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Unicode Request for Cyrillic Modifier Letters Superscript Modifiers
Unicode request for Cyrillic modifier letters L2/21-107 Kirk Miller, [email protected] 2021 June 07 This is a request for spacing superscript and subscript Cyrillic characters. It has been favorably reviewed by Sebastian Kempgen (University of Bamberg) and others at the Commission for Computer Supported Processing of Medieval Slavonic Manuscripts and Early Printed Books. Cyrillic-based phonetic transcription uses superscript modifier letters in a manner analogous to the IPA. This convention is widespread, found in both academic publication and standard dictionaries. Transcription of pronunciations into Cyrillic is the norm for monolingual dictionaries, and Cyrillic rather than IPA is often found in linguistic descriptions as well, as seen in the illustrations below for Slavic dialectology, Yugur (Yellow Uyghur) and Evenki. The Great Russian Encyclopedia states that Cyrillic notation is more common in Russian studies than is IPA (‘Transkripcija’, Bol’šaja rossijskaja ènciplopedija, Russian Ministry of Culture, 2005–2019). Unicode currently encodes only three modifier Cyrillic letters: U+A69C ⟨ꚜ⟩ and U+A69D ⟨ꚝ⟩, intended for descriptions of Baltic languages in Latin script but ubiquitous for Slavic languages in Cyrillic script, and U+1D78 ⟨ᵸ⟩, used for nasalized vowels, for example in descriptions of Chechen. The requested spacing modifier letters cannot be substituted by the encoded combining diacritics because (a) some authors contrast them, and (b) they themselves need to be able to take combining diacritics, including diacritics that go under the modifier letter, as in ⟨ᶟ̭̈⟩BA . (See next section and e.g. Figure 18. ) In addition, some linguists make a distinction between spacing superscript letters, used for phonetic detail as in the IPA tradition, and spacing subscript letters, used to denote phonological concepts such as archiphonemes. -
+1. Introduction 2. Cyrillic Letter Rumanian Yn
MAIN.HTM 10/13/2006 06:42 PM +1. INTRODUCTION These are comments to "Additional Cyrillic Characters In Unicode: A Preliminary Proposal". I'm examining each section of that document, as well as adding some extra notes (marked "+" in titles). Below I use standard Russian Cyrillic characters; please be sure that you have appropriate fonts installed. If everything is OK, the following two lines must look similarly (encoding CP-1251): (sample Cyrillic letters) АабВЕеЗКкМНОопРрСсТуХхЧЬ (Latin letters and digits) Aa6BEe3KkMHOonPpCcTyXx4b 2. CYRILLIC LETTER RUMANIAN YN In the late Cyrillic semi-uncial Rumanian/Moldavian editions, the shape of YN was very similar to inverted PSI, see the following sample from the Ноул Тестамент (New Testament) of 1818, Neamt/Нямец, folio 542 v.: file:///Users/everson/Documents/Eudora%20Folder/Attachments%20Folder/Addons/MAIN.HTM Page 1 of 28 MAIN.HTM 10/13/2006 06:42 PM Here you can see YN and PSI in both upper- and lowercase forms. Note that the upper part of YN is not a sharp arrowhead, but something horizontally cut even with kind of serif (in the uppercase form). Thus, the shape of the letter in modern-style fonts (like Times or Arial) may look somewhat similar to Cyrillic "Л"/"л" with the central vertical stem looking like in lowercase "ф" drawn from the middle of upper horizontal line downwards, with regular serif at the bottom (horizontal, not slanted): Compare also with the proposed shape of PSI (Section 36). 3. CYRILLIC LETTER IOTIFIED A file:///Users/everson/Documents/Eudora%20Folder/Attachments%20Folder/Addons/MAIN.HTM Page 2 of 28 MAIN.HTM 10/13/2006 06:42 PM I support the idea that "IA" must be separated from "Я". -
494 Part 679—Fisheries of the Ex
Pt. 679 50 CFR Ch. VI (10–1–19 Edition) 679.55 Observer fees. PART 679—FISHERIES OF THE EX- Subpart F—American Fisheries Act and Aleutian Island Directed Pollock Fish- CLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE OFF ery Management Measures ALASKA 679.60 Authority and related regulations. Subpart A—General 679.61 Formation and operation of fishery cooperatives. Sec. 679.62 Inshore sector cooperative allocation 679.1 Purpose and scope. program. 679.2 Definitions. 679.63 Catch weighing requirements for ves- 679.3 Relation to other laws. sels and processors. 679.4 Permits. 679.64 Harvesting sideboard limits in other 679.5 Recordkeeping and reporting. fisheries. 679.6 Exempted fisheries. 679.65 Bering Sea Chinook Salmon Bycatch 679.7 Prohibitions. Management Program Economic Data 679.8 Facilitation of enforcement. Report (Chinook salmon EDR program). 679.9 Penalties. 679.66 AFA cost recovery. 679.67 Aleutian Islands pollock cost recov- Subpart B—Management Measures ery. 679.20 General limitations. Subpart G—Rockfish Program 679.21 Prohibited species bycatch manage- ment. 679.80 Allocation and transfer of rockfish 679.22 Closures. QS. 679.23 Seasons. 679.81 Rockfish Program annual harvester 679.24 Gear limitations. privileges. 679.25 Inseason adjustments. 679.82 Rockfish Program use caps and 679.26 Prohibited Species Donation Pro- sideboard limits. gram. 679.83 Rockfish Program entry level 679.27 Improved Retention/Improved Utili- longline fishery. zation Program. 679.84 Rockfish Program recordkeeping, 679.28 Equipment and operational require- permits, monitoring, and catch account- ments. ing. 679.85 Cost recovery. Subpart C—Western Alaska Community Development Quota Program Subpart H—Amendment 80 Program 679.30 [Reserved] 679.90 Allocation, use, and transfer of 679.31 CDQ and PSQ reserves, allocations, Amendment 80 QS permits. -
