actually them have who persons of thousands sixty around are There following. the was reasoning Its city. the of population inorodtsy privileged which law electoral the of nature the newspaper, the to according was, defeat Hundred’s Black fi The details. minor more few a adding with said previously had it what of readers its reminded simply it therefore Elections, the of result that predicted already had Rech’ Russkaya explanations. rational more of number a proposed also it soul, Industrial party the by list a PLO, the by list a lists, three the of all The vo list. elaborate that manage to parties. didnot They by upon agreed be would candidatures whose persons include would which list, common a elaborate to had they win, to chance vague a least at get to order in that right understood The enough. not was it However, lists. own their elaborate to managed right the of Each disperse. not would votes the that so electors into candidates to party eachimportant for was it very Therefore, candidates. few onlya for tovote had while the voters thehuge,chooseelectorswas to hadthe voterswhich basisof the on persons of deputy.list The a but Duma, State the to deputy a not elect to had dwellers city The indirect. were Elections The city. the in party Kadets of strength the and procedure electoral of mechanism a considering crucial was which electors, into candidates

Russkaya Rech, April 8, 1906. April 8, Rech, Russkaya

Although Russkaya Rech’ partly attributed the defeat to an innate passivity o passivity innate an to defeat the attributed partly Rech’ Russkaya Although participated and voted for Kadets. Therefore, Russkaya Rech’ concluded, the electoral electoral the concluded, Rech’ Russkaya Therefore, Kadets. for voted and participated

provide its followers with beforehand elaborated lists containing names of suggested of names containing lists elaborated beforehand with followers its provide 199

and their defeat total. was

a right to vote in Odessa. Only around thirty thousands of of thousands thirty around Only Odessa. in vote to right a number of electors who in their turn had to elect a a elect to had turn their in who electors of number

URP 61

n a it y h Otbit ad h Trade the and Octobrists the by list a and tes of their followers dispersed among followers dispersed their of tes rst and foremost reason for the for reason foremost and rst - - wing parties parties wing wing parties parties wing f Russian f - CEU eTD Collection 200 the influenced fact this which to extent an and ones Jewish the more that from suffered voters Russian the if both derive to impossible is it evidence that from but content, pre days the during rolls, electoral the Concerning victory. Kadets’ upon impact some had indeed probably, which, sympathizers, Kadets’ by organized was votes of calculation including process electoral w latter the provided and supporters agitation electoral wide a conduct to Kadets allowed which local funds enormous and elections the the into participation from over control sympathizers’ Kadets wh rolls, electoral were composed poorly municipality, newspaper, the to according one, Iresearch dohere. cannot which the whether tedious separate a conduct should investigate one true is behavior to electorate’s the of account newspaper’s order In them. between distinguishing secondly and voters of meth serious a confront would scholar a think I argument, last the Concerning arguments. these of plausibility assess to difficult very Itis hearts. Russian win not did they but votes, Russians’ won thereforeKadets got Kadets proceeded, it However, Kadets. for voted also Russians of lot a but inorodtsy, only not that acknowledged newspaper the country whole the of scope the in Dum Yet, only. Jews the State but population, Christian including the city entire the represent to sent deputy the that claim to it allowed argumentation of kind that Moreover, rights. voting with Jews of number a down cutting by changed be should law

Russkaya Rech’, April 14, 1906. April 14, Rech’, Russkaya Other factors that brought Kadets the victory but where not as decisive as the previous the as decisive as not where but victory the Kadets brought that factors Other ceding the elections Russkaya Rech’ often reported on instances of errors in their in errors of instances on reported often Rech’ Russkaya elections the ceding

odological problem of firstly getting inside minds and hearts of millions of hearts and minds inside getting firstly of problem odological 200 Te oa mncplt ws ned n h hns f Kadets’ of hands the in indeed was municipality local The .

t a osdrbe diitaie eore Te entire The resource. administrative considerable a ith 62

ich allegedly excluded a number of Russians Russians of number a excluded allegedly ich

those votes through lies and trickery, and lies through votes those

outcome of the of outcome dd not did a

CEU eTD Collection 202 201 the now However, sleeping. still were who those and themselves awake to people Russian calling articles published actively Rech’ Russkaya elections, Duma State First the of eve the 17 October and OURM the URP, the RA, the where parties These dispersed. being from votes followers’ their preventing thereby electors, into candidates of list common ri results election year’s last the to compared votes more percent 40 received They electors. hundred three or two year’s last the to comparing electors distric electoral the of one at right Russian The votes. more much got they Though, lost. they nevertheless but procedure, electoral the over supervision and agitation p and seriously more much them took parties Hundred Black State Second The DumaElections p Russian for allow not did persuasion, alleged deep its to to according failure which, law, its electoral the of attributed shortcomings fully Odessa in Hundred Black The values. and ideology th of most that believed firmly still Hundred Black The Kadets. to comparing popularity of lack their of and activities their of failure of confirmation a be to it consider not did they as them, demoralize not did fact this of thisargument. The information. Kadets ontheOdessa onlystudy doesnotcontain such dispose supporteither or any to evidence I nothave do Kadets’ funds, elections. the Concerning ght

