Nation State: Journal of International P ISSN 2620-391X

Studies Vol. 1 No. 1 | Juni 2018 E ISSN 2621-735X

The Dynamics of Ethnic Conflict in Southern Province Andi Firmansah

International Relations Department, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia Email: [email protected] Submitted: 14 November 2019 |Accepted: 22 Desember 2019 Abstract This paper explains how the ethnic conflict process that occurred in the Southern Province of Thailand to the process of resolving conflicts between the Government of Thailand and local residents in the Southern Province of Thailand. The conflict is based on the history of the region between the Thai Government and the Malay Muslim population. Then, it caused conflicting attitudes and behaviors in responding to this conflict from each of the warring parties. This paper uses the concept of the conflict triangle from Johan Galtung where this conflict comes from perceptions based on historical differences, then followed by differences in conflicting behavior from each party and differences in interests. Then, using the concept of the source of conflict from Bernard Meyer, the source of the conflict that comes from historical differences so that it affects how to communicate, emotional reactions, values and structures owned. Then, using the concept of the stage of conflict resolution from Johan Galtung, this conflict is at the peacekeeping level where is the mediator between the two warring parties. In resolving conflicts, both parties need to change attitudes and behavior in transforming different interests. Keywords: Ethnic, Conflict, Resolution, Southern, Thailand. Abstrak Tulisan ini menjelaskan bagaimana proses konflik etnis yang terjadi di Provinsi bagian Selatan Thailand hingga proses penyelesaian konflik antara Pemerintah Thailand dan penduduk setempat di Provinsi bagian Selatan Thailand. Konflik yang terjadi berdasarkan sejarah wilayah Thailand Selatan antara Pemerintah Thailand dan penduduk Muslim Melayu. Kemudian, menyebabkan sikap dan perilaku yang bertentangan dalam merespon konflik ini dari masing-masing pihak yang bertikai. Tulisan ini menggunakan konsep segitiga konflik dari Johan Galtung dimana konflik ini berasal dari persepsi yang didasarkan pada perbedaan sejarah, kemudian dilanjutkan oleh perbedaan perilaku yang bertentangan dari masing-masing pihak dan perbedaan kepentingan. Kemudian, dengan menggunakan konsep sumber konflik dari Bernard Meyer, sumber konflik yang terjadi berasal dari perbedaan sejarah sehingga mempengaruhi cara berkomunikasi, reaksi emosional, nilai dan struktur yang dimiliki. Kemudian, dengan menggunakan konsep tingkatan penyelesaian konflik dari Johan Galtung, konflik ini berada pada tingkatan peacekeeping dimana Malaysia menjadi mediator diantara kedua pihak yang bertikai. Dalam menyelesaikan konflik, kedua pihak perlu untuk mengubah sikap dan perilaku dalam mentransformasikan kepentingan yang berbeda. Kata kunci: Konflik, Etnis, Resolution, Southern, Thailand.

PENDAHULUAN The existence of a state cannot be It is coming from their parents who seperated from the interaction of its also belongs to some tribes or ethnics. citizen. Usually, the people within state In some moments, the people will also will belong to some tribes or ethnics. have their own religion or belief as the

