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The Dayton Accords and the Escalating Tensions in Kosovo
Berkeley Undergraduate Journal 68 THE DAYTON ACCORDS AND THE ESCALATING TENSIONS IN KOSOVO By Christopher Carson Abstract his paper argues that the Dayton Accords, which ended the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, were the primary cause of the outbreak of violence in Kosovo in 1998. While the Accords were regarded as successful in neighboring Bosnia, the agreement failed to mention the Texisting situation in Kosovo, thus perpetuating the ethnic tensions within the region. Following the Dayton Accords, the response by the international community failed to address many concerns of the ethnically Albanian population living in Kosovo, creating a feeling of alienation from the international political scene. Finally, the Dayton Accords indirectly contributed to the collapse of the Albanian government in 1997, creating a shift in the structure of power in the region. This destabilization triggered the outbreak of war between Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo the following year. The Dayton Accords 69 I. Introduction For many years, the territory of Kosovo functioned as an autonomous region within the state of Yugoslavia. During that time, Kosovo was the only Albanian-speaking territory within Yugoslavia, having been home to a significant Albanian population since its creation. The region also had a very important meaning for the Serb community, as it was the site of the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, which defined Serbian nationalism when Serbian forces were defeated by the Ottoman Empire. In the 1980s, tensions began to arise between the two communities, initially resulting in protests against the centralized government in Belgrade and arrests of Albanian Kosovars. Under the presidency of Slobodan Milošević, these ethnic tensions intensified both in Kosovo and elsewhere in Yugoslavia. -
Kosovo: Background and U.S
Kosovo: Background and U.S. Policy Updated March 11, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46175 SUMMARY R46175 Kosovo: Background and U.S. Policy March 11, 2021 Kosovo, a country in the Western Balkans with a predominantly Albanian-speaking population, declared independence from Serbia in 2008, less than a decade after a brief but lethal war. It has Sarah E. Garding since been recognized by about 100 countries. The United States and most European Union (EU) Analyst in European Affairs member states recognize Kosovo. Serbia, Russia, China, and various other countries (including five EU member states) do not. Key issues for Kosovo include the following: New Leadership. Albin Kurti is poised to become prime minister for the second time after his left-leaning Self-Determination Party (Vetëvendosje) won a landslide victory in early parliamentary elections in February 2021. The poll was Kosovo’s second snap parliamentary election in less than two years. Once of the new parliament’s initial responsibilities is to elect the country’s next president. Acting President Vjosa Osmani, whose candidacy is backed by Vetëvendosje, is heavily favored to win. Parliament’s failure to elect a president could trigger early parliamentary elections, however. Dialogue with Serbia. The unresolved dispute between Kosovo and Serbia is one of the main threats to regional stability in the Western Balkans. Since 2011, the EU has facilitated a dialogue aimed at normalizing their relations. In July 2020, Kosovo and Serbia returned to EU-led talks after a 20-month suspension. Shortly thereafter, the two parties agreed to new measures on economic cooperation at talks hosted by the White House. -
The Effects of Nationalism on Territorial Integrity Among Armenians and Serbs Nina Patelic
Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2008 The Effects of Nationalism on Territorial Integrity Among Armenians and Serbs Nina Patelic Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES THE EFFECTS OF NATIONALISM ON TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY AMONG ARMENIANS AND SERBS By Nina Patelic A Thesis submitted to the Department of International Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2008 The members of the Committee approve the thesis of Nina Pantelic, defended on September 28th, 2007. ------------------------------- Jonathan Grant Professor Directing Thesis ------------------------------- Peter Garretson Committee Member ------------------------------- Mark Souva Committee Member The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii ACKOWLEDGEMENTS This paper could not have been written without the academic insight of my thesis committee members, as well as Dr. Kotchikian. I would also like to thank my parents Dr. Svetlana Adamovic and Dr. Predrag Pantelic, my grandfather Dr. Ljubisa Adamovic, my sister Ana Pantelic, and my best friend, Jason Wiggins, who have all supported me over the years. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………..v INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………….1 1. NATIONALISM, AND HOW IT DEVELOPED IN SERBIA AND ARMENIA...6 2. THE CONFLICT OVER KOSOVO AND METOHIJA…………………………...27 3. THE CONFLICT OVER NAGORNO KARABAKH……………………………..56 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………...……….89 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………93 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH………………………………………………………….101 iv ABSTRACT Nationalism has been a driving force in both nation building and in spurring high levels of violence. As nations have become the norm in modern day society, nationalism has become detrimental to international law, which protects the powers of sovereignty. -
