Zhangzhung Dictionary 35

**KA** KA YA Stein 242. (lus) body. LZ 3. KA YA BAG (bkrag mdangs rgyas) *KA See ti ka, ti ka rmad du, ti ka wide and full brightness, hi, ram lo ka ta. ZZH. lustre. ZZH. Zhu. Spelled ka ya KA (yul) country, realm. Sgra 135. ba in ZB. This meaning not found in KA YA A SHO TRI TRI SUM (lus Zhu. ngag yid gsum) body, speech KA KU (’gyur med) unchanged. and mind, these three. ZZH. Sgra 124. Could not find this in Zhu. There is some Sanskri- Mdzod. See the following. tization at work here. KA KYU [1] (’gyur med) unchan- KA YAB (bkrag mdangs) brilliance, ged, universal. ZZH. Zhu, once splendor. ZB. Of course, this only. ZB. [2] (mi ’gyur) im- can be read as: ka ya ba. mutable, unchanging. Mdzod. KA RI GYIN In Mdzod, ch. 7, it LZ 3. seems to corresp. to Tib. bstan KA TA (shes rab) insight. Sgra 124. pa, ‘teaching.’ This is likely to be a mistake. KA RU Stein 243. Tib. shes rab is always for ZZ ti *KA LA See su ri ka la [-yi]. ZZH. shan or tri shen in Mdzod. ZB gives also alternative spelling KA LA (ma g.yos) unbudged, im- ka te. mobile. ZB. LZ 3. KA TI (kun ’dud) ‘all bow,’ KA LA SHA (bdud rtsi) nectar. LZ apparently one of the seven 3. mountain chains in the cosmo- KA LAN TA KA (byi’ u mchil pa) logy. Mdzod, ch. 5. (kun ’dud sparrow the little bird. LZ 3. pa) to whom all bow. LZ 3. This is surely Skt. and not ZZ. KA DU KHIR (kun du ’od) light The Skt. word is kalantaka or everywhere, fully enlightened. perhaps more correctly kalan- ZZH. Actually, this is the daka, along with various other eleventh Ground of the Bodhi- spellings. It not only means sattva Path. The reading in ‘sparrow’ even if some Skt. Zhu is ku du khir zhi. dictionaries define it as ‘squir- rel,’ but also a name of a place KA BUNG See ku pung. where plenty of these birds KA MA TA [1] (mkhas pa) scholar. were to be found. This entry [2] (me tog padma) lotus ought to be removed. flower. LZ 3. In this second KA SHA [1] (ma chags) without meaning, at least, a Sanskri- attachment, unattached. ZZH. tism. Zhu. Humm1 500 (agrees with KA MA LI (ral gri?) sword (?). Mdzod). OZZ 14. “ka sha ma Namgyal Nyima’ s dictionary. chags.” Khyung-sprul 11. Acc. (gri dang sta ri) knife and axe. to LZ 3, equiv. of Tib. yid ma LZ 3. chags pa. [2] (dag pa) pure. ZB. KA MA CI SING (klong chen KA SHA KYO MIN (ma chags dag ’byams pa) great receptive pa) without attachment [and] center spread out. Mdzod, ch. pure. ZB. 5, with var. ka la ci sing.