210 Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 2 No. 2 | Desember 2019 E ISSN 2621-735X ______citizens. Later, the people will interact they might be treated different from with other people coming from their other majority groups. It may come same or different ethnic and beliefs. with the reason of different of culture, Their interaction will result to their attitude, language and religion; descendants who then they become government policies form, laws and the next citizen live in a state. The total economic system; and the opposite of people who belong to some ethnics group. Those differences raising compared by the whole total of people among the ethnics (between majority in a state may determine that particular and minority) may lead to the conflict. ethnics considered as the majority or It can be the conflict between the minority. For instance, in Indonesia, government and the people or among according to Badan Pusat Statistik the people. (BPS), from hundreds ethnic that exist, According to Surwadono, Javanese put as the majority with the conflict phenomenon exists among percentage 40,05 % from whole total the people that mostly happened in of Indonesia people and also as republic states rather than state with the majority religion in Indonesia with monarchy system. He argued that it the percentage 87, 18 % (Badan Pusat caused by the greater democracy index Statistik, 2015). rate in republic states compared to the As the citizen of a state, the state with monarchy system. people will do their responsibilities and Moreover, in conflict among the also they will get their rights from the people, it is mostly caused with the state represented by the government. dimension of ethnic, religion, race and For example, the citizens have to pay inter-group (SARA/Suku, Agama, Ras tax to the state as one of their dan Antar golongan). responsibilities and the government The writer will discuss the will provide some infrastrcuture as the conflict happened in Southeast Asian fasilities for the right of citizens. countries. In Philippines and Thailand, Beside that, each citizen will also be the position of majority and minority protected by the state like having group contribute to the ongoing of religion. conflict. The case of Mindanou and As what existing in world were considered as the conflict situation nowadays, some ethnic between the regimes dominated by the groups in some countries are majority and group and faced the categorized as the minority and they minority group. Moroever, the have to face difficult condition to be majority group will usualy claimed the minority. As the minority groups, their group as the national identity in

211 Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 2 No. 2 | Desember 2019 E ISSN 2621-735X ______their state. Meanwhile in some of century, ASEAN started to open Indo-China countries, conflicts that themselves and considered that happened represent as the communism did not became the threat disagreement of authoritarian and anymore in the region. The conlflit of repressive state policy towards the political ideology was also happened in citizen. They will only run the program Indonesia in 1960s when unnder from the government because there is Soekarno’s administration. He no other possible alternative reason strongly rejected the role of allies they could choose.(Surwandono & countries such as United Kingdom and Ahmadi, 2011). make it considered as ideology conflict In other countries located in between nationalism versus Southeast Asia, the conflict that based colonialism-imperalism took the place. on religious ideology and political Soekarno argued that the Malaysia and ideology mostly happened. The Singapore were supported by the location of Southeast Asia as the inter- United Kingdom and make those two continent bridge causes the spread and countries become their tool to exchange of religious and political strengthen their power in the area of ideology becomes so rapid. As what Southeast Asia. happened in Indonesia, the debate This paper will focusly discussed between two biggest muslim the conflict taken place in Southern organizations, Nadhlatul Ulama (NU) Thailand. In beginning of 2019, Al and Muhammadiyah had escalated Jazeera reported the assault happened until its climax point in 1970s. In in Wat Rattananupab Temple in Su Malaysia, the rising of al-Arqom Ngai Padi district of Narathiwat organization under the leadership of province.(Quinley, 2019) The assault Ustadz Azhari Muhammad had made resulted the killing of two monks and this organization considered as two others that wounded. Responding prohibited and perverted organization to the attack, the Thailand authorities spreading in Malaysia. suggested all monks in southern For political ideology example, it province to stay inside the temples. had ever been happened among The Prime Minister of Thailand, ASEAN member countries with the General Prayuth Chan-o-cha also spread of communism ideology in condemned that assault and instructed 1960s-1990s as the impact of the Cold their officials to inverstigate the party War led by United States with that played behind this case. liberalism and Soviet Union with Previously, there was also attack in Communism. Later in the end of 20th Thailand’s deep south as it was

