Civil Unrest in Southern Thailand: Roles and Challenges of Malaysia Field: Strategy Name: Radm Syed Zahrul Putra RMN Course: NDC Class 60

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Civil Unrest in Southern Thailand: Roles and Challenges of Malaysia Field: Strategy Name: Radm Syed Zahrul Putra RMN Course: NDC Class 60 Civil Unrest in Southern Thailand: Roles and Challenges of Malaysia By Rear Admiral Syed Zahrul Putra Royal Malaysian Navy Student of the National Defence College The National Defence Course: Class 60 Academic Year 2017 - 2018 i Abstract Title: Civil Unrest in Southern Thailand: Roles and Challenges of Malaysia Field: Strategy Name: Radm Syed Zahrul Putra RMN Course: NDC Class 60 Series of violence in Southern Thailand resurgence in late 2001 and eventually escalated dramatically in 2004. Many scholars regarded this conflict entailed from the manifestation of deep resentment of the people in the southern provinces towards the central government especially with regards to the historical factor, culture, leadership style and economic deprivation. Being an immediate neighbour, Malaysia in an absolute sense, is affected physically in this situations. The Southern Thailand is experiencing a situation where there is neither total nor civil war. But the “tone” of having some kind of conflict and unrest in these provinces is clearly evident. Malaysia has significantly played several roles in assisting to restore peace and stability in Southern Thailand provinces. One of the examples is the establishment of General Border Committee (GBC) between Thailand and Malaysia with the primary objective of GBC is to enhance the security and stability in the border areas. It has helped bridging differences, building contacts and facilitating communication between the two countries. Additionally, leaders from both sides maintain close ties through regular official and non-official visits in various forums. The Malaysian government has viewed the conflict in the Southern Thailand seriously. The geographical proximity between the two countries placed Malaysia within the parameters of what is essentially as Thai internal problem. ii The establishment of various bilateral initiatives focusing in the southern region of Thailand and northern Malaysia indicates that the situation in the southern Thailand is of priority in Malaysia's strategic interests. A vast majority of the actions and initiatives promulgated were precautionary measures indicating that safeguarding Malaysia's national security and preventing the conflict from spreading into the Malaysian territory is the ultimate goal. Both Malaysian and Thailand leaders claimed that their bilateral relations at all time high because of the friendship and trust factors. However, the conflict in the Southern Thailand remained problematic. Tension between the two countries continued to build for many years. Thailand regards the conflict in the south as a purely internal matter. Malaysia fears that the instability there could spill across the border. Although the relationship between Thailand and Malaysia sometime seems to be problematic, however, both respective Armed Forces and Police have shown very professional and harmonic friendship. The Southern Border Provinces Admiration and Development Policy 2017 – 2019 orders that have been promulgated by the Office of Thailand National Security Council need to be implemented and strictly adhered to by all parties involved. Malaysia on the other hand can play a role in assisting the goverment of Thailand to support those policies. Apart from that, all the existing bilateral agreements between Malaysia and Thailand requires further strengthen and adjustment as well as to be implemented according to what it has been agreed upon. iii Preface Prosper-thy-neighbour policies is simply means that if you assist your neighbour to prosper, in an absolute sense, you will prosper along with it. When countries are prosperous, they become more stable and their people need not immigrate to your country. Instead, their prosperity provides you with a market for your goods, with opportunities to invest and to enrich yourself. On contrary, problematic neighbours are source of the problems for everyone surrounding it. A geographical land and maritime border predisposes bordering countries to work together in ensuring that the border areas remain safe and secure for the people on both sides. It goes without saying that what happens on one side, particularly with regard to the security related issues, it will affect the other. Some of the spillover effect has given a negative impacts upon the security of the neighbouring countries particularly due to the geographical, ethnic, linguistic and religious proximities and affinities that people in the border areas on both sides share. The study is expected to contribute to the understanding of the effect of the restive Southern Thailand on Malaysia-Thailand security related issues. The nature of the conflict and the players in the Southern Thailand makes it essential for Malaysia to tread carefully. Malaysia needs to posture in assisting to resolve the issues