Английский Язык Aspects of Country Studies: Global Trends

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «ТЮМЕНСКИЙ ИНДУСТРИАЛЬНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Aspects of Country Studies: Global Trends

Учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку для практических занятий студентов 1 курса очной и заочной форм обучения

Составители Н. В. Зыкова И. А. Карнаухов А. В. Панова

Тюмень ТИУ 2017

УДК 811.111’1(075.8) ББК 81.2 Англ.-923 А 647

Ответственный редактор доктор педагогических наук, профессор И. Г. Пчелинцева

Английский язык. Aspects of Country Studies: Global Trends : А 647 учебно-методическое пособие / сост. Н. В. Зыкова, И. А. Карнаухов, А. В. Панова. – Тюмень : ТИУ, 2017. – 85 с.

Учебно-методическое пособие по дисциплине «Английский язык» Aspects of Country Studies: Global Trends предназначено для студентов 1 курса очной и заочной форм обучения. Приведено содержание основных тем дисциплины по значимым лингво-страноведческим аспектам современного мира, которые сопровождаются как ориентирующими и направляющими, так и проблемными вопросами. Подобраны аутентичные учебные текстовые материалы; а также разработаны задания, включающие в себя упражнения, направленные на совершенствование и овладение лексическим и грамматическим языковым материалом, навыками аудирования и развитие коммуникативной компетенции. Для каждой темы представлены контрольно-оценочные средства в виде тестовых материалов для проведения промежуточного контроля.

УДК 811.111’1(075.8) ББК 81.2 Англ.-923

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

В современных условиях повышения значимости фундаментальных наук в теоретической и профессиональной подготовке специалистов важно практическое владение иностранным языком. Оно является неотъемлемой частью современной подготовки специалистов высшими учебными заведениями. Одной из главных особенностей данной учебной дисциплины в вузе является его всеобъемлющий аспект, охватывающий как обще-культурную так и профессионально-ориентированную сферы, что отражено в учебной цели и содержании обучения.

Целью учебно-методического пособия по дисциплине «Английский язык» Aspects of Country Studies: Global Trends для студентов 1 курса очной и заочной форм обучения обучения является: - расширение кругозора студентов, повышение их уровня общей культуры и образования, культуры мышления, общения и речи, профессиональной информированности посредством изучения иностранной языковой системы. Задачи дисциплины включают: - формирование навыков и умений практического владения иностранным языком как средством письменного и устного общения в сфере повседневной коммуникации и профессиональной деятельности. - формирование навыков и умений активного речевого поведения в различных ситуациях общения; - овладение основными дидактическими единицами языка (чтение, говорение, слушание); овладение способностью демонстрировать готовность коммуницировать на иностранном языке в рамках общекультурной и профессиональной языковой компетенций. Содержание практических занятий Учебно-методическое пособие состоит из 6 модулей (Units), посвященных значимым лингво-страноведческим аспектам современного мира, рассмотренных через призму актуальных глобальных трендов. Каждый модуль включает в себя необходимый набор дидактических единиц, распределенных по следующим блокам: чтение, лексика, говорение, аудирование, письмо и блок текущего контроля. Представленные упражнения в блоках имеют коммуникативно-направленный характер и способствуют реализации потребности студентов в межличностной, межкультурной, межнациональной коммуникации.

UNIT 1 “A GROUP OF BUILDINGS AROUND A LIBRARY”

READING

1. Give your comment on the quote below.

“You can never be overdressed or overeducated.” (Oscar Wilde)

2. Answer the questions.

What do you know about Industrial University of Tyumen? Why did you choose this institution? What do you expect from studying here?

3. Remember the words and word combinations from the text below.

to establish – основывать, устанавливать branch – филиал, отделение prolific – плодотворный, плодовитый existence – существование broadcasting – вещание, передача extramural – заочный to introduce – вводить, внедрять to develop – развивать, разрабатывать demand – требование, потребность aim – цель institution – учебное заведение consolidation – объединение to consist of – состоять из degree – степень to run classes – вести занятия credit – зачет to do one’s best – стараться, прилагать усилия to connect – соединять to be proud of – гордиться to contain – содержать to divide into – делить, разделять mark – оценка, отметка to be rich in – быть богатым to take part – участвовать

4. Read the text and translate it into Russian.

INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY OF TYUMEN – A STORY OF SUCCESS

Industrial University of Tyumen is quite a young educational institution with the fairly complicated history. It changed its name several times. The University was established as a branch of Ural Polytechnic Institute in 1956. It only had 2 departments at that time. In 1963 it was reorganized into Tyumen Industrial Institute to meet the need of the Tyumen region in highly qualified specialists in oil and gas industry. The first decade of its existence was extremely prolific. The number of students increased from750 in 1964 to 9000 in 1974. The student hostels and second academic building were built during this period. An unusual for that time innovation such as a training TV centre was established in the Institute under the guidance of its first rector Anatoliy Kosukhin; and the first academic broadcastings for extramural students started. The Student Scientific Centre, a unique entity of talented young people, was organized. The students took an active part in the development of complex scientific projects related to exploration of oil-and-gas fields. In the late 70s about 40 scientific research results were introduced into production with a great economic effect. A noticeable event in the life of the Institute was the establishment of international relations when 25 students from Mongolia and Bulgaria started their education in Tyumen. In 1994 the status of university was given to the Institute and Tyumen State Oil and Gas University came into existence. Since then it gradually developed following the social demands and trends of the time focusing on new industrial and economic interests. Thus, new institutes were established, such as the Institute of Management and Business and the Institute of Humanities. With changes in political, social and economic situation in the state the aims and structure of the University also changed. Consolidation and shutdown of non- industrial institutes has become the imperative of the time. Thus, in April 2016, Tyumen State Oil and Gas University ceased to exist. It consolidated with Tyumen University of Civil Engineering giving birth to a new institution - Industrial University of Tyumen. Nowadays our University consists of 7 institutes and several branches in different cities of the Tyumen Region, such as Tobolsk, Surgut, Noyabrsk, etc. About16 thousand students train in about 70 specialties and around 1 thousand teachers deliver lectures and run practical classes. Several years ago the

University adopted the European 2-staged system of higher education: Master’s and Bachelor degree courses. Recently the University has got a status of international institution. About 1300 students from more than 25 near- and far-abroad countries study here. All the academic buildings are connected by the intranet. There are a lot of multi- media laboratories and state-of-the-art computer classes. We are proud of our library which contains about one million books. The training courses last four, five and two years depending on a program. Each year is divided into two terms. Three times a term the students take credit tests. The examination mark is the summary of all the credits. In summer the third- and fourth-year students have practical training at industrial enterprises. The students’ life is very interesting. The University is rich in cultural and sports traditions. The students can take part in festivals and sports competitions. I am happy to be part of Industrial University of Tyumen and I’ll do my best to be a good student.

5. Match the word combinations 1-14 with their translation a-n.

1. educational institution a. самый современный 2. to meet the need b. веление времени 3. under the guidance c. учебный корпус 4 extramural students d. появиться, возникнуть 5. scientific research results e. учебное заведение 6. international relations f. ближнее и дальнее зарубежье 7. come into existence g. промышленное предприятие 8. imperative of the time h. удовлетворять потребность 9. cease to exist i. заметное событие 10. near- and far-abroad j. международные связи 11. academic building k. под руководством 12. state-of-the-art l. научные разработки 13. noticeable event m. прекратить существование 14. industrial enterprise n. студенты-заочники

6. Answer the questions according to the text.

1) What status did the University have when established? 2) Why was Tyumen Industrial Institute established? 3) What unusual innovation was introduced into the academic activity of the Industrial Institute? 4) What role did the Student Scientific Centre play in the Institute’s activity?

5) What countries were the first overseas students from? 6) What does the status of university give to an institution? 7) Why did the structure of the University change? 8) How many and what institutes are there in the University structure? 9) How long does the Bachelor degree course last? 10) Is there any extra-curricular activity in the University?

7. Based on the text say if the statements are true or false.

1) Industrial University of Tyumen was established as a branch of Sverdlovsk Polytechnic Institute. 2) The university changed its name only once. 3) The student hostels and second academic building were built during the first decade. 4) A commercial TV centre was established in the institute between 1964 and 1974. 5) The Student Scientific Centre research results introduced into production lead to great losses. 6) Tyumen State Oil and Gas University came into existence in 1994. 7) The shutdown of non-industrial institutes was caused by the establishment of internationalcontacts. 8) Nowadays the university consists of 12 institutes. 9) Industrial University of Tyumen has several branches in different cities of the Tyumen region. 10) The university has adopted the 4-staged system of higher education.

8. The following figures appear in the text. What do they refer to?

1) 1956 4) 9000 7) 2016 2) 1963 5) 25 8) 7 3) 750 6) 1994 9) 2

9. Say which of these things students have and don’t have the right to do in the University.

— take part in scientific research; — communicate with overseas students; — study; — earn money; — edit TV programs; — work in the library; — smoke;

— take part in sports competitions; — miss classes; — organize festivals; — fight with their mates; — sleep at classes; — fail exams; — use laboratories and computer classes; — take advantage of the library.

10. Read the text below. Use the words given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.

The School Uniform In many secondary schools in Britain the wearing of a school (0) uniform is compulsory. Some schools argue that FORM there are many advantages to this system, but (1)______can STUDY often see some (2)______too. The main advantage of ADVANTAGE school uniforms is that they give a common (3)______to the IDENTIFY school. When the students (4)______on their way home, BEHAVE everyone knows which school they go to. Besides, clothes in MATCH (5)______colours and styles make them look smart. FINAL (6)______, nice expensive clothes are (7)______not for all AFFORD the parents.Thus, all the students feel (8)______and equal. COMROT On the other hand, when wearing the uniform the students PERSON don’t develop (9)______taste. Moreover, scruffy people TIDY may look (10)______in their uniforms as well. On balance, most schools want uniforms, but most students do not.

VOCABULARY

1. Match verbs 1-9 with their opposites a-i.

1. to establish a. to disorder 2. to introduce b. to divide 3. to develop c. to reject 4. to connect d. to remove 5. to increase e. to ruin 6. to change f. to shut down 7. to adopt g. to decline 8. to organize h. to retain 9. to build i. to decrease

2. Form new words from the ones given in the circles.

3. Circle 9 words that are hidden in the grid horizontally and vertically.

a i m i o p c d q g bvcxt g h j k l w e e r t y uf op l i b r a r y mst udent h z r x c v b a a s d f s h j n n a n m k l n q w e r t t y k i n b j k l d z x c v i m j l o c w e v m y ui i ovf c p p h q a j a k lmnbaeg i n d u s t r y g hl k lzx z e y j o w k qcredi t t

GRAMMAR

Causative have 1. Look at these phrases. Yesterday Sharon had her lock fixed. Normally I have my hair cut once a month.

Who did/does the work? To have something done (causative have) is formed by: the subject = John the verb to have = has the object = his articles Participle II = published • John has his articles published in quality journals.

This means that somebody publishes John’s articles for him. Compare with: John publishes his articles in quality journals. This means that John does the work himself.

2. Match a causative have sentence in A with its equivalent in B and the tense in C.

A 1 I have my newspaper delivered. 2 I am having my newspaper delivered. 3 I’ve had my newspaper delivered. 4 I had my newspaper delivered.

B 1 Somebody delivered my newspaper for me. 2 Somebody delivers my newspaper for me. 3 Somebody has delivered my newspaper for me. 4 Somebody is delivering my newspaper for me.

C 1 Present Continuous 2 Present Perfect 3 Present Simple 4 Past Simple

3. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Don’t change the word given in bold. 1) A shop fixed my vacuum cleaner for me. had I______fixed. 2) Last week I took my car to a garage to be washed. had I______last week. 3) Someone is coming to repair the broken window in my house. am I______in my house. 4) A famous designer made Anna’s clothes. had Anna______by a famous designer. 5) I am having my photograph taken on Monday afternoon. is Someone______on Monday afternoon. 6) Her hairdresser has coloured her hair green! had She______green.

7) Tomorrow a cleaner is coming to clean my house thoroughly. am I______thoroughly cleaned. 8) The dentist has filled one of my back teeth. have I______back teeth filled. 9) Someone is painting my kitchen next week. am I______next week. 10) Emma is having her wedding dress made by her mother. making Her______wedding dress for her.

SPEAKING

Everyday English: Acquaintance

1. Helpful expressions.

Hello, my name is … . Pleased (Nice/ Glad) to meet you. I am … . How do you do … Glad to meet you. What is your name? Have we met before? This is … . We’ve met before. Meet … . I’d like you to meet … . May I introduce myself? Let me introduce myself. Let me introduce you to … . Allow me to introduce you to … .

2. Read the dialogues.

- Mr. Morton, this is Miss Evans, our new typist. - How do you do, Miss Evans? - How do you do Mr. Morton?

 Mrs. Jones, I’d like you to meet Mr. Morton.  How do you do, Mr. Morton? Glad to meet you  How do you do, Mrs. Jones?

- Let me introduce myself. I am Bond, James Bond. - How do you do, Mr. Bond? Haven’t we met before?

- M-m-m-m….. - My name is Sandra, Sandra Bullock. We met at the opening of the Art Exhibition, didn’t we? - Oh, yes, Miss Bullock, of course. I recognize you. How do you do?

 Miss Devlin, meet Mr. Sandwich.  Hello, Mr. Sandwich. Your name sounds familiar. Haven’t we met before?  I don’t think so. You just have it for breakfast every morning.  Oh, yes, sorry. Nice to meet you Mr. Sandwich.

