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Proto-Minahasan: Phonology, Morphology and Wordlist PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Se�le6 B - No. 54 PROTO-MINAHASAN: PHONOLOGY, MORPHOLOGY AND WORDLIST by J.N. Sneddon Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Sneddon, J.N. Proto-Minahasan: Phonology, morphology and wordlist. B-54, x + 214 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1978. DOI:10.15144/PL-B54.cover ©1978 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACI FIC LINGUISTI CS is published through the Lingui�tic Ci�cl e 06 Canbe��a and consists of four series: SE RIES A - OCCASIONAL PAPERS SERIES B - MONOG RAPHS SERIES C - BOOKS SER IES V - SPECIAL PUBLICATI ONS EDITOR: S.A. Wurm. ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C. Laycock, C.L. Voorhoeve, D.T. Tryon, T.E. Dutton. EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B. Bender, University of Hawaii A. Healey, Summer Institute of Linguistics A. Capell, University of Sydney N.D. Liem, University of Hawaii S. Elbert, University of Hawaii H. McKaughan, University of Hawaii K. Franklin, Summer Institute of Linguistics G.N. O'Grady, University of Victoria, B.C. W.W. Glover, SU!DDIer Institute of K. Pike, University of Michigan; Linguistics Summer Institute of Linguistics G. Grace, University of Hawaii E. Uhlenbeck, University of Leiden ALL CORRESPONDENCE concerning PACI FIC LINGUISTI CS, including orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to: The Secretary , PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, Department of Linguistics, School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University , Canberra , A.C.T. 2600. Australia. Copyright � J.N. Sneddon. First published 1978 . The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for help in the production of this series. This publication was made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. National Library of Australia Card Number and ISBN 0 85883 169 4 TO SUSAN TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE vii ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS viii MAP x PART ONE - INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. AIMS OF THE STUDY 1 1.2. THE MINAHASAN LANGUAGES 2 1.2.1. Tondano 3 1.2.2. Tonsea 4 1.2.3 . Tombulu 4 1.2. 4. Tontemboan 5 1.2.5 . Tonsawang 5 , 1.3. PREVIOUS COMPARATIVE STUDIES 6 1.4. THE BASIS FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION 8 1.5. FURTHER LINKS 10 1.6. THE RECONSTRUCTION: PROCEDURE AND PROBLEMS 11 PART TWO - PHONOLOGY 19 2.1 . THE RECONSTRUCTION OF PROTO-NORTH-EAST-MINAHASAN PHONOLOGY 20 2.1.1. Tombulu Phonology 20 2.1.2 . Tonsea Phonology 21 2.1.3. Tondano Phonology 22 2.1.4. Proto-North-East-Minahasan Phonology 25 2.2. THE RECONSTRUCTION OF PROTO-NORTH-MINAHASAN PHONOLOGY 37 2.2.1. Tontemboan Phonology 38 2.2.2. Proto-North-Minahasan Phonology 41 2.3. THE RECONSTRUCTION OF PROTO-MINAHA SA N PHONOLOGY 54 2.3.1. Tonsawang Phonology 54 2.3.2 . Proto-Minahasan Phonology 57 v vi Page PART THREE - MORPHOLOGY 79 3.1. INFLECTIONAL AFFIXES 81 3.1.1. Voice Affixes 82 3.1 . 2. Tense Affixes 88 3.1.3. Aspect Affixes 92 3.2 . DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES 100 3.3. PRONOUNS 109 3.4. MODALS 113 PART FOUR - LEXICAL RECONSTRUCTIONS 117 4.1. INTRODUCTION 117 4.2. PROTO-MINAHASAN WORDLIST 120 NOTES TO PROTO-MINAHASAN WORDLIST 184 BIBLIOGRAPHY 198 PREFACE This study was undertaken during the tenure of a post-doctoral research fellowship in the Department of Indonesian and Malayan Studies, the University of Sydney from November, 1973 to December, 1975 . Field­ work in Indonesia was carried out from July, 1974 to March, 1975 . It is true to say that this project would never have been possible but for the vigorous support it received from Professor Peter Worsley both before and during the time I was in his department. To him I offer sincere thanks. Thanks are also due to many people in Indonesia. In particular I mention Drs William Pakasi, Mr Christian Lewan and Rev Geoff Bennet, who in their different ways contributed greatly to the success of my field study. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia sponsored my study in Indonesia and I am most grateful to officials of that body, who pro­ vided valuable advice and assistance while I was there. Dr Jack Prentice spent much time in discussions and in reading drafts and his advice has been of great benefit. My wife Susan once again had to endure long separation and to her I lovingly dedicate this work. vii ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS Ban Bantik C any consonant Jav Javanese Mal Malay MdMal Manado Malay Mdw Mongondow Mid Makelai Mtn Matanai PAN Proto-Austronesian PFm Proto-Formosan PMb Proto-Manobo PMin Proto-Minahasan PNE Proto-North-East-Minahasan PNM Proto-North-Minahasan Pon Ponosakan PPh Proto-Philippine PPn Proto-Polynesian PSl Proto-Sulic RM repeated monosyllab le Rth Ratahan San Sangir Tb l Tombulu Tdn Tondano Tse Tonsea Tsw Tonsawang Ttb Tontemboan V any vowel WBM Western Bukidnon Manobo <x> x is an orthographic device viii ix x + y x becomes y (synchronic change) x > y x becomes y (diachroni c change ) x < y x derives from y (diachronic change ) x � y x and y alternate freely x:[y � z] x is a phoneme with allophones y and z [x ] x is a phone {x} x is a morpheme representation *x x is a reconstruction **x x does not occur ( x) occurrence of segme nt x is uncertain x/y a segment occurs but no decision can be made as to whether it is x or y (x/y ) oc currence of a segment is uncertain and if one occurs no decision can be made as to whether it is x or y Po ! I Manado -Maumbi eAirTONSEAmadidl • Kauditan· KiNlow Taratara· • T hon :mO Sonder boken Lake Tondano �: KaWangk� II··t}: :)::: ';; �O;�� Kakas ANO -Langoan TONTEMBOANSilosn : . • Tombatu TONSAWANG Showing places mentioned In the text and localities of the hve languages MINAHASA,Involved In the NORTH study. CELEBES o 500 km L' _____...J · Sneddon, J.N. Proto-Minahasan: Phonology, morphology and wordlist. B-54, x + 214 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1978. DOI:10.15144/PL-B54.cover ©1978 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PART ONE INTRODUCT ION 1.1. AIMS OF THE STUDY Th e aim of the present study is to carry out a detailed comparat ive analysis of a small group of Austronesian languages with the intention of reconstructing as much as possible of their exclusively shared parent language . The five languages involved in the study are spoken in the Minahasa region of North Celebes, Indonesia. The reconstructed parent language is called Proto-Minahasan . One of the maj or purposes of the study is to provide the ma terial for a later systematic comparison of the Minahasan language s with other groups of Austronesian languages . The next step should be a compara­ tive study involving the Minahasan languages and their closest rela­ tives , which appear to be the Sangirese group of languages (see 1.5.). The study is based on the belief that such small-scale surveys will prove to be of cons iderab le value to comparativists attempting to determine the structure of the Austrones ian language family and to re­ construct its parent language, Proto-Austronesian . Wide-scale studies , those that at tempt to cast light on Proto­ Austronesian directly by means of a comparative study of present-day Austronesian languages, suffer from a numb er of disadvantages. First, owing to the large number of languages in the Austronesian fami ly , amounting to several hundreds , and the lack of detailed syn­ chronic information availab le on most of these, such studies must be based on data from a limited number of languages , mainly those for which pub lished material is availab le . Uh lenbeck (1956 :318) has commented that such wide-scale studies often suffer from dependence on published works of unknown reliability . Yet the Austronesianist who attempts such wide-scale study is compelled 1 Sneddon, J.N. Proto-Minahasan: Phonology, morphology and wordlist. B-54, x + 214 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1978. DOI:10.15144/PL-B54.1 ©1978 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. 2 to re ly to a large extent on such literature because of the impractic­ ability of personally obtaining data on a large number of languages before beginning his comparative work . Further, the structure of the Austronesian language family is not clearly understood and consequently such attempts to reconstruct the family 's ultimate parent language proceed without a clear idea of the interrelationships of the languages on wh ich the reconstruction is based . Anceaux (1965: 311) has criticised studies 'in wh ich data, often picked out at random, from languages scattered far and Wide , are com­ pared and connected .' He remarks : 'In such studies there is the danger that premature conclusions will be reached owing to the lack of an adequate knowledge of the languages used for the comparison, or of special development s in the groupings to wh ich they belong. ' He points out the value of small-scale studies , in which the comparison is re­ stricted to a small group of closely related languages . By restricting himself to the study of a small numb er of closely related languages the comparativist is better ab le to ( i ) personally study each language involved and ch eck the reliability of any published material , ( ii) establish a precise picture of the interrelationships of the languages and ( iii) reconstruct the parent language both accurately and in detail .
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