212 Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 2 No. 2 | Desember 2019 E ISSN 2621-735X ______happened earlier when two different Malaysian government as the attack happened on the same day. facilitator between the Thailand Those attacks targeted a school and a government and the Separatist hospital which then resulted a 12-year- Groups. The first negotiations was old student and a soldier at the school held first since 2013 between Thailand wounded. The attacks also happened government under the leadership of with a car bomb located in Thepa Yingluck Shinawatra and the Barisan district, Songkhla province that Revolusi Nasional (BRN). Then, the wounded a police medic. negotiations were continued to be From this assault, the party that facilitated by Zamzamin Hashim claimed as the suspected was the under the government of Prime separatist and fundamentalist group in Minister Najib Razak at that time Southern Province especially the between the Thai junta and Mara Barisan Revolusi Nasional (BRN). As Patani (Majlis Syura Patani) which hundres of violence assault happened became an unmbrella body previously, it made the assault are not representing separatist groups in unusual to be happened in Thailand’s Southern Thailand.(Mustafa, Yusa, & deep south. According to Zach Abuza, Ahmad, 2018). a professor at National War College in Recently, The Prime Minister of Washington DC who also expert on Malaysia, Tun Mahathir Mohammad, the conflict, he argued that the assault has apointed an Ex-Malaysian police was happened as the consequence of chief, Abdul Rahim Noor to be the Barisan Revolusi Nasional’s frustation facilitator aiming to end the conflict in towards the Thailand’s government Southern Thailand. Within his because the government had rejected trackrecords, Rahim was remembered to make compromises with them. In as the negotiator in the conflict of 2013, when the government elected former Communist Party of Malaya democratically, it seemed to move to with the Malaysian government until better step like the concession of both parties had signed a peace deal in general amnesties and languange 1989. (Mustafa, Yusa, & Ahmad, reforms for the Muslim-Melayu in 2018). Southern Province which claimed As the facilitator to the represented by Barisan Revolusi conflicting issue, the negotiations will Nasional. be held if there has been a request Towards this Deep South from one side between the conflicting Conflict, the negotiation process has parties. If there still no any inquiry been taking that will be helped by from one side, the facilitator will be

213 Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 2 No. 2 | Desember 2019 E ISSN 2621-735X ______silent and will wait if there is any second part will describe the theoritical development to the issue. In February framework that used in this paper: 2019, the head of dialogue, Shukri Theory of conflict and concept of Hari, said that their decision to conflict resolution. The last part, it will suspend the talks will be last until the explain the factors that caused the result of Thailand’s general election conflict rise and the negotiation held in March 2019. During the series process that might be taken. of negotiation process, Abdul Rahim Noor arranged the introductory THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK meeting for both parties on 3th OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION February, 2019 in Kuala Lumpur. To this introductory meeting, there was According to Oliver disappointment from Mara Patani side Ramsbotham et al, Conflict is defined with the information that the Head of as “universal feature of human society. the Thailand peace dialogue, Gen It takes its orginis in economic Udomchai, would not attend the differentiation, social change, cultural meeting.(The Star Online, 2019) Gen information, psycological Udomchai commented that he had no development and political appointment to meet the mara Patani organization – all of which are delegation in Kuala Lumpur. Even, he inherently conflictual – and becomes had sent Maj Gen Kriangkrai Srirak, overt through the formation of the committee secretary, to be present conflict parties, which come to have or in the informal meeting with Mara are perceived to have incompatible Patani delegation. (Nanuam, 2019) goals. Coming from this, Mara Patani urged Furthermore, about the conflict, the Thailand government to replace Johan Galtung argued that conflict can Gen Udomchai so from both side can be depicted through the ABC Triangle find solution in resolving the long- with (A) Attitude, (B) Behaviour and running that happened in Southern (C) Contradiction. Attitude includes Thailand. assumption, cognition and emotion. It There might be some factors also includes the perception between causing the rising conflict that one party to another parties, in positive happened in Southern Thailand. This or negative perception. With the paper will be divided into three parts. perception, in conflict, each party has First, it will highlight the historical their own label towards other parties. timeline related with the existence of The attitude is usually influenced by Southern Province in Thailand. The the fear, dissapointment and hate.

