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Transgender Representation on American Narrative Television from 2004-2014

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Transgender Representation on American Narrative Television from 2004-2014 TRANSJACKING TELEVISION: TRANSGENDER REPRESENTATION ON AMERICAN NARRATIVE TELEVISION FROM 2004-2014 A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by Kelly K. Ryan May 2021 Examining Committee Members: Jan Fernback, Advisory Chair, Media and Communication Nancy Morris, Media and Communication Fabienne Darling-Wolf, Media and Communication Ron Becker, External Member, Miami University ABSTRACT This study considers the case of representation of transgender people and issues on American fictional television from 2004 to 2014, a period which represents a steady surge in transgender television characters relative to what came before, and prefigures a more recent burgeoning of transgender characters since 2014. The study thus positions the period of analysis as an historical period in the changing representation of transgender characters. A discourse analysis is employed that not only assesses the way that transgender characters have been represented, but contextualizes American fictional television depictions of transgender people within the broader sociopolitical landscape in which those depictions have emerged and which they likely inform. Television representations and the social milieu in which they are situated are considered as parallel, mutually informing discourses, including the ways in which those representations have been engaged discursively through reviews, news coverage and, in some cases, blogs. ii To Desmond, Oonagh and Eamonn For everything. And to my mother, Elaine Keisling, Who would have read the whole thing. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Throughout the research and writing of this dissertation, I have received a great deal of support and assistance, and therefore offer many thanks. To my Dissertation Chair, Jan Fernback, whose feedback on my writing and continued support and encouragement were invaluable to the completion of this project. I really couldn’t have done it without you. Thank you also to my committee members, Nancy Morris and Fabienne Darling-Wolf, whose insights helped guide my research direction and informed my writing for the better. Thank you all for helping me on this journey and improving my work. To Ron Becker, whose book Gay TV and Straight America helped to inspire my approach to this project, and who kindly agreed to serve as an outside reader during a pandemic. To Mara Keisling, for the work that you do, and for serving as a sounding board throughout the project. And thanks to both Mara Keisling and Zachary Drucker for their insightful interviews. To Dawn Gilpin for being a cheerleader and a sounding board, and for reading my dissertation draft on a cross-country red-eye flight. To Stephen Mechanick, who has provided wise counsel throughout all of this. To Desmond, Oonagh and Eamonn, whose unending support, encouragement and good humor made this possible, and who always help me keep things in perspective. To my parents, Elaine Keisling & William Keisling, for making me pay attention to the world. And to all of the friends and family who have encouraged me to do this work. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................. iv CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 “The Transgender Moment” ................................................................................. 1 Political Visibility and Controversy ..................................................................... 3 Overview of Study .............................................................................................. 5 Scholarship on Transgender Television Representation…………………………..6 Narrative Television as a Site of Inquiry…………………………………………..6 Cultural Studies and Television …………………………………………………...8 Defining Transgender ……………………………………………………………..9 A Word about Personal Perspective and Pronouns…………………………….....12 Looking Ahead to Subsequent Chapters …………………………………………13 2. THE HISTORICAL/POLITICAL CONTEXT………………………………….……..16 Diverse Identities and Political Realities within the LGBTQ Civil Rights Movement ..................................................................... ……16 A Parallel Political History ..................................................................... 18 Pathologizing Homosexuality and Transsexuality…………………18 Stonewall and Beyond……………………………………………19 Rise of Gay Advocacy Groups…………………………………...21 v Transgender Rising……………………………………………….21 Current Political Status of Transgender Americans………………………………24 The Controversy over Bathroom Bills……………………………………26 Federal Legislative Successes During the Time of This Study…………..30 3. LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................... ….