KA SHU (kun gzhi) all basis. Sgra KAN [1] (dkyil ’jub, i.e., dkyil 128. The more common spel- ’dzub, dkyil mdzub) middle ling in Mdzod is ku shu finger. Humm1 500. “kan ni (likewise in Zhu). dkyil ’dzub ste.” Khyung-sprul KA SA (kun rnam) all aspects. Sgra 11. YN no. 27, ‘finger.’ [2] (yar, 128. This entry seems quite yas) upward or from above. doubtful. One does find ZZ ka Mdzod. Only occurs with Tib. sang for Tib. kun snang, equiv. steng, ‘above, on top,’ ‘shining all over,’ in Zhu. once in Zhu. LZ 4. OZZ 14. See also ken. KA SANG [1] ZZH. (kun gsal) clear everywhere. Humm1 500. “ka KAN DOD (yar skye ba, ’phel ba) sang kun gsal te.” Khyung- to grow up[ward], multiply, sprul 11. [2] (kun snang) increase. LZ 4. shining everywhere. Mdzod, KAN MUR (steng ’og) above and ch. 5. Zhu, once only. OZZ 14. below. ZZH. Zhu. ZB. Gen Also spelled ku smar. [3] (kun mur in Mdzod. bzang) all good. ZB. See sang. KAM (sog, sog pa) shoulder KA SANGS (kun snang) shining all [blade], scapula. Humm1 50. over, appearing everywhere. OZZ 14. LZ 4. This spelling not Humm1 500. “ka sangs kun in Zhu, where we find rather snang.” Khyung-sprul 11. LZ 4. the spelling kham. (sog pa) KA AG (kun dga’) completely shoulder [blade]. Bru II 291, happy. Sgra 123. Tib. kun dga’ line 2. ZB. “kam ni sog pa.” is ZZ ga ga in Mdzod. This Khyung-sprul 11. entry therefore seems some- *KAR See kir kar, rkyo min kar; cf. what doubtful. The spelling ga khar, khi khar, khir. ZZH. ag occurs once only in Zhu. KAR NI See gar ni. KA AG LAN (kun dga’) completely KAR NE RA (me tog dkar po zhig) happy. ZB. [name of] a white flower. LZ 4. KANG KA [1] (shel) glass. [2] (bya KAR BE’ U (’bras) rice. LZ 4. YN rgod) vulture. LZ 4. In this se- no. 51.2. cond sense, an evident Sanskri- tism, although Skt. kaṅka KAS MA HRAL [1] (smad sham) means ‘heron.’ loin cloth. [2] (sked chings) belt, girdle. LZ 4. This type of KANG KA RI (man shel) crystal, garment is explained in ZZFC glass. LZ 4. 239. KANG DRUNG MU (shar g.yung *KI See ta ki dun gu, dha ki, bha ki. drung) eastern svāstika. Sgra ZZH. 136. KI KANG (gsal ba) clear. ZB. KANG SHE [1] (shar shar) east, eastern. ZZH. Kang as equi- KI LA YA (phur pa zor) [ritual] valent of shar, “east”, is pro- dagger. ZZH. Zhu. ZB. An blematic. But this does occur in obvious Sanskritism. In actuali- Zhu. And it does occur in the ty, it is a peg, like a tent-tethe- comm. vocab. [2] (shar dkar) ring peg, and not a dagger. white east. ZB. Zhangzhung Dictionary 35

KIR KAR (gsal ba) clear, to be clear. KU MIN See kun mun. ZZH. Mu khir [‘clear sky’] & KU MUN See kun mun. khir zhi & khi zhi seem to be the usual ZZ for gsal ba in KU MED (kun spang) complete Mdzod. This spelling occurs renunciation. Sgra 128. In once in Zhu. OZZ 6. See khir. Mdzod, Tib. kun spang is ZZ di cu. We do not find this in *KU See ta ku. ZZH. Zhu. KU (’khor) encircle, surround. KU SMAR (kun bzang) all good. Could not find this in Mdzod, Sgra 124. Could not find this in but occurs twice in Zhu. (’khor; Mdzod. Gun smar is the the verb) to encircle, surround, spelling found in Zhu. See ka accompany. ZB. sang. KU KUN [1] (kun btags) genera- KU YIG Or, ku yag[?]. (bka’) Word lization. Sgra 129. (kun brtag) [of Lord Shenrab]. This is generalized concept, fantasized according to the Bka’ ’gyur image. Mdzod. [2] (kun gyi) of rnam bshad of Nyi-ma-bstan- all. Mdzod, ch. 5, with ZZ var. ’dzin. This ZZ word is not in gu kun. Zhu. Could not find any ZZ KUN YN no. 27, ‘finger.’ See kan. equiv. at all for Tib. bka’ in KUN KHIR (kun gsal) shining all Mdzod. See LZ 5. over. Sgra 134. KU YUG (’khor yug) circumferen- KU TRA (’dre gdon) group of gods ce, surroundings. Mdzod, ch. 5. or demons. ZZH. ZB. Humm1 See LZ 5. 514. OZZ 32. Stein 243. LZ 4. In KU RA [1] (khyi) dog. See Hoff2 Mdzod it appears as equivalent 196, where he concludes that it of ’dre, but also part of the is a loan from Indian kukkura. name of the the’u rang. Occurs For TB cognates, see Beyer, in Zhu. Classical Tibetan Language 80, KU TRIG (the’u rang) group of as well as Humm2 12; Nishi 21; gods or demons. ZZH. ZB. LZ OZZ 93. It bears a close 4. In Mdzod, Tib. the’u rang resemblance to Middle English spun is ZZ pa ci ku tra. Occurs cur (with close cognates in Ice- once in Zhu. landic, Swedish, etc.). In Zhu, we find ZZ du ku ra corresp. to KU DE (kun grub) everything Tib. bya khyi, ‘bird dog.’ Sgra accomplished, a metaphor for 126. ZB. YN no. 54. ZZQ 2-3, the autumn season (?). Sgra for a long discussion. Also, 125. Spelling is ZZ gu de, var. OZZ 71, 76, with “cognates” de ku, in Mdzod. listed. This meaning does not KU PUNG (?) Mdzod, ch. 8, with occur in Mdzod. [2] (kun brtag) ZZ var. ka bung. generalized concept, associa- tions, idea. ZZH. With variants KU BYI MANG KE Proper name of ku ru, gu ra, it appears as 33rd a god. See LZ 5. of 51 mental states in Mdzod. KU MA RA DZA Proper name of a (kun rtog) generalized concep- divine king on the 3rd level of tion. Sgra 131. (kun ’dus) sub- the cosmic mountain. See LZ 5. suming all. Sgra 134. (kun brtags) generalized conception. 36 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