Russkaya Rech’, January 17 Rech’,January Russkaya 1907. 30, Rech’,January Russkaya - ig ate’ lcoa cmag ws h fc ta te mngd o lbrt a single a elaborate to managed they that fact the was campaign electoral parties’ wing Thus, although the Black Hundred parties in Odessa los Odessa in parties Hundred Black the although Thus, The elections to the Second State Duma took place on January 29 1907. This time the time This 1907. 29 January on place took Duma State Second the to elections The opulation in bothopulation in Odessa empire andrepresentatives. toelect theRussian true its

, 1907. , ts and at a few districts they managed to pass over one thousand one over pass to managed they districts few a at and ts

e Russian population of both the empire and the city shared its its shared city the and empire the both of population Russian e

- wing organizations managed to pass all their electors their all pass to managed organizations wing 63

201 . One of the greatest successes of the of successes greatest the of One . ut a lot of efforts into electoral into efforts of lot a ut t the first State Duma elections Duma State first the t union 202 . As on As .

CEU eTD Collection 205 204 203 Jews and murderers traitors, include Kadets that fact the and nation… Russian the at aimed is it accumul been had continued, Platonov hatred, Their land. nation’s Russian the into millennia through feelings awful these brought and anger fierce and hostility of teaching a accepted which world, outside entire the from itself separated hatred historical and hatred racial humanity, towards hatred fierce a is there proceeded, author the hand, other the wo to right a and property of protection forces, military native of power great nations, between love and advocatewhichpeace truth, Divine eternal of lawsnative language, native land, native t wrote, Platonov journalist hand, one the On one. Jewish a and one Christian a principles: basic two the between struggle a as situation representedthis which Rech’ Russkaya to especiallyinspiring be factappearedto This went now struggle the list, common single own their forward left the of all and electors into candidates civil serv those of dismissing on and correction their on insist to errors, any against protest to elections, the during interests Russian ward to promising and beforehand rolls electoral into included are ar published union the of head The OURM. procedure elections the electionsthe and views its popularize to readers its asked also newspaper

Russkaya Rech’, October 24, 1906. 24, Rech’,October Russkaya 1906. 12, Rech’,November Russkaya 1906. 17, Rech’,December Russkaya rk freely for private and society’s good in accordance with a freedom given by the Tsar. On Tsar. the by given freedom a with accordance in good society’s and private for freely rk s l o te right the of all As ants whomade them 203 . The URP and OURM elaborated common lists of persons who would supervisewould who persons of lists elaboratedcommon OURM and URP The .

204 –

. Especially active during the electoral campaign was newly emerged newly was campaign electoral the during active Especially . eiae f idn rbl ikdes f miser of wickedness tribal hidden of heritage - ig ate o te iy u frad snl cmo ls of list common single a forward put city the of parties wing 205

ee r Crsint, itrcl eiae f h get state, great the of heritage historical Christianity, are here - ticles encouraging Russian people to check if they if check to people Russian encouraging ticles ig ate a drn te rvos lcin put elections previous the during as parties wing ating for more than two thousand years and now now and years thousand two than more for ating 64

to encourage others to take part in part take to others encourage to

on between the two lists only. lists two the between on be ain which nation, able CEU eTD Collection 209 208 207 206 unite to organizations these called Rech’ Russkaya URM. the and URP the of aims the of one is ranks its clean to and state Russian of enemies supported newspaper, bor Russian of population of influences and Kadets, subsidized that countries foreign of influences contradictory politics government’s sy nevertheless government left of actions violent accusing While Governmental. the and internal external, categories: three into subdivided be could elections the on victory different a Russkaya to provide according to Thus, system. attempted explanatory which articles of set another published also newspaper Odessa in Duma State the wh Russians, not inorodtsy, is it that and inorodtsy privileges it nation Russian against is law electoral that namely, arguments, and reasons of set same the reproduced it Basically, reasons. its of discussion a to turned Rech’ Russkaya elections, I rivals,both themselves dwelllater. andbut will uponthis their of picture different very a with electorate the presented they elections Duma Duma City the During State the on electorate the before rivals their and themselves represented concluded author guide should what is This party. Russian a Kadets call not could Odessa of population Russian that means all at

Russkaya Rech’, February 6, 6, Rech’,February Russkaya 1907. 2, Rech’,February Russkaya 1907. 30, Rech’,January Russkaya 1906. 19, Rech’,January Russkaya derlands which voted for left for voted which derlands fe te eet t h Scn Sae ua lcin, s el s fe te previous the after as well as elections, Duma State Second the at defeat the After 206 Russians’ and Christians in general in their attitudes towards that party, the party, that towards attitudes their in general in Christians and Russians’ . I think, it is interesting evidence on the way the Russian right Russian the way the on interesting evidence is it Ithink, .