3. Make your own dialogues and act out.

LISTENING

1. Read the text about the University of Oxford.

UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD

It is English autonomous institution of higher education at Oxford, Oxfordshire, England. It lies along the Upper River Thames, 50 miles northwest of London. Sketchy evidence indicates that schools existed at Oxford as soon as the early 12th century. Nowadays the University comprises 38 individual colleges. Oxford hosts the Bodleian Library and Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. The Oxford University Press established in 1478 is one of the largest and most prestigious university publishers in the world. Oxford is associated with many of the greatest names in British history: from John Wesley and Cardinal Wolsey to Oscar Wild and Sir Richard Burton. You can choose the faculty of theology, law, medicine, the liberal arts or any other.

2. Listen to a story about the University of Oxford. Which information from the text is covered by the record and which is not?

3. Listen again and say:  what new have you learnt about the University;  what figures 38, 1683, 1650, 400, 5000 refer to.

WRITING

1. You have just entered Industrial University of Tyumen. Write 3-5 sentences to describe your opinion about the University.

REVISION TEST

Task 1 Choose the correct word. The scientists of the University have patented more than 900______. a. invitations b. inventions c. intrusions d. invasions Task 2 Choose the correct word. Professor Ivanov______lectures for the students of Mechanical Department. a. delivers b. brings c. makes d. gives Task 3 Choose the correct words. If you want to get a ______for a course you should ______classes regularly. a. debit, attend b. credit, visit c. credit, attend d. income, visit Task 4 Choose the correct word. If I pass my school exams successfully I will ______Industrial University of Tyumen. a. enter b. come c. pass d. move Task 5 Choose the correct word. An academic year consists of 2______, autumn and spring. a. periods b. semesters c. terms d. parts Task 6 Choose the correct word. The majority of out-of-town students live in the University______. a. hostels b. hotels c. halls d. homes Task 7 Choose the correct tense form. I ______the text tomorrow from 5 to 7. a. am translating b. will be translating c. will have translated d. will translate Task 8 Choose the correct tense form. There ______a lot of people in the theatre yesterday. a. were b. was c. is d. are Task 9 Choose the correct verb form. Usually I ______coffee in the morning, but now I ______tea. a. have, am drinking b. am having, am drinking

c. was having, was drinking d. has, am drinking Task 10 Choose the correct verb form. There ______a book on the table in my room. Could you bring it to me? a. is b. are c. am d. was Task 11 Choose the correct verb form. My parents ______to the USA many times. a. have been b. had been c. has been d. were Task 12 Choose the correct word. I will ______from the University in 2020. a. graduate b. leave c. drop d. finish Task 13 Choose the correct word. I’m sick and tired of this studying! We ______so many subjects! a. investigate b. do c. teach d. research Task 14 Choose the correct word. I’ll do my ______to become a good and competitive specialist. a. best b. well c. excellent d. good Task 15 Choose the correct tense form. I ______the dinner. Let’s have it! a. am already cooking b. have already cooked c. had already cooked d. will already cook Task 16 Choose the correct tense form. I ______the text before the bell rang. a. have translated b. had translated c. has translated d. have been translating Task 17 Choose the correct tense form. I ______all my work tomorrow by 5 o’clock. a. finish b. am finishing c. will finish d. will have finished

Task 18 Place the words below in the correct order to make a sentence. Tell – didn’t – me – you – the – truth – why? a. Why you didn’t tell me the truth? b. Why didn’t you tell me the truth? c. Why didn’t you tell the truth me? d. Why you the truth didn’t tell me? Task 19 Place the words below in the correct order to make a sentence. The news – yesterday – saw – television – I – on. a. Yesterday I saw the news on television b. I yesterday saw the news on television c. I saw on television the news yesterday d. On television I saw yesterday the news. Task 20 Place the words below in the correct order to make a sentence. Airport – 10 p.m. – you’ll – the – at – at – arrive. a. You’ll arrive at the airport at 10 p.m. b. You’ll arrive at 10 p.m. at the airport c. At the airport you’ll arrive at 10 p.m. d. You will at the airport arrive at 10 p.m.

UNIT 2 RUSSIA’S TREASURE HOUSE

READING

1. How do you understand the quote below?

“Control over the production and distribution of oil is the decisive factor in defining who rules whom ...” (Christopher Hitchens)

2. Answer the questions.

What do you think is the contribution of Tyumen region in industrial production? What are the well-known examples of Tyumen region industrial companies?

3. Remember the words and word combinations from the text below.

currently – в настоящее время, в текущий момент agriculture – сельское хозяйство district – округ to carry out – выполнять, исполнять commodity – товар output – продукция, выпуск fuel – топливо associated gas – попутный газ oil refining industry – нефтеперерабатывающая промышленность to provide with – обеспечивать, снабжать petrochemical – нефтехимический продукт machine building – машиностроение pipe – труба pipeline – трубопровод oilfield – нефтяное месторождение drilling – бурение geological prospecting – геологическая разведка ferroconcrete – железобетонный brick – кирпич resin – смола article – предмет, единица товара, артикул insulation material – изоляционный материал to manufacture – производить power plant – электростанция

4. Read the text and translate it into Russian.

TYUMEN REGION – THE CAPITAL OF RUSSIA’S FUEL AND ENERGY COMPLEX

Tyumen region was established on August, 14th, 1944. It is currently one of the largest, most stable and richest regions of Russian Federation. Beside the very Tyumen region it comprises two administrative units: Khanty-Mansi and Yamal-Nenets autonomous districts. The economies of the three units are closely interrelated making powerful economic potential based on the most developed industries, such as: oil and gas production, wood industry, agriculture and mechanical engineering. In Khanty-Mansi and Yamal-Nenets autonomous districts, occupying 89 % of the region territory, the main oil-and gas production is carried out. It gives in total 94% of the regional commodity output. The economy of Tyumen region is in a certain extent complementary to the economy of Khanty-Mansi and Yamal-Nenets autonomous districts: it is based on the fuel industry (86.4% of the industrial output of the region at large). In the South of the region electrical power engineering is highly developed, which fully meets the demands of the region. The energy surplus is transferred to other regions. The Tyumen thermal power plants are among the largest European producers of electrical power, operating on associated gas. The oil refining industry is also highly developed. It provides the petrochemical complex of the country with light hydrocarbons. The chemical and petrochemical industries are noted for production of butadiene, synthetic resins, plastics, polyethylene pipes and polymer films. Of great demand are the products of machine building plants such as: oilfield, drilling, geological prospecting and oil refining equipment as well as tractor trailers, woodworking machines and concrete mixers. Pre-fabricated ferroconcrete structures and articles, parts for large-panel house building, bricks, wall blocks, ecologically clean insulation materials, ceramic and decorative tiles are produced in the industry of building materials. The main industrial centres of the South of Tyumen region are Tyumen, Tobolsk, Ishim, Zavodoukovsk, etc. Tyumen is the administrative regional centre of Tyumen region. The key industrial branches in Tyumen are machine building, food, light, woodworking, medical and construction industries. There are over 24 thousand companies in Tyumen. 70% of the machine-building products, manufactured in Tyumen region, are produced in Tyumen. Representations of major oil and gas companies, which registered their profit centers here, are located in Tyumen. Oil and gas companies have placed their

17 scientific and research institutes in Tyumen. More than that, large scientific and research institutes of Russia in the scopes of oil and gas field exploration, production and refining, geology and geophysics are concentrated here. 70% of higher education institutions of Tyumen region are located in its capital. There is an international airport, a river port, railway and automobile stations. Tobolsk is specific for its petrochemical, food and light industries including folk crafts. There are over 2.1 thousand companies in Tobolsk. The largest one is «Tobolsk-Neftekhim». The commodity producers manufacture various foodstuffs, wines and liquors. There is a river port, an airport, a railway station and a road service station. Major industries developed in the city of Ishim are food, printing, woodworking, light industries as well as machine building and construction industry. There are 890 organizations in the territory of Ishim. There is a railway station and a road service station. In the city of Zavodoukovsk the key industries are the food, furniture, light industries, machine building, woodworking and timber harvesting. There are over 300 organizations operating in the territory. There is a railway station and a road service station.

5. Answer the questions according to the text.

1) When was Tyumen region established? 2) How is the economy of Tyumen region characterized? 3) What does the oil refining industry provide? 4) What products of machine building plants are of demand? 5) What are the main industrial cities and towns of Tyumen region? 6) What are the key industrial branches in Tyumen, Tobolsk and Ishim? 7) What is the largest industrial petrochemical company in Tobolsk? 8) How many organizations are there in Ishim? 9) What are the leading industries in Zavodoukovsk?

6. Based on the text say if the statements are true or false.

1) Tyumen region was established on August, 15th, 1945. 2) In Khanty-Mansi and Yamal-Nenets autonomous districts occupying 89% of the territory, the basic oil-and-gas production is carried out. 3) The economy of Tyumen region is based on the fuel industry (96.6% of the industrial output of the region at large). 4) The chemical and petrochemical industries are noted for production of butadiene, synthetic resins, plastics, polyethylene pipes and polymer films. 5) The main industrial centres of the Tyumen region are Tyumen, Salekhard, Uvat, Surgut and Tobolsk. 6) The key industrial branches in Tyumen are machine building, food, light, woodworking, medical and construction industries.

7) 45% of the machine-building products, manufactured in Tyumen region, are produced in Tyumen. 8) There are over 2.1 thousand companies in Ishim. The largest of them is «Ishim -Neftekhim». 9) The food, furniture, light industries, machine building, woodworking and timber harvesting are among the key industries in Zavodoukovsk.

VOCABULARY

1. Match the words 1-7 with their definitions a-g.

1 fuel a an area of land or seabed underlain by strata rich in mineral oil, especially in amounts that justify commercial exploitation; 2 oil refinery b concrete reinforced with steel; 3 pipe c an installation where electrical power is generated for distribution; 4 oilfield d material such as coal, gas, or oil that is burned to produce heat or power; 5 to insulate e a tube used to convey water, gas, oil, or other fluid substances; 6 ferroconcrete f an industrial plant that refines crude oil into petroleum products such as diesel, gasoline and heating oils; 7 power plant g to protect (something) by interposing material that prevents the loss of heat or the intrusion of stuff from outside or inside;

2. Circle 8 words that are hidden in the grid horizontally and vertically.

p i m i o p c d q g bf c i d i s t r i c t t y uf p i b r i c k ms t u e e e z r o c v b a a s d l s l n a i m p l p o w e r t i i n l j ol prof i t n o c w e r m y uiiov e p h q a t a k larea f a j l m e y opzvsq

3. Match the words 1-7 with the ones a-g similar in meaning.

1 production a perform 2 full b power station 3 petroleum c goods 4 currently d complete 5 to carry out e manufacturing 6 commodity f oil and gas 7 power plant g now

GRAMMAR

To be/get used to + -ing

1. Look at these sentences about Sandy. What is the difference in meaning between a and b?

1) a She eats chocolate every day. b She is used to eating chocolate every day 2) a In her job she travels a lot. b She is used to travelling a lot in her job. 3) a She did not like working in a bank. b She could not get used to working in a bank.

When do we use the form to be/get used to+ -ing?

2. Look at these comments made by foreign students living in Britain and answer the questions.

1) Dimitra: “When I first arrived I didn’t like the food, but now I’m used to eating potatoes every day and I like it.”

What has changed for Dimitra? Why?

2) Kunio: “I had studied grammar, but I wasn’t used to speaking and listening. In the beginning you can’t understand anything because it’s all so strange, and the gradually you get used to hearing the language, and you begin to understand more.”

What changed for Kunio?

3) Ronaldo: “A friend of mine couldn’t stand the weather. He was here for four weeks, but never got used to feeling so cold and went back as soon as possible. I felt cold at first, but I’m used to it now and so I don’t really notice.”

Why was Ronaldo’s friend unhappy? What didn’t change for him? What changed for Ronaldo?

You are used to + verb+-ing You get used to + verb+- ing You are used to + (the) noun You get used to + (the) noun

3. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar mining. Don’t change the word given in bold.

1) Juliet finds driving on the left strange. to Juliet is not ______on the left. 2) People in my country usually only have a sandwich at lunchtime. not They are______a big meal at lunchtime. 3) I always get up early, so it’s not a problem for me. to I am______up early. 4) Drinking a lot of tea is new for me. not I am______a lot of tea. 5) After two or three days, you don’t notice the cold weather so much. get In two or three days you ______the cold weather. 6) We’ve only had this computer for a couple of weeks. getting We’re just______this computer. 7) In my country it’s unusual to queue for the bus. not I’ m______the bus. 8) Checking the meanings of words in a dictionary is new for me. not I’m______checking words in a dictionary. 9) Tamara normally eats salad with every meal. to Tamara is______salad with every meal.

SPEAKING

Everyday English: Gratitude and apology.

1. Helpful expressions

Gratitude Most common, neutral forms. Possible replies. Thank you! Don’t mention it! Thank you very (so) much! It’s nothing. Thanks (a lot)! My pleasure. Yes, please. That’s all right (OK) No, thank you (thanks). (You are) welcome. Polite and formal forms I’m very (so, most) grateful to you. Much obliged (to you). I would like to thank you. I would like to express my gratitude.

Apology Most common, universal forms. Excuse me. I’m sorry. Never mind. Sorry. It’s all right. I beg your pardon. Forget it. Pardon (me). I apologize. Please forgive me. My fault. I bring my apologies. Excuse my coming late. Sorry to trouble you. Sorry for interrupting you.

2. Read the dialogues. Make your own dialogues and act out.

- Dear Mr. Barrows! I would like to express my gratitude to you for coming to visit me and congratulating me with the jubilee. You’ve always been a true friend of mine and I’ve always been happy to see you at my place. - Oh, don’t mention it, dear Mr. Edwards. It’s all my pleasure to come to see you, especially on such an occasion. Unfortunately Martha has failed to come and congratulate you, she’s unwell today. So, I bring my apologies for … - No, no. Please, don’t apologize. It’s perfectly all right. It’s better for her to stay home in such awful weather. My best regards to Martha and let her get well soon.