………33 Critical and Cultural Theory .............................................................................. 33 Representation……………………………………………………………34 Representation of Transgender People in the Media……..………36 News Coverage…………………………………………….....36 Film……………………………. …………………………….37 Television……………………………………………………..38 Scholarship on LGBTQ in the Media……………………………..41 Transgender Representation…………………………………..42 Gay and Lesbian Representation in the Media………………..46 Discourse………………………………………………………………….50 Ideology…………………………………………………………………...51 Gender essentialism vs. the social construction of gender……….55 Queer Theory and Gender Performance………………...………..56 Heteronormativity, and Its Interrogation by Queer Theorists…….59 Cisnormativity…………………………………………………….63 Cultural Studies and Power……………………………………………….65 Television and Polysemy…………………………………………………68 Gaps in the literature……………………………………………………………...70 4. METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………………72 vi Research Questions ............................................................................................ 72 Principles of Discourse Analysis…………………………………………............73 What is Discourse?.....................................................................................73 Critical Discourse Analysis…………..…………………………………..74 Data Collection and Analysis………………………………………………….....76 Transgender Recurrent Characters and Storylines on American Narrative Programming……………………………………………………………..77 Identifying Episodes for Study………………………………. …79 Television Analysis………………………………………………82 Press Coverage and Discussion of Transgender Characters and Storylines on US Narrative Television Programming……….83 Google Sampling………………………………………………………....84 Press Coverage Analysis…………………………………………………85 Grounded Theory and Constant Comparative Analysis………………………………………………………......86 Interviews………………………………………………………………...87 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..88 5. WOMAN WITH A PAST: AVA’S SECRET…………………………………………89 Ava…………………………………………………………………………....90 Discourse About Nip/Tuck…………………………………………………..109 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..113 6. COMING OUT……………………………………………………………………...114 Coming Out Stories…………………………………………………………115 Christine Jorgensen……………………………………………………..115 “Wrong Body Discourse”……………………………………………….117 vii Coming Out Stories on TV………………………………………………….118 South Park……………………………………………………………….120 Discourse about South Park………………………………………….….130 Ugly Betty………………………………………………………………..132 Discourse About Ugly Betty……………………………………….…….140 The L Word……………………………………………………………....142 Discourse About The L Word……………………………………………155 Conclusion………………………………………………………….……158 7. TRANSGENDER LOVE INTEREST………………………………………………..161 Constructing Transgender Romance…………………………………………….161 Carmelita from Dirty Sexy Money……………………………………………………. 164 Discourse about Dirty Sexy Money………………………………………………172 Venus from Sons of Anarchy ……………………………………………………174 Discourse about Sons of Anarchy………………………………………………..181 Comic Interpretations of the Transgender Love Interest………………………...183 Situating Humor………………………………………………………….184 Two and a Half Men……………………………………………………..185 Discourse about Two and a Half Men………………………………………..195 It’s Always Sunny in Philadelphia…………………………………………….197 Discourse about It’s Always Sunny……………………………………………210 Conclusion……………………………………………………………….212 8. GROWING UP BINARY…………………………………………………………...215 Glee……………………………………………………………………...215 viii Discourse about Glee…………………………………………………… 243 The Fosters……………………………………………………………….251 Discourse about The Fosters……………………………………………..272 9. GROWING UP FLUID………………………………………………………….…..276 Being Non-binary………………………………………………………..276 Sam from The Riches…………………………………………………….282 Discourse about The Riches……………………………………………...295 Roscoe from House of Lies………………………………………………299 Discourse about House of Lies…………………………………………..321 10. THE NEW TRANSGENDER…………………………………………………….....329 New Kinds of Transgender Characters…………………………………………..329 Sophia……………………………………………………………………332 Maura…………………………………………………………………… 333 Different Kinds of Coming Out Stories………………………………….334 An Ecology of Diverse Sexualities and Gender Identities……………………….336 The Queer Ecology of Orange if the New Black………………………...337 Transparent as a ‘Radical Exploration of Gender and Sexuality’……….339 Characters Not Usually Represented…………………………………………….342 A Person of Color………………………………………………………..343 Transgender in Prison……………………………………………………343 Aging Transwoman……………………………………………………...345 Multi-dimensional Characters…………………………………………………...347
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