Old Cyrillic in Unicode*
Old Cyrillic in Unicode* Ivan A Derzhanski Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences [email protected] The current version of the Unicode Standard acknowledges the existence of a pre- modern version of the Cyrillic script, but its support thereof is limited to assigning code points to several obsolete letters. Meanwhile mediæval Cyrillic manuscripts and some early printed books feature a plethora of letter shapes, ligatures, diacritic and punctuation marks that want proper representation. (In addition, contemporary editions of mediæval texts employ a variety of annotation signs.) As generally with scripts that predate printing, an obvious problem is the abundance of functional, chronological, regional and decorative variant shapes, the precise details of whose distribution are often unknown. The present contents of the block will need to be interpreted with Old Cyrillic in mind, and decisions to be made as to which remaining characters should be implemented via Unicode’s mechanism of variation selection, as ligatures in the typeface, or as code points in the Private space or the standard Cyrillic block. I discuss the initial stage of this work. The Unicode Standard (Unicode 4.0.1) makes a controversial statement: The historical form of the Cyrillic alphabet is treated as a font style variation of modern Cyrillic because the historical forms are relatively close to the modern appearance, and because some of them are still in modern use in languages other than Russian (for example, U+0406 “I” CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER I is used in modern Ukrainian and Byelorussian). Some of the letters in this range were used in modern typefaces in Russian and Bulgarian. -
1. Introduction
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N4162 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Revised proposal to encode Latin letters used in the Former Soviet Union Authors: Nurlan Joomagueldinov, Karl Pentzlin, Ilya Yevlampiev Status: Expert Contribution Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Date: 2012-01-29 Supersedes: L2/11-360, WG2 N4162 – Two characters were added for Komi-Permyak (LATIN CAPITAL/SMALL LETTER ZE WITH DESCENDER). – The LATIN SMALL LETTER CAUCASIAN LONG S was disunified from U+017F LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S (see the remark in the list of proposed characters at U+AB89). – Some issues raised in L2/11-422 are addressed in the text (especially, section 2.1.1 "Descender vs. cedilla" was added). Terminology used in this document: "Descender" refers to the specially formed appendage on letters like the one in the already encoded letter U+A790 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH DESCENDER. "Typographical descender" refers to the part of a letter below the baseline, thus resembling the term "descender" as used in typography. 1. Introduction In the wake of the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia, alphabetization of the people living in the then formed Soviet Union became an important point of the political agenda. At that time, some languages spoken in the Soviet Union had no standardized orthography at all, while others (especially in areas where the Islam was the predominant religion) used the Arabic script. As most of these orthographies did not reflect the phonetics of these languages very well, and as the Arabic script was considered unnecessarily difficult by some due to its structure, for most of the non-Slavic languages it was decided to design new orthographies from scratch. -
5892 Cisco Category: Standards Track August 2010 ISSN: 2070-1721
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) P. Faltstrom, Ed. Request for Comments: 5892 Cisco Category: Standards Track August 2010 ISSN: 2070-1721 The Unicode Code Points and Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA) Abstract This document specifies rules for deciding whether a code point, considered in isolation or in context, is a candidate for inclusion in an Internationalized Domain Name (IDN). It is part of the specification of Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications 2008 (IDNA2008). Status of This Memo This is an Internet Standards Track document. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5892. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. -
Centc304 N932