without appearing to be iv meddling in the internal problems of Thailand as what is known as ASEAN WAY. It is hoped that this study would provide an understanding of the problem as well as state behavior with regards to Malaysian and Thailand security relations and finally promoting options of way ahead in order to maintain peace and stability in the Southern Thailand. …………………………………….. (Rear Admiral Syed Zahrul Putra) Student of the National Defence College Course: NDC Class: 60 Researcher 1 Chapter 1 Introduction Background Series of violence in Southern Thailand resurgence in late 2001 and eventually escalated dramatically in 2004. Being an immediate neighbour, Malaysia in an absolute sense, is affected physically in this situations. The Southern Thailand is experiencing a situation where there is neither total nor civil war. But the “tone” of having some kind of conflict and unrest in these provinces is clearly evident. It is imperative not to view the civil unrest as primarily about radical Islamism or indeed as an essentially religious conflict. Some even claimed that the insurgency is based on historic causes including a 200 year occupation, the 1960s resettlement of the Northeastern Thais into the region, Thai cultural and economic imperialism in Pattani which includes allegations of police brutality, criminal activity, disrespect of Islam, the presence of culturally insensitive businesses such as bars, drug trafficking and corruption. There were further claims that drug trafficking is one source of insurgent money.1 However, these series of unlawful activities that have created unrest or conflict can just be called restive, instead of civil war, conflict or insurgency. In 2002, Thaksin Shinawatra stated, "There's no separatism, no ideological terrorists, just common bandits."2 However in 2004, he reversed his statement and regarded the issue as a local front in the global War on Terrorism. 1 Brain Mc Carton and Shawn W Crispin, “An Atol Investigation, Southern Test for New Thai Leader”,http//www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/JL 2 Aeo2.html (4 December 2017) 2Thai districts impose martial law. BBC News. 3 November 2005 (4 December 2017) 2 Malaysia has significantly played several roles in assisting to restore peace and stability in Southern Thai provinces. One of the examples is the establishment of General Border Committee (GBC) between Thailand and Malaysia with the primary objective of GBC is to enhance the security and stability in the border areas. This is achieved by introduced the cross-border cooperation with the main aimed of finding resolutions of common problems, development and promotion of matters of mutual interest in the border areas. The GBC meets once a year alternately in Malaysia and Thailand to discuss security and related problems in the affected areas. It has helped bridging differences, building contacts and facilitating communication between the two countries. Additionally, leaders from both sides maintain close ties through regular official and non-official visits in various forums. This study examines the civil unrest situation in Southern Thailand and studies the roles and challenges of Malaysia in assisting to restore peace and stability within the affected surrounding regions. For the purpose of this study, the affected surrounding regions is defined as an area within certain provinces in southern part of Thailand ie Songkhla, Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat as well as northern part of Malaysia Peninsula which is geographically having a land border with some of those provinces. Problem and the Significance of the Study Malaysia and Thailand relations are multifaceted; covering bilateral, political, economic and security issues. A geographical land border predisposes both countries to work together in ensuring that the border areas remain safe and secure for the people on both sides. It goes without saying that what happens on one side, particularly with regard to 3 the security related issues, it will affect the other. The reality that the Southern Thailand is restive and prone to conflict impacts upon the security of Malaysia. This is particularly due to the geographical, ethnic, linguistic and religious proximities and affinities that people in the border areas on both sides share. From the Malaysian perspective, there is a need to study the restive and violent prone situation in the Southern Thailand. There is a further need to study how that will affect Malaysia, its security relations with Thailand, and assess the roles and challenges of Malaysia in assisting to restore peace and stability within the surrounding regions. The study is expected to contribute to the understanding of the effect of the restive Southern Thailand on Malaysia-Thailand
Recommended publications
  • Thailand White Paper