1907. mpathized with aims of these parties. That circumstance made the made circumstance That parties. these of aims with mpathized 208

ta Kdt cnrle lcl uiiaiy t. oee, the However, etc. municipality local controlled Kadets that ;

- wing parties. Bureaucracy at the borderlands, according to the to according borderlands, the at Bureaucracy parties. wing 209 . External influences, according to Russkaya Rech’, are Rech’, Russkaya to according influences, External . 65

eh, h raos o left for reasons the Rech’, - wing parties, the newspaper wrote, the the wrote, newspaper the parties, wing o elected their representative to representative their elected o

or at least to coordinate to least at or - wing parties’ parties’ wing - wing parties wing elections. 207 , that ,

CEU eTD Collection 211 210 did and shortcomings the understood intuitively people Russian even that shown had Duma State the to elections the that namely, it, against argument another found it Now particular. in Russia in manifestation its and general shortco alleged at hints articulated less or more made often Rech’ Russkaya point, last the about What that. explain to able be would which newspaper the anyin materialsfind Ielections.not winthe did were to latterable so thatthe state” Russian the of “enemies the to provided borderlands the in bureaucracy assistance, the Rech’, of Russkaya to kind according what clear not also is It decipher. to one allow not does basis literature or respect), analytical in poor quite articles published often it as case the be could (which say to wanted it exactly what itself know not did either Rech’ Russkaya that fact a as interpreted be could This elections. politics Russian of character contradictory the between all? at system corrupted indeed is Rech’, Russkaya this abandon to not why to suggested, newspaper the Therefore, deception. and lies according by penetrated which, system this like not did people Russian form. present its in least at system electoral the of bankruptcy felt instinctively people ele of idea very the to hostile were elections, the to came who those including, Russians the of Most elections. the in part take not did Russians the of most continued, newspaper the Therefore, voted. and non the of all while it, use not did right electoral had who Russians those of most Thus, worldview. people’s of deeps the from stem more resources material and activities their

Russkaya Rech’, February 14, 1907. 14, Rech’,February Russkaya 1907. 10, Rech’,February Russkaya ctions. This, according to Russkaya Rech’, could be explained by the fact that fact the by explained be could Rech’, Russkaya to according This, ctions.

211

it resorted to a kind of Aesopian language, which current source and source current which language, Aesopian of kind a to resorted it

It is not clear what kind of relations, according to the author, existed author, the to according relations, of kind what clear not is It

not need that institution. Therefore, I conclude that that that conclude I Therefore, institution. that need not - Russ 210 ian voters, especially Jews, came to the elections the to came Jews, especially voters, ian 66 Itra raos acrig o h newspaper, the to according reasons, Internal .

and the Black Hundred’s failure at the the at failure Hundred’s Black the and ig f alaetr sse in system parliamentary of ming deeply

CEU eTD Collection Hundred’s Black the of list A 212 affairs. city routine with dealing of expense the at politics” “big prefer to tendency their with combined skills administrative poor officials’ municipality Black The w activities. critique scenes Hundred’s the behind municipality’s local the on information to access special some had and sphere and that in competent especially were journalists newspaper’s the that thoroughly articles publishing regularlyact criticizing and analyzing meticulously by municipality local against campaign a into engaged Rech’ Russkaya inception very its From Hundred. Black the of part the from camp rivals’ their from were deputies elected two Only deputies. City new become to elected were Hundred Black the by proposed candidates those Exclusively victory. decisive a Hundred Black the brought elections, fr Jews prohibited which law, electoral favorable a with campaigntogether CityThe Duma Elections And the showed City thatbelieve Duma elections was ungrounded. not gr to continue will influence and power their activities economic and cultural educational, further their to due that and side their on is city the and state the both of population Russian the at achiev victory be could no elections that and nation Russian against went indeed law electoral the that again them ensured only efforts best their despite came which failure second The them. demoralize Rech’ Russkaya way the theBlackexplained State Duma Hundred’sfailure elections. at the Second of understanding our to lot a add not does arguments of set new

Russkaya Rech’, March 25, 1907. 25, Rech’,March Russkaya hs te lc Hnrds alr a failure Hundred’s Black the Thus, h Ct Dm eetos ok lc o Mrh 3 97 A well A 1907. 23 March on place took elections Duma City The

n aog w mi lns acstos f orpin n cret city current and corruption of accusations lines: main two along ent d ni i i cagd Te sil imy eivd ht ot f the of most that believed firmly still They changed. is it until ed

212

Te lcin wr p were elections .The ivities of the City Duma and City Uprava. It seems seems It Uprava. City and Duma City the of ivities te eod tt Dm eetos gi dd not did again elections Duma State Second the t 67

eee b ln ad nesv agitation intensive and long by receded

om taking part in the the in takingpart om -

raie electoral organized ow.