CEN/TC304 N932 Source: Secretariat Date: 15 Dec 1999 Title: European Fallback Rules, ballot Mailed: 15 Dec 1999 Status: TC-enquiry: DEADLINE 1st March 2000 Action required: Respond before 1 March 2000 * Notes: This is a TC-enquiry, to establish the suitability of N932 to be sent for Formal vote as prENV. National member body officers, responsible for CEN/TC304 issues are asked to fill in this form and send it to the TC-secretariat before 1 March 2000. Comments in any form will be forwarded to the CEN/TC 304 Project Team of European Fallback Rules. The PT will before the next plenary of TC304 in April 2000 produce a disposition of comments and a revised draft. The PT will produce a disposition of comments and plans to ask the TC304 plenary in November to approve a revised draft to be sent for Formal Vote. Comments from affiliated members of CEN and liaisons are welcome and will be considered. Country:______________________________ Approves without comments ___ Approves with comments ___ Disapproves with comments ___ Date:_______________ Signature_____________________________________(National Member Body officer) Name:__________________________________ EUROPEAN PRESTANDARD DRAFT PRÉNORME EUROPÉENNE prENV_____ EUROPÄISCHE VORNORM ICS: 35.040 Descriptors: Data processing, information interchange, text processing, text communication, graphic characters, character sets, representation of characters, coded character sets, conversion, fallback English version Information Technology European fallback rules Technologies de l'information- Informations technologies Character repertoire and coding transformations: Character repertoire and coding transformations: European fallback rules - Nº 1 European fallback rules - Nº 1 This draft ENV is submitted to CEN members for Formal Vote. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 304. -
Kyrillische Schrift Für Den Computer
Hanna-Chris Gast Kyrillische Schrift für den Computer Benennung der Buchstaben, Vergleich der Transkriptionen in Bibliotheken und Standesämtern, Auflistung der Unicodes sowie Tastaturbelegung für Windows XP Inhalt Seite Vorwort ................................................................................................................................................ 2 1 Kyrillische Schriftzeichen mit Benennung................................................................................... 3 1.1 Die Buchstaben im Russischen mit Schreibschrift und Aussprache.................................. 3 1.2 Kyrillische Schriftzeichen anderer slawischer Sprachen.................................................... 9 1.3 Veraltete kyrillische Schriftzeichen .................................................................................... 10 1.4 Die gebräuchlichen Sonderzeichen ..................................................................................... 11 2 Transliterationen und Transkriptionen (Umschriften) .......................................................... 13 2.1 Begriffe zum Thema Transkription/Transliteration/Umschrift ...................................... 13 2.2 Normen und Vorschriften für Bibliotheken und Standesämter....................................... 15 2.3 Tabellarische Übersicht der Umschriften aus dem Russischen ....................................... 21 2.4 Transliterationen veralteter kyrillischer Buchstaben ....................................................... 25 2.5 Transliterationen bei anderen slawischen -
AIX Globalization
AIX Version 7.1 AIX globalization IBM Note Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in “Notices” on page 233 . This edition applies to AIX Version 7.1 and to all subsequent releases and modifications until otherwise indicated in new editions. © Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 2010, 2018. US Government Users Restricted Rights – Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Contents About this document............................................................................................vii Highlighting.................................................................................................................................................vii Case-sensitivity in AIX................................................................................................................................vii ISO 9000.....................................................................................................................................................vii AIX globalization...................................................................................................1 What's new...................................................................................................................................................1 Separation of messages from programs..................................................................................................... 1 Conversion between code sets............................................................................................................. -