- Thank you ever so much, Mr. Edwards. You are so kind. Good-bye and see you soon at our place. . Sorry for interrupting you, gentlemen. John, your boss wants to see you now. It’s not my business but he looks so furious. As far as I could understand it has something to do with your oncoming deal with United Media. Be careful! . Oh damn! I absolutely forgot. I had to call its president and make an appointment for today. Anyway, thank you very much for warning me, Jane. I’ll call him right now. Once again, thanks, Jane. I’ll owe you… . That’s all right, John. Don’t mention it. You owe me nothing. If you remember, it was you who helped me with the report last week. Besides it’s my fault that I didn’t remind you to make a call. I’m really very sorry, John. . Oh, come on, Jane. We are both to blame. We should be more attentive if we don’t want to be fired. And if I don’t make a call right now it will happen soon.

LISTENING

1. Listen to the information about Gazprom.

2. Listen again and decide if the statements are true or false. 1) Gazprom owns the world’s largest explored gas reserves: 46 trillion cubic meters that amounts to 70 per cent of the world’s total reserves. 2) The company is developing fields from the Barents Sea in the West to the Sea of Okhotsk in the East. 3) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is one of the most promising markets for the company’s pipeline delivered gas. 4) All natural gas is heated up to plus 70 degrees. Gazprom delivers natural gas to hundreds of power plants and industrial companies, thousands of using stations and millions of Russian apartments and cottages.

WRITING

Think about what other industries could become promising in 10 years in our region. Share your ideas in a written form.

REVISION TEST Task 1 Choose the modal verb which best fits the sentence. ______I speak to Jane, please? a. Shall b. Could c. Must d. Ought

Task 2 Choose the modal verb which best fits the sentence. To my mind, the government ______take care of old people. a. can b. must c. may d. should Task 3 Choose the modal verb which best fits the sentence. You will ______speak Spanish in another few months, if you work hard. a. ought to b. have to c. be able to d. can Task 4 Choose the modal verb which best fits the sentence. The policeman told the woman she ______worry a. needn’t b. couldn’t c. mustn’t d. needn’t to Task 5 Choose the modal verb which best fits the sentence. Little children like books with large prints. They ______read them more easily. a. can b. should c. must d. have to Task 6 Choose the modal verb which best fits the sentence. Nobody answers the phone. They ______be out. a. could b. should c. can d. must Task 7 Choose the modal verb which best fits the sentence. I ______get up early tomorrow not to miss the train. a. must b. may c. might d. have to Task 8 Choose the modal verb which best fits the sentence. I’m sorry. I ______have phoned to tell you I was coming. a. had to b. might c. should d. could Task 9 Choose the modal verb which best fits the sentence. My dentist says I ______eat so many sweets. a. needn’t b. oughtn’t с. shouldn’t d. mustn’t Task 10 Choose the modal verb which best fits the sentence. ______you mind passing me the salt? a. Could b. May c. Should d. Would Task 11 Choose the correct word. An excess of the water-containing condensate is evacuated from the plant via ______46. a. power plant b. pipeline c. commodity d. output

Task 12 Choose the correct word. The oil markets earn their special place because of the importance of oil as international ______. a. commodity b. fuel c. output d. district Task 13 Choose the correct word. Oil and gas pipelines as well as other ______infrastructures are regularly inspected and monitored; a. article b. output c. petrochemical d. drilling Task 14 Choose the correct word. The device is inexpensive and multifunctional, easy to ______and convenient in service. a. carry out b. manufacture c. drill d. establish Task 15 Choose the correct word. The electricity here is supplied from a local______. a. agriculture b. prospecting c. power plant d. refining Task 16 Choose the correct word. All in all you are just another ______in the wall. a. resin b. ferroconcrete c. pipe d. brick Task 17 Choose the correct word. Bitumen, tar paper, ruberoid – they all make good ______. a. associated gas b. refining industry c. insulation material d. machine building Task 18 Choose the correct word. Associated gas from Aktas and Turkmenoy ______will be flared. a. oilfield b. pipeline c. power plant d. district Task 19 Choose the correct word. The device is manufactured on the basis of elements ______produced by the industry. a. curiously b. currency c. correctly d. currently Task 20 Choose the correct word The article hermiticity is ______by perfect insulation materials. a. carried out b. provided c. manufactured d. prospected

UNIT 3 BASIS OF A STATE

READING

1. How do you understand the quote below?

“People shouldn't be afraid of their governments. Governments should be afraid of their people.” (Alan Moore)

2. Answer the questions.

What do you know about RF political system? Based on your experience what are the key elements of democracy?

3. Remember the words and word combinations from the text below.

to set up – устанавливать, основывать, учреждать power – власть, сила, мощь to implement – осуществлять, реализовывать legislative – законодательный executive – исполнительный judicial – судебный chamber – палата парламента branch – ветвь, отрасль assembly – собрание, ассамблея to approve – подтверждать; одобрять to sign – подписывать to enforce – придавать силу, проводить в жизнь a bill – законопроект to override – отклонять, преодолевать (вето) to check – проверять, контролировать to appoint – назначить to elect – избирать, выбирать treaty – соглашение; конвенция, договор incapacity – неспособность to symbolize – символизировать coat of arms – государственный герб to comprise – включать в себя to separate – отделять, разделять according to – в соответствии с, по

4. Read the text and translate it into Russian.

RF POLITICAL SYSTEM AS THE BASIS OF DEMOCRACY

The Russian Federative Republic was set up by the Constitution of 1993. It comprises 85 federal subjects: 22 republics, 46 regions, nine krais, three federal cities, four autonomous districts, and one autonomous district Under the Constitution Russia is a Presidential Republic. President is head of the state. He makes treaties, enforces laws, and appoints Prime Minister. President may veto bills. The federal government consists of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. Each of them is checked and balanced by President. The legislative power is implemented by the Federal Assembly. It consists of two chambers. The Upper Chamber is the Council of Federation. The Lower Chamber is the State Duma. Each Chamber is headed by the Chairman. Legislature is initiated in the Lower Chamber. But to become a law a bill must be approved by both the Lower and Upper Chambers and signed by President. Although President may veto the bill the Duma, in turn, may override the veto. The two chambers of the Federal Assembly are physically separated with residences located in different buildings in different areas of Moscow. The members of the State Duma are elected by popular vote for a five- year period. The Duma headquarters are located in the centre of Moscow, a few steps from Manege Square. Its members are referred to as deputies. The State Duma replaced the Supreme Soviet according to the new constitution introduced by Boris Yeltsin, as a result of the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993, and approved by the Russian public in a referendum. The Council of Federation is not elected. Each of the federal subjects of Russia sends two senators to the Council, for a total membership of 170 Councillors. Sessions of the Council of Federation are held in Moscow from January 25 to July 15 and from September 16 to December 31. The sessions are open to the public, although they may be closed, and their location can be changed for security reasons. For the purpose of succession, the chairman of the Council of Federation is the third highest position, after President and Prime Minister. In the case of incapacity of President and Prime Minister, the chairman of the Council of Federation becomes Acting President of the Russian Federation. The executive power belongs to the Government which is headed by Prime Minister. The first action of Prime Minister on appointment is to form the Government or Cabinet of Ministers.

The judicial branch is represented by the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Arbitrary Court and regional courts. Today the state Russian flag is three-colour. It has three horizontal stripes: white, blue and red. The white stripe symbolizes the earth, the blue one stands for the sky, and the red one stands for liberty. The hymn of Russia was created by Boris Alexandrov and Sergei Mikhalkov. Now the national Coat of Arms is a two-headed eagle. It is the most ancient symbol of Russia. It originates from the heraldic emblem of the Ruricovitch signifying the succession of the Russian state from the Byzantine Empire.

NOTE: Federal Assembly – Федеральное Собрание Council of Federation – Совет Федерации State Duma – Государственная Дума Supreme Soviet – Верховный Совет Acting President – действующий президент

5. Answer the questions according to the text.

1) When was the Russian Federative Republic set up? 2) What is the Federal Assembly? 3) What are the functions of the Federal Assembly? 4) What can President do under the Constitution? 5) What is the first action of the Chairman of the Government on appointment? 6) What is the Council of Federation? 7) How many stripes does the Russian flag have and what do they symbolize? 8) Who were the authors of the national hymn of Russia? 9) What is the origin of the Russian Coat of Arms?

6. Based on the text say if the statements are true or false.

1) The Russian Federative Republic was set up by the Constitution of 1991. 2) The federal government consists of two branches: the legislative and the executive. 3) The Federal Assembly comprises the State Duma and the Government Departments. 4) President makes treaties, enforces laws, and appoints Prime Minister. 5) The first action of Prime Minister on appointment is to form the Government. 6) The members of the State Duma are elected by popular vote for a six-year period.

7) For the purpose of succession, the chairman of the Council of Federation is the third highest position, after President and Prime Minister. 8) The state Russian flag is three-colour. The white stripe symbolizes clarity, the blue one stands for justice, and the red one stands for vital power. 9) A two-headed eagle is the most ancient symbol of Russia.

VOCABULARY

1. Match the words 1-8 with their definitions a-h.

1 to set up a a formal agreement between two or more countries; 2 legislative b to use your authority to reject somebody’s decision, order, etc.; 3 executive c to create something or start it; 4 judicial d a special symbol of a family, city or other organization; 5 chamber e putting laws into effect; 6 treaty f connected with making and passing laws; 7 coat of arms g connected with a court, a judge or legal judgment; 8 to override h one of the parts of a parliament.

2. Match the words 1-7 with the ones a-g opposite in meaning.

1 ability a to appoint 2 to cease b a monarchy 3 subject c a result 4 to approve d to initiate 5 to elect e inability 6 a cause f object 7 a republic g to veto

GRAMMAR:

Too/Enough

1. Look at these sentences:

People don’t think too much about politics. People don’t have enough awareness about the state’s political order. If the political order is simple enough, there is no problem in understanding it. We are too ready to be influenced by politicians.

When do we use too and enough with nouns and adjectives?

2. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar mining. Don’t change the word given in bold.

1) These vegetables are too hard; they are undercooked. have These vegetables ______enough. 2) This salad is too oily. oil There______this salad. 3) This cake is too stale to eat. enough This cake______to eat. 4) This hotel is too expensive for a large family. much This hotel______for a large family. 5) There’s too little cheese for four people. enough There ______for four people. 6) There are too few glasses for everyone to have a drink. enough We______for everyone to have a drink. 7) It’s not warm enough to have a swim this evening. too It’s______this evening. 8) Joanne doesn’t speak loudly enough on the telephone. too Joanne speaks______on the telephone. 9) There’s too little sugar in this coffee for me. sweet This coffee______for me. 10) This restaurant is too quiet. Let’s try another one. people There are______restaurant. Let’s try another one.

SPEAKING

Everyday English: Congratulation and wishes.

1. Helpful expressions Congratulation General holidays Possible replies. Happy New Year! Happy New Year! Merry Christmas! Merry Christmas! Happy Easter! Happy Easter!

Personal and family celebrations Congratulations! Thank you! Let me congratulate you on … Thanks! May I congratulate you on … Thank you very (so) much! Happy birthday! Many happy returns of the day! My congratulations on your marriage (wedding anniversary, jubilee, the birth of your child, birthday, lucky win etc.) I hear you’ve finished school (graduated from the university, defended your thesis, got your first pay etc.). Congratulations! Welcoming Welcome! Welcome home!

Wishes General wishes I also wish you joy (happiness, good I wish you every success (joy, luck etc.)! happiness, luck etc.) The same to you! Good luck! Wishes on particular occasions I hope so! Good luck with your exam! Let’s hope for the best! Have a good rest (day, holiday, journey It would be fine! etc.) If wishes were horses … (If wishes Get well soon! were horses beggars might ride) Enjoy your lunch! Bon appetite! May you win! Keep well! Stay healthy! Cheer up! May your dreams come true! Be good! Take care of yourself!

2. Read the dialogues. Make your own dialogues and act out.

- Hi, Dad! - Hello, son! Welcome home! So, you are a student now. Congratulations! - Thanks, Dad! I’m so happy! You even can’t imagine. I’ve always dreamt to enter Cambridge. - Why, I perfectly can. I used to feel the same when I was 20. Unfortunately my dreams never came true unlike yours…

- I’m sorry, Dad. Never knew. - That’s OK. Anyway I wish you success in your study! Hope you’ll be a good student. - If wishes were horses… . Let me introduce myself. My name is John Louise. I’m from Milton. . John Louise from Milton! How do you do Mr. Louise! Nice to meet you. I’m Louise Johnson from Tonmill. Heard much of you! . How do you do Mr. Johnson! Nice to meet you too! What namely have you heard of me? . Oh, it’s your birthday today and you are 120. Happy birthday and many happy returns of the day! . Thanks a lot, but you are mistaken, I’m afraid. I’m only 20. . Really? Never tell me! - Good morning, darling! Bon appetite! - Thank you! The same to you! What are your plans for today? - I’m going for one day’s business trip to Nashville. I’m planning to be back by evening. - Oh, really? Good luck to you and have a good trip! They say Nashville is a nice town. It’s famous for its wonderful zoo. You may have a chance to visit it. If so, my best regards to crocodile Josh. He is reported to be an elder. - I don’t think I’ll have enough time for an excursion; I’m going to have a busiest day. But if there is a chance I’ll certainly do it. You have intrigued me. - Well, I have to go. And once again, have a nice day, take care of yourself and … be good! Bye!

LISTENING

1. Read the information about the House of Commons.

THE HOUSE OF COMMONS

The UK Parliament is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom. It is bicameral with the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It makes laws and checks the work of Government. The House of Commons is headed by the Speaker. This post is non-political. It is a democratically elected body, consisting of 646 members, who are known as "Members of Parliament" (MP). The Lords and Commons began to meet separately five centuries ago and the Commons were given St Stephen' Chapel of the Palace of Westminster, built on a marsh island in the Thames and known as the Houses of Parliament these days. It sits each week day for about half of the year. There is a tradition to bow in the direction of the Speaker entering or

32 leaving the hall. It is a gesture of respect. The working day in the House of Commons begins with prayers. After that session begins. Members do not sit at desks but on long, green benches, facing each other. For about an hour any MP may, ask a question of any Minister who must answer. By established custom the Monarch is never permitted to enter the House when it is in session. MPs are always addressed in the Commons as "Sir", irrespective of sex.

