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Army Cyber Training and Education within Member States

AN EXPERTISE FORUM CONTRIBUTING TO EUROPEAN CONTRIBUTING TO FORUM AN EXPERTISE SINCE 1953 INTEROPERABILITY European Interoperability Center This focused question is a document and awareness of armed forces needs to be cyber defence future projects and formations ropean training capacities in the cyber sector. that gives an initial reflection on the increased at the national and European level. have to address all aspects of capability devel- Thanks to an evolving understanding of cyber Finabel annual theme 2018-2019. The Yet, there is still plenty of initiatives to be tak- opment including leadership, organisation, threats, and subsequent training adapting to content is not reflecting the positions en on both levels. As European Parliament's personnel, doctrine, training, technology, in- these, European countries are aiming to be at of the member states, but consists of rapporteur Urmas Paet stated in June 2018, frastructure, logistic and interoperability. the forefront of cyber defence. elements that can initiate and feed the discussions and analyses in the domain “cyber defense remains a core competence of the of the theme. It was drafted by the Per- member states, but due to the borderless nature In terms of common European training in the The NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Cen- manent Secretariat and is supported by of cyberspace, it is impossible for one state to field of cyber defence, the EDA and the Euro- tre of Excellence is a great success. The CoE is the organization. tackle the threats and challenges alone.” pean Security and Defence College (ESDC) often solicited to provide training in the cyber have launched various training projects, to meet domain. Due to the rather limited capacity of According to the the needs of the European Member States. The this CoE and the high demand for their ex- (EDA), “cyberspace is understood as the fifth EDA focused on a platform for Cyber Defence pertise, they can only provide a small part of INTRODUCTION domain of warfare equally critical to Training and Exercise, which included a com- the necessary training. operations as land, sea, air, and space”. Europe- puter simulation for cyber security. Further- The cyber sector has become increasingly im- an armies are now increasingly reliant on cy- more, the Agency will develop a new platform The following paper highlights the current portant for military planning over the past berspace, for achieving their military defence which shall facilitate all cyber trainings and capabilities of European Armies for cyber de- decade. Cyber warfare is a rising trend at the and security missions. exercises jointly undertaken by the Member fence training, in order to have a clear over- international level, and the threat of poten- States: the Cyber Defence Training & Exercis- view of training and education in a sector that tial attacks on military and governmental In February 2013, the es Coordination Platform (CD TEXP). The has already proven to be pivotal. networks, as well as business infrastructures, tackled this issue with the release of the Cy- ESDC, the only European training provider for is more pressing than ever. With the rapid ber Security Strategy for the European Union, Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) All data and information were provided by Fin- evolution of the cyber field, relevant training endorsed by the Council in June 2013. EU operations, is increasing its role in pooling Eu- abel's Member States at their discretion.

Army Cyber Training and Education within Finabel Member States 2 3 OVERVIEW OF THE VARIABLES AND ACRONYMS

This section of the research paper is intended The dependent variables show the different Furthermore, the following list to address the variables used in the explana- trainings provided by Finabel’s Member of acronyms shall be used tory table, which will determine the trainings States, and are explained as followed: in this paper: and courses of Armed Forces employees re- garding the cyber domain. • Basic training: Basic Cyber Training/ • CCDCOE: Cooperative Cyber Defence Courses given during initial education Centre of Excellence, is based in Tallinn, The independent variables represent Finabel’s after incorporation into the Army; , which provides a hub of cyber Member States. • Advanced training/course: Advanced defence expertise. ** FI-Finland and RO-Romania cyber training course for the officer/ • CSDP: Common Security and Defence are providing cyber trainings and (WO) or soldier during Policy courses to the Military Corps in his career; • EDA: European Defence Agency Joint Command. Their national • Pre-mission cyber awareness training: • ESDC: European Security and Defence Army currently does not provide Cyber training/course given to Land College any type of cyber education on its Forces personnel before deployment; • MISP: Malware Information Sharing own. • Cyber expert level course: Course Platform provided for those specializing in the • NCO: Non-commissioned officers ** CY- and MT-Malta do cyber domain within the Land Forces; • SI-CERT: Slovenian Computer Emergency not have any cyber capabilities • Extra-mouros training: Cyber training Response Team, is the national cyber on their own, however depending and courses provided by security response team based in Ljubljana, on the needs of the Land Forces, stakeholders, joint services, . personnel can be sent abroad (to or international organisations to Land • SME: Special Military Expert other EU countries) to complete a Force personnel. • WO: Warrant officer specific module on cyber training.