International Court of Justice
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE Peace Palace, Carnegieplein 2, 2517 KJ The Hague, Netherlands Tel.: +31 (0)70 302 2323 Fax: +31 (0)70 364 9928 Website: www.icj-cij.org Press Release Unofficial No. 2009/11 6 February 2009 JudgeU Hisashi Owada (Japan) elected President of the International Court of Justice Judge Peter Tomka (Slovakia) elected Vice-President THE HAGUE, 6 February 2009. Judge Hisashi Owada (Japan) was today elected President of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) by his peers and Judge Peter Tomka (Slovakia) was elected Vice-President, each for a term of three years. Biographies of President Owada and Vice-President Tomka, who have both been Members of the Court since 6 February 2003, are attached. The International Court of Justice, composed of 15 Members, is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. It adjudicates upon disputes between States and gives advisory opinions to United Nations organs and agencies. There are currently 14 cases on the Court’s General List. Following the election held on 6 November 2008 by the United Nations General Assembly and Security Council to fill the five seats which were due to fall vacant on 6 February 2009 (see Press Release No. 2008/39), the composition of the Court is now as follows: President Hisashi Owada (Japan) Vice-President Peter Tomka (Slovakia) Judges Shi Jiuyong (China) Abdul G. Koroma (Sierra Leone) Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh (Jordan) Thomas Buergenthal (United States of America) Bruno Simma (Germany) Ronny Abraham (France) Kenneth Keith (New Zealand) Bernardo Sepúlveda-Amor (Mexico) Mohammed Bennouna (Morocco) Leonid Skotnikov (Russian Federation) Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade (Brazil) Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf (Somalia) Christopher Greenwood (United Kingdom). -
WP1.1 Report on WB Regional Issues Related to WRM
REPORT ON WB REGIONAL ISSUES RELATED TO WRM This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. WP1.1 Report on WB regional issues related to WRM PROJECT INFO Project title Strengthening of master curricula in water resources management for the Western Balkans HEIs and stakeholders Project acronym SWARM Project reference number 597888-EPP-1-2018-1-RS-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Funding scheme Erasmus+ Capacity building in the field of higher education Web address www.swarm.ni.ac.rs Coordination institution University of Nis Project duration 15 November 2018 – 14 November 2021 DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET Work package WP1 Analysis of water resources management in the Western Balkan region Ref. no and title of activity WP1.1 Identification of WB regional issues related to WRM Title of deliverable Report on WB regional issues related to WRM Lead institution University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna Author(s) Kurt Glock, Michael Tritthart Document status Final Document version and date V01 14.03.2019 Dissemination level National, Regional, International VERSIONING AND CONTRIBUTION HISTORY Version Date Revision description Partner responsible v.01 14.03.2019 Document created BOKU 1 WP1.1 Report on WB regional issues related to WRM Contents 1 Introduction......................................................................................................................... -
Kosovo Political Economy Analysis Final Report
KOSOVO POLITICAL ECONOMY ANALYSIS FINAL REPORT DECEMBER 26, 2017 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Management Systems International, A Tetra Tech Company. KOSOVO POLITICAL ECONOMY ANALYSIS FINAL REPORT December 26, 2017 IDIQ No. AID-167-I-17-00002 Award No: AID-167-TO-17-00009 Prepared by Management Systems International (MSI), A Tetra Tech Company 200 12th St South, Suite 1200 Arlington, VA, USA 22202 DISCLAIMER This report is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the sole responsibility of the Management Systems International and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. CONTENTS Acronyms ...................................................................................................................................... ii Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... iii I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 6 II. Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 7 A. Foundational Factors ........................................................................................................................................... 7 B. Rules -
ICJ International Court of Justice