2. Listen to the information about the House of Lords and find the differences between it and the House of Commons.

3. Listen again and decide if the statements are true or false.

1) The House of Lords is made up largely of Life Peers, with experience in wide-ranging fields, including medicine, education, science, the armed services, academia and etc. 2) Members of the Lords play an essential role in making laws, scrutinizing, revising and initiating legislation. 3) At the beginning of each Parliamentary session, the Prime-Minister attends the State Opening of Parliament. 4) State Opening usually takes place twice a year and is not a usual sitting for the House of Lords. 5) Many fittings and furnishings in the Chamber were designed by Magnus Larsson.

WRITING In 3-5 sentences describe the foundations of democratic principles.

REVISION TEST

Task 1 Choose the correct verb form. The problem ______for three years, but they haven’t got any results. a. is being studied b. has been studied c. was studied d. is studied Task 2 Choose the correct verb form. The day before yesterday we ______to the restaurant by Tom Jenkins. a. invite b. are invited c. invited d. were invited Task 3 Choose the correct verb form. In Ancient Greece the Olympic Games ______once in four years. a. were held b. are held c. were hold d. hold

Task 4 Choose the correct verb form. Look! The bridge ______. a. repairs b. is repaired c. is being repaired d. is repairing Task 5 Choose the correct verb form. This book ______by the end of September. a. will have been published b. will be published c. publishes d. is published Task 6 Choose the correct verb form. Margaret ______to be a very sociable person. a. known b. is been known c. is known d. knew Task 7 Choose the correct verb form. Dad phoned us and asked if our luggage______. a. has already been packed b. was packed c. was already being packed d. had already been packed Task 8 Choose the correct verb form. The first oil well ______in a small Russian town not far from Tyumen. a. was drilled b. were drilled c. drilled d. was drilling Task 9 Choose the correct verb form. The letter and the parcel ______tomorrow. a. are being posted b. will be posted c. will have been post d. will be post Task 10 Choose the correct verb form. The parliament members ______by voting. a. elect b. are electing c. are elected d. is elected Task 11 Choose the correct word. Under this rule, decisions to spend money can be ______from decisions to raise money. a. separated b. assembled c. comprised d. symbolized

Task 12 Choose the correct word. The Federal Assembly comprises two ______. a. changes b. challenges c. chambers d. chimneys Task 13 Choose the correct word. Prime Minister is ______by President. a. elected b. checked c. signed d. appointed Task 14 Choose the correct word. The judicial branch is represented by the______. a. Federal b. Government c. Constitutional d. Constitutional Assembly Court, the Supreme Court, the Supreme Court Court, the Arbitrary Court, the regional courts Task 15 Choose the correct word. Under the Constitution adopted in 1993 Russia is a______. a. presidential republic b. parliamentary republic c. parliamentary monarchy d. constitutional republic Task 16 Choose the correct word. When writing a business letter remember to ______it and give personal contacts. a. approve b. sign c. implement d. override Task 17 Choose the correct word. President ______all the branches of the federal government. a. appoints and checks b. checks and balances c. enforces and balances d. sets up and appoints Task 18 Choose the correct word. The Federal Government comprises the following branches: ______. a. elective, executive, current b. legislative, current, executive c. legislative, executive, judicial d. elective, current, capable

Task 19 Choose the correct word. Such a ______would be a big step towards the prevention of nuclear terrorism. a. chamber d. power c. branch d. treaty Task 20 Choose the correct word. The General Assembly ______the resolution proposed by the Secretary- General. a. approved b. appointed c. set up d. elected

UNIT 4 “IT’S A SMALL WORLD”

READING

1. How do you understand the quote below?

“It has been said that arguing against globalization is like arguing against the laws of gravity”. (Kofi Annan)

2. Answer the questions.

What do you know about globalization? What is positive and negative about it? What’s your own attitude to this social phenomenon?

3. Remember the words and word combinations from the text below.

to join – соединять(ся), объединять(ся) to reach – достигать a means – средство a citizen – гражданин to be aware of – знать, быть в курсе to affect – влиять to matter – иметь значение to overcome – преодолевать controversial – противоречивый, спорный government – правительство to threaten – угрожать to fear – бояться, опасаться an environment – окружающая среда to predict – предсказывать, прогнозировать to increase – повысить, увеличить trade – торговля prosperity – процветание an opportunity – возможность domestic – домашний, внутренний a competition – (зд.) конкуренция poverty – нищета (to) access – (иметь) доступ to resist – сопротивляться to experience – испытывать

4. Read the text and translate it into Russian.

GLOBALIZATION: THINK GLOBALLY, ACT LOCALLY

Globalization is a difficult term to be defined because it means so many things. In general globalization can be described as a process by which countries join together into a single society and view themselves not only through their national identity but also as a whole. This process is a combination of political, economic, technological and sociocultural forces moving people, goods, capital and ideas to economic integration. In our world, there are few places a person can’t get to within a day of travel, and few people a person can’t reach via telephone or the Internet. Because of modern means of travel and communication, citizens of a nation are more aware of the world and may be affected by other cultures in different ways. Time and space matter less, and even language barriers are overcome as people all over the world communicate through trade, social Internet networks, mass media, etc. Globalization is a controversial issue for businesses and governments throughout the world mainly because different groups interpret it in different ways. For its opponents globalization is a threatening word. It prompts visions of large multinationals dominating the world in search of ever-higher profits. Many pressure groups fear that globalization threatens the environment as well as national cultures – they predict that it will make the rich nations richer and the developing countries even poorer than they are. But its supporters have another point of view. They believe that increasing and freer trade between nations will offer prosperity and economic growth for all countries and businesses. So arguments for globalization include the following: 1. An opportunity to learn more about cultures of different nations. 2. A variety of choice for consumers: they can buy not only domestic goods but also foreign ones. 3. Good opportunities for transnational corporations to locate part of their production facilities in countries with cheap labour force minimizing their costs and creating additional work places for local people. 4. Production of high-quality goods because of the competition in the local markets between domestic and foreign producers. 5. Reduction of poverty worldwide. 6. Access to technology for developing countries. 7. Guarantee of world peace, etc.

Arguments against globalization are more likely to come from people or nations with strong isolationist policies, who resist global trends to westernization which means weakening the religious and cultural strength of a country and exposing its people to corrupting ideas. Thus the disadvantages of globalization may include: 1. Globalization destroys cultural identity, for example Europeans usually try to impose their customs and traditions on Asian people. 3. Multinational corporations take advantage of cheap labour-force of developing countries, for instance in Asia, very often providing their workers with bad working conditions. 4. It is difficult for domestic producers to compete with multinational corporations. 5. We don't actually know what globalization can lead to; we don't realize its consequences. Even though globalization may be a subject of argument, it’s highly unlikely to end soon. It is an objective process similar to international migration and cultural assimilation. Therefore globalization is unlikely to experience a downward trend, and will continue to affect our world in various ways.

5. In the text find English equivalents of the following Russian expressions:

 единое общество  национальная принадлежность  граждане государства  языковые барьеры  СМИ  все более растущая прибыль  влиятельные группы  отечественные товары  производственные мощности  изоляционистская политика  пользоваться преимуществом  маловероятно

6. Answer the questions according to the text.

1) What does the process of globalization comprise? 2) What is the main idea of globalization? 3) Why have nations and countries become closer? 4) Why is globalization a controversial issue? 5) What threats can globalization present?

6) What benefits can globalization bring according to its proponents? 7) What advantages of globalization can you name? 8) What disadvantages can it have? 9) What nations can resist to globalization? 10) According to the text, will globalization end soon?

7. Give a heading to each paragraph of the text.

8. Who could say these sentences: opponents or proponents of globalization? Tick the statements in the appropriate column.

Statements Prop. Opp.

“One day there will be no borders, no boundaries, no flags and no countries and the only passport will be the heart”

“…But we also are the first to enjoy the opportunity of learning quickly from developments in societies anywhere else in the world today…”

“Globalization means standardization. The very rich and the very poor must want the same things, but only the rich can have them.”

“Architecture cannot change the economic machinations of globalization.”

“When we say that the West has brought us nothing but evil, do we mean that beef is evil, that cabbages are evil that the guisado is evil?”

“Globalization is an attempt to create one global country, and …, the greatest nations will take the lead … For those who believe globalization’s aim is to foster equal opportunity among nations, I am sorry; there is no free lunch in human affairs.”

“Globalization … makes it possible for so many more people to plug in and play; and you are going to see every color of the human Rainbow take part.”

“It's the last great free-for-all robbery of everybody's earth.”

9. Look at the phrases below: which was covered by the text?

 educational and health care systems in Europe are taken from the US;  due to communication means peoples have become closer;  globalization is a complicated phenomenon with its merits and demerits;  the church was an international institution long before globalization;  it is not easy to explain what globalization means;  the attempts to bring democracy in Asian countries have led to wars;  technology causes problems as well as solves problems;  globalization is a mysterious thing: nobody knows where it can lead to;  globalization is sort of artificial intelligence.

10. Read the text below. Use the words given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.

Coca-Cola John Pemberton, a chemist from Georgia, was responsible for the (0) invention of Coca-Cola in 1886. He decided INVENT to make a syrup that was both (1)______and thirst- ORIGIN quenching.In his drugstore, he produced (2)______of cola- MIX nut extract, sugar and caffeine. The exact (3)______is still a COMPOSE secret. A few months later, Pemberton’s (4)______mistakenly served Coca-Cola with (5)______soda ASSIST water, which turned out to be very (6)______. To market his ADD new drink Pemberton decided to form a (7)______with Frank SUCCESS Robertson whose elegant (8)______was used for the Coca- PARTNER Cola trademark.In 1985, the (9)______of an improved recipe HAND called New Cokedid not meet with the (10)______of Coke INTRODUCE drinkers and the old recipe was revived. APPROVE

VOCABULARY

1. Fill in the cells with the appropriate words to make a wordsnake.

1. A word or phrase used as the name of something connected with a particular sphere of life, science or technology.

2. A way of doing something or achieving a result. 3. Only one. 4. The conditions that somebody/something exists in. 5. To be a danger to something/somebody. 6. Connected with a particular nation. 7. Belonging to or connected with the particular place or area spoken about.

2. Match words 1-10 with the ones a-j similar in meaning.

1. to join a. a surrounding 2. to reach b. an authority 3. to affect c. rivalry 4. an environment d. to withstand 5. to be aware e. to unite 6. a government f. inner 7. to resist g. to achieve 8. domestic h. to influence 9. competition i. to realize

3. Complete the table with the correct word form

verb noun move movement govern develop argue move combine combination compete integrate communicate connect threaten threat strength light length hard

GRAMMAR

In case 1. Look at this phrase. In case there is freer trade between nations it will offer prosperity and economic growth for all countries and businesses.

1. What time is it referred? Which verb forms are used? 2. Compare these two sentences. What is the difference in meaning?

In case a term means various things it will be difficult to define. If a term means various things chose the one you need and look it up in the dictionary.

2. Complete each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence before it. 1) Countries could make a single society because they don’t view themselves only through their national identity. In case______. 2) Because people are more aware of the world they may be affected by other cultures in different ways. In case______. 3) Language barriers might be overcome because people all over the world communicate through trade, Internet, mass media, etc. In case______. 4) Globalization might threaten the world because great nations dominate in search of ever-higher profits. In case______. 5) Globalization might destroy cultural identity because Europeans try to impose their customs and traditions on Asian people. In case______.

SPEAKING

Everyday English:

Drawing attention and addressing

1. Helpful expressions Very polite To representatives of different gender Excuse me… Sir! Sorry to trouble you, but… Madam! Could you tell me…, please? Young man! Young lady! Friend! Stylistically neutral Chum! I say … . Buddy! Dear!

Stylistically lowered, familiar Son! Sonny! Hey! Hi! Brother! Sister! Hey there! Look (here)! To representatives of authorities, services, organizations To audience Officer! Comrades! Doctor! Ladies and gentlemen! Teacher! (Dear) Friends! Coach! Nurse! Before names (officially) Director! Mr… Manager! Mrs… Miss… Ms…

2. Read the dialogues.

- Excuse me, madam! - Yes, please? - Sorry to trouble you, but could you tell me what bus I should take to get to the market? - What market, sir? - Central market. - Oh, its 3, bus number 3. - Thank you very much, indeed. - Welcome, sir.

 Hey there!  … …  I say, hey there!  Are you talking to me?  Sure, not to the oak-tree.  What do you want?  To know the time.  Hey, buddy, didn’t your foozle teach you to be polite?  Look, I just asked you about the time. I don’t need any lecture on good manners. If you don’t have a watch, buddy, then hop it.

- I say, dear, could you read the address on this paper? The thing is, I have bad sight, and can’t make out the letters. - Oh, yes, ma’am. Let me see. Its 40, Green Street. I know where it is. I can show you the way, if you want. - Oh, that would be nice, sonny.

 Hello, Mr. Fox! We need to talk.  Hello, Jane! What happened?  The thing is, I’m not well today and I need to visit the doctor. Could you excuse me from the lesson?  But, Jane, today we are having a test in maths, a very important one. So, I’m afraid, I can’t.  But, teacher, I feel really very bad.  Listen, Jane, I know all your tricks. Each time we have a test you start feeling bad.  But this time it’s true, I….  I say, young lady, we are having an important test today. Then you’ll have to bite the bullet.