EXPLANATORY TABLE

BE CY** CZ DE EL ES FI* FR HR HU IT LU LV MT** NL PL PT RO* SE SK SI UK Basic training ✓ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✓ N/A

Advanced training/course ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✗ N/A Pre-mission cyber ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✗ N/A awareness training Cyber expert level course ✓ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✗ N/A

Extra-mouros training ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✓ N/A

Army Cyber Training and Education within Finabel Member States 4 5 OVERVIEW OF CYBER TRAINING AND EDUCATION PER MEMBER STATES

BE- A basic training on cyber during initial educa- tion will be established in 2019. The Belgian Army basic training is part of the Joint Individual Common Core Skills and DE- provides an Awareness Training based on the CCDCOE’s Course. It lasts for 1 to 3 hours Every year, army personnel in Germany need and is available to all Land Forces personnel. to complete a 2 hour basic cyber awareness e-training provided by the unit to all. There- Their advanced cyber training course and fore, as this is a continuous process, its reach their Expert level course are provided by the extends to an advanced level throughout the private sector, CCDCOE and other stake- military career of Land Forces personnel. holders and aims to deliver specific education in forensic, cyber intelligence, and operations The German military school provides a to cyber experts, either to NCOs or Officers. pre-mission cyber awareness regular course This course tends to last between 5 to 15 days. only for cyber security personnel (soldiers and officers). Similarly, Expert Level Courses and Before deployment, the Belgian Army per- extra murros education is only available for sonnel is required to attend a session of 1 to cyber security personnel (soldiers and officers) 2 days, where they are briefed again on the in other European military schools or in civil- Basic Training, and updated on the specific ian universities. threats coming from the environment of the deployment destination country. FR-

Last but not least, Belgian Land Forces per- Although there is no proper basic training in sonnel can follow cyber courses outside the cyber defence, Army personnel receive infor- military sphere depending on their needs. mation about cyber threats during their initial Often in universities or international organi- training provided by the Military Academy sations (EDA, CCDCOE, etc.), modules can and school. be undertaken by Senior NCOs and Officers. Before deployment, the French soldiers and CZ- officers are made aware of possible threats on social media by their Unit Commander. The Czech Land Forces proposes a short program on cyber hygiene, for soon to be The French Land Forces offer different ad- deployed personnel. This one hour briefing vanced cyber courses during the WO’s and states basic elements of the cyber domain. It officers’ career given by the Military School or is mandatory for all and provided by the Mil- civilian universities. The course length differs itary Academy. from one day to a few weeks.

WO and Officers specializing in cyber can at- Cyber Experts and specialists can acquire a tend courses in outside organisations such as masters degree in the field, as well as extra-mur- NATO schools or the CCDCOE. ros training provided by the civilian university.

Army Cyber Training and Education within Finabel Member States 6 HR- lish basic cyber hygiene to all its personnel for the duration of 3 hours. This class will be Croatia, Finabel’s latest Member State, is of- taught by the Public/Private Cyber Compe- fering an advanced cyber training course to its tence Centre. Army soldiers and officers specialized in cy- ber. The course is provided by the J6 directo- Before deployment, all personnel deployed rate every year and lasts one week. During this need to follow a reminder course provided by time, the course participants are being trained the cyber unit on cyber hygiene as well as a to detect cyber threats by using system han- specific awareness training depending on the dling and system securing. mission’s environment.

