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La Ciudad Impura. Salud, Tuberculosis Y Cultura En Buenos Aires, 1870-1950

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La Ciudad Impura. Salud, Tuberculosis Y Cultura En Buenos Aires, 1870-1950 LA CIUDAD IMPURA DIEGO ARMUS LA CIUDAD IMPURA Salud, tuberculosis y cultura en Buenos Aires, 1870-1950 Diseño de colección: Jordi Sábat Realización de cubierta: Juan Balaguer Primera edición: septiembre de 2007 © Diego Armus, 2007 © Edhasa, 2007 Av. Córdoba 744, 2º piso, Dpto. “C”, C1054AAT Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina [email protected] http://www.edhasa.net Avda. Diagonal, 519-521. 08029 Barcelona E-mail: [email protected] http://www.edhasa.com ISBN: Hecho el depósito que marca la ley 11.723 Queda rigurosamente prohibido, sin la autorización de los titulares del Copyright, bajo la sanción establecida en las leyes, la reproducción parcial o total de esta obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, comprendidos la reprografía y el tratamiento informático, y la distribución de ejemplares de ella mediante alquiler o préstamo público. Impreso por Cosmos Offset S.R.L. Impreso en Argentina Índice Agradecimientos ...................................................................................... 11 Una historia de la tuberculosis en Buenos Aires. A modo de introducción .......................................................................... 15 Notas ................................................................................................... 26 Capítulo 1. Tuberculosis y regeneración: ciudades imaginadas, verde urbano y vivienda higiénica............................................................. 31 Ciudades imaginadas .......................................................................... 32 La ciudad limpia y la derrota de la tuberculosis ................................33 La ciudad anarquista y un mundo sin tuberculosis ni enfermedad.... 36 La ciudad higienista y la tuberculosis asistida ................................... 40 La ciudad tecnológica y la tuberculosis vacunada ............................. 45 La ciudad verde .................................................................................... 47 El verde como pulmón.....................................................................48 Del verde civilizador al verde de la recreación................................... 53 El ideal de la casa higiénica ..................................................................60 Notas ................................................................................................... 69 Capítulo 2. La forja del cuerpo sano: niñez, educación física, fútbol y tuberculosis ......................................................75 Los niños y el futuro de la nación ........................................................81 La “colocación familiar del recién nacido” ............................................86 La educación física en la escuela primaria .............................................87 Las colonias y escuelas para niños débiles .............................................96 Notas ................................................................................................. 103 Capítulo 3. La tuberculosis en femenino ................................................ 107 Enfermas del alma y neurasténicas .....................................................110 Tísicas................................................................................................ 116 8LA CIUDAD IMPURA Costureritas y milonguitas ................................................................. 121 Notas ................................................................................................. 132 Capítulo 4. Inmigración, raza y tuberculosis ..........................................137 La nación entre la inmigración y la mezcla étnica ...............................139 Selección del inmigrante ....................................................................145 La tuberculosis de los españoles..........................................................149 El vigor de los vascos.......................................................................... 155 Los judíos que deberían ser tuberculosos pero no lo son .....................158 La tuberculosis del Ceferino Namuncurá y de los “indios de Roca” .... 162 Notas ................................................................................................. 168 Capítulo 5. Una enfermedad de los excesos ............................................173 Una fogosa sexualidad ........................................................................ 175 El alcohol y la tuberculosis ................................................................. 181 Vinos que fortalecen ......................................................................183 Bebidas destiladas que enferman .................................................... 184 La fatiga laboral .................................................................................187 Trabajos que enferman.......................................................................192 Trabajadoras a domicilio, empleadas domésticas y costureras .........194 Panaderos, zapateros, trabajadores del puerto .................................196 Viviendas que enferman .....................................................................200 Notas ................................................................................................. 206 Capítulo 6. La obsesión del contagio y la cultura de la higiene ............... 213 El catálogo antituberculoso en la escuela ............................................219 Polvos y esputos .................................................................................223 La “guerra al esputo” y el individuo higiénico ................................226 La “guerra al polvo” y el hogar higiénico ........................................ 230 Corsés, cinturas de avispa, erotismo y respiración enfermiza............... 235 “Besos infectantes”, sexualidad tuberculosa y fichaje eugenésico .........247 Reaccionando contra la tisiofobia.......................................................258 Notas ................................................................................................. 264 Capítulo 7. La lucha antituberculosa ......................................................271 La tuberculosis como problema público .............................................274 Grupo profesional y lucha antituberculosa ......................................... 283 La Liga Argentina contra la Tuberculosis ............................................287 DIEGO ARMUS 9 La cruzada antituberculosa de 1935 ................................................... 289 Lucha antituberculosa, consenso y código higiénico ........................... 292 Notas ................................................................................................. 295 Capítulo 8. Entre médicos y curanderos ................................................. 299 El cuidado doméstico: entre la medicina hogareña y los remedios de venta libre .............................................................. 302 Los medicamentos al alcance del consumidor moderno .................305 Herboristas, curanderos y charlatanes................................................. 314 De enfermos a pacientes.....................................................................324 Los tuberculosos y el hospital urbano.............................................326 Los tísicos en el mundo de los enfermos crónicos........................... 328 La mezcla con los enfermos contagiosos .........................................329 La internación en los hospitales para tuberculosos.......................... 331 La tuberculosis en el barrio: los dispensarios....................................... 336 Curas de reposo y destierros voluntarios .............................................341 El sanatorio y la cura de reposo regimentada ..................................345 La cura de reposo en libertad .........................................................351 Notas ................................................................................................. 357 Capítulo 9. Enfermos que se adaptan, enfermos que protestan ............... 363 La cuestión de la comida ....................................................................366 La cuestión del orden ......................................................................... 370 Incertidumbres biomédicas, el periodismo y el derecho a acceder a un tratamiento ..............................................378 El suero Villar ................................................................................379 La vacuna Pueyo ............................................................................382 Notas ................................................................................................. 394 Epílogo .................................................................................................. 397 Notas ................................................................................................. 401 Bibliografía ............................................................................................403 Agradecimientos Este libro quiso ser, originariamente, algo así como una “historia total” de la tuberculosis en Buenos Aires, una historia capaz de ofrecer una ventana desde donde entender cómo la enfermedad y la salud fueron parte de la vida de la ciudad tanto en el nivel de las metáforas y discursos como en el de las políticas efectivamente puestas en acción y el de las experiencias vividas de la gente. Empezó como tesis doctoral dirigida por Tulio Halperín Donghi en la Univer- sidad de California, Berkeley. Apenas iniciada la investigación se hizo evidente que esas aspiraciones
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