    THE BANGKOK MASSACRES: A CALL FOR ACCOUNTABILITY ―A White Paper by Amsterdam & Peroff LLP EXECUTIVE SUMMARY For four years, the people of Thailand have been the victims of a systematic and unrelenting assault on their most fundamental right — the right to self-determination through genuine elections based on the will of the people. The assault against democracy was launched with the planning and execution of a military coup d’état in 2006. In collaboration with members of the Privy Council, Thai military generals overthrew the popularly elected, democratic government of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra, whose Thai Rak Thai party had won three consecutive national elections in 2001, 2005 and 2006. The 2006 military coup marked the beginning of an attempt to restore the hegemony of Thailand’s old moneyed elites, military generals, high-ranking civil servants, and royal advisors (the “Establishment”) through the annihilation of an electoral force that had come to present a major, historical challenge to their power. The regime put in place by the coup hijacked the institutions of government, dissolved Thai Rak Thai and banned its leaders from political participation for five years. When the successor to Thai Rak Thai managed to win the next national election in late 2007, an ad hoc court consisting of judges hand-picked by the coup-makers dissolved that party as well, allowing Abhisit Vejjajiva’s rise to the Prime Minister’s office. Abhisit’s administration, however, has since been forced to impose an array of repressive measures to maintain its illegitimate grip and quash the democratic movement that sprung up as a reaction to the 2006 military coup as well as the 2008 “judicial coups.” Among other things, the government blocked some 50,000 web sites, shut down the opposition’s satellite television station, and incarcerated a record number of people under Thailand’s infamous lèse-majesté legislation and the equally draconian Computer Crimes Act.
    [Show full text]
  • Thailand: the Evolving Conflict in the South
    THAILAND: THE EVOLVING CONFLICT IN THE SOUTH Asia Report N°241 – 11 December 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. STATE OF THE INSURGENCY .................................................................................... 2 A. THE INSURGENT MOVEMENT ....................................................................................................... 2 B. PATTERNS OF VIOLENCE .............................................................................................................. 4 C. MORE CAPABLE MILITANTS ........................................................................................................ 5 D. 31 MARCH BOMBINGS ................................................................................................................. 6 E. PLATOON-SIZED ATTACKS ........................................................................................................... 6 III. THE SECURITY RESPONSE ......................................................................................... 8 A. THE NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY FOR THE SOUTHERN BORDER PROVINCES, 2012-2014 ......... 10 B. SPECIAL LAWS ........................................................................................................................... 10 C. SECURITY FORCES ....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
    Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Data as reported by the CCSA mid-day press briefing 27 May 2021 WHO Thailand Situation Report THAILAND 141,217 SITUATION 920 46,469 93,828 UPDATE (+3,323) (+47) (+2,063) No. 184 Confirmed Deaths Hospitalized Recovered SPOTLIGHT • Today, 3,323 new cases of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 were announced by the Ministry of Public Health of Thailand. 47 new deaths were reported today. In addition, 1,201 patients are considered to have serious illness, 399 of which are currently receiving ventilatory support. • Of the cases reported in Thailand to date, 66.4% (93,828) have recovered, 0.7% (920) have died, and 32.9% (46,469) are receiving treatment or are in isolation: (18,335 are in conventional hospitals and 28,134 in field hospitals). • The 3,323 laboratory-confirmed cases reported today include: 1,219 cases in prison facilities. 1,132 cases detected through the routine surveillance system: (testing of people presenting at a healthcare facility for a variety of reasons, including presence of COVID-19 symptoms, contact with a case, concern about possible exposure). 951 cases identified through active case finding: (testing of people in the community at the initiative of public health authorities). 21 cases detected in quarantine after arriving in Thailand from another country. • The 10 Provinces reporting the greatest number of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases today are Bangkok (894), Samut Prakan (280), Phetchaburi (233), Nonthaburi (129), Pathum Thani (98), Samut Sakhon (59), Chonburi (52), Chiang Rai (45), Nakhon Pathom (35), and Songkhla (31). • 22 provinces reported no new cases today.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ongoing Insurgency in Southern Thailand: Trends in Violence, Counterinsurgency Operations, and the Impact of National Politics by Zachary Abuza
    STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVES 6 The Ongoing Insurgency in Southern Thailand: Trends in Violence, Counterinsurgency Operations, and the Impact of National Politics by Zachary Abuza Center for Strategic Research Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University The Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS) is National Defense University’s (NDU’s) dedicated research arm. INSS includes the Center for Strategic Research, Center for Technology and National Security Policy, Center for Complex Operations, and Center for Strategic Conferencing. The military and civilian analysts and staff who comprise INSS and its subcomponents execute their mission by conducting research and analysis, and publishing, and participating in conferences, policy support, and outreach. The mission of INSS is to conduct strategic studies for the Secretary of Defense, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Unified Combatant Commands in support of the academic programs at NDU and to perform outreach to other U.S. Government agencies and the broader national security community. Cover: Thai and U.S. Army Soldiers participate in Cobra Gold 2006, a combined annual joint training exercise involving the United States, Thailand, Japan, Singapore, and Indonesia. Photo by Efren Lopez, U.S. Air Force The Ongoing Insurgency in Southern Thailand: Trends in Violence, Counterinsurgency Operations, and the Impact of National Politics The Ongoing Insurgency in Southern Thailand: Trends in Violence, Counterinsurgency Operations, and the Impact of National Politics By Zachary Abuza Institute for National Strategic Studies Strategic Perspectives, No. 6 Series Editors: C. Nicholas Rostow and Phillip C. Saunders National Defense University Press Washington, D.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Hat Yai – Sadao Motorway Hat Yai – Sadao Motorway
    Department of Highway’s ì Projects Siriphan Jitpradithsiri, Ph.D. Department of Highways, Ministry of Transport, Thailand ì Hat Yai – Sadao Motorway Hat Yai – Sadao Motorway ì Project Locaon Hat Yai – Sadao , Songkhla Province , Linking to Malaysia ì Sector/Subsector Infrastructure and Transport Hat Yai – Sadao Motorway ì Background and Ra?onale ì Due to the rapid economic growth, traffic volume along Highway No. 4 has increased up to its capacity ì An Inter-City Motorway would be an alternave highway system that enhances a higher level of service and safety to the highway users ì The Hat Yai – Sadao Motorway will be a connecJng route between Amphoe Hat Yai, Songkhla Province, and the Thai – Malaysian border. Hat Yai – Sadao Motorway ì Objecve ì To establish Hat Yai – Sadao Motorway as an alternave highway to enhance higher level of service and safety to the highway user. The motorway will connect Thailand and Malaysia through Sadao and Padang Bezar Customs house. Hat Yai – Sadao Motorway ì Scope ì Feasibility Study ì Detailed Design ì Investment OpJon ì Land AcquisiJon ì ConstrucJon ì Operaon Hat Yai – Sadao Motorway ì Esmated Cost ì 10,000 Million Bahts ì Financing Plan and Arrangements ì Depends on the results from a feasibility study ì The possible opJons are : Public investment opJon, Private investment opJon, Public and private joint venture Hat Yai – Sadao Motorway ì Proposed Implementaon Schedule Ac?vi?es 2012 2013 2014 21015 2016 2017 2018 Feasibility Study Detailed Design Investment OpJon, Land AcquisiJon ConstrucJon Operaon Hat
    [Show full text]
  • 08 Jelonek Pulo.Qxd
    108 Studia Arabistyczne i Islamistyczne 11, 2003 Adam Jelonek Integration and separatism. A sociopolitical study of the Thai government policy to the Muslim South Introduction Southern Thailand has a Muslim population with a 200 year history of separatism and evolving relations with the central government. This paper refers to Southern Thailand as the five provinces of Songkhala, Satun, Yala, Pattani, and Narathiwat which borders Malaysia. Approximately 80% of the Malay-Muslim or “Thai-Muslim” minority live in the southern provinces. Nationwide, there are nearly 4 million Muslims of the 62 million Thai pop- ulation. (Please note that the term “Malay-Muslim” and “Thai-Muslim” will be used interchangeably throughout the paper. Thai-Muslim is the term used officially by the Thai government to lessen ethnic differentiation.) Thai-Muslims have a strong, distinctive ethnic identity that is tied to their Malay ethnicity, Malay language, and Islamic faith. Language is a point of contention as it is a symbol and identification of religion. While an esti- mated 99% of Muslims speak Thai, Malay is the mother tongue for 75% of them (Yegar, 131; VIC, 2). Furthermore, in the 14th century, the five border provinces belonged to the Malay-Muslim Pattani Kingdom, which was con- sidered as the cradle of Islam in Southeast Asia (Bonura, 15). Most of the separatist tensions appear in Pattani, Narathiwat, Yala, and to a lesser extent, Satun. Songkhala has a lower concentration of Malay-Muslims, which then acts as a geographical buffer between Satun and the other three provinces. Another point of contention is socio-economic disparity, which is a charac- teristic of internally colonized states and tends to heighten regional tensions.