CEU eTD Collection 213 also points another examples, detailed less or more by supplemented were points the of Some short take to municipality the forced budget city the in cash of lack A them. recover to order in needed are sums huge that decline a such to the for loss poor a be to appeared which discounts, unreasonable of rubles thousands 160 around gave conduit water the for responsible official An affairs. city the after care appropriate taking from it prevented which Because work. their in left mistakes was Uprava City the of actions deputies “progressive” number a to led which orientation, political “right” a for but skills professional their for not positions those to assigned where municipality the at the of escalation to led offi obtaining currently Individuals funds. which public of embezzlement and corruption Duma, the by examined not were officials Uprava the by exa providing without rubles of not did municipality the thousands provided were accounts the of some of when Even accounts. appropriate hundreds and millions of lot a spent officials the result a pay As interest. to income of sources new finding with itself bother not did municipality the taken 10 a After postponed. were affairs city the of discussions and held be not loan meeting mutual Duma City the from visited rarely society Deputies 1889. since rubles thousands 300 lost city the that of Because Odessa. in system tram a of introduction concerning companyBelgium a with treaty a conclude fa municipality local the landlords, city’s the for spoke who author Rech’s Russkaya to according Thus, mentioned. already have I politics” “big the concerning one, firstThe them. of summary short aprovide I will Here points. elevencontained complaints

Russkaya Rech’, March 16, 1907. 16, Rech’,March Russkaya mine them on time, which could prevent from a lot of money being lost. Accounts provided Accounts lost. being money of lot a from prevent could which time, on them mine the loan sums were used to cover current expenses of the city. Some city Some city. the of expenses current cover to used were sums loan the

city. The municipality brought all of the city institutions and buildings and institutions city the of all brought municipality The city.

- term loans in private banks with a high a with banks private in loans term s which resulted in a fact that the meetings could meetings the that fact a in resulted which s 68

with a very little number of members of number little very a with iled to take a good chance to chance good a take to iled - million loan was was loan million cial positions cial

interest 213 . CEU eTD Collection 215 214 victory list’s the of case in Additionally, recover. to start would and liberals of administration devastating only but intrigues, political into engaged “progressively a in included “progressively also were who deputies party elected the members newly the greeted and victory its celebrated OURM the meeting the At announced. were elections the of results after place took which meeting party’s Duma City the won that OURM the was it that fact (A affairs. union’s the to related closely always was there place took which event every and remind, to residence, just OURM Thatwasanbuilding. building inthe electoralOldSeminary meeting tha presented and deputies city the into candidates desirable of list their elaborated who interests”, its to devoted fully are and citynative their love who residents, “old voters, of group i movement Hundred Black the of name the under both acting avoided even They ones. administration city the than other issues with do to anything has which ideology or program political any with force political a as protégé”,“Jewish really didnot it the City at thatcard campaign.Duma play electoral officials its called it sometimes and Jews towards sympathetic highly was municipality the that the Although, lines. administrative and economic went purely along accusations Rech’s Russkaya that see can one may, it as it Be hints. vague contained

Russkaya Rech’, March 17, 1907. 17, Rech’,March Russkaya 1907. 30, Rech’,March Russkaya 215 I ta ls wud i, h nwppr rdce, h ct wud e ae from saved be would city the predicted, newspaper the win, would list that If . At the City Duma elections the Black Hundre Black the elections Duma City the At , Russkaya Rech’ proceeded, Odessa would cease to be one of the major centers of of centers major the of one be to cease would Odessa proceeded, Rech’ Russkaya , - oiia oe wih nldd urn Ct Dm dpte. h candidates The deputies. Duma City current included which one” political 214

. hy ald h ls a “ a list the called They ). gnrl n priua pris Te esae rpre aot a about reported newspaper The parties. particular and general n

cnmc ls, usaa eh rpre, atd o t be to not wanted reported, Rech’ Russkaya list, economic”

to care professionally and devotedly about the city affairs affairs city the about devotedly and professionally care to 69 progressively

d consciously avoided representing itself itself representing avoided consciously d - cnmc n” s poe t a to opposed as one” economic newspaper also acknowledged also newspaper

elections is confirmed by the by confirmed is elections

t list at list t CEU eTD Collection 216 terro mid the in police and army the with clashed latter were The organized. detachments revolutionary paramilitary where place a and propaganda revolutionary re the of center another became professors, and teachers students, their city, the of institutions educational The hue. socialist pronounced a 1905 of strikes workers’ numerous the gave This initiatives. workers their lead the organizations, socialist the activist of by skills organizational superior acknowledged not themselves, workers were 1905 the of by strikes the organized of most although and influence some acquire to managed They Conclusion satisfied withtheir performance. were thatthevoters toconclude is possible I it I, War think theWorld the City by at least Duma administrative and organizational their of proof a a as electorate in the by activities regarded were individuals’ parties Hundred that Black the case of framework the be might It affairs. city the handle successfully are they that voters the persuade to managed they Rather, victory. the them brought which ideology monarchist nationalist, their is it that say to hard is It city. the of part Russian rights electoral owing of sympathies win to managed indeed city the in movement revolutionary of escalation for responsible also are liberals the as revolution,

Russkaya Rech’, March 22, 1907. 22, Rech’,March Russkaya 216 r and strikes caused a badcityr and causedimpact city upon the strikes andeconomy ingeneral. the life . Thus, one can assume that the City Duma elections confirmed that the B the that confirmed elections Duma City the that assume can one Thus, ic 17s h scait raiain hd en activ been had organizations socialist the 1870s Since

volutionary activity. The local university became the major center of of center major the became university local The activity. volutionary

skills. As the Black Hundred deputies managed to dominate dominate to managed deputies Hundred Black the As skills. 70

s of the latter and often elected them to them elected often and latter the of s rfsinl diitaos h could who administrators professional i mle o Oes workers. Odessa of milieu in e - October. The revolutionary The October. lack Hundred Hundred lack