ICJ International Court of Justice Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France) Court: International Court of Justice I. History The International Court of Justice has a long back story that leads to the court that we know nowadays. The predecessor of ICJ is called the Permanent Court of International Justice, which was created after Article 14 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, that seeked an organ that would be in charge of the international disputes and give advisory services to the Council or Assembly of the League of Nations. Although the creation of PCIJ was thanks to the League of Nations, it never was part of the League, they worked as separate organizations. The PCIJ stopped their actions in 1939, due to the starting of WWII, during the war past members of the League of Nations felt that still, an organ to seek peace between countries was needed, but because of the difficult situations the reencounter never happened. Until the war ended, there was a feeling the PCIJ belonged to an ancient era, a renewal was needed, so with the creation of the United Nations Charter, Article 33 was stipulated that an international court that seeks negotiation and peace was needed. Officially all the Judges of the PCIJ resigned on 31 January 1946. On February 6, 1946, the new Judges were elected at the First Session of the United Nations General Assembly and Security Council. In April 1946 the PCIJ was officially dissolved and the first president of the International Criminal Court was elected: Judge José Gustavo Guerrero from El Salvador. -
BULLETIN of CASE LAW Volume I January – June 2016
BULLETIN OF CASE LAW Volume I January – June 2016 BULLETIN OF CASE LAW 2 Publisher: Constitutional Court of the Republic of Kosovo Editorial Board: Mrs Arta Rama-Hajrizi, President of the Constitutional Court, Prof Dr. Ivan Cukalovic, Vice-President of the Constitutional Court, Mr. Almiro Rodrigues, Judge of the Constitutional Court, Prof. Dr. Snezhana Botusharova, Judge of the Constitutional Court, Mr. Milot Vokshi, Secretary General of the Constitutional Court, Legal Office, Constitutional Court; Contributors: Dr. Karl Weber, Project Manager, GIZ Mrs. Pranvera Ejupi- Hajzeraj, Project Coordinator, GIZ Mr. Selim Selimi, Legal Expert Novus Consulting © 2016 Constitutional Court of Kosovo Copyright: No part of this edition may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written approval of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Kosovo (hereinafter: the Constitutional Court), unless such copying is expressly permitted by the relevant copyright law. Disclaimer: According to Article 116.4 of the Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo, the decisions of the Constitutional Court are published in the Official Gazette of the Republic, which is the primary source for the decisions of the Constitutional Court. This Bulletin does not replace the primary source for the decisions of the Constitutional Court. In case of conflicts or inconsistencies between the decisions published in this Bulletin and the decisions published in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Kosovo, the latter shall prevail. The purpose of the summary of the decisions is to provide a general factual and legal overview of the cases and a brief summary of the decisions of the Constitutional Court. -
International Court of Justice
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE Peace Palace, Carnegieplein 2, 2517 KJ The Hague, Netherlands Tel.: +31 (0)70 302 2323 Fax: +31 (0)70 364 9928 Website: www.icj-cij.org Press Release Unofficial No. 2013/31 31 October 2013 The contributions of the Court are to be measured in terms of “the great progress made by it in the advancement of international justice and the peaceful settlement of disputes between States”, the President of the Court tells the United Nations General Assembly THE HAGUE, 31 October 2013. Today, the President of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), H.E. Judge Peter Tomka, informed the United Nations General Assembly that over the last 12 months the Court had “continued to fulfil its role as the forum of choice of the international community of States for the peaceful settlement of every kind of international dispute over which it has jurisdiction”. President Tomka was addressing representatives of the United Nations Member States meeting in New York on the occasion of the presentation of the Court’s Report for the period from 1 August 2012 to 31 July 2013. He added that “as illustrated in the Report . the Court has made every effort to meet the expectations of the parties appearing before it in a timely manner” and emphasized once again in this regard that, “since the Court has been able to clear its backlog of cases, States thinking of submitting cases to the principal judicial organ of the United Nations can be confident that, as soon as they have finished their written exchanges, the Court will move to the hearings stage without delay”. -
Millennium Development Goals, MDG's