    [Show full text]
  • THAILAND Buddhist Minority Declines in the ‘Deep South’ Due to Protracted Armed Conflict
    15 November 2011 THAILAND Buddhist minority declines in the ‘deep south’ due to protracted armed conflict Since 2004, there has been a resurgence of violence in Thailand’s southern provinces of Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat, where the government is facing the violent opposition of a number of Malay Muslim insurgency groups. Close to 5,000 people have been killed and nearly 8,000 injured. Buddhists, esti- mated to represent around 20 per cent of the total population of the three provinces in 2000, have been disproportionately affected by the violence; they account for nearly 40 per cent of all deaths and more than 60 per cent of all injured. Civilians from both communities are the main victims of the violence. As a result, many have since 2004 fled their homes and moved to safer areas. There are no reliable figures on the number of people displaced since 2004, but available information suggests that at least 30 per cent of Buddhists and ten per cent of Malay Muslims may have left their homes. While some have fled in direct response to the violence, many have moved because of the adverse effects of the conflict on the economy, on the availability and quality of education or on the provision of social services. Many of the displacements are also intended to be only temporary, and have split families, the head of household staying and the wife and children moving to safer areas. Buddhist civilians targeted by the insurgents because of their real or perceived association with the Thai state have fled their homes in large numbers, either seeking refuge in nearby urban areas or leaving the three provinces altogether.
    [Show full text]
  • Thailand's Lengthening Roadmap to Elections
    Thailand’s Lengthening Roadmap to Elections Asia Report N°274 | 10 December 2015 International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. Road to the Roadmap ....................................................................................................... 3 III. Drafting the Twentieth Constitution ................................................................................ 6 A. First Draft................................................................................................................... 6 B. Roadmap Dead Ends ................................................................................................. 8 IV. The Road Ahead ............................................................................................................... 11 A. Revised Roadmap ...................................................................................................... 11 B. Incipient Praetorianism? ........................................................................................... 12 C. Economic Factors ...................................................................................................... 16 D. Dissent ......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Tak Bai Thai of Thailand “Please Tell Us More About King
    The Tak Bai Thai of Thailand “Please tell us more about King Ramkhamhaeng!” exclaimed Klahan. The Tak Bai Thai boy and his younger brother, Chit sat expectantly before Awut, their grandfather. Awut smiled as he started his second round of stories. His grandsons love a good story, and Awut certainly had a wealth of old folk tales, told to him as a boy by his own parents. The old Tak Bai Thai man knew that a day will come when his grandsons would be more interested in the Internet and computer games than listen to old folk tales. The Tak Bai Thai’s origins are linked to King Ramkhamhaeng of the ancient Thai kingdom of Sukhothai. This king extended the power of his kingdom from central Siam down south to the Malay Peninsula in the 13th century. To secure his foothold, he relocated thousands of his subjects along with their Buddhist faith into what is now northern Malaysia and southern Thailand. Today these people are called the Tak Bai Thai. While they mainly occupy Tak Bai District in Narathiwat Province, they also live in Pattani and Yala provinces. Their language is quite different from standard Thai and is described as a variant of the language of old Sukhothai. The 21,000 Tak Bai Thai live alongside their Muslim Pattani Malay neighbours. Both groups generally tolerate each other, though the ongoing insurgency by separatist Pattani Malay rebels has shaken the security of the Tak Bai Thai. The Tak Bai Thai are staunch Theravada Buddhists, having resisted the influence of Islam for centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to the Board of Investment 2021 BOI News Think Asia, Thailand Invest APP @Boinews BOI News This Complimentary Sale
