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Front Matter Template Copyright by Alexandre A. Lima 2011 The Dissertation Committee for Alexandre A. Lima certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: A condição humana no discurso médico-científico da segunda metade do século XIX nas obras de Aluísio Azevedo, Eugenio Cambaceres e Emilia Pardo Bazán Committee: Sonia Roncador, Supervisor Jossianna Arroyo, Co-Supervisor Pedro Meira Monteiro Omoniyi Afolabi Lorraine Leu Moore A condição humana no discurso médico-científico da segunda metade do século XIX nas obras de Aluísio Azevedo, Eugenio Cambaceres e Emilia Pardo Bazán by Alexandre A. Lima, Lic.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin December 2011 Para a Anne e o Nathan. Acknowledgements Em primeiro lugar, quero agradecer a Michelle, minha esposa, que esteve ao meu lado todo este tempo, ajudando-me com a leitura dos textos que compõem este trabalho. E que ao longo desta jornada me deu a Anne e o Nathan, nossos filhos. Quero agradecer também a todos os meus amigos que, de alguma forma, contribuíram com o desenvolvimento deste projeto, inclusive aqueles que ficaram no Brasil, mas que em breve irei revê-los, bem como os que fiz aqui em Austin e que talvez não os veja por muito tempo, mas que sempre ficarão em meus pensamentos e de quem terei muitas saudades. Enrique Gonzalez Conty certamente é um deles, de quem sentirei muita falta, sobretudo pela amizade e pelos longos debates durante nossas horas de almoço sobre temas imprescindíveis, além de outros, como Adriana M. Pacheco Roldan, Asshwini Ganeshan, Azahara Palomeque Recio, Brian Bobbit, Cesar I Taboada, Cuitlahuac Chavez, Daniela MacGrago Sevilla, Francis D Watlington, Jose Enrique Navarro, Ingrid Robyn, Jennifer Witte, Juan C Lopez, Maria Giulianna Zambrano, Maria Luisa-Echevarria, Meredith G Clark, Paula Park, Rene Carrasco, Rodrigo Oliveira, Soohyun Junk, Sumuel Cannon e Veronica Rios. Não posso deixar de agradecer profundamente a Professora Sonia Roncador, orientadora deste projeto, que desde o início me estimulou e acreditou em meu trabalho, ajudando-me a desenvolvê-lo com sugestões e comentários sempre precisos. Agradeço também a Professora Jossianna Arroyo por aceitar participar desta investigação como co- v orientadora, por haver acreditado que sua realização seria possível e pela sua aula intitulada Technologies and Fin del Siglo, na qual surgiram as primeiras idéias para este projeto. Sou extremamente grato também por haver conhecido o Professor Pedro Meira Monteiro e por ele ser membro deste comitê, pois, desde as primeiras linhas deste trabalho, ele tem sido um grande interlocutor e amigo. Agradeço também aos Professores Omoniyi Afolabi e Lorraine Marina Leu, cujas contribuições e demonstração de apoio foram fundamentais, além do Prof. José Manuel Pereiro Otero. Preciso agradecer também o Professor Orlando Kelm por haver amparado muitos dos estudantes brasileiros que aqui chegaram, além de nossa querida Laura J. Rodriguez, sempre disposta a nos receber e a nos orientar. E, por fim, gostaria de agradecer o Professor Roberto Machado, a quem tenho uma profunda admiração intelectual e que não hesitou em me ajudar. vi Prefácio Todo o esforço empenhado neste trabalho, ainda que modesto, visava fazer dele um material que pudesse circular entre algumas áreas de interesse, como a literatura, a história e a filosofia, mas também em campos de estudos afins, como a sociologia e a psicologia, por exemplo. É que neste trabalho o principal objeto de estudo foi a articulação entre dois campos distintos, mas que se cruzam constantemente, a literatura e a medicina, sobretudo no século XIX, período com o qual trabalhamos, obrigando-nos a lidar com textos de diferentes campos de conhecimento. Desta maneira, podemos afirmar que este trabalho se inscreve no campo de investigações acerca da epistemologia da Medicina moderna que vem se desenvolvendo desde George Canguilherm (1904-1995), o qual ganha uma dimensão maior com os trabalhos de Michel Foucault (1926-1984), com a publicação da História da Loucura em 1961, e com Pierre Bourdieu (1930-2002). Além disso, este trabalho também se vincula a uma tendência contemporânea quanto às investigações acerca das ciências modernas em relação ao seu papel no jogo político durante a (re)organização da sociedade brasileira, sobretudo no século XIX. Conforme Dominichi Miranda de Sá, até meados da década de 1990 houve um predomínio das pesquisas voltadas para compreender o papel das ciências em termos de sua precariedade institucional até 1930, bem como por meio da atuação dos "intelectuais nacionalistas" ligados ao Estado. Contudo, ao longo dos últimos anos, as pesquisas foram redimensionadas no que diz respeito ao tempo e, sobretudo, aos