ISSN 2039-2117 (online) Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol 5 No 14 ISSN 2039-9340 (print) MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy July 2014 Millennium Development Goals, MDG’S; Case of Kosovo Jona Hoxhaj Economics Department, Epoka University, Tirana/Albania [email protected] Dren Bllaci Banking and Finance Department, Epoka University, Tirana/ Albania [email protected] Mergleda Hodo Research Assistant at Economics Department, Epoka University, Tirana/Albania [email protected] Elena Pici Economics Department, Epoka University, Tirana/Albania [email protected] Dr. Eglantina Hysa Lecturer at Economics Department, Epoka University, Tirana/Albania [email protected] Doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n14p123 Abstract The Millennium Development Goals, present in the UN Millennium Declaration 2000, are a set of goals to reduce poverty, disease, and deprivation of the world’s poorest people This paper examines the Development and increscent that Millennium Development goals have lived in a transition country like Kosovo, which is one of the less developed countries in Europe. Furthermore, Kosovo is one of the ancient lands in Balkan passing through many wars and difficulties in achieving growth and prosperity, international presence and effect in all the institutions and government have helped Kosovo to increase the overall economical, political and social life. MDG’s are becoming a very important part of changing the standard of living in many of the countries in the world, where living conditions are not in an acceptable position. Also, it critically evaluates each of 8 MDG’s and the improvement that they have achieved during these post war years, even though Kosovo is not officially part of MDG’s Agreement that all the states have signed. -
Rapport De Mission En République Du Kosovo
Rapport de mission en République du Kosovo du 10 au 20 juin 2015 Mission organisée par l’Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides (OFPRA) avec la participation de la Cour nationale du droit d’asile (CNDA) et du Bundesamt Für migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF) PUBLICATION 2015 Rapport de mission en République du Kosovo du 10 au 20 juin 2015 Mission organisée par l’Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides (OFPRA) avec la participation de la Cour nationale du droit d’asile (CNDA) et du Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF) Projet cofinancé par le Fonds Asile Migration et Intégration (FAMI) Rapport de mission au Kosovo - juin 2015 Rapport de mission au Kosovo - juin 2015 Interlocuteurs rencontrés au cours de la mission Elaboration du rapport Organisations internationales Ce rapport a été élaboré par l’équipe de la mission : Elodie GUEGO (chef de mission, division Europe-Maria Casarès, OFPRA), Mélina PELE (officier de protection instructeur, division Asie- Haut-commissariat des Nations-Unies pour les Réfugiés (UNHCR) Atiq Rahimi, OFPRA), Patrick VOISIN (chargé de recherches, division de l’information, de la – Narashima RAO, chef de mission documentation et des recherches-DIDR, OFPRA), Raphaël NICOLLE (chargé d’études et de recherches au centre de recherches et documentation-CEREDOC, CNDA), Mario SCHLINDWEIN Organisation pour la Sécurité et la Coopération en Europe (OSCE) (officier de liaison allemand de l’office fédéral pour la migration et les réfugiés-BAMF à la – Raph J. BUNCHE, chef de la section loi et justice Direction Générale des Etrangers en France-DGEF). La mise en page a été effectuée par – Senad ŠABOVIC, chef du bureau des affaires politiques et de la communication Eric CHIARAPPA (documentaliste, division de l’information, de la documentation et des – Sahedin SHOK, officier de la section des Droits des communautés recherches-DIDR). -
Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo - I - CONSTITUTION of the REPUBLIC of KOSOVO CHAPTER I BASIC PROVISIONS
Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo - i - CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO CHAPTER I BASIC PROVISIONS.......................................................................................................................1 ARTICLE 1 [D EFINITION OF STATE ]...........................................................................................................................1 ARTICLE 2 [S OVEREIGNTY ] .......................................................................................................................................1 ARTICLE 3 [E QUALITY BEFORE THE LAW ].................................................................................................................1 ARTICLE 4 [F ORM OF GOVERNMENT AND SEPARATION OF POWER ] .........................................................................1 ARTICLE 5 [L ANGUAGES ]..........................................................................................................................................2 ARTICLE 6 [S YMBOLS ] ..............................................................................................................................................2 ARTICLE 7 [V ALUES ].................................................................................................................................................2 ARTICLE 8 [S ECULAR STATE ]....................................................................................................................................2 ARTICLE 9 [C ULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS HERITAGE ] .................................................................................................3