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APA Newsletter on Philosophy and Computers, Vol. 16, No. 2 (Spring

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APA Newsletter on Philosophy and Computers, Vol. 16, No. 2 (Spring NEWSLETTER | The American Philosophical Association Philosophy and Computers SPRING 2017 VOLUME 16 | NUMBER 2 FROM THE EDITOR Peter Boltuc FROM THE CHAIR Marcello Guarini FEATURED ARTICLE William J. Rapaport What Is Computer Science? ARTICLES Marcin Miłkowski Why Think That the Brain Is Not a Computer? Jun Tani and Jeff White From Biological to Synthetic Neurorobotics Approaches to Understanding the Structure Essential to Consciousness (Part 2) Richard Evans Kant on Constituted Mental Activity Don Perlis I Am, Therefore I Think CALL FOR PAPERS VOLUME 16 | NUMBER 2 SPRING 2017 © 2017 BY THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL ASSOCIATION ISSN 2155-9708 APA NEWSLETTER ON Philosophy and Computers PETER BOLTUC, EDITOR VOLUME 16 | NUMBER 2 | SPRING 2017 largely on Husserl to come up with a broad definition of FROM THE EDITOR consciousness. We look forward to reading the third and final part of this scientific trilogy in the following issue of Peter Boltuc the newsletter. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, SPRINGFIELD The remaining two articles are shorter and to a much larger We are pleased to feature the article by Bill Rapaport, degree belong to the realm of philosophy the way most which was his John Barwise Prize acceptance speech at departments of philosophy view it. While Tani and White the 2016 Eastern Division meeting. Bill is a long-term friend related primarily to Husserl, Richard Evans focuses on Kant’s of the Committee on Philosophy and Computers, and of conception of Constituted Mental Activity. Evans argues this newsletter. In the spring of 2007, when I edited my that the “Kantian cognitive architecture is a rule-induction first issue here and we were in a bit of a time-crunch, Bill computational process.” Under certain constraints “the took his important article, “Searle on Brains as Computers,” process’ internal activities count as cognitive activities.” which I believe may have been invited for a different venue, This paper provides a philosophical background for a and gave it to us, quite selflessly. The present article, titled constructivist model of artificial cognitive architectures “What Is Computer Science?,” does what’s promised in developed in Evans’ presentation “A Kantian Cognitive the title—it is a thorough discussion of the main issues in Architecture” at 2016 IACAP (to appear in Philosophical computer science today (and in the recent past). The paper Studies). Don Perlis, in his thought provoking paper, “I is based on the essential chapters of Bill’s introductory Am, Therefore I Think,” argues in favor of reflexive-self work on philosophy of computer science, which has been formulation of mind and consciousness that can be studied taking shape on his website since at least 2004; yet, it as an engineering problem. Some historical issues in goes beyond the introductory level and engages students computer science touched on in this article provide a nice and colleagues alike. The present article may serve as a way to come back to the topics discussed in Rapaport’s model open source text to begin a class on any aspect of opening article. philosophical and general theoretical issues in computer science. (In the next issue of this newsletter we are going I want to thank Marcello Guarini, the chair of this committee, to have Bill’s vital article “Semantics as Syntax” and a and all committee members (who are listed in Marcello’s conversation between Rapaport and Selmer Bringsjord.) note, From the Chair) for their support. Special thanks go to Lucia Vazquez, Interim Dean of the College of Liberal Arts We follow up with a provocative article: “Why Think That the and Sciences at the University of Illinois at Springfield, for Brain Is Not a Computer?” Its author, Marcin Miłkowski, is continuing the tradition and making my work as the editor known as one of the main defenders—alongside Gualtiero of this newsletter possible. Piccinini—of what I would call the modern-moderate version of computationalism. The current article provides an opportunity for Miłkowski to zero in on the main objections to this view. The next paper is a heavy-metal presentation of “predictive coding” as a platform for testing competing FROM THE CHAIR hypotheses about functionalities of consciousness embodied in both biological and artificial systems. The Marcello Guarini article is based upon (and to some degree provides a follow- UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR, WESTERN ONTARIO up on) Jun Tani’s important book Exploring Robotic Minds: Actions, Symbols, and Consciousness as Self-Organizing The winner of the 2015 Barwise prize was Dr. William Dynamic Phenomena (Oxford University Press, 2016). Jun Rapaport, and we are fortunate to have the text of Tani, one of the leaders in synthetic neurorobotics, co­ his acceptance talk—delivered at the 2016 American authored (with Jeff White) a more theoretical article on Philosophical Association Eastern Division meeting—in this consciousness for the previous issue of