214 Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 2 No. 2 | Desember 2019 E ISSN 2621-735X ______Then, behaviour includes the body communication. He argued that there language that shows the willingness of will be hard for individuals to reconciliation or hostility with the sign communicate regarding the complex of threats, coercion and destructive matters. Second, the emotion. It can attacks. The last, contradiction means contribute to the strength and courage the incompability of goals which felt that allow people participating in the by the conflicting parties. According to conflict. Meanwhile, the emotion also Galtung, conflict can be considered as can contribute to prevent, moderate or the dynamic process which the control the conflict. It becomes structure, behaviour and attitude are important on how people express changing constantly and influencing exact and right emotional response each other. The attitudes can influence during the conflict. Third, the value. It behaviours and contradictions, also is the beliefs own by the society and the behaviours and contradictions can make people will define themselves influence the attitudes. In order to with their core beliefs. The people will resolve the conflict, it has to include defend their value if it is under attack. the decreasing of conflicting During the conflict, the conflicting behaviour, the changing of attitude parties can find the memeting point on and transformating relations or the how they will share their values to conflicting and different interests support the collaborative effort. regarding to the interconnectedness Fourth, the source is structure. It from those three aspects of conflicts might include resources, decision- so the resolving conflict effort can making procedures, time constraint, reach the sustainable solution physical settings and communicaton (Hindiarto, 2015). procedures. Beside that, the structure Another definition of conflict is also relate with the proximity of the coming from Bernard Mayer. He conflicting parties, access to viewed the conflict as a belief or information, distribution of resources, understanding that the needs, organizational structure, legal interests, wants or values of one party parameters and political pressure. are not incompatible with someone’s Fifth, the source of conflict might else. He also viewed the conflict come from the history. It will tell about involves an emotional reaction to a the actors of conflict, systems, issues situation or interaction that shows a and it will provide the information for disagreement of some kind. Regarding the development of conflict. The the source of conflict, he classified into history will affect the previous sources: five sources: First, the imperfection communication style, emotional

215 Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 2 No. 2 | Desember 2019 E ISSN 2621-735X ______reaction, values and also the structure process, it might turn the negative that people have (Anam, 2012). peace (the absence of violence) Furthermore, according to Johan becomes the positive peace, the Galtung through his Conflict situation when people feel the Resolution theory, there are three existence of economic welfare, stages in resolving the conflicts: effective political representation and peacekeeping, peacemaking and social justice. The process of peacebuilding. Peacekeeping can be peacebuilding can be done through defined as the process to stop or creating peace structure and reduce the violence through the institutions according to cooperation, military intervention with their role as justice and equality. So, the process a neutral peacekeeper. In this process, might address the cause of conflict and the situation is depicted with the prevent the conflictn parties to external actors (it might be third party) commit the violence (Fitri, 2019). who do intervention to the conflict in order to reduce the tension between ANALYSIS the conflicting parties. Peacemaking History of Southern Province can be depicted as the process Thailand involving negotiation, arbitration, mediation with the leaders or the elites In the past, the three southern in order to reconcile the political border provinces of Thailand (Pattani attitued and startegies of conflicting Province, and parties. Within this process, ) that have negotiation can be taken but it might Muslim as the majority in the region probablydifficult to achieve regarding were called as the or the differences of opinion between the “Negeri Pattani”. The Pattani conflicting parties but negotiations can Kingdom was believed founded provide alternative possibilities. between the middle of 14th and 15th Another matter that can be done Centuries. Before that, the within this process is mediation. It Islamization process taken in the becomes another option to reach the southern province of Thailand people solution by involving the third parties was intensively happened between the to be the mediators. Peacebuilding can 12th to 15th Centuries. Later then, be defined as the process to implement Islamization process that spreaded by the change, social, political and Syekh Said, who coming from economic reconstruction in order to Kampong Pasai, brought the Pattani create sustainable peace. With the Kingdom became The Sultanate of