3. Make your own dialogues and act out.

LISTENING

1. Read about the Coca-Cola’s human resource management strategy.

COCA-COLA THINKS INTERNATIONAL

Coca-Cola has been operating internationally for most of its 100-year history. The firm’s human resource management strategy helps to explain a great deal of its success. Since Coca-Cola earns a greater portion of its income and profit abroad rather than in the US, it has its own selection standards when recruiting and hiring based on multicultural and multilingual aspects of the candidates. Annually hundreds of its employees are transferred from one country to another to be part of Coca-Cola’s operation. The firm also has a recruitment program that helps identify candidates at the college level among foreign students who study in the USA. Then they are provided with a year’s training or internship before they go back to their home country as part of the Coca-Cola team. The company focuses its activity on teamwork and evaluates sociability and ability to work collectively in its employees. Coca-Cola believes that these approaches help to find talent on a global basis.

2. Case study: You are doing a first screening of candidates for an international internship program at the Coca-Cola Company. Based on your understanding of the text, decide whether or not the people below might be good candidates.

1) Mr. X is a brilliant student who is good at Marketing. He likes to work alone and speaks only when his plans are fully developed. He does not react well to criticism or join in discussions.

2) Mr. Y is an ambitious, extraverted candidate who tries hard to please and knows how to get along with others. He has studied engineering in the USA for 2 years.

3) Ms. A has lived and studied outside her country for several years. She has many friends of different backgrounds and gets along well with the American family she lives with. She is easygoing and flexible and got satisfactory marks in business school.

4) Ms. B has studied two foreign languages and has excellent reading skills. She is very nationalistic and only likes the way things are done in her country. She has had a good education and is ambitious and intelligent.

5) Mr. Z has wonderful ideas about marketing and has good recommendations from his business school teachers. He is shy and speaks slowly. It is hard for him to make presentations in a large group, but he makes excellent written reports.

3. Listen to the brief history of the Coca-Cola Company and complete the sentences:

1) Coca-Cola was invented in ______by ______. 2) Coca-Cola is ______years old. 3) Some ______ingredients were boiled into ______. 4) The secret formula was sold to ______. 5) He delivered the syrup in ______to the outlets. 6) At first Coca-Cola was served only in ______. 7) Thomas and Whitehead came up with the idea of putting Coca-Cola in ______. 8) This right to do that was sold for only ______. 9) Later Thomas and Whitehead introduced the Coca-Cola ______. 10) The new company president Mr. Woodruff’s goal was to make Coca-Cola available to ______. 11) Under Mr. Woodruff’s leadership Coca-Cola became the first ______. 12) Nowadays Coca-Cola is enjoyed in more than ______.

4. Listen again and say if the statements are true or false.

1) The inventor of Coca-Cola was a physicist by a profession. 2) At Jacob’s Pharmacy the syrup was mixed with carbonated water. 3) A glass of Coca-Cola cost 5 cents. 4) After Coca-Cola was sold to Asa Candler it was sold only in Atlanta. 5) The Coca-Cola recipe is known to all bottling companies.

6) It is difficult to recognize Coca-Cola’s trademark because it often changes. 7) Coca-Cola is the best strong drink in the universe.

WRITING

1. Think of another global company you know. In 3-5 sentences share the information about it in a written form.

REVISION TEST

Task 1 Choose the correct verb form. ______two days before the conference he had a lot of time to see Edinburgh. a. To arrive b. Arriving c. Having arrived d. Arrived Task 2 Choose the correct verb form. While ______the flowers into the vase he broke it a. put b. putting c. having put d. being put Task 3 Choose the correct verb forms. She entered ______by her mother. a. accompanying b. being accompanied c. accompanied d. having accompanied Task 4 Choose the correct verb form. She smiled ______the joke. a. remembered b. having remembered c. remembering d. being remembered Task 5 Choose the correct verb form. A new road ______the plant with the railway station will soon be built. a. connecting b. having connected c. connected d. being connected Task 6 Choose the correct verb form. ______about the bandits, he left his valuables at home. a. Warned b. Having warned c. Warning d. Being warned

Task 7 Choose the correct verb form. The letter ______by him was very long. a. writing b. written c. being written d. having written Task 8 Choose the correct verb form. ______so little in the country, I am afraid, I cannot answer all the questions you are asking me. a. Seeing b. Having seen c. Being seen d. Seen Task 9 Choose the correct verb form. Tom, ______at what he had done, could at first say nothing. a. horrified b. having horrified c. horrifying d. being horrified Task 10 Choose the correct verb form. That night, ______up to his room he thought of his unpleasant duty to laugh at every silly joke she said. a. went b. going c. being gone d. having gone Task 11 Choose the correct word. Any scientific ______needs an exact and thorough definition as well as clear specification. a. word b. term c. phrase d. sentence Task 12 Choose the correct word. He claimed to be a British ______with residences in London, New York and San-Francisco. a. man b. person c. citizen d. identity Task 13 Choose the correct word. These labour costs are often difficult to ______and track. a. threaten b. predict c. fear d. matter Task 14 Choose the correct word. Most vivid has been European Union countries’ ______for distribution channels. a. environment b. opportunity c. prosperity d. competition Task 15 Choose the correct word. All the progressive mankind must ______international terrorism with every determination. a. resist b. reach c. trade d. join

Task 16 Choose the correct word. He came up with several proposals to ______these threats. a. affect b. access c. overcome d. fear Task 17 Choose the correct word. At a societal level the competition with highly-developed nations will negatively ______poverty decrease. a. access b. affect c. attend d. attract Task 18 Choose the correct word. We recognize that in some ways globalization ______cultural diversity and heritage. a. experiences b. reaches c. increases d. threatens Task 19 Choose the correct word. Cooperation inspires us in achieving freedom, peace and ______. a. environment b. opportunity c. prosperity d. experience Task 20 Choose the correct word. For some moments he ______all the helpless feelings of catastrophe. a. experienced b. exercised c. enforced d. excelled

Unit 5 “SUCCESSFUL INVENTION FOR ADVANCING PEACE”

READING

1. Give your comment on the quote below.

“The European Union arose on an economic foundation, and it turns out that even this is not a solid base. Cultural identity has been neglected. (Gunter Grass)

2. Answer the questions.

What do you know about the European Union? What type of organization is it? What countries are the members of the EU? Have you heard anything about Brexit?

3. Remember the words and word combinations from the text below.

to cover - покрывать, охватывать landscape - ландшафт to influence - влиять urban - городской inhabitant - житель, обитатель to be located - располагаться origin - происхождение incorporate - объединять treaty - договор, соглашение, конвенция apart from - кроме, помимо to reinforce -укреплять, усиливать apply - применять, распространяться to aim - нацеливать, иметь целью to advocate - поддерживать, выступать в защиту withdrawal - выход, уход, отход to gauge - проверить, измерить, оценить to result in - привести к чему-либо to vote - голосовать to ensure - обеспечивать trade union - профсоюз currency - валюта legislation - законодательство comprise - включать в себя average - средний, усредненный suppress - подавлять

4. Read the text and translate it into Russian.

UK AND EUROPEAN UNION: THE STORY OF ECONOMIC DIVORCE

The European Union (EU) is a geo- political entity covering a large portion of the European continent. The EU's member states cover an area of over 4 million square kilometers with the population of 510 million. The EU landscape and climate are influenced by its coastline, which is about 66 thousand kilometers long. The EU's population is highly urbanized, with some 75% of inhabitants living in urban areas. The EU capital is Brussels where all the EU governing bodies are located. It traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), formed by 6 countries in 1951 and 1958, respectively, which were later incorporated into the European Union. The EU is founded upon numerous treaties and has undergone expansions that have taken it from 6 member states to 28, a majority of the states in Europe. Apart from the ideas of federation, confederation, or customs union, the original development of the European Union was based on a supranational foundation that would "make war unthinkable and materially impossible" and reinforce democracy amongst its members. The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardized system of laws that apply in all member states. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital within the internal market; uniform legislation and home affairs, and to maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries, and regional development. Within the Schengen Area, comprising 26 European countries, passport and border controls have been abolished. A new currency, euro, has been introduced. The UK joined the European Economic Community in 1973, confirming its membership in a 1975 referendum. In the 1970s and 1980s, withdrawal from the European Economic Community was advocated mainly by Labor Party and trade union leaders. From the 1990s, withdrawal from the EU was advocated mainly by the newly founded Referendum Party, the UK Independence Party and by an increasing number of Conservatives. Nowadays, the attempts of the UK to leave the EU have been realized. Right now, we can observe a new social-political phenomenon that is called Brexit. The main reason of this action is to keep cultural identity in all the social spheres and economic independence suppressed heavily by the supranational bureaucratic structures introducing their supranational policies which in many cases go against national interests of the member nations.

The United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, also known as the EU referendum and the Brexit referendum, took place on 23 June 2016 in the UK and Gibraltar to gauge support for the country either remaining a member of, or leaving, the European Union . The referendum resulted in 51.9% of voters voting in favor of leaving the EU. The UK government initiated the official EU withdrawal process on 29 March 2017: this put the country on course to complete the withdrawal process by 30 March 2019.

NOTE: European Union - Европейский Союз (Евросоюз) European Coal and Steel - Европейское объединение угля и стали Community European Economic - Европейское экономическое сообщество Community Labour Party - Лейбористская партия Referendum Party - Партия сторонников референдума UK Independence Party - Партия за независимость

5. Match the word combinations 1-10 with their translations a-j.

1. geo-political entity a. таможенный союз 2. to trace origin b. в пользу; за 3. highly urbanized c. наднациональный принцип 4 to undergo expansions d. социально-политическое явление 5. the original development e. геополитический субъект 6. supranational foundation f. вести происхождение 7. customs union g. внутренние дела 8. social-political phenomenon h. претерпевать распространение; увеличиваться в площади 9. home affairs i. преимущественно урбанизированный 10. in favor of j. первоначальное развитие

6. Answer the questions according to the text.

1) What is the EU? 2) What is the total area that the EU’s member states cover? 3) What is the EU population? 4) The EU’s population is highly urbanized, isn’t it? What is the percentage of the urban population in the EU? 5) What is the EU capital? 6) How many state members does the EU have? 7) What foundations is the EU based on?

8) When did the UK join the EU? 9) What is Brexit? 10) When did Brexit take place?

7. Based on the text say if the statements are true or false. 1) The European Union is a geo-political entity covering a large part of the European continent and the whole Asia. 2) The EU’s population is 410 million. 3) The EU’s population is primarily rural. 4) Brussels is the capital of Belgium. 5) The EU was founded to prevent the wars in Europe and reinforce democracy. 6) Initially, the number of the EU’s state members was 6. 7) The UK joined the European Communities (EC) in 1951. 8) The Brexit referendum took place on 25 June 2016. 9) The number of the voters in the UK, voting in favor of leaving from the EU was 51.9%. 10) The UK government is going to complete the withdrawal process by 30 March 2018.

8. The following figures appear in the text. What do they refer to?

1) 4 million 6) 26 2) 510 million 7) 1973 3) 75% 8) 23 June 2016 4) 6 9) 51.9% 5) 28 10)30 March 2019

9. Read the text. Fill in the gaps with the given words and word combinations below. Use a dictionary if it is necessary. Summarize the general ideas of the text in 2-4 sentences. (tool, problems, European, implemented, economy, financial, relatively)

The benefits and problems of the Euro

The Euro was 1) ______with the goal of creating a more stable European 2) ______. Looking at the history of euro, we can see that the Euro improved economic growth across Europe and offered more integration among 3) ______market. The euro history also shows the Euro currency strengthened European presence in the global economy through being a reserve currency. The history of euro also proves that the Euro helped ease exchange rate volatility among different 4) ______nations. The history of euro has brought also a number of 5) ______. While the Euro improved stability of the region, all nations have to have 6) ______similar interest rate to avoid interest rate arbitrage. This has

53 created problems for some economies in the euro history, such as Germany. The Euro has taken away the interest rate as a 7) ______of the fiscal policy. If the local economy slows, the local government cannot lower interest rates to stimulate growth.

10. Make up a brief presentation according to the given plan.

1. Geo-political features of the EU. 2. The legislative basis and foundations of the EU. 3. The key dates in the history of the EU. 4. The EU and the UK. 5. Brexit phenomenon.

VOCABULARY

1. Match the verbs 1-10 with their synonyms a-j

1. to comprise a. to inhabit 2. to influence b. to measure 3. to locate c. to include 4. to populate d. to situate 5. to undergo e. to provoke 6. to reinforce f. to experience 7. to advocate g. to understand 8. to realize h. to affect 9. to gauge i. to strengthen 10. to initiate j. to support

2. Work with the dictionaries. Fill in the table with the derivatives where it is possible. Translate all the forms.

Noun Verb Adjective Adverb Model: cover to cover covered - covering coverer highly influence to urbanize inhabitable expansion developing withdrawal to found voter

3. Translate the sentences into English.

1) Идея создания Соединённых Штатов Европы впервые возникла после войны за независимость США. 2) Отправной точкой послевоенного движения за единую Европу принято считать речь британского государственного деятеля Уинстона Черчилля «Трагедия Европы», произнесенную 19 сентября 1946 г. в Цюрихском университете. 3) 18апреля 1951 г. ФРГ, Бельгия, Нидерланды, Люксембург, Франция, Ита лия подписали в Париже Договор о Европейском объединении угля и стали сроком на 50 лет. 4) Несмотря на одну из ведущих ролей в создании Совета Европы в 1949 году, Великобритания не сразу присоединилась к процессу экономической интеграции. 5) В то время Великобритания отказалась участвовать в Европейском объединении угля и стали из опасения ограничения национального суверенитета. 6) На момент вступления в Европейское экономическое сообщество, британская экономика была одной из самых слабых в Западной Европе, значительно отставая от темпов роста Франции, Германии или Италии. 7) С целью углубления экономической интеграции те же шесть государств в 1957 учредили Европейское экономическое сообщество. 8) Самым важным из этих трёх европейских сообществ являлось Европейское экономическое сообщество, так что позднее (в 1990-е годы) оно стало именоваться просто Европейским сообществом. 9) Из 6 изначальных участников Европейский Союз расширился до 28. 10) 1 июля 2013 года 28-м государством-членом ЕС стала Хорватия. 11) 23 июня 2016 года 52 % британцев проголосовали за выход из Европейского Союза. Это первая страна, которая выходит из ЕС.