this newsletter. issue of our newsletter. Noteworthy is the fact that, for the current paper, the order of the authors has been reversed—here we learn firsthand We are also in position to announce the winner of the 2016 some of the essential models in neuro-robotics. The article Barwise prize: Dr. Edward Zalta. Dr. Zalta is a Senior Research may be placed on the border, or maybe in a demarcation Scholar at the Center for the Study of Language and zone, between science and philosophy (and on the science Information, Stanford University. Zalta has not only made side at that!). Yet, in its later sections it uses models based a series of very high quality contributions to computational APA NEWSLETTER | PHILOSOPHY AND COMPUTERS metaphysics, but he is also one of the founders and might know some philosophy but no computer science, the principal editor of the Stanford Encyclopedia of those who might know some computer science but no Philosophy. His contributions to philosophy and computing philosophy, and even those who know little or nothing are ongoing, and the community of scholars in this area about both. So, we begin by asking what philosophy is continues to benefit from his work. Dr. Zalta was very (primarily aimed at the computer-science audience), and, pleased to hear of the award. Unbeknownst to the APA in particular: What is “the philosophy of X”? (where X = Committee on Philosophy and Computers who selected things like: science, psychology, history, and, of course, Zalta for the award, Ed knew John Barwise personally and computer science). feels especially honored to be receiving this award. Dr. Zalta has agreed to accept the 2016 Barwise Prize at the I take the focal question of the philosophy of computer 2018 APA Eastern meeting. We hope to announce details in science to be: What is computer science? To answer this, the next issue of the newsletter. we need to consider a series of questions, each of which leads to another: Is computer science a science, a branch Thanks go out to all members of the APA committee on of engineering, some combination of them, or something Philosophy and Computers for their deliberations over the else altogether? To answer these, we need to ask what Barwise Prize. A special thanks goes to Susan Schneider, science is and what engineering is. who has completed her term on the committee. My gratitude also goes out to the continuing members of the Whether science or engineering, computer science is committee, Colin Allen, William Barry, Fritz J. McDonald, surely scientific, so we next ask what it is a (scientific) Gary Mar, Dylan E. Wittkower, and Piotr Boltuc. Finally, a study of. Computers? If so, then what is a computer? Or is special welcome to Gualtiero Piccinini, who has recently computer science a study of computation? If so, then what joined the committee. is computation? What is an algorithm?4 Algorithms are said to be procedures, or recipes, so what is a procedure? Readers of the newsletter are encouraged to contact What is a recipe? What is the Church-Turing Computability any member of the committee if they are interested in Thesis (that our intuitive notion of computation is proposing or collaborating on a symposium at the APA completely captured by the formal notion of Turing-machine that engages any of the wide range of issues associated computation)?5 What is “hypercomputation” (i.e., the claim with philosophy and computing. We are happy to continue that the intuitive notion of computation goes beyond Turing- facilitating the presentation of high quality research in this machine computation)? area. Computations are expressed in computer programs, which are executed by computers, so what is a computer program? Are computer programs “implementations” of algorithms? If so, then what is an implementation? What is the relation FEATURED ARTICLE of programs and computation to the world?6 Are programs (scientific) theories? What is the difference between What Is Computer Science? software and hardware? Are programs copyrightable texts, or are they patentable machines? Ontologically, they seem William J. Rapaport to be both texts and machines, yet legally they cannot UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO, THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK be both copyrightable and patentable.7 Can computer programs be verified?8 ABSTRACT We then turn to issues in the philosophy of AI, focusing on A survey of various proposed definitions of “computer the Turing Test and the Chinese Room Argument.9 science,” arguing that it is a “portmanteau” scientific study of a family of topics surrounding both theoretical and Finally, we consider two questions in computer ethics, practical computing. Its single most central question is What which, when I created the course, were not much can be computed (and how)? Four other questions follow discussed, but are now at the forefront of computational logically from that central one: What can be computed ethical debates: (1) Should we trust decisions made by efficiently, and how? What can be computed practically, computers?10—a question made urgent by the advent of and how? What can be computed physically, and how? What automated vehicles.
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