HU- The Expert Level courses provided by differ- ent EU Military Academies (most likely the Hungarian Land Forces require its troops to French or the Dutch) are designed for Of- undertake a pre-deployment training before ficers and can last between 1 week to 6 weeks. going on a mission. This training aims to in- The subject may vary depending on the of- crease cyber awareness, especially in relation ficer’s specialisation (cyber operations, cyber to online identity of the deployed personnel. defence, etc.). This briefing lasts one hour and is given by the system security officer. According to the specific needs, Luxem- bourg’s Land Forces can send its personnel to IT- outside courses on risk management trainings and MISP. The Italian Land Forces, every six months of- fers a security awareness course provided by LV- the barracks. This half-day training is manda- tory for all as it explains the relevant threats in Latvian Land Forces provide a basic training the cyber domain. to all its personnel during initial incorpora- tion. Before deployment, all Army personnel needs to follow a basic roots training on cy- NL- ber (3-5 days) provided by the barracks. This training incorporates a security awareness During the pre-military training, the Dutch course, for those who will serve on missions. Army personnel receive a basic awareness training on cyber security. This class is fol- The Advanced Cyber Training Course and lowed by an e-training. the Expert Level Course are both given by the Military Academy. The seminars can last from Before deployment, all personnel is asked to between one week to one year depending on complete the specific mission training dur- the needs of the cyber officer/WO. ing which a panel will be reserved for cyber awareness. LU- The Dutch Land Forces has one Expert Lev- Starting next year, Luxembourg’s Army plans el Course on Cyber called “Cyber Opleiding to give a introduction course to estab- Programma” which touches upon offensive,

Army Cyber Training and Education within Finabel Member States 7 defensive, and forensic topics. This course is can last to up to 88 hours/20 days. The third designed for WO and Officers. course is designed for soon to be NCOs and can last to up to 169 hours/ 40 days. These For additional training, the Dutch Army classes are provided by the Signal and Infor- hires private companies (SANS, Deloitte, matic Training Centre. etc.) to enrich the knowledge of their person- nel. These courses can either be seminars or Furthermore, throughout the military career e-trainings. of personnel, the Polish Army provides 4 dif- ferent types of advanced cyber training: PL- • A course on network environment security The offers 3 different for professional soldiers, dedicated to com- pre-entry basic cyber courses. The first one munication, and information technology is available to all, and focuses on the security personnel corps. This regular course lasts network environment. It is a regular course for 7 days (10 hours lecture and 20 hours taking place over 12 days. The second regu- of laboratory) and it is provided by the In- lar course is designed for Cadet Officers, who formatics Inspectorate – National Centre of are expected to become Officers. The classes Cryptology;

Army Cyber Training and Education within Finabel Member States 8 • A course on the administration of ITC SE- networks and management of databases for professional soldiers of the personnel corps. The and Unit offer an This course lasts for 30 days (42 hours of online basic cyber training course to its newly lectures and 78 hours of laboratory) and it incorporated members as part of their initial is provided by the Informatics Inspector- education process. This training is aimed at ate - National Centre of Cryptology; all categories of the Army, and lasts up to one • A course on the use of information and day to one week, depending on the module communication systems and administra- courses selected. tion of networks. This course lasts for 30 days (54 hours of lectures and 66 hours of Advanced cyber training courses, and cyber laboratory) and is provided by the National awareness pre-mission training are also pro- Centre of Cryptology, C2 Systems Inspec- vided by training centres, the cyber sector, as torate, the and the Informat- well as public, and private universities, in a ics inspectorate; blended learning training type. These are open • A course on the management of computer to all categories of the Land Forces personnel, networks environment. This course lasts for the duration is dependant on their designated 29 days (40 hours of lectures and 80 hours role, and to the specific tasks or missions they of laboratory) and is provided by the Na- are/will be assigned to. tional Centre of Cryptology. SME's can also benefit from Cyber Expert Level courses and extra muros training in Regarding the Cyber Expert Level Course, civilian environments; provided by training the Polish Army offers two different versions. centres, public, and private actors. This type Both of them are designed for Cadet Officers of training is based on blended learning, with and are provided by the National Centre of the duration depending on the relevant task. Cryptology. The first module consists of a Bachelor of Sciences (7 semesters) in Cryp- SK- tology or Cybersecurity, with a specialization on cyber defence information or cryptograph- The currently provide ic systems. The second module consists of a cyber awareness training for 2 hours pre-mis- Masters of Science (3 semesters) with a spe- sion TESSOC briefing for all its personnel, cialization in cybersecurity information or which takes place in the training centre. cryptographic systems. SI-Slovenia PT- The Slovenian Army requires its personnel The Portuguese Land Forces provide a regular to follow an anual mandatory cyber aware- Advanced Cyber Training course, for the du- ness e-training. Furthermore, the Slovenian ration of 2 weeks to security analyst officers, Armed Forces sends its personnel to different that takes place within the unit. They also cyber courses through their career. provide a Cyber Expert Level course that takes place regularly for the duration of one month Officers can attend a course on cyber security to security analyst officers, taking place at the studies at the European Centre for Security training centre. Studies – Marshall Centre.