GRAMMAR

It’s time

1. Look at these sentences.

It’s high time we had a balance of political and economic approaches to relationships between countries. It’s time a range of urgent issues were discussed at the meeting.

What time is referred to? Which grammatical verb forms are used?

2. Compare these two sentences. What is the difference in meaning? It’s (high) time we went. It’s time to go.

3. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning. Don’t change the word given in bold.

1) This room hasn’t been cleaned for ages. time It’s ______cleaned. 2) The college has not been redecorated for years. It really needs doing. time It’s ______redecorated. 3) I haven’t had anything to eat all day. I’m very hungry. had It’s time ______to eat. 4) It’s late, I should have left for home an hour ago. high It’s ______for home. 5) My car is dirty. I really should have it cleaned. time It’s ______my car cleaned. 6) It’s months since James had his hair cut. time It’s______cut. 7) Rosemary hasn’t been on holiday for years. high It’s______on holiday.

SPEAKING

Everyday English: Invitation.

1. Helpful expressions

To visit Possible replies. May I invite you to my place? Positive Let me invite you to my place. Thank you. Would you come to see me? With pleasure. Come and see me. No objection. Come to see me. I don’t mind. To other actions Willingly.

Would you like to …. (do something)? Yes, all right. I’d like to invite you to …. Let’s. Let’s ….(do something) How about …. (Ving)? Shall we …. (do something)? Unsure Perhaps. Very likely. Why not? Don’t know. Not sure. Can’t say. Negative No, thank you!

2. Read the dialogues with a proper intonation. Translate them. - Do you have any plans for the evening? - Can’t say… - May I invite you to the shopping center? - I don’t mind!

 Hi, Jane! Let’s go to the cinema.  With pleasure!  Shall we choose comedy or drama?  It doesn’t matter.

3. Use the phrases, make up your own dialogues and act them out.

LISTENING

A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

1. Watch the video about the history of the EU and say if the statements are true or false

Statements True False 1. The EU was founded after the World War II to ensure peace and cooperation between European countries. 2. The first countries of the EU were Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, France, West Germany and the UK. 3. The EEC was aimed to make it easier to buy and sell coal and steel throughout the six EU’s member countries.

4. Now, any country that wants to join the EU can do it without any problems. 5. The Euro became the currency of 12 EU countries except the UK, Denmark and Sweden.

2. Watch the video again to catch the detailed information. Match the dates 1-5 with their events a-e

Dates Events 1) 1951 a. The UK joined the EU 2) 1973 b. The Euro was born 3) 1993 c. The first union of six countries was formed 4) 2002 d. 10 another countries joined the EU 5) 2004 e. The Maastricht Treaty was signed

WRITING

1. Survey the additional sources of information (the Internet, magazines, newspapers, etc.); try to formulate 3-5 advantages and disadvantages of the Brexit phenomenon for both sides (the EU and the UK).

REVISION TEST

Task 1 Choose the correct word. The EU’s member states ______territory over 4 ml. sq. km. a. invade b. cover c. locate d. take Task 2 Choose the correct word. The landscape and climate of the EU is ______by its coastline. a. influenced b. incorporated c. invented d. integrated Task 3 Choose the correct word. Brussels is the capital of the EU, where the EU______bodies are located. a. government b. governing c. gauging d. global Task 4 Choose the correct word. The EU is founded upon numerous______. a. tricks b. treaties c. threats d. truth

Task 5 Choose the correct word. The EU has undergone ______from 6 member states to 28. a. examinations b. expansions c. expressions d. extensions Task 6 Choose the correct word. Within the Schengen Area passport and border controls have been______. a. forbidden b. abolished c. reduced d. eliminated Task 7 Choose the correct word. A new currency,______, has been introduced in the EU. a. dollar b. euro c. pound d. ruble Task 8 Choose the correct word. The reason of Brexit is to keep______. a. money b. cultural identity c. power d. the UK authority Task 9 Choose the correct word. The Brexit referendum took ______on 23 June 2016. a. plain b. plaice c. place d. please Task 10 Choose the correct word. The UK government initiated the official EU ______process on 29 March 2017 a. throughout b. withdrawal c. without d. withal Task 11 Choose the correct form. David insisted on _____ for the meal. a. paying b. paid c. having paid d. to pay Task 12 Choose the correct form. I can't stand _____ here any longer. a. worked b. being worked c. working d. work Task 13 Choose the correct form. He is looking forward to ______them again. a. have seen b. see c. saw d. seeing Task 14 Choose the correct form. It is no use _____ about it a. being worried b. having worried c. worrying d. worry Task 15 Choose the correct form. Is there anything in that new magazine worth______? a. to read b. read c. reading d. being read

Task 16 Choose the correct form. Would you mind ______the front door? a. to close b. close c. closing d. being closed Task 17 Choose the correct form. Why have you stopped? Go on______. a. to read b. read c. reading d. being read Task 18 Choose the correct form. Avoid ______and you’ll feel better soon. a. to overeat b. overeating c. overeat d. being overeaten Task 19 Choose the correct form. Jenny kept on______although her husband asked her to stop. a. to talk b. talking c. talked d. talk Task 20 Choose the correct form. The detective made Mr. Folgers______the bill a. pay b. to pay c. paying d. would pay

UNIT 6 “MORE AMERICAN THAN BORN IN AMERICA”

READING

1. Could you explain the quote below?

“We become not a melting pot but a beautiful mosaic. Different people, different beliefs, different yearnings, different hopes, different dreams”. (Jimmy Carter)

2. Answer the questions.

Imagine a melting pot and a salad bowl. How are they related to society? Do you think our society to be a “melting pot” or a “salad bowl”? In your opinion, should all the nations and ethnic groups within one state integrate their cultural features to make a single culture, or should they retain their peculiarities to enrich the society they live in?

3. Remember the words and word combinations from the text below. a society – общество heterogeneous – разнородный homogeneous – однородный a variety – разнообразие to attract – привлекать to accelerate – ускорять to exclude – исключать to improve – улучшать to admit – допускать to abolish – отменять, упразднять illegal – незаконный failure – крах, провал to preserve – сохранять to challenge – бросать вызов a proponent – сторонник to suggest – предлагать an attempt – попытка to give up – бросить, предать, отказаться от to propagate – распространять distinct – ясный, отчетливый a nation – (зд.) государство to accomplish – выполнить to hinder – мешать, препятствовать to blend – сливаться, соединяться to spoil – портить to remain – оставаться

4. Read the text and translate it into Russian.

THE USA: A MELTING POT OR SALAD BOWL?

American society has often been described as a “melting pot”, a metaphor for a heterogeneous society, which consists of a variety of races, nationalities and ethnic groups, becoming more homogeneous with these groups "melting together" into a harmonious whole with a common culture. For centuries, the US has attracted people in search of "the American dream" from all corners of the world trying to realize this idea. In fact, the US history is one of immigration. In 1620, about 100 English colonists, so-called "Mayflower Pilgrims", left for America looking for religious freedom. The immigration flow to the US first accelerated after the French Revolution, and during the 19th century, political and economic pressures drove millions of Europeans to the New World. Throughout the 19th and 20th Centuries, American ports accepted German, Chinese, Irish, Italian, and Polish immigrants. Until 1882, the US government practiced an open door immigration policy in order to attract cheap labour force and talented scientists to the national industries, but at the end of the century, it began trying to control immigration by excluding marginal people and Chinese, among others, from coming to the country. During the 20th Century, the US government kept improving its immigration policy. Under the national quota system, established in 1921, admission to the US largely depended upon an immigrant's country of birth. In 1965, the nationality quotas were abolished, which initiated a new era of mass immigration, particularly from Mexico and Latin America, including illegal one. Over years the “melting pot” theory has demonstrated its failure since the immigrants tend to preserve their own national and cultural characteristics while integrating into a new society. So after 1970 the melting pot model was challenged by proponents of multiculturalism, who admit that cultural differences within society are valuable and should be preserved, suggesting the alternative metaphors such as “cultural mosaic”, “salad bowl” or “tossed salad”, which means that different cultures mix, but remain distinct in some aspects. In recent years there are attempts to compromise these two theories. The proponents of this view suggest that immigrants don’t need to completely give up their culture and traditions while integrating into the American society. They may continue practicing and propagating their cultures from generation to

62 generation, but they must consider themselves a citizen of their new nation first and of their nation of birth second, thus, putting their host nation’s interests first and above all. If this can be accomplished, immigrants will then avoid hindering the progress, unity and growth. Thus, under this theory, the reality of American history is best described as “tomato soup”: the blending of new ingredients adds spice without spoiling the essential character of tomato. Whether this kind of delicate balance between arrival and native countries among immigrants can be achieved remains to be seen. The viewpoints remain controversial either: “Bagels and pizzas and spaghetti were new things at one time [...] immigrants come and change America and are changed by America” (Samuel Huntington). “Blacks, Chinese, Puerto Ricans, etc. […] could be used as wood to produce the fire for the pot, but they could not be used as material to be melted into the pot” (Eduardo-Bonilla Silva).

5. In the text find English equivalents of the following Russian expressions:

 неоднородное общество  гармоничное целое  политические вызовы  политика открытых дверей  дешевая рабочая сила  деклассированные элементы  национальная система квот  принимающая страна  страна пребывания  общее свойство  превыше всего  хрупкое равновесие

6. Answer the questions according to the text.

1) What names of cultural integration concepts are mentioned in the text? 2) What has attracted people from all over the world to the USA? 3) What are the purposes of the US open door immigration policy? 4) How has the US government immigration policy changed with time? 5) How do the two theories, those of “melting pot” and “salad bowl” differ? 6) Has the “melting pot” theory been a success? Why? 7) Do you support the idea that people must be citizens first and representatives of a culture second?

7. Based on the text build up sentences using the information in the table below.

left for America was established the proponents in 1620. in 1921. after 1970.

stopped practicing were abolished attempts to compromise in 1882. in 1965. in recent years

8. Read the following sentence and explain which underlined word corresponds to which notion from the box below.

The reality of American history is best described as “tomato soup”: the blending of new ingredients adds spice without spoiling the essential character of tomato.

American society immigrants cultural peculiarities

9. Based on the text, complete the sentences with the best alternative A, B or C.

1) The “melting pot” theory explains the society … A. in which a variety of races, nationalities and ethnic groups blend together to make a whole with a common culture. B. which becomes more harmonious with a variety of races, nationalities and ethnic groups preserving their peculiar cultural features. C. with the industries using melting pot technologies. 2) The “tossed salad” theory explains the society … A. in which the tradition of serving tossed salads prevails B. in which people refuse from their cultural identity C. in which different cultures integrate, but remain distinct in cultural aspects. 3) The compromise between the two theories means … A. that the scientists stop arguing about which prevails: citizenship or culture. B. that cultural identity prevails over citizenship in people. C. that citizenship prevails over national identity in people. 4) The US has attracted people in search of … A. “American Dad” B. “the American pie” C. "the American dream"

10. Read a letter from Manuel to his friend. Complete the description of a country he is staying in with the words from the box.

Hi, Rob! I can’t wait to share my 1… about this country. The people here are nearly all 2…or their descendants. It is fairly a young 3…, and much of the 4…has relatives who live in other parts of the world. They are really very 5… When I go 6… in the morning everyone says “Hi!” It is so unusual. The first question people ask at first 7… is “Where are you from?” And the food is from every 8… of the world. And I like it! But things were not that good in the beginning. I 9… everything – friends, 10…, sunshine, the ocean. As you know I did not speak the 11… well enough, and it made it difficult to 12… with my university 13… Besides, it was winter with all its snow, wind and cold. I felt really very- very 14… But gradually things became better; and now I feel happy. I try to work hard to be 15… and feel independent. I am learning to make 16…for myself. When I come back home I hope to start my own 17…and be useful for my country. Yours, Manuel jogging country missed state language friendly immigrants communicate meeting impression depressed successful population decisions relatives business mates

VOCABULARY

1. Fill in the crosswords to get a word marked by question signs.

1. 5. 8. 9. 11. 3. 4. 2. 6. 7. 10. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Vertically:

1. People in general, living together in communities. 2. The state of being joined together to form one unit. 3. All the people in a country sharing common history, language and culture. 4. A strong wish, sometimes not realistic, to have or be something. 5. A person or a group who are outside a main or important group. 6. The right to do or say what you want without someone stopping you. 7. Historically formed human population with typical biological signatures. 8. Social organization of a country or national group having peculiar features distinct from other ones. 9. A person who has come to live in a country that is not his own. 10. Agreed plan or actions adopted by a particular group: government, party. 11. Who or what somebody/something is.

2. Match words 1-10 with their definition a-j.

1. society a. not allowed by the law 2. variety b. clearly seen 3. failure c. range of different things 4. attempt d. trying to do something 5. heterogeneous e. a person who supports 6. homogeneous f. make it difficult to happen 7. illegal g. people in general 8. distinct h. consisting of different kinds of things 9. proponent i. lack of success in something 10. hinder j. consisting of things of the same type

3. Complete the table with the correct word form.

noun adjective culture cultural margin nation globe region person verb adjective value valuable change use read prefer comparable dispute

GRAMMAR

So/Neither (Nor)/But

1. Look at these pairs of phrase.

I don’t know what the “melting pot” theory means. – Nor do I. – But I do I think I could look it up in the dictionary. – So do I. – But I don’t . I can’t find this entry in the dictionary. – Neither can I. – But I can. I would like to know what it means. – So would I. – But I wouldn’t.