CEU eTD Collection the among work OURM the while revolutionaries, the the rescue of to influence “harmful” desire from a workers by dictated was workers the among work OURP The students. and OURP The period. that in on concentrated Odessa in unions Hundred Black the among labor of division a of kind a existed there Thus, course. of elections, the and committees parents’ the in Left es on concentrated which (OURM) Men Russian of Union Odessa the formed and education of sphere in nothing did party the that fact a with satisfied not were URP the of leadership the of part 1906 late the By URP. the by organizations, workers its established milieu, workers’ the in worked also party The Odessa. in Order Legal the of Party the of person in emerged politics right of center another 1905 December in and RA the Rech’ and URP Russkaya the to in Parallel reflecteddocuments. not almost is and illegal was it as activity paramilitary union’s the detail in discuss to impossible is It elections. Duma City and State the tea up setting 1905 of course the In revolutionaries. the against struggle street violent and milieu workers the in working on concentrated latter The (URP). m RA the elections Duma City the at voters loyal become could that masses city broader with contacts establish to and actively more revolutionaries the oppose to order In year. 1905 of most the during active particularly not was highest of s membership members the (RA) small consisted of which Assembly Russian the was It 1905. early in Odessa in emerged union Hundred Black first The successful. most the be to appeared revolutionaries the which in areas those and revolutionized m the were which city the of strata social those with dealt mostly it why is That Odessa. The first Black Hundred movement emerged to oppose the revolutionary movement in movement revolutionary the oppose to emerged movement Hundred Black first The - ho uses, establishing of workers’ organizations in the city port and taking part in part taking and port city the in organizations workers’ of establishing uses, work among the workers, while the OURM worked among the intelligentsia the among worked OURM the while workers, the among work tablishing educational institutions, struggle to overcome the overcome to struggle institutions, educational tablishing embers set up a branch of the Union of Russian People Russian of Union the of branch a up set embers 71

- 1907 years the union was preoccupied with preoccupied was union the years 1907

but in the late 1906 it was absorbed was it 1906 late the in but trata of Odessa society andof Odessa society trata h archival the - wing ost CEU eTD Collection Hundred were members unions’ social numerous strata. and tovarious belonged the of some true are conclusion Omel'yanchuk’s victory. complete a got Hundred Black the participate, not could Odessa of population Jewish the which in elections, Duma City its on is population Russian of majority that believe to continued Hundred Black The nation. Russian the against inorodtsy privileged opinion their in which law electoral it prevent well more fail Their right all for common single poorly a elaborate to manage not did quite It elections. Duma State first the at was organized Hundred Black The elections. Duma State Second the and First the both parties. Octobrist local the with collaborated actively they elections the On actor. single a few as acted the Odessa of of parties Hundred Black one the when was occasions It elections. Dumas City and State the in part active an took Hundred experien socialists’ the upon drew Hundred Black the workers for intuitions right was students - wing ideology. In establishing the economic organizations, libraries tea libraries organizations, economic the establishing In ideology. wing - wing parties of Odessa list Odessa of parties wing ure

- from failure. The Black Hundred fully attributed its fail to the shortcomings of the the of shortcomings the to fail its attributed fully Hundred Black The failure. from organized force and thereby managed to get much more voices, however this did not did this however voices, more much get to managed thereby and force organized

was total. At the Second State Duma elections the Black Hundred acted as a much a as acted Hundred Black the elections Duma State Second the At total. was lc Hundred Black guided by the desire to win the educational institutions for individuals sharing the the sharing individuals for institutions educational the win to desire the by guided

nos i nt ae n voet ciiis t l, n te Black the and all, at activities violent any have not did unions

of candidates into electors which was crucial for victory. for crucial was which electors into candidates of – h peet itrcl con as sos ht that that shows also account historical present The

the Black Hundred h Hundred Black the 72

The Odessa Black Hundred failed at at failed Hundred Black Odessa The ad a huge variety of activities and activities of variety huge a ad

side. At the Odessa the At side. - houses and other other and houses

e Te Black The ce. CEU eTD Collection po privileged Russians’ from left beenhad what retake decidedto publicists, the accordingto Jews, The nation. Russian the against head the at Jews with inorodtsyof plot a was It were. Europe in revolutions as state, organic an not was publicists, the to according 1905, of Revolution The elections. Duma State the in participate would which parties political forming by system political new a in participate to state Russian the of subjects for will tsar’s the to lat the to response a as 1905, of Revolution the of circumstances the by life, broughtinto sa the was everywhere aelse, into specific butput circumstances. Odessa Odessa in Hundred Hundred Black Black the Odessa that the assumed Thus, publicists located. were parties individual whenever movement Hundred Black entire the for common was situation this that assumed they but concur, not did a within even activists Hundred Black various of opinions that acknowledged publicists the time same the At one. homogeneous and coherent less or more a as movement whic movement Hundred Black the of centers different between differentiate not did time that of Hundredpublicists Black The everywhere. nature same the whereof simultaneouslyand almost assumed publicists all broader the of part a as Hundred Black Odessa 1905 years in Chapter 4. h could gravitate towards one or another ideological position. The publicists depicted the depicted publicists The position. ideological another or one towards gravitate could h The analysis of the Odessa the of analysis The According to the Odessa Black Hundred publicists, the Black Hundred movement was movement Hundred Black the publicists, Hundred Black Odessa the to According - 97 ee h floig O te ar o srtgc ee te prevd the perceived they level strategic or macro the On following. the were 1907 Conclusions ht h Bak ude uin apae truhu te usa empire Russian the throughout appeared unions Hundred Black the that sition in the state. In that sense, the publicists thought, the revolution the thought, publicists the sense, that In state. the in sition