Army Cyber Training and Education within Finabel Member States 9 NCO and Officers can attend trainings pro- ANALYSIS OF DATA vided by the NATO school in Latina on cyber defence crypto custodian and computer sci- The previous table provided an overview of ence. These courses last for 3 weeks. the situation regarding cyber training and ed- ucation within Finabel’s Member States. The of Colorado provides classes to NCO and Officers four times a year. In this section, the data collected will be ana- lysed to understand the advances of European WO, NCO and officers can attend special Armies in this domain. Therefore, European courses focused on network security, cyber in- Armies can position themselves and identify cident handling, and disaster response course their strengths and weaknesses regarding the organised by NATO school in Oberamergau. cyber domain. The following graph offers a detailed synopsis of the current situation: A 6 month training, at a Civilian Cyber Ex- pert Level is provided by SI-CERT. In addi- Overall, the trend shows that Cyber Expert tion, training for civilians, WO, NCO and Level Courses as well Extra-mouros trainings officers is conducted in-house in a private in civilian universities or private companies training centre and provides special courses. are better implemented than any other type of cyber training.

Providing basic cyber training to entry per- sonnel seems to have become a pressing con- cern for Member States which recognise the

Army Cyber Training and Education within Finabel Member States 10 increasing threat of cyber in the everyday life As in the previous analysis, the percentages of Army personnel. Therefore, 10 countries used below has been gathered from Finabel’s (47,60%) have already established a training Member States and shows the repartition of providing a Basic Cyber Course to all its per- the number of trainings delivered: sonnel, increasing awareness in this domain. Countries delivering Furthermore, the general trend shows that the 19% least developed course in cyber for all Fina- all the trainings bel Member States is the “Advanced training Countries delivering 19% course during military career”. Only 42,85% four trainings of the respondent countries have made this Countries delivering type of training available. 14,28% three trainings Pre-mission cyber awareness training must Countries delivering be developed further as deployed personnel 14,28% should be aware of the cyber threats of the two trainings new environment as well as other permanent Countries delivering 14,28% threats such as social media exposure. How- one training ever only 52,38% of surveyed countries have established this type of training. Cyber aware- Countries delivering 19% ness pre-deployment training shall be gener- none of the trainings alized within member states to reach a high security level of all deployed personnel. As shown by the percentages, cyber trainings The percentages used in the analysis above has are fully delivered by only 19% of the Mem- been gathered from Finabel Member States ber States. Belgium, , Italy and Sweden and shows the balanced participation of have already incorporated all types of train- Member States in each cyber training: ing in their staff education. On the contra- ry, 19% of Finabel’s Member States delegate their cyber training and education issues com- Countries delivering 47,60% pletely to independent structures from their Basic training Land Forces (Joint Commands, other Bodies Countries delivering of their Forces, other organisations or other 42,85% Advanced training/course countries). Countries delivering Regarding these figures, we can deduce that Pre-mission cyber aware- 52,38% 81% of these Armies (coming from 17 coun- ness training tries) are providing at least one of the trainings described above. Even if we need to keep in Countries delivering 57,14% mind the differences within Land Force Or- Cyber expert level course ganisations, cyber authorities and the differ- Countries delivering ent Chain of Command, this data highlights 57,14% Extra-mouros training the balanced situation of the cyber trainings within Finabel’s MS Armies.

