Analytical Digest Russian

No. 129 24 June 2013 russian analytical digest www.css.ethz.ch/rad www.laender-analysen.de ARCTIC URBAN SUSTAINABILITIY ■■ANALYSIS Russia’s Policies for Arctic Cities 2 By Alexander Pilyasov, Moscow ■■ANALYSIS Intercity Networks as a Factor Promoting Arctic City Sustainability 4 By Nadezhda Zamyatina, Moscow ■■ANALYSIS Russia’s Plans for the Northern Sea Route: Prospects and Obstacles 7 By Arbakhan Magomedov, Ulyanovsk Institute for European, Research Centre Center for German Association for Russian, and Eurasian Studies Institute of History for East European Studies Security Studies East European Studies The George Washington University of Zurich University University of Bremen ETH Zurich RUSSIAN ANALYTICAL DIGEST No. 129, 24 June 2013 2 ANALYSIS Russia’s Policies for Arctic Cities By Alexander Pilyasov, Moscow Abstract Although the population of Russia’s Arctic has shrunk notably in the past two decades, the region continues to be highly urbanized. The process of developing sustainable, economically self-sufficient, and socially resilient urban centers requires the implementation of informed and directed policy at the federal and local level. In order to assist in informing better policy, this article establishes several categories of northern urban centers based on their economies, political situation, and social networks. The efficacy of policy is analyzed through two case studies, the cities of Muravlenko and Gubkinsky, which have experienced divergent out- comes despite their proximity and organization. Finally, some general policy recommendations are proposed for the different urban categories, based on their varying needs and characteristics. Introduction (a short statistical review of mum to minimum salaries is often a factor of three. The Russian Arctic cities) most attractive sectors in terms of salary are usually pub- Russian Arctic cities are known for the large size of their lic policy, finance, and mining. In the single-industry populations relative to the Arctic region in general. By cities, differentials between maximum and minimum far, the majority of the biggest Arctic cities are located salaries are usually greater, sometimes by a factor of six, in Russia. Their large size stems from the Soviet era’s but in extreme cases the difference between the best and “triumph of the cities,” and continues to be centered worst paid can be as much as 13 times. In the smallest on a new knowledge economy oriented predominantly cities, financial service firms can extract monopoly rents towards modern urban centers. (high profits) easily because they are the only players in Archangelsk is the largest of Russia’s Arctic and sub- a small local market. arctic cities, followed by Murmansk and Norilsk. Two The cities of Norilsk and Novy Urengoy have the more cities, Noyabrsk and Novy Urengoy, have popu- largest municipal budgets, followed by big regional cen- lations of over 100,000. It is typical that cities in the ters like Archangelsk and Murmansk. It is instructive western part of the Russian Arctic are larger by popu- to measure the level of entrepreneurial energy by indi- lation than cities in the eastern regions. cators of small business development. The most neutral According to employment indicators, there are two indicator here is the level of entrepreneurial taxes in the distinct groups of polar cities. In the first category, the local budget per resident. The leaders here are the cit- number of employed nearly equals the number of shift ies of Gubkinsky, Naryan-Mar, Salekhard, Labytnangi, workers on the local labor market. Prominent examples and Anadyr. These cities give the greatest support to their of this type are the cities of Novy Urengoy, Salekhard, small business communities. The cities that serve as the Naryan-Mar, Anadyr, Bilibino, and Pevek. In the second big administrative centers receive relatively less official category, the number of employed is less than one third budget revenue from small business because these cit- of the general population—in this case, many local res- ies have larger shadow economies. idents work in the labor markets of neighboring big cities. Primary examples of this second category are Olene- Typology of Arctic Cities gorsk, Kirovsk, Muravlenko, Monchegorsk, and Apatity. In addition to contrasting the varying types of employ- A special group is comprised of big urban centers ment in cities, we can develop a three-part typology like Archangelsk, Murmansk, Norilsk, and Vorkuta, of Arctic cities based on their industrial function. The in which the number of employed is a bit larger than first category comprises large administrative centers that the population. Cities in the first group mainly include boast a university, diversified economy, medium-sized workers who have migrated there to work in extracting industrial firms, a large municipal budget, active com- energy and metals from nearby deposits, while the larger muting by some workers to the nearest resource depos- cities traditionally host a larger share of retired persons its, and modest levels of salary