Black Hundred press has shown that views of its journalists its of views that shown has press Hundred Black 73

- meil lc Hnrd oeet The movement. Hundred Black imperial result of development of the Russian Russian the of development of result

me Black Hundred as as Hundred Black me single party often often party single ter and ter CEU eTD Collection to adhere. was it how strategy, general Odes a the by perceived was That activities. further their on decide and assemble should monarchists the wrote, they defeated, is enemy internal the After achieved. are goals achievemen into result would influence that exactly how specify to managed neither publicists Hundred Black Odessa the However, nation. Russian the of members those over influence enough acquire to managed it if regime the and revolution the both overcome could Hundred Black nation.nation Russian They which thedormantof hadthat thought the the part toawaken Russian the of vanguard conscious a as Hundred Black the perceived publicists Hundred Black publi Hundred Black Odessa the of eyes in Hundred Black the the of justifying existence for central absolutely was ideas leftists’ the to unsympathetic and tsar the to existenc very the threatened opinion, their in who, Jews the and revolutionaries the against was struggle movement Hundred Black the of task immediate and main the that believed publicists s nation Russian deceived the that fact the to revolution the of decline the attributed publicists Hundred Black Odessa The appeal. Jews’ the to indifferent remained believers devout and monarchists loyal being while nation. Russian the of part sizeable a constitute not did influence Jews’ the to submitted who Russians those even believedthat publicists the However, deceit. by strikes and riots for soldiers and workers peasants, students, Russian the up stirred Je the was it that believed publicists Hundred Black Odessa The another. against nation socio a of not was e of the Russian nation. A belief that there existed a huge mass of Russian people loyal people Russian of mass huge a existed there that belief A nation. Russian the of e

- economic character but of a national one, because it was a struggle of one one of struggle a was it because one, national a of but character economic sa Black Hundred publicists, to which the Black Hundred in Odessa had had Odessa in Hundred Black the which to publicists, Hundred Black sa atd o elz teJw’ rcs n sopd o eiv te. The them. believe to stopped and tricks Jews’ the realize to tarted o toe ol nr rpsd ht o o fe those after do to what proposed nor goals those of t 74

hrcmns f h Rsin political Russian the of shortcomings In their opinion, most of the Russians the of most opinion, their In cists. The Odessa The cists. ws who ws CEU eTD Collection 217 left the Like period. that of parties Hundred Black Odessa the of activities concerning took. acti Hundred Black the why explain considerations a “cosmopolitan spirit”. These in byJews who “awakened” hadthe already Russians been those for also but nation, Russian the of part dormant the for Jews the against fight to only not had especially be to Bl The there. strong especially be to Jews’ the perceived Odessa they as complicated in task Hundred’s Black the perceived publicists Hundred Black Ode Jews’ the well threatened one second The them servants. making thereby spirit” “cosmopolitan a in Russians young educate would believed,publicists threa the one, first The organizations. labor and education of sphere the in domination Jews’ alleged the were eyes publicists’ Hundred Black the in dangerous most The workers. city the among net dense a establishing by and interests Jewish, Politically etc. teachers “intelligent” and production both it dominated Economically politically. economicallyand opinion, their in who, Jews the by captured city Russian a be to Odessa sub specific of achievement to related considerations their words, other in or, tactics Hundred’s Black local the determined

Инте ssa as it could destroy the Russian enterprises by devastating strikes. Thereby, the Odessa the Thereby, strikes. devastating by enterprises Russian the destroy could it as ssa

ллигентные h Bak ude pbiit akolde pcla Oes crusacs which circumstances Odessa peculiar acknowledged publicists Hundred Black The vdne f h Bak ude pes los s o ae h floig conclusions following the make to us allows press Hundred Black the of Evidence