espaços de atuação dos intelectuais no desenvolvimento conceitual e das práticas científicas no vii Brasil, como demonstram os estudos de Flavio Edler (1999), Jaime Benchimol (1999) e Ana Maria Fernandes (2000) (A ciência como profissão 14-15). Em nosso caso, procuramos inserir os debates e as investigações sobre as ciências modernas no campo literário no intuito de problematizar sua função nos discursos ficcionais do século XIX, como indica nossa trajetória acadêmica. No Mestrado, defendido na UNICAMP em 2004, nosso objetivo era investigar o uso do discurso médico-científico acerca da loucura como dispositivo de controle da produção intelectual no conjunto das obras críticas e ficcionais de um importante escritor do século XIX no Brasil, Araripe Júnior (1848-1911). Para o PhD desenvolvido no Departamento de Espanhol e Português da Universidade do Texas em Austin, a temática escolhida é o desenvolvimento da natureza humana no discurso médico-científico da segunda metade do século XIX nas obras de Aluísio Azevedo, Eugenio Cambaceres e Emília Pardo Bazán, cujas investigações são motivadas pelo intuito de contribuir teoricamente para o entendimento do enlace entre literatura e medicina que marcou o surgimento tanto de uma como da outra nas sociedades modernas do século XIX. viii A condição humana no discurso médico-científico da segunda metade do século XIX nas obras de Aluísio Azevedo, Eugenio Cambaceres e Emilia Pardo Bazán Alexandre A. Lima, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2011 Supervisor: Sonia Roncador Co-supervisor: Jossianna Arroyo This research project discusses the construction of human nature in the medical- scientific discourse of the second half of the nineteenth century in three different works from the Naturalism movement: O Homem (1887), by the Brazilian author Aluísio Azevedo; Sin Rumbo (1885), by the Argentinian Eugenio Cambacérès Alaias; Los pazos de Ulloa (1886), by the Galician author Emilia Pardo Bazán. My arrival at this topic -the human condition in medical-scientific discourse- developed from reading The Political Technology of Individuals (1982), where Michel Foucault affirmed that the art of governing people at the turn of the nineteenth century is based on the observation of the nature of governed subjects (149). Thus, my endeavor is to answer some of the questions raised by Foucault’s claim such as: how is the human subject portrayed in the medical- scientific discourse, and what status is it given? Hence, I begin my analysis with La Psychologie comme science naturelle: son présent & son avenir (1876), a theoretical text developed within the medical-scientific framework, and whose author Joseph Delboeuf ix was a member of the Nancy School, founded in 1882. This text was cited in La cuestión palpitante by Emilia Pardo Bazán, a work in which the notion of being is depicted as a split into two dimensions: the physical and the subjective. Many authors, like Charles Taylor in Source of the self. The making of the modern identity (1989), for example, have observed this historical and uniquely modern phenomenon, I attempt to focus on the consequences of this process of the division of human nature, such as the institutionalization of a diseased state of self, as well as the death of God and being, and finally, the restoration of Catholic tradition contra medical-scientific discourse. Este trabalho problematiza a construção da natureza humana no discurso médico- científico da segunda metade do século XIX em quatro diferentes obras: O Homem (1887), do escritor brasileiro Aluísio Azevedo, Sin Rumbo (1885), do argentino Eugenio Cambaceres, La cuestión palpitante (1883) e Los pazos de Ulloa (1886), ambas da escritora espanhola Emilia Pardo Bazán. O tema em questão surgiu da leitura de The Political Technology of Individuals (1982), no qual Michel Foucault afirma que o fundamento da arte de governar, que surge no final do século XVIII, seria a observação da natureza daqueles que são governados (149). A partir desta sentença, procuramos responder algumas questões, por exemplo: como o discurso médico-científico tratou o indivíduo no nível da linguagem e qual passou a ser seu status. Nesse sentido, inciamos nosso trabalho com um texto teórico desenvolvido no âmbito das ciências médicas, de Joseph Delboeuf (1831-1896), membro da escola de Nancy fundada em 1882: La x Psychologie comme science naturelle: son présent & son avenir (1876), citado por Emilia Pardo Bazán em La cuestión palpitante, no qual o ser é dividido em duas diferentes dimensões, a física e a subjetiva. Muitos autores, como Charles Taylor em Source of the self. The making of the modern identity, tem observado este histórico e singular fenômeno
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