Fita and Fitb, a Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Protein Complex Involved in the Regulation Of
FitA and FitB, a Neisseria gonorrhoeae Protein Complex Involved in the Regulation of Transcellular Migration by John Scott.)Vilbur A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and the Oregon Health and Sciences University School of Medicine in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2006 School of Medicine Oregon Health and Sciences University CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL This is to certify that the Ph.D. Thesis of John Scott Wilbur has been approved Dr. Fred Heffron, Member TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents Acknowledgments iv Abstract v Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.0 Neisseria 2 1.1 Clinical manifestation 2 1.2 The GC infection process 3 1.2.1 Loose adherence and microcolony formation 3 1.2.2 Tight adherence and invasion 4 1.2.3 Intracellular replication and transcytosis 5 1.3 The role of transcytosis in infection 6 1.4 Antigenic variation of GC virulence factors 7 1.4.1 PilE recombination with pilS locus 7 1.4.2 Opa phase variation 9 1.5 Tissue culture models of infection 10 1.6 Identification of the fit locus 10 1.7 FitA and ribbon-helix-helix DNA binding proteins 11 1.8 FitB and PIN domains 12 1.9 Present work 14 References 17 Chapter 1 Figure legends 29 Chapter 1 Figures 33 Chapter 2: Manuscript 1: Neisseria gonorrhoeae FitA interacts with FitB 36 to bind DNA through its ribbon-helix-helix motif Abstract 39 Introduction 40 Experimental procedures 42 Results 47 Discussion 54 References 55 Tables 1-3 59 Figure legend 62 Figures 1-6 64 Chapter 3: Manuscript -
Alphabets, Letters and Diacritics in European Languages (As They Appear in Geography)
1 Vigleik Leira (Norway): [email protected] Alphabets, Letters and Diacritics in European Languages (as they appear in Geography) To the best of my knowledge English seems to be the only language which makes use of a "clean" Latin alphabet, i.d. there is no use of diacritics or special letters of any kind. All the other languages based on Latin letters employ, to a larger or lesser degree, some diacritics and/or some special letters. The survey below is purely literal. It has nothing to say on the pronunciation of the different letters. Information on the phonetic/phonemic values of the graphic entities must be sought elsewhere, in language specific descriptions. The 26 letters a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z may be considered the standard European alphabet. In this article the word diacritic is used with this meaning: any sign placed above, through or below a standard letter (among the 26 given above); disregarding the cases where the resulting letter (e.g. å in Norwegian) is considered an ordinary letter in the alphabet of the language where it is used. Albanian The alphabet (36 letters): a, b, c, ç, d, dh, e, ë, f, g, gj, h, i, j, k, l, ll, m, n, nj, o, p, q, r, rr, s, sh, t, th, u, v, x, xh, y, z, zh. Missing standard letter: w. Letters with diacritics: ç, ë. Sequences treated as one letter: dh, gj, ll, rr, sh, th, xh, zh. -
Ethnoecology of Oxalis Adenophylla Gillies Ex Hook. Ampamp
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CONICET Digital Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 533–542 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Ethnopharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep Research Paper Ethnoecology of Oxalis adenophylla Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.$ Juan José Ochoa a, Ana Haydeé Ladio b,n a Instituto de Investigaciones en Diversidad Cultural y Procesos de Cambio (CONICET-UNRN), Mitre 630 5to A, Río Negro, San Carlos de Bariloche 8400, Argentina b Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (CONICET-UNComa), Quintral 1250, Río Negro, San Carlos de Bariloche 8400, Argentina article info abstract Article history: Ethnopharmacological relevance: We studied the ethnoecological knowledge of medicinal Oxalis adeno- Received 4 February 2014 phylla in 3 rural villages of north Patagonia, Argentina. To evaluate links between use frequency, Received in revised form ethnoecological knowledge, sociocultural variables and the conservation status of this plant. 21 April 2014 Materials and method: Forty informants were interviewed in relation to their knowledge, use, perception Accepted 29 May 2014 and the ecology of Oxalis adenophylla. Sociocultural variables were also documented, such as age, gender, Available online 6 June 2014 size of family group living in the house, economic activities and ethnic self-determination. The Keywords: abundance and availability of these plants were estimated in two villages, by measuring the number Conservation of plants per area, their weight and the relation between time invested and biomass collected. We tested Wild edible and medicinal plant frequency of use and age with Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.