inequality on the local and children in comparison with single-industry cities. labor markets. Cities with the highest average salaries are the Yamal The second type is the most numerous and is made oil and gas cities, the single-industry city of Polyarnye up of single-industry cities of different sizes. These cities Zori (Murmansk Oblast), and the administrative cen- generally employ a considerable number of shift work- ters of Salekhard, Anadyr, Bilibino, and Naryan-Mar. ers, are centered around one large industry, and suf- In the biggest cities of the Arctic, the ratio of the maxi- fer from high salary inequality on the local labor mar- RUSSIAN ANALYTICAL DIGEST No. 129, 24 June 2013 3 ket. The future development of such cities is dependent lenko and 54 in Gubkinsky), better funding for the local upon world prices for natural resources and public sup- museum (the museum in Muravlenko has 1 researcher, port measures to diversify the local economy. while the museum in Gubkinsky has 6 researchers which Two Arctic single-industry cities make for an inter- results in 3.6 visitors per 10,000 inhabitants a year in esting case study. The cities of Muravlenko and Gubkin- Muravlenko and 9.1 in Gubkinsky, as of 2011). The sky are located in the southern part of the Yamal-Nenets local authorities of Gubkinsky are accountable to the Autonomous Okrug, are similar in their age (they were local community, while the local authorities of Murav- founded in 1984 and 1986, respectively), their industrial lenko are accountable to their counterparts in Noyabrsk. specialization (oil production), their population (25,000 The most important indicator of whether the local and 33,000 inhabitants), the size of their municipal authorities pay greater attention to external (Noyabrsk- budgets (3.9 billion rubles and 3.3 billion rubles), and based) bosses or to the local community is their attitude the falling oil production volumes over the last decade. to small business: in Muravlenko, public support for However, the trajectories of the diversification of these small business is significantly lower than in Gubkinsky. cities’ economies differ radically. Thus, in Gubkinsky, budget expenditures on the devel- The key factor generating the differences is the opment of small businesses in 2011 were 25,500 rubles geographic location of these cities relative to the sub- per enterprise and 1,700 rubles per city inhabitant; in regional center, the city of Noyabrsk (109,000 inhabit- Muravlenko the corresponding figures were much lower: ants): Muravlenko is located just 120 km from Noyabrsk 2,200 rubles per enterprise and 100 rubles per inhabitant. (a 1.5 to 2 hour auto journey), while Gubkinsky is about With its colonial model, Muravlenko’s local govern- 240 km away (a 3.5 hour journey). This seemingly small ment policy-making narrowed the window of opportu- geographical difference resulted in a major institu- nity for the diversification of the economy of the sin- tional difference: Muravlenko has become an institu- gle-industry city. Conversely, in the conditions of an tional periphery, and Gubkinsky has become an inde- embedded model in Gubkinsky, the local authorities pendent subcenter. actively contribute to the development of the small busi- The key oil-producing enterprise of Muravlenko was ness sector, which has become an important tool in diver- managed by the Noyabrsk Neftegaz company head- sifying this single-industry city. quarters in Noyabrsk up to 2008 when a local branch, Finally, the third type in the typology is port cities “Muravlenkovsk-neft,” was formed. During the first six along the Northern Sea Route such as Dudinka, Tiksi, years of its existence, the city itself was an administra- Pevek, and some others. According to many indicators, tive part of the city of Noyabrsk, despite the distance these port cities have the weakest economies among of 120 km between them. Russia’s Arctic cities. Initially, the main oil-producing enterprise of the city of Gubkinsky was also directed from headquarters Policy for Arctic Cities in Noyabrsk, but due to the inconvenience of manag- In the contemporary era, all Russian Arctic cities are ing such geographically remote assets, it was converted attempting to meet the challenge of transforming their in 1986 into an independent company with headquar- economic profile from industrial to service, moderniz- ters in Gubkinsky (Rosneft-Purneftegaz); the settlement ing old industrial enterprises, and becoming innovation almost immediately (in 1988) became an independent centers for the surrounding area. administrative unit. The restructuring of the urban economy for each These differing institutional positions resulted in the type of Arctic city follows its own path. For the big formation of differentrelations of ownership and power: administrative centers, it is important to become inno- in Muravlenko a colonial model developed (real control vative university centers capable of diffusing innovation over local property and power are located in Noyabrsk), to neighboring territories.

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