Mdzod. ZB gives an alternative be still other meanings. ZB has spelling kun ta. [3] (kun, ZZ ma kung equiv. to Tib. ma tshang ma) all, every. LZ 5. ’gag, unobstructed. KU RA YA (kun bstan pa) teaching KUNG (’jug) enter. Mdzod, ch. 8, all. I have lost the reference for with ZZ var. kum. See under this, but I can say that it occurs phun. neither in Mdzod nor Zhu. KUNG PHU (ser sna) avarice, KU RI (mi ’dzem) immodest, miserliness. See LZ 5. shameless. ZZH. Zhu. Sgra KUN [1] (rog rog) black, reddish 133. ZB. Seems to be equivalent brown. Nishi 26. (rog po) black to Tib. khrel med in Mdzod. [animal]. YN no. 170. Bru II KU RI YA MIN (kun brtag log 291, line 3. PSD 162. I imagine ’khrul) wrong, mistaken idea this could be related to Shina or association; cf. ku ra. ZZH. word kino, an Indo-Iranic Zhu. word for ‘black’ in its turn re- KU SHIN [1] (kun shes) knowing lated to Skt. kṛṣṇa. S&K 275 no. all. Sgra 127. [2] (’du shes) 202. ZZ kun is not found as imprint, concept, idea; one of equiv. to Tib. rog in Mdzod, al- the skandhas. Mdzod, ch. 8, though it may be that ZZ rog is twice, with ZZ var. kun shin. found as equiv. to Tib. kun. [3] (’phags) lofty, sublime, Darma adjective gemo or saintly. ZB. See kun shin. gemuv, ‘brown.’ [2] (mdzub mo) a finger {thumb}. [3] In KU SHU (kun gzhi) all basis. some words it seems exact Mdzod, ch. 5. ZB. Ma 212. See equivalent to the same syllable LZ 5. in Tibetan kun, ‘all.’ I believe KU SHU TSI SING (kun gzhi ma there is no original ZZ word g.yos) the immobile essence kun equiv. to Tib. kun, this {unmoved from the all basis}. being an example of a histo- ZZH. rical Tibetanization in the textual transmission. The original KU HRANG (rkyang) the wild ass, ZZ word would have been ku Equus kyang. ZZH. Khro 59, or gu. ZZH. This is given as an line 6. Humm1 497. Sgra 126. alternative or a ‘correction’ in ZB. YN no. 66. Acc. to LZ 5, it Zhu. See ta co de kun, thang means both the wild ass, Tib. kun zhi. rkyang, and the horse, Tib. rta. “This could be the origin of the KUN TA (kun brtags) generalized term Kulan.” OZZ 11. Hummel concept, idea. ZB. Also spelled means here the Mongolian ku ra. kulan, a type of wild ass. The KUN MUN (rku ma) thief. ZZH. words may very well be Zhu. Occurs in Mdzod, ch. 8, connected in some way or with ZZ var. ku min. This has another. many TB cognates. Nishi 30. KUNG In negative form, mi kung ZZ ku mun, or, kun mun (rkun (mi ’gag) unobstructed. ZZH. ma). ZB. See LZ 6. YN 134, 136 This meaning is attested once & no. 179.. in Mdzod, with ZZ var. mu KUN RAN (sgrib pa kun byang ba) kud, but there would seem to clearing away all obscurations. Zhangzhung Dictionary 37

See LZ 6. (kun ’byang, kun 41, 76, giving alternative spel- ’byongs) purifying all. Mdzod, lings kon dur & khon dur. with ZZ vars. gu don & gu ron. Humm2 12. But there seems to KUN SHI (’du shes) consciousness, be some confusion in the entry imprint, concept, idea; one of in Zhu. ZB gives the spellings the skandhas. ZZH. ZB. ken tur and ken dur. See also kon dur, khon dur. KUN SHIN [1] (kun shes) knowing all. ZB. [2] (’du shes) concept, KEN (bskyed, yar) “root, origin” idea, imprint, concept, idea; {bskyed means ‘generate,’ while one of the skandhas. See LZ 6. yar means ‘