What are the rules of using so, nor (neither) and but when you want to agree or disagree with someone?

2. Look at the table. Make up sentences and agree or disagree with them.

Sarah Richard Oliver Celia Mark V X V V V can swim X V V V X is interested in money X V X X V has got a home computer V V V X V collects stamps X V X X V plays basketball V V V V X likes animals V X X VVused to collect coins V V X X X liked pop music when at school

67 e.g. Sarah can swim, and so can Oliver. Sarah is not interested in money, and nor/neither is Mark. Mark has got a home computer, but Sarah has not. Oliver does not play basketball, but Mark does.

3. Agree or disagree with each of these sentences using so, nor (neither), but

1) I think this car is very cheap. 2) I don’t want to buy a new mobile phone. 3) I would like a larger flat. 4) I don’t think it is going to rain today. 5) I can’t read such books. 6) I will have a cup of coffee, please. 7) I am feeling rather tired. 8) I should not eat so much chocolate. 9) I like English. 10) I hate cheating people. 11) I have always dreamt of a puppy. 12) I must go right now. 13) He was very small in his childhood. 14) I don’t think this book is awful. 15) I am very serious. 16) I can’t stand Peter. 17) I would like some tea. 18) I don’t think much of death. 20) I will be a doctor after the institute. 21) I used to like chocolate when I was a child. 22) I have never heard him singing.

SPEAKING

Everyday English: Greeting and saying good-bye.

1. Helpful expressions

Greeting Very polite, formal greetings. Possible replies. Good morning (afternoon, … )! Good morning (afternoon, …)! How do you do? How do you do? Welcome! Thank you! In less formal conversations Hello! Hi! Hey! Hay there! Hello! Hey! Hi! Morning (afternoon, evening)! Morning (afternoon, evening)!

How are you? (I’m) Fine (OK), thanks! How are you getting on? Very well, thank you! How are things? Not so (too) bad. How are you doing? So, so! Could be better. Nothing to boast about. Very bad! Really bad! What’s new? (Pretty) much the same! Nothing. Everything is OK (all right). What’s up! What’s up! How’s your wife (John, …)? She’s (he’s) OK (all right, fine), Expressing joy, amazement thanks! Glad (happy) to see you. So am I. Me too. Haven’t seen you for ages! What a lovely surprise! Look who’s here! Is that really you? Saying good-bye Very formal, polite Good bye! I’m afraid it’s time I said good bye. Good bye. May I thank you and say good bye? All the best (good luck)! My (best) regards to …! Have a nice day (journey)! Familiar, informal Bye! See you (tomorrow, on Monday …)! Come and see us soon. Till tomorrow! Keep in touch! Cheerio! Take care. Keep well! Same to you. Good luck!

2. Read the dialogues. Make your own dialogues and act out.

- Good morning, Mr. Bringdown! - Good morning, Liza! - Glad to see you. How is Mrs. Bringdown? - Not very good, indeed. The other day she managed to…. - Oh, my god! It’s 10 already. I’m awfully sorry, Mr. Bringdown, but I need to go. I am being late for a very important meeting. My best regards to Mrs. Bringdown and Johnnie. Good-bye! - Good-bye, Liza! But I did not tell you what happened to Mrs. Bringdown…  Hey there!

 Oh, hi Rob! What a surprise! What are doing here?  A little bit of shopping. Sue wants a new curtain for the kitchen.  I see. How’re doing?  Fine, thanks! And you?  Me too. OK, meeting in Golden Arrow on Friday?  Sure, as usual at 8.  See you then! - Hello Mr. Graff! - Oh, look who’s there. Hi Jennie! Haven’t seen you for ages. How are you? - I’m fine, thanks. - What’s new? How’s your Mom? - She’s OK. She’s going to come and see you next Saturday. - Really? Wonderful! Regards to her and tell her we’ll be waiting. OK, Jennie, I must go. Good-bye! - Bye Mr. Graff. Keep well and good luck!  I’m dashing, Mom. The classes start in 15 minutes.  Did you take your breakfast with you?  Yes.  Didn’t you leave your trainers?  Of course not!  Be careful when crossing the street. Bye!  I will, Mom, bye!

LISTENING

1. Read the text about international migration.

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

International migration is a global phenomenon. It is both a cause and effect of broader processes and a feature of our globalizing world. They distinguish between push and pull factors in the process of migration. Push factors are those which force people to leave the country of birth and include: lack of jobs, political fear, wars, primitive living conditions, natural disasters, etc. Pull factors are those which attract migrants to stay in this or that country and include: better living standards, opportunity of education, security, family links, chance of getting a job and asylum, etc. Migration is one of the most distinctive and visible characteristics of human population which leads to significant reshaping of population distribution and character. International migrants can be organized into several groups: temporary labour migrants, family members, refugees, asylum seekers, illegal or undocumented migrants, etc. Migrants have a significant effect on the economies and societies of the

70 chosen host country and the country of birth. Often there is no successful integration strategy, so different ethnic groups live in the separate neighbourhood. Nowadays migration is often seen as a threat because of various fears: economic weakening of the nation, loss of jobs because of migrants, terrorism, rise of crimes and loss of nation’s identity. As a result of these fears the migration policies in Western industrial countries have become increasingly restrictive.

2. Based on the text, name:

— two groups of factors in the process of migration; — five push factors; — six pull factors; — five groups of migrants — five fears related to migrants.

3. Listen to a brief analysis of the US immigration issues and answer the following questions:

1) What are the sticking points for the immigration reform? 2) What is the aim of the immigration policy? 3) What happens with those who enter the country illegally? 4) What complications do those who have no legal status create? 5) Who is unauthorized migration mostly made up of in the US? 6) What threat can high-skilled immigrants present? 7) Can the president alone solve the immigration problems? 8) How can the president affect the immigration policy?

WRITING

1. Complete the paragraphs in your own words to summarize the text. a. American society has often been described as a “melting pot” because______b. In fact, the US history is one of immigration because______c. Over years the “melting pot” theory has demonstrated its failure because______

d. The opponents of compromising the two theories suggest that______

REVISION TEST

Task 1 Choose the correct answer. If it ______, we’ll have a barbecue in the garden tomorrow. a. doesn't rain b. isn’t raining c. won’t rain d. didn’t Task 2 Choose the correct answer. You wouldn’t have to hurry if you ______a bit earlier. a. had got up b. get up c. will get up d. got up Task 3 Choose the correct answer. If I were you, I ______to her. a. had talked b. would talk c. will talk d. talked Task 4 Choose the correct answer. If the driver hadn’t seen the dog in time, he ______have hit it. a. would b. shall c. will d. should Task 5 Choose the correct answer. If I had taken my racket with me, I ______have played tennis with you. a. will b. shall c. – d. would Task 6 Choose the correct answer. If the Johnsons ______me to their Christmas party, I would be happier. a. invited b. would invite с. will invite d. had invited Task 7 Choose the correct answer. If Paul ______more exercise, he would be healthier. a. do b. did c. will do d. does Task 8 Choose the correct answer. If you ______late, we won’t wait for you. a. are b. will be c. were d. have been Task 9 Choose the correct answer. If you _____ any help, just let me know. a. needed b. will need c. need d. would need

Task 10 Choose the correct answer. You ______the vase, if you ______more careful. a. won’t break/were b. wouldn’t break/had been c. wouldn’t have broken/were d. wouldn’t have broken/had been Task 11 Choose the correct answer. Such large nations as the USA and Russia are religiously and ethnically ______societies. a. homogeneous b. heterogeneous c. various d. exclusive Task 12 Choose the correct answer. To ______the capital the CEO made a decision to revise the investment policy. a. admit b. abolish c. attract d. attempt Task 13 Choose the correct answer. The ______of political correctness avoid rude expressions in their speeches. a. propagation b. opportunity c. opponents d. proponents Task 14 Choose the correct answer. The UNO has identified 10 myths that ______from dealing with AIDS patients. a. hinder b. blend c. spoil d. remain Task 15 Choose the correct answer. The speaker asked to give the Committee sufficient time to ______the work. a. challenge b. accomplish c. exclude d. admit Task 16 Choose the correct answer. The Assembly considered the question of ______exploitation of natural resources. a. distinct b. melting c. marginal d. illegal Task 17 Choose the correct answer. She had a generous nature, and the world had not had time to ______it. a. remain b. suggest c. abolish d. spoil Task 18 Choose the correct answer. With the arrival of a new administration in early 2009, the USA could ______transatlantic cooperation. a. improve b. approve c. prove d. disprove

Task 19 Choose the correct answer. There is a need to ______outer space for peaceful purposes only. a. propagate b. preserve c. prevent d. proceed Task 20 Choose the correct answer. The Special Representative appeals the Government to ______discrimination on the sex or religion basis. a. accomplish b. admit c. abolish d. abort

SCRIPTS UNIT 1 THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD

Oxford has long been known as the city of dreaming spires and there’s plenty here to intrigue the imagination. The University of Oxford is the oldest English speaking university in the world. Within these hallowed halls every building and every monument has a story. The University of Oxford is actually a collection of 38 individual colleges with the Bodleian library at its heart. And while the Bodleian is a working library for students and academics it can be visited on a guided tour. The Ashmolean museum is another of my favourites. It began as a gallery of portraits and curiosities with the catalog being written by a janitor. It soon became the model of the modern museum. “It was the first purpose-built museum anywhere in the world and now it is the oldest museum in the world.” “And it’s free, I hear.” “It’s free now. It was not when the Ashmolean opened in 1683.” “And how much did it cost then?” ”Hard to say, but there was no entry charge, there was an exit charge instead.” “So, the longer you stayed inside, the more you paid on exit?” “That’s right.” “Very clever!” The eagle and Child pub established in 1650 provides a look into creative space of some of the greatest authors. For a breath of fresh air explore the Botanic garden founded almost 400 years ago. It’s home to more than 5000 plant species or get out and experience the city’s quaint waterways. I highly recommend an afternoon quietly pantomime. “Oxford is the city of many delights. We can’t wait to share them with you.”

UNIT 2 GAZPROM

Earth. Every day humans require millions of kilowatts of electricity and heat energy. Today natural gas is the most economically viable and environmentally friendly energy source available. Gazprom is the largest natural gas recovery and delivery company. Gazprom owns the world’s largest explored gas reserves: 36 trillion cubic meters that amounts to 17 per cent of the world’s total reserves. Every year Gazprom is capable of recovering over half a trillion cubic meters of gas. The company is developing fields from the Barents Sea in the West to the Sea of Okhotsk in the East. Very soon almost a third of all recovered gas will come from a newly developed field on the Yamal Peninsula. It’s named Ekaterina and is a super modern domestic drilling rig. A powerful spinning wrench connects the drill pipes one after another meter after meter as they dig deep into the Bovanenkovskoye field, the peninsula’s largest gas deposit. The gas recovered at this field beyond the Polar Circle travels many thousands of kilometers to reach a power plant or become the blue flame in your kitchen stove.

The Russian unified pipeline system stretches over 170 thousand kilometers and everyday Gazprom is extending this grid. To shorten the grid pipes are laid not just on land but also on the seafloor. For instance North Stream is the shortest route from Russian gas to Western Europe. For over 30 years Gazprom has been a reliable gas supplier to the countries of Europe. Currently it delivers gas to nearly every European country. Our entry into more large-scale markets is ahead. The power of the Siberian gas pipeline will connect the Kovyktinskoye field in Irkutsk Region with Chayandinskoye field in Yakutia. The pipeline will stretch further more than 2000 kilometers across the wild taiga to the Amur Region and the Chinese border. China is one of the most promising markets for the company’s pipeline delivered gas. It is truly the Silk Road of the 21st century. But there are drastically different ways of transporting gas. All natural gas is cooled down to minus 170 degrees. It turns into a liquid while its volume is reduced by a factor of 600. This property of gas which is liquefied at Russia’s first plant on Sakhalin Island has enabled the company to reach new customers. Liquid gas does not need pipes. Gazprom LNG tankers can deliver the product to any destination. But even so the company supplies its largest gas volumes to the domestic market and covers two-thirds of all demand. Gazprom delivers natural gas to hundreds of power plants and industrial companies, thousands of using stations and millions of Russian apartments and cottages that brings light and heat to the citizens of Russia.

UNIT 3 THE HOUSE OF LORDS

Welcome to the House of Lords Chamber in the Houses of Parliament. The House of Lords is made up largely of Life Peers, with experience in wide- ranging fields, including medicine, education, science, the armed services, academia, the arts, business, industry, the charity sector and public life. They meet to discuss legislation or issues that concern them and to question the Government. The House of Lords Chamber is one of the most impressive rooms in the Houses of Parliament. Unlike the Commons Chamber, which was rebuilt after the Second World war, the Lords Chamber remains exactly as Augustus Welby Pugin and Charles Barry had designed it. The House of Lords Chamber is a working space and is integral to Parliament’s work. As a forum of independent expertise, members of the Lords play an essential role in making laws, scrutinizing, revising and initiating legislation. As well as holding the Government to account, the House of Lords has a great diversity of membership. The Lord Speaker sits here on the Woolsack. The Lord Speaker’s role is to offer advice on procedure and to act as an ambassador for the House. The House of Lords is a self-regulating House. The Lord Speaker presides over debates, but does not decide who speaks. The Woolsack is thought to have been

76 introduced in the 14th century, to reflect the economic importance of the wool trade to England. Over the years, its stuffing changed to horsehair, but in 1938, it was re-stuffed with wool from England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and countries of the Commonwealth, given by the International Wool Secretariat. There are over 700 members of the House of Lords. The House of Lords Chamber is mostly organized on a party basis. The Government sits here and the Opposition Front Bench – over here. Crossbenches, who are not affiliated to a political party, sit here at right angles to both the Government and Opposition benches. They take an independent, non-party political stance when speaking in debates and voting. As there are many independent members of the House of Lords, it is sometimes difficult to tell how the House of Lords will vote on a given issue. There’s also a bench for the 26 most senior bishops and archbishops of the Church of England. Their bench is distinctive, because it’s the only one with armrests. At the beginning of each Parliamentary session, the Queen attends the State Opening of Parliament, where from this throne she reads a speech, prepared by the Government, which outlines their plans for the forthcoming Parliamentary year. State Opening usually takes place once a year and is not a usual sitting for the House of Lords. Many fittings and furnishings in the Chamber were designed by Pugin, including the solid brass gates at the entrance of the Chamber, each weighing some three-quarter of a ton. The House of Lords also has a Public Gallery. Members of the public are welcome to come to watch proceedings, debates on key issues of the day or legislation, at any time when the House is sitting.