Army Cyber Training and Education within Finabel Member States 11 If a real awareness about cyber issues has been ties of the cyber training level. The following implemented within most of the European recommendations would aid in this goal, be- Land Forces, in terms of international threats, ing the first among many steps that will be the development of security skills among Eu- needed. ropean Armies officers should be improved. More than a specialized required skill, cyber will obviously be a key aspect of tomorrows Cybersecurity Awareness and conflicts, at all levels. For this reason, stressing Education the incorporation of cyber security trainings as part of “Basic Trainings” must be one of the 2018 has been a big year for cyber security. top priorities. At the civilian level the Cybersecurity Act, which is in its final stages, will lead to regu- lar EU-level cybersecurity exercises, support, CONCLUSIONS AND and promote EU policy on cybersecurity cer- RECOMMENDATIONS tification. In general, emphasis has already been placed on creating visibility on cyber- The broad implication of the present research security issues and encouraging discussions and results is the increasing importance of across the EU on this vital topic. There is a Army personnel education in different are- need to spread awareness, and knowledge as of cybersecurity. The results of this study of European cybersecurity, among the EU provide a basis for understanding this field for Armed Forces, adopting a proactive approach both military personnel, and the layperson. for cybersecurity education and training for This issue is critical for each sector of state se- the forces. curity, and above all, it is clear that adequate training, and preparation, are the keys to suc- cess. One of the responses to this new threat Invest in Basic Training in Pre- is the national governments offering different deployment for Every Level types of trainings in their own or in other partner states, supported by the data provided This would be a part of an overall proposal for from Finabel’s Member States. an increase in budget for cybersecurity across the Armed Forces. There should be a common Another way in which states are trying to face standard, reaching all areas of the forces, to this complex problem, is through national avoid sectors being left behind and conse- conferences in which they try to raise aware- quently resulting in weak links. Awareness ness for citizens and organisations. For exam- should be raised for basic “cyber hygiene” at ple, the European Union started a campaign each level of the Armed Forces. This needs to in October – CyberSecMonth with this exact become “business as usual”. Emphasis must goal in mind. be placed on raising awareness at every level of the forces for basic security measures. This The cyber threats that we face today are should be seen in the same manner road us- constantly evolving, yet so are the measures ers are made aware of basic road safety rules against these threats, albeit at times seeming- (wearing your seatbelt etc.). Automatic reflex- ly too slow. The collected data of this report es must be encouraged and emphasised, such suggest that there is still a long way to go as protecting all devices physically (patches for many states and it shows visible inequali- on webcam, regular upgrades…) and virtually

Army Cyber Training and Education within Finabel Member States 12 (firewall, encrypted data…), and these reflex- Fostering Transparency es should come from education and informa- tion, at all levels, at every stage of the armed Concentration should be placed on defining forces. and clarifying a shared language and cate- gorisation framework. Emphasis could be placed on including language training during Encouraging Cooperation for Military basic cybersecurity training for the forces so Cybersecurity Training Forces as to improve transparency and understand- ing within the forces. This can be achieved Emphasis should be placed on creating a through shared definitions, and metrics. shared cybersecurity standard and framework. A possible NATO and EU framework could be created and implemented for this purpose, Concentrating on Key Security Issues which would concentrate on implementing and Fields shared standards. There should be a move from a reactive to a proactive stance. At the Protecting infrastructure, especially the en- civilian level, one of PESCO’s (Permanent ergy infrastructure, and the defence supply Structured Cooperation) 17 projects is the chain for example, needs to be prioritised. EU Cyber Rapid Response Force. A simi- Capabilities need to be improved sector by lar initiative needs to be introduced for the sector. This should be achieved by providing armed forces in Europe, concentrating on training for personnel in each sector. For ex- cooperation, and allowing the ability to share ample, some systems in the manufacturing “best practices” and “lessons learned”. sector are running on outdated systems, that

Army Cyber Training and Education within Finabel Member States 13 are left vulnerable, as they cannot be ade- E-learning integration at all levels quately protected. Systems need to be updat- ed and then protected. The recent hacking al- Awareness training is a continuous process legations related to the U.S. elections can be and requires many resources. One way to seen as a clear example of how Europe needs reach the military relatively easily is to offer to improve its efforts for cybersecurity in the an E-learning module about cyber awareness. Armed Forces. There is a need to further develop this path in a multinational environment. Countries need to collaborate more to exchange their E-learn- Military – Civilian cooperation in cyber ing modules and to permanently improve the awareness training programs quality of these training courses.