216 Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 2 No. 2 | Desember 2019 E ISSN 2621-735X ______Pattani. With the existence of the . Those were Sultanate of Pattani, it marked the area opposed by the Muslim people and of Pattani became the center of religion leader as they were protecting political power, center of trade and thier culture. also the place where the religion and In April 1947, Haji Sulong bin intellectual were spreaded. With those Abdul Kadir, one of the charismatic three elements, it made the Sultanate religious leader, urged the re- of Pattani become one of the establishment of an autonomous cosmopolitan area (Helmiati, 2011). region for the Muslim in southern In 1906, according to the signing border province under seven point of of the Anglo-Siamese Treaty, the treaty demands: First, the one who had to between and Siam, the govern four provinces including Sultane of Pattani turned becoming a Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat, Satun and number of Malay provinces under the some part of Songkhla (Thaepha, control of Siam, so it was no longer Ja’na’, Sabayoi and Nathawi district) become the Malay Kingdom. Under must be the local and native person the treaty, it was agreed that Pattani, coming from the four province and Narathiwat, Songkhla, Satun and Yala elected by the people of the four where located at northern Melayu the provinces so they would replace all Provinces of Thailand while Kedah, local civil servants who mostly Thai- , Perlis and Trengganu were Buddhis. Second, the percentage of all agreed included as the part of Malaysia. civil servants in the four provinces (Helmiati, 2011) After the unification must be 80% Muslim. Third, the urge of those five region, the clash of of Malay as the official language beside culture between Malay-Muslim and the Thai languange. Forth, Malay Thai-Buddhis was happened. language must be taught in the primary In 1939, along the Rattanakosin schools. Fifth, regarding the era (the last era of Siam), Thailand implementation of law, Muslim Laws Prime Minister, Luang Phibun must be implemented under the Songkram, changed the name of Siam Islamic court with the Muslim judge into Thailand that called as today. (qadhi) sat as an assistant so the court Under the administration of Luang would be seperated by the civil court. Phibun Songkram, he attempted to Sixth, all taxes and incomes that prohibit the use of , coming from the four provinces must Malay dressed and Friday Praying be used in the local of those areas. towards the Malay people because it Seventh, the urge of establishment of was contradictory with the Muslim affairs bureau, under the

217 Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 2 No. 2 | Desember 2019 E ISSN 2621-735X ______authority of the governor who on Government Administration in mentioned in the first point, which States of Emergency 2005 and Internal aiming to manage Muslim affairs with Security Act (ISA) 2008. Those law fully power.This petition was rejected were enforced in the conflict zone of by the government of Thailand and southern border province in Thailand. Haji Sulong was arrested in 1948 and Thereafter, the conflict was being imprisoned in 1949 but then he was escalated in 2004. In April 2004, there released in 1952. were 30 Muslim youth shot by the Responding to the rule of military in Krue Se Mosque. This Thailand government, some separatist mosque was monumental as it was one groups were establsihed such as of the oldest mosque in Thailand that Barisan Nasional Pembebasan Patani established in 15th Centuries. In (BNPP, 1959), Barisan Revolusi October 2004, around 175 Takbai Nasional (BRN, 1963) and Pattani Muslim passed away in the trip after United Liberation Organization demonstrating to the government and (PULO, 1968). Those separatist being put in the truck with their hands groups aimed to have full autonomy were tied. After those incident and based their view of unwillingness happened in 2004, almost every month from the government to give the there would be the victim either from freedom in practicing their religion the military or the Buddhists. and delivering their aspiration. This In 2012, under the Ministry of unwillingness meaned the attempt to Justice, the Thai government issued have a gap with thier religion and some particular policies to resolve the disabling the culture of Islam. conflict in southern border province In 1981, to provide better of Thailand. First, giving remedial to communcation between the central the victim of the violence and clash government and the people in between Thai military and separatist southern region, it was established group that happened before such as Southern Border Provinces the clash in Krue Se Mosque. Second, Administrative Center (SBPAC) under resolving the violence situation in the administration of Prem southern border province by Tinsulanonda. It was also aimed to supporting in peaceful way. Third, improve the coordination among supporting and developing the security agencies. Consequently, there education system and improving the were three special security laws issued infrasturcture in southern border by Thailand government: the Martial provinces. Law Act 1914, the Executive Decree