– tened the future of the Russian nation in Odessa, as the Jewish teachersas theJewish nation Russian inOdessa, the futuretened the of

by having Russian deputies in the City Duma who stood for their, for stood who Duma City the in deputies Russian having by 217 -

ol ta spotd h gnrl ol Te ulcss believed publicists The goal. general the supported that goals

rfsin sc a dcos lwes egnes journalists, engineers, lawyers, doctors, as such professions - being and economic strength of the Russian nation in in nation Russian the of strength economic and being -

by monopolizing various fields various monopolizing by 75

ok f oils ognztos propagating organizations socialist of work iis ok xcl ta sae hc they which shape that exactly took vities

ack Hundred there Hundred ack of trade,industrial of - wing CEU eTD Collection social various groups,“lumpen notof of members included latter The Hundred. social Black the Odessa concerning the true of is composition same The all. at detachments paramilitary any have not did be not and PLO the could RA, The only. they detachments paramilitary of and organization to restricted diverse quite were parties Hundred Black Odessa the of activities and composition social Hundred’s Black the concerning conclusions Omel’yanchuk’s that conclude can we Moreover, affairs. city the run to how knew who administrators good of company a as Black the elections no itself Duma presented Hundred City the at However, participate. to allowed not were Jews the which in elections Duma City the win to Hundredmanaged BlackThe Russians. inorodtsyover the theshortcomingsof failureto this attributed In campaigns. 1905 electoral Dumas State the in part take to and will tsar’s the to submit to had constitute as parties Hundred Black Odessa the Additionally, life. school Hundred Black the by dominated be first wanted they which committees, parents’ the through latter the did They schools. city ot in dominance for struggled and schools own its up set Hundred Black the education of In emerged. field the Black Hundred the 1905before around for theworkers’ had activein been Hundredhea Black the the so doingIn spirit. of Hundred Black the in workers the educating at and condition living workers’ improvement at aimed organizations workers’ various established They education. Hundre Black Odessa the activists,

ciiis r tu fr h cs o Oes. nie oit itrorpy ugse the suggested historiography Soviet Unlike Odessa. of case the for true are activities - 1907 there were two State Duma elections. The Black Hundred failed both of them and them of both failed Hundred Black The elections. Duma State two were there 1907 vily drew upon experience of the socialists’ and workers’ activists which activists workers’and socialists’ the of experience upon drew vily - proletariat” only. t as a political force standing for traditional monarchist values, but values, monarchist traditional for standing force political a as t - idd esn ad eod o as a ipc uo the upon impact an cause to second and persons minded cnetae o ise o lbr raiain and organizations labor of issues on concentrated d

76 electoral law which, in their opinion, privileged opinion, their in which, law electoral

d of loyal monarchists monarchists loyal of d

the OURM OURM the her CEU eTD Collection by restricted were institutions educational and organizations labor parties, political newspapers, H Black The only. rivals their of deeds against reactions negative about not were activities parties’ Hundred Black The ones. positive as characterized be could policies Hundred Black the tactics, of level the on th another, the the transform to one, and the revolutionaries, crash to finally, and, manner same the in act to continuing from them to prevent actions, previous actors’ two those of effects negative be to perceived it what neutralize B The done. had government the and revolutionaries’ the both what with dissatisfied deeply was Hundred Black The policies. government’s general and activities revolutionaries’ particular against reaction a was it Namely, nature. reactionary a of was and strate general negative a had movement Hundred Black the that fact a as interpreted be could revolutionaries the of activities the to related were Hundred Black the of activities the way was ideology publicists’ Hundred’s Black Odessa the parties’ that suggests Hundred also Black correspondence the this Additionally, determining activities. in factor important most the be to proved camp the reflectionson publicists’ BlackHundred the and press daily Insense act.this to actorhad the which in circumstancesimmediate the on reflectionsincluding its in itself manifesting actor political the of production intellectual entire bel and thoughts of core stable some not understood I study this in ideology by that noted be should It latter. the by determined are former the which in system, interconnected it historiography, previous pres the Unlike activities. actors’ political other of background the at and logic subjective own its of prism the through Hundred Black the at look to fruitful quite ents the Black Hundred’s activities and ideology as a more or less coherent and and coherent less or more a as ideology and activities Hundred’s Black the ents The analysis which has bee has which analysis The nrd ate dd o ipeet n drc plce fr hi rivals’ their for policies direct any implement not did parties undred

interlinked with that one of the Odessa Black Hundred activists. The activists. Hundred Black Odessa the of one that with interlinked n made in the current thesis allows us to conclude that it is it that conclude to us allows thesis current the in made n 77 activities of their political rivals from the leftistthe from politicalrivals their of activities

e government. However, on the ground level, level, ground the on However, government. e ak ude tid to tried Hundred lack es u the but iefs gy CEU eTD Collection understanding phenomena. our advances therefore and Hundred Black the with interconnectedness their showing by actors political other of history the on light new a shed it shown, has research my As studies. interesting new in result could material history Hundred all and regional in both Hundred Black the of studies further for fruitful especially be would logic subjective of implementation that suggest will I expanded. further be could conclusions These them. crash to finally and actions further from them prevent to deeds, the enemies its neutralize indirectly to wanted Hundred Black in participated or groun indifferent, these is It politically before. projects revolutionaries’ previously either been had who persons those attract to intended were projects These schools. and organizations labor cooperatives, p newspapers, own their established They projects. positive own their implementing by initiatives revolutionaries’ leftists’ the opposed activists Hundred Black The revolutionaries’ the was struggle. violent direct exception the waged Hundred Black only the which against detachments The paramilitary destroyed. or closed weakened, state, the