UNIT 4 THE COCA-COLA COMPANY

Coca-Cola was invented right here in the city of Atlanta over a hundred years ago. Back in 1886 a pharmacist named John Pemberton was experimenting with a new recipe. He took some secret ingredients and boiled them into syrup. He thought it was pretty tasty. So he took some to Jacob’s Pharmacy where he mixed the syrup with carbonated water and placed it on sale for five cents a glass; and the rest is history. Thus was invented one of the greatest refreshments of all time. In 1888 he sold the secret formulas to a businessman named Asa Candler who later formed a corporation to produce and distribute Coca-Cola. Mr. Candler was a marketing genius and he came up with countless creative ways to promote the product. He even delivered the syrup in barrels that were painted red to give them a distinctive appearance. As more and more people discovered this delicious new refreshment Coca-Cola began to pop up all over America. For years Coca-Cola was served only in soda fountains. Then one day a couple of clever guys named Thomas and Whitehead had an idea. Coca-Cola

77 was so successful as a fountain drink, what if someone put it in bottles. “Bottles?” ”Yes, Sir, bottles. Folks could take them home”. Well, Mr. Candler thought that was a perfectly stupid idea, so stupid in fact, that he told the two men they could bottle all the Coca-Cola they wanted; and he sold them the right to do that for just one dollar. Of course, one thing Mr. Candler didn’t sell was his secret recipe. He agreed to sell them Coca-Cola syrup, they would add carbonated water; and Coca-Cola bottling had begun. It turned out that people loved Coca-Cola in bottles. Now they could enjoy it any time they wanted. In 1916 they introduced the Coca-Cola contour bottle. Now people could be sure they were getting real thing. In 1919 Candler sold the company to a group of investors; and a man named Robert Woodruff soon became the new company president. Mr. Woodruff goal was to make ice-cold Coca-Cola available to anyone anytime anyplace. Under his leadership bottling plants began to pop up all over the world; and Coca-Cola became the first truly global brand. Over a hundred years later the formula is still a closely guarded secret for the popularity of Coca-Cola is no secret. It’s the most recognized trademark in the world; and Coca-Cola is enjoyed on more than 200 countries, produced and sold by local bottlers just like the one in your hometown wherever you are and wherever you are thirsty the Coca-Cola Company and Coca-Cola bottlers meet the need for refreshment in many different ways. But the shining star is and will always be Coca-Cola – the original soft drink, unique, delicious, authentic and fun. There’s only one Coca-Cola – the most refreshing drink in the universe.

UNIT 5 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The EU as we now know it today came about through a number of treaties or agreements between European countries. After the horror of World War II, people wanted to find ways to ensure future peace and cooperation between the different countries in Europe. So in the late forties the idea of a European community was discussed. Then in 1951the first union was formed between six countries: Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy, France and West Germany. They agreed to work together on production of coal and steel, materials that were essential for rebuilding military forces. They felt that by working together it would help avoid any more wars between the countries. By 1957 these countries felt the union was going so well, they decided to take things further. They set up the European Economic Community or EEC. This aimed to make it easier to buy and sell a wide range of goods, not just coal and steel throughout the six countries that were members. It also tried to make it easier for people to travel, live and work within these countries. Soon other countries wanted to join the EEC and the membership started to grow. Some people in Europe were against their countries’ joining and

78 protested to keep their independence. Then, as now, any country that wanted to join had to apply; and the existing members decided whether to let them join or not. The UK applied and after being turned down twice finally joined in 1973. As the EEC grew in size they worked on ways to make it better. In 1986 our Prime Minister at that time Margaret Thatcher signed the single European Act which further reduced barriers to trade between the different countries. However not everyone was in agreement with the UK’s close relationship with the European Community. In 1993 the Maastricht Treaty officially renamed the EEC as the European Union and introduced more cooperation between governments in areas like defense and justice. They also set out plans to bring the economies of the member countries closer together. In 2002 the Euro was born. Currencies like French Franks, Dutch Guilders and Italian Lira all became history, and the Euro became the currency of 12 EU countries with only the UK, Denmark and Sweden choosing to keep to their own currency. Countries continued to join the European Union, and in 2004 we saw the biggest ever single enlargement of the EU when 10 countries joined. While membership continues to grow there is a debate in many countries about the advantages and disadvantages of working together in this way with nearly 30 countries now members and more wanting to join. The challenge of the future will be to make sure that as the EU gets bigger it still works for the good of the people who live and work in it.

UNIT 6 THE US IMMIGRATION POLICY

Every year nearly a million of people immigrate to the United States. Over 41 million legal and undocumented immigrants live in the country today – that’s 13 % of the population. How the US deals with the flow of immigrants directly affects the country’s security and economy. So why is immigration reform so controversial? Here’s a rundown of the sticking points. Border security. Immigration policy aims at to enable the flow of visitors and migrants while stopping terrorism, contraband and unauthorized people. The US spends nearly $ 18 billion a year on immigration enforcement. But there are still security gaps resulting in illegal entries, primarily through the US –Mexico border. The debate centers around: Which enforcement methods are most effective? Undocumented immigrants. Those who enter the country illegally or overstay past the legal limit, often settle and develop deep roots. Some were brought to the country as children; many have US-born children. But these 11.5 million people, who have no legal status, create economic and social complications, such as gaps in tax collection and the amount of public services. The big question here: Should there be a path to legal status or citizenship for undocumented immigrants?

Refugees. Trends indicate that unauthorized migration is made up more of refugees fleeing violence in Central America, and much less of job- seekers from Mexico. The rise in asylum seekers has strained an already overwhelmed US immigration system. And the debate continues over how to handle the flow of refugees? And how to address the needs of additional refugees from the Middle East? Legal Immigration. American employers can hire a limited number of foreign workers with advanced education or work experience. These high- skilled immigrants make sufficient contribution to the economy. However there is disagreement over whether these immigrants are replacing American workers at lower wages. Should more high-skilled people be allowed to immigrate? – That’s the question. Comprehensive immigration reform that addresses all these questions has eluded Washington for years. Presidential candidates will debate their plans but only Congress can rewrite the nation’s immigration laws. So what can the president do? Use executive powers to veto bills and set policy on how strictly the law is enforced. Whether working with Congress, or acting independently, the next president has the power to significantly shape immigration policy.

KEYS

UNIT 1 READING: 5. 1-e, 2-h, 3-k, 4-n, 5-l, 6-j, 7-d, 8-b, 9-m, 10-f, 11-c, 12-a, 13-I, 14-g 7. 1-F, 2-F, 3-T, 4-T, 5-F, 6-T, 7-F, 8-F, 9-T, 10-F 9. 0-uniform, 1-students, 2-disadvantages, 3-identity, 4-misbehave, 5-matching, 6-Finally, 7-affordable, 8-comfortable, 9-personal, 10-untidy

VOCABULARY: 1. 1-f, 2-d, 3-g, 4-b, 5-I, 6-h, 7-c, 8-a, 9-e 4. aim, library, student, industry, credit, branch, demand, mark, festival

REVISION TEST: 1-b, 2-a, 3-c, 4-a, 5-c, 6-a, 7-b, 8-a, 9-d, 10-a, 11-a, 12-a, 13-b, 4-a, 15-b, 16-b, 17-d, 18-b, 19-c, 20-c

UNIT 2 READING: 6. 1-F; 2-T; 3-F; 4-T; 5-F; 6-T; 7-F; 8-T; 9-T.

VOCABULARY: 1. 1-d, 2-f, 3-e, 4-a, 5-g, 6-b, 7-c 2. pipeline, fuel, district, brick, power, profit, area, port 3. 1-e, 2-d, 3-f, 4-g, 5-a, 6-c, 7-b REVISION TEST: 1-b, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a, 5-a, 6-d, 7-d, 8-c, 9-c, 10-d, 11-b, 12-a, 13-c, 14-b, 15-c, 16-d, 17-c, 18-a, 19-d, 20-b

UNIT 3 READING: 6. 1-F; 2-F; 3-F; 4-T; 5-T; 6-F; 7-T; 8-F; 9-T

VOCABULARY: 1. 1-c, 2-f, 3-e, 4-g, 5-h, 6-a, 7-d, 8-b 2. 1-e, 2-d, 3-f, 4-g, 5-a, 6-c, 7-b

REVISION TEST: 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c, 5-a, 6-c, 7-d, 8-a, 9-b, 10-c, 11-a, 12-c, 13-d, 14-d, 15-a, 16-b, 17-b, 18-c, 19-d, 20-d

UNIT 4 READING: 10. 0-invension, 1-original, 2-mixture, 3-composition, 4-assistant, 5-added, 6-successful, 7-partnership, 8-handwriting, 9-introduction, 10-approval

VOCABULARY: 1. 1-term, 2-mens, 3-single, 4-environment, 5-threat, 6-national, 7-local 2. 1-e, 2-g, 3-h, 4-a, 5-1, 6-b, 7-d, 8-f, 9-c

REVISION TEST: 1-c, 2-b, 3-c, 4-c, 5-a, 6-a, 7-b, 8-b, 9-a, 10-b, 11-b, 12-c, 13-b, 14-d, 15-a, 16-c, 17-b, 18-d, 19-c, 20-a

UNIT 5 READING: 5. 1-e, 2-f, 3-c, 4-h, 5-j, 6-c, 7-a, 8-d, 9-g, 10-b 7. 1-F, 2-F, 3-F, 4 –F, 5-T, 6-T, 7-F, 8-F, 9-T, 10-F 9. 1-implemented, 2-economy, 3-financial, 4-European, 5-problems, 6- relatively, 7-tool

VOCABULARY: 1.1-c, 2-h, 3-d, 4-a, 5-f, 6-I, 7-j, 8-g, 9-b, 10-e

LISTENING: 1.1-T, 2-F, 3-F, 4-F, 5-T 2. 1-c, 2-a, 3-e, 4-b, 5-d REVISION TEST: 1-b, 2-a, 3-b, 4-b, 5-b, 6-b, 7-b, 8-b, 9-c, 10-b, 11-a, 12-c, 13-d, 14-c, 15-c, 16-c, 17-c, 18-b, 19-b, 20-a

UNIT 6 READING: 9. 1-a, 2-c, 3-a, 4-c 10. 1-impression, 2-immigrants, 3-state, 4-population, 5-friendly, 6-jogging, 7- meeting, 8-country, 9-missed, 10-relatives, 11-language, 12-communicate, 13-mates, 14-depressed, 15-successful, 16-decisions, 17-business

VOCABULARY: 1. 1-society, 2-unity, 3-nation, 4-dream, 5-marginal, 6-freedom, 7-race, 8- culture, 9-immigrant, 10-policy, 11-identity 2. 1-g, 2-c, 3-i, 4-d, 5-h, 6-j, 7-a, 8-b, 9-e, 10-f

REVISION TEST: 1-a, 2-d, 3-b, 4-a, 5-d, 6-a, 7-b, 8-a, 9-c, 10-d, 11-b, 12-c, 13-d, 14-a, 15-b, 16-d, 17-d, 18-a, 19-b, 20-c

REFERENCES:

1. Kenny, N. First Certificate Passkey: Student’s Book / Nick Kenny. – London: Macmillan Publishers Limited, 1996. – 234 p. 2. Формановская Н. И., Шевцова С.В. Речевой этикет. Русско- английские соответствия: Справочник. – М.: Высш. шк., 1990. – 80c. 3. Английский язык: методические указания по разговорным темам для студентов I курсов всех направлений подготовки дневной и заочной формы обучения часть I (переработанная) / сост. Б.О. Гриднева, М.В. Заичко, Т.А. Колчанова, А.А. Мелихова, О.Н. Родина, Т.Н. Терлецкая, М.К. Хмелева; Тюменский государственный нефтегазовый университет.– 2-е изд., испр.– Тюмень: Издательский центр БИК ТюмГНГУ 2012.– 32 с. 4. Miller, Judy L. North Star: Focus on reading and writing, advanced / Judy L. Miller, Robert F. Cohen – NY: Longman, 1998. – 274 p. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford 5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9EUqIoBJXA 6. http://www.tyuiu.ru/university/history/ 7. https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/education 8. https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/globalization.html 9. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pdrr3ZxZUOc 10. http://engmaster.ru/topic/4777 11. http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-globalization.htm 12. https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/education 13. http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/120999/Melting_pot 14. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pot 15. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4931534.stm 16. http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/ 17. http://studopedia.ru/3_53498_Types-of-migrations.html 18. http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/6745695/International_migration 19. http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/theme/international- migration/ 20. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7LwXi0nO9c

CONTENTS

Введение 3 UNIT 1 A GROUP OF BUILDINGS AROUND A LIBRARY 4 UNIT 2 RUSSIA’S TREASURE HOUSE 16 UNIT 3 BASIS OF A STATE 26 UNIT 4 “IT’S A SMALL WORLD” 37 UNIT 5 “SUCCESSFUL INVENTION FOR ADVANCING 50 PEACE” UNIT 6 “MORE AMERICAN THAN BORN IN AMERICA” 61 Listening scripts 75 Keys 81 References 83

Учебное издание

Составители Н. В. Зыкова И. А. Карнаухов А. В. Панова

Английский язык Aspects of Country Studies: Global Trends

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