218 Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 2 No. 2 | Desember 2019 E ISSN 2621-735X ______In resolving the conflict, the ABC Triangle from Johan Galtung. reconciliation process has been taking The attitude that came from this from the central government of conflict is the assumption and also Thailand. Some efforts had been emotion involved because of two undertaken such as the establishment groups originally coming from of National Reconciliation Committee different race. It continued by the in mediating the conflicting parties in negative perception with own label southern border province of Thailand from one to the another. Most of the and through the 2013 Kuala Lumpur people in Souther Province Thailand Dialogue Process that was publicly who majority is Moslems and coming endorsed by the Prime Minister of from Melayu viewed that the Thailand, Yingluck Shinawatra, and government did not protect and Prime Minister of Malaysia, Najib provide freedom when they are Razak. Those two leaders were took practicing their religion and delivering part in a public signing ceremony for their aspiration. On the other side, the General Consensus on Peace Dialogue government of Thailand viewed that Process on 28th February 2013 because of the Southern Province (McCargo, 2014). Following the Thailand had become the area of dialogue, the Thailand government government’s sovereignty so it is a establsihed a large negotiation team, must from the government to manage representing by Lt. Gen. Paradorn the people under the authority of the Pattanatabut. From the separatist government. Then, behaviour from group who claim to be from BRN, each party also influence the dynamics they were represented by Ustas Hassan of this conflict. It can be seen from Taib. There would be brought to the what happened there in 2004 when table with Malaysia as the facilitator there were 30 Muslim youth shot by represented by Datuk Mohamed the military in Krue Se Mosque. After Thajudeen bin Abdul Wahab, those incident, it was reported for Secretary of the National Security there also some demostrating to the Council of Malaysia ( Post, government regarding the policy 2013). issued by the government. The government also continues to respond Resolving Conflict in Southern with their policy or even involved in Province Thailand the reconciliation process through the establishment of National In discussing the conflict that Reconciliation Committee. The happened in Souther Province contradiction coming from the Thailand, it can be analysed with the

219 Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 2 No. 2 | Desember 2019 E ISSN 2621-735X ______incompability of goals from both of 2019 in Kuala Lumpur. Recently, there conflicting parties regarding the has been first meeting between the position and relations of Southern Muslim south group and the officials Province’s people with the from the new government of Thailand. government of Thailand. With the Officials of the Barisan Revolusi perspective of Bernard Mayer related Nasional (BRN) demanded the with the source of conflict, it can be government to release all people who considered the major source is coming had been suspected to have links to the from the history of the Southern armed rebellion. They also demanded Province Thailand. Then, it affect the to government in holding transparent other sources regarding the investigation by security forces. The communication exist between the Muslim south group set out demands government of Thailand and people of before step towards formal talks.Then, Southern Province Thailand, the it is commended that the talks was very emotional reaction coming from both early in the process to achieve the parties, values that hold by each parties meeting points from each parties and also the structure exist between (Aljazeera, 2019). those two conflicting parties. Regarding the stage of resolving CONCLUSION conflict according to Johan Galtung, To summarize, the conflict taking this existing conflict has reached the place in Southern Province Thailand stage of peacemaking. It is depicted as had been happening since a long time the process involving negotiation, ago with it’s history regarding to the arbitration, mediation with the leaders ethnics existing in the Southern or the elites in order to reconcile the Province Thailand and how their political attitude and strategies of relations with the government of conflicting parties. Through this stage, Thailand. The dynamics of occuring the conflict is ongoing with the conflict has been depicted on how mediation. The effort can be seen by each parties response each others. The the establishment of National victims is continuously reported from Reconciliation Committe through the each parties as the impact of this 2013 Kuala Lumpur Dialogue Process. happening conflict. It begun with the introductory meeting arrenged by the Malaysia as the The conflict of Southern mediator which represented by Abdul Province Thailand has reached the Rahim Noor. The introductory stage of peacemaking where both meeting was held on 3th February, parties agreed to be involved in the

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