    Thailand Board of Investment www.boi.go.th A Guide to The Board of Investment A Guide to The Board of Investment 2021 Office of The Board of Investment Think Asia, @boinews Invest Thailand 555 Vibhavadi-Rangsit Road, Chatuchak Bangkok 10900 Thailand BOI News APP BOI News Tel: +66 (0) 2 553 8111 Fax: +66 (0) 2 553 8315 Website: www.boi.go.th Email: [email protected] This complimentary guide book is not for sale. For inquiry, please contact Thailand Board of Investment. A Guide to The Board of Investment 2021 This Guide to the Board of Investment was prepared by the Office of the Board of Investment Preface to provide basic information on BOI investment promotion for applications submitted from January 1, 2015, onward. This guidebook comprises investment promotion incentives and privileges, the list of activities eligible for investment promotion and related announcements including essential rules and criteria for applying investment promotion. Since the policies and criteria for granting privileges and the list of the eligible activities for investment promotion are subject to change over time, investors can access updated information from the BOI’s website at www.boi.go.th or send their enquiries to [email protected], Tel: +66 (0) 2553-8111, Line: @boinews or FB: www.facebook.com/boinews Office of The Board of Investment May 2021 2 This complimentary guide book is not for sale A Guide to The Board of Investment 2021 Chapter 1 Page Contents Criteria and Policies 4 About the Office of the Board of Investment 4 Incentives under the Investment Promotion Act 7 Seven-Year Investment Promotion Strategy (2015 - 2021) 8 » Criteria for Granting Promotion Incentives 14 » General List of Activities Eligible for Investment Promotion 24 Other Policies and Special Measures 104 1.
    [Show full text]
  • A Coup Ordained? Thailand's Prospects for Stability
    A Coup Ordained? Thailand’s Prospects for Stability Asia Report N°263 | 3 December 2014 International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. Thailand in Turmoil ......................................................................................................... 2 A. Power and Legitimacy ................................................................................................ 2 B. Contours of Conflict ................................................................................................... 4 C. Troubled State ............................................................................................................ 6 III. Path to the Coup ............................................................................................................... 9 A. Revival of Anti-Thaksin Coalition ............................................................................. 9 B. Engineering a Political Vacuum ................................................................................ 12 IV. Military in Control ............................................................................................................ 16 A. Seizing Power
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Early Forecasting of Flood Through Historical Hydrologic Data
    博士論文 Study on Early Forecasting of Flood through Historical Hydrologic Data Analysis and Numerical Simulation in Kelantan Watershed, Malaysia (歴年水文データ解析と数値シミュレーションによる マレーシア・ケランタン川流域の早期洪水予測に関する研究) Che Ros Faizah チェ ロス ファイザ This thesis is dedicated to my parents, Che Ros and Fatimah for their endless love, encouragement and support. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The present thesis is the final output of my three year study. This PhD research was sponsored by the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA). I am sincerely grateful to JICA for their financial support in the form of a scholarship to undertake this study. This thesis would not have been possible without the continuous encouragement of my supervisor, Professor Dr. Tosaka Hiroyuki. I am very grateful to him not only for directing my research, but also invaluable moral support and remarkable guidance I received throughout this PhD journey. He has won my everlasting gratitude for his time, energy, patience and insights in guiding this research into its finished form. I am also profoundly grateful to my senior, Dr. Sasaki Kenji and all members of Tosaka Laboratory, Department of Systems Innovation in University of Tokyo (UT) for their invaluable assistance during my study. My gratitude also goes to Professor Ir. Dr. Lariyah, Ms. Hidayah from Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Mr. Azad, Ms. Livia and Mr. Hafiz from Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia (DID) for their ideas, provision of relevant materials during preparation and development, and providing me with necessary data to complete this research. To my great circle of friend in UT, Liana, Lee, Iza, Soraya, Lela, Nadia, and Ralph, each of you has always been there for me, given me support; mentally and physically.
    [Show full text]