Since the capacities of the cyber training teams in the land forces are far too limited, Creation of the Cyber field manual for the solution must be sought in a Mil-Civ co- the European Soldier operation. In the domain of cyber training, land forces need to look for close partnerships At the request of the land force commanders, with civilian companies that can provide Finabel is currently working on the realiza- training for the military. This is a crucial part tion of a cyber field manual for the European of building the necessary basic knowledge to soldier. This manual will give an insight into create a cyber safe working environment. threats that the cyber world entails in a very understandable and punctual way.

Army Cyber Training and Education within Finabel Member States 14 BIBLIOGRAPHY

• (2018), European Parliament News, “Cyber defence: MEPs call for better European cooperation”. Accessed on the 25th of October 2018, available at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20180516IPR03618/cyber-defence- meps-call-for-better-european-cooperation • (2017), European Defence Agency, “Cyber Defence”. Accessed on the 25th of October 2018, available at: https://www.eda.europa.eu/what-we-do/activities/activities-search/cyber-defence • (2018), European Cyber Security Month. Accessed on the 25th of October 2018, available at: https://cybersecuritymonth.eu/ • (2013), Li, J. J. & Daugherty, L. “Training Cyber Warriors” RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. ISBN-10 0-8330-8728-2 • (2013), , “Joint Communication to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions”. Accessed on the 25th of October 2018, available at: http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/policies/eu-cyber-security/cybsec_comm_en.pdf

Army Cyber Training and Education within Finabel Member States 15 improve thedailytasksofpreparation, training,exercises, andengagement. freely appliedby itsmember, whoseaimistofacilitateinteroperability and address thetopics.Finabel studiesandFood forThoughtsare recommendations the landforces andprovides commentsby creating “Food forThoughtpapers” to also athinktankthatelaboratesoncurrent events concerningtheoperationsof Groups for situations that require solutions. In short-term addition, Finabel is In the current setting, Finabel allows its member states to form Expert Task engagement ontheterrainshouldbeobtained. shared capabilityapproach andcommonequipment,ashared visionofforce- the harmonisationoflanddoctrines.Consequently, before hopingtoreach a focused oncooperationinarmament’s programmes, Finabel quicklyshiftedto structures butcontributestotheseorganisationsinitsuniqueway. Initially coalition;Finabelad hoc neithercompetes norduplicatesNATO orEUmilitary framework oftheNorth Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), theEU,and Finabel contributestoreinforce interoperability amongitsmemberstatesinthe understanding viaannualmeetings. among memberstates’ officersandChiefs of Staff in aspirit ofopen andmutual on consensusandequalityofmemberstates.Finabel contact favours fruitful European ArmiesoftheEUMember States. The isbased Finabel informalforum Finabel aimstobeamultinational-, independent-,andapoliticalactorforthe future ofitsmembers.Finabel, theonlyorganisationatthislevel, strives at: reflections, exchange studies,andproposals oncommoninterest topicsforthe for cooperationbetween European for Armies:itwasconceived asaforum Created in1953,theFinabel organisation committeeistheoldestmilitary • • Finabel focusesondoctrines,trainings, andthejointenvironment. Contributing toacommonEuropean understandingoflanddefenceissues. bring togetherconcepts,doctrinesandprocedures; Promoting interoperability andcooperationofarmies,whileseekingto You findour studies will at GSM: +32 (0)483 +32 GSM: 712193 E-mail: [email protected] Quartier Reine Elisabeth Tel: (0)2 +32 441 79 38 www.finabel.org B-1140 BRUSSELSB-1140 Rue d’Evere 1

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