- imperial dimension. The situational approach perspective applied for the Bla the for applied perspective approach situational The dimension. imperial ht hoeia apoc cnetaig n cos itrcin and interactions actors’ on concentrating approach theoretical that 78

lvl rjcs sces hog wih the which through success projects’ level d ris tetr, shops, theaters, arties, f rae historical broader of ck ck CEU eTD Collection The URP The R The The The PLO The The OURM abbreviationsList of PPR PPR PPF PDR A – - - –

– –

The Assembly Russian Party of People's FreedomParty ofPeople's Party Renovation ofPeacful

TheLegal Party of Order The Union of Russian People Russian The Unionof The –

The Union Men Odessa ofRussian Party of DemocraticParty of Reforms

CEU eTD Collection Russkaya9, 1906 March Rech’, Appendix

CEU eTD Collection Russkaya 2,1906 April Rech’,

CEU eTD Collection Russkaya19, 1907 August Rech’,

CEU eTD Collection Russkaya26, 1907 August Rech’,

CEU eTD Collection ______Omel'yanchuk,Igor Miller, Alexei. Langer, the andrise thecounterrevolution: and David.“Corruption fallblack ofthe hundred.” Kovalchuk, Stanislav. “Diyal’nist’ konstytucijnych partiji ta vperiod naperedodni demokrativ Kuromiya, ______. Kir’yanov, Yuriy. Karpuhin, Dmitriy Herlihy, Patricia. Bogojavlenskiy, Dmitriy, Secondary sources Russkaya Rech’ sourcesPrimary Bibliography nachala 20 http://www.personal.in.ua/article.php?ida=98 (accessed April 24,2014). Nacional'niy ins Research diss.,Durham:PhD. theGraduate University, ofDuke School I.I.Odessa University, National Mechnikov 2014. pershoji rosiys’koji revolyuci 1870s Moscow: 1998. 2009. MGOU, 2012. Hiroaki.

- 1990s The Romanov Essaysinthe Methodology Empire andNationalism. ofHistorical

(O . Budapest: Central. European 2008. Press,

Pravie Partii. 1905 Partii. Pravie Odessa: AHistory,Odessa: 1794 - Pravyie partii v 1911 Rossii. partii Pravyie s . "Chernaja go (200 4 istorii veka.” Voprosi dessa)

. . “O meste. “OVserossyjskogo nacyonal'nogo vpartyjnoj sojuza systeme . “Chorna sotnja . Freedom and Terror in theDonbas: andTerrorin A Ukrainian Freedom Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1998 Chernosotennoe dvizhenie na territorii na Chernosotennoe Ukrainy dvizhenie (1904 Chernosotennoe dvizhenieRosskiyskoy v imperii.

titut ukrainskotitut , 1905 Problema liderstva v Russkogo Soyuze Naroda - otnja": vehiotnja": osmisleniya v Rossii 1907 ji (1903ji – - .

1917. Dokumenti IMateriali VDvuchTomach - mіfi ta 3(2005),mіfi real'nіst'” Personal rossijskih otnosheniy,rossijskih 2000 - 1914 –

84 3 chervnya 1907rr.)” diss.,Odessa:3 chervnya PhD. – . Cambridge: University. 1986. Harvard Press,

1917 gg 8).

. Mocow: ROSSPEN, 2001. . Mocow: ROSSPEN,

. Moscow: Izd. Moscow: .

- 2007. Russian Borderland, Russian Kiev:MAUP,2006. . Moskva: IzdMoskva: . –

1914gg.).Kiev: - vo MGOU, vo MGOU,

, vol.1

- vo

- 2.

CEU eTD Collection Weinberg, of1905i The Revolution Robert. Sylvester, Roshanna. Stepanov, Sergey. Skrypnyk prava. “Golovna Russkogo Maksim “Soyuz Naroda” Partija ______Maksim. Razmolodin, Polniyvseh russkihpoliticheskih parti sbornikplatform ______Gosudarstvennaya publichnaya istoricheskaya biblioteka, 2001. manifesta g. 17 oktyabrya 1905 ivsepoddaneyshago Vitte. Moscow: doklada 2014) http://vivovoco.astronet.ru/VV/JOURNAL/RUHIST/BLACK.HTM (accessed May 23, Otechestvennaya 2(2004), istoriya Indianopolis: IndianaIndianopolis: university 1993 press, NorthernIllinois University Press, 2005. po http://www.hro litychnoi' istori

Chernaya sotnia. sotnia. Chernaya . “Social'niychernosotennih partiy veka.” sostav XX vnachale . Tales of old Odessa: ofold Tales civility crimeinacity ofthieves and O konservativnoy chornoy sotni sushnosti no.ru/statii/2011/rzmldn100inorod.php (accessed May 1,2014) Inorodcheskaya v chornoy ideologii problematika sotni, i' 169.(1991). Moscow: Yauza, Eksmo, 2005.

n Odessa: Blood Bloomington, onSteps. 85

y.visochayshego prilozheniem S . Jaroslavl': N’uans,. Jaroslavl': 2009.

. ” praci pytan' Naukovi z

. Illinois: .