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Human Rights Watch All Rights Reserved HUMAN RIGHTS “I’m Scared to Be a Woman” Human Rights Abuses Against Transgender People in Malaysia WATCH “I’m Scared to Be a Woman” Human Rights Abuses Against Transgender People in Malaysia Copyright © 2014 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-62313-1845 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org SEPTEMBER 2014 ISBN 978-1-62313-1845 “I’m Scared to Be a Woman” Human Rights Abuses Against Transgender People in Malaysia A Note on Gender Identity ................................................................................................. i Glossary ......................................................................................................................... iii Map of Malaysia ............................................................................................................ vii Summary ......................................................................................................................... 1 Key Recommendations ..................................................................................................... 5 To the Prime Minister of Malaysia ............................................................................................. 5 To the Department of Islamic Development (JAKIM) ................................................................... 5 To the State Legislative Assemblies .......................................................................................... 5 To State and Federal Territory Islamic Religious Departments .................................................... 5 To the State Fatwa Committees ................................................................................................. 5 To the Royal Malaysia Police ..................................................................................................... 5 To the Federal Parliament ........................................................................................................ 6 To the National Registration Department .................................................................................. 6 Methodology ................................................................................................................... 7 I. Background .................................................................................................................. 8 Politicization of Islam and Rising Transphobic and Homophobic Discourse ............................. 10 A Dual Legal System ......................................................................................................... 15 Sex Work and Double Stigmatization ...................................................................................... 17 Criminalization of Same-Sex Conduct ..................................................................................... 18 Recent Progress in Trans Activism ........................................................................................... 19 II. Criminalization and Mistreatment of Transgender People under Sharia Law ............... 20 Arbitrary Arrests ..................................................................................................................... 24 Manis’s Story .................................................................................................................. 26 Violence and Sexual Assault by Religious Department Officials during Arrest and Detention .... 27 Sexual Assault and Stripping ............................................................................................ 27 Physical Assault .............................................................................................................. 28 Extortion by Religious Authorities ........................................................................................... 30 Violation of Privacy Rights ...................................................................................................... 30 Public Humiliation .................................................................................................................. 31 Consequences of Arrests ........................................................................................................ 31 The Negeri Sembilan Case ...................................................................................................... 32 III. Police Harassment of Transgender People ................................................................. 34 IV. Sexual Assault by Wardens and Detainees in Lockup and in Prison ........................... 37 V. Failure to Investigate Crimes against Transgender People .......................................... 40 VI. Broader Discrimination ............................................................................................. 44 Health Care ............................................................................................................................ 44 HIV Prevalence and Inadequate Support ........................................................................... 47 Employment Discrimination ................................................................................................... 48 Education ............................................................................................................................... 51 Sexual Assault and Harassment in School ........................................................................ 52 Family Violence and Rejection ................................................................................................ 53 VII. Access to Gender Recognition and Sex Reassignment Surgery ................................ 55 Gender Recognition ................................................................................................................ 55 Sex Reassignment Surgery ...................................................................................................... 57 VIII. Government Response ............................................................................................ 59 JAKIM and the State Religious Departments ............................................................................ 59 Ministry of Health .................................................................................................................. 60 Stakeholder Meetings with Local Government ......................................................................... 61 Non-Discrimination Initiatives ................................................................................................ 62 IX. International and Malaysian Law ............................................................................... 63 Recommendations ......................................................................................................... 67 To the Prime Minister of Malaysia ........................................................................................... 67 To the Government of Malaysia ............................................................................................... 67 To the Attorney General’s Chambers ....................................................................................... 67 To the Department of Islamic Development (JAKIM) ................................................................. 67 To the National Registration Department ................................................................................ 68 To the State and Federal Territory Islamic Religious Departments ........................................... 68 To the State Legislative Assemblies ....................................................................................... 68 To the State Fatwa Committees .............................................................................................. 68 To the Office of the State Legal Adviser of Negeri Sembilan .................................................... 68 To the Royal Malaysia Police .................................................................................................. 69 To the Federal Parliament ...................................................................................................... 69 To the Human Rights Commission of Malaysia (SUHAKAM) ...................................................... 70 To the Ministry of Health ......................................................................................................... 70 To the Ministry of Human Resources ....................................................................................... 71 To the Ministry of Communication and Multimedia .................................................................. 71 To the Prison Department ....................................................................................................... 71 To the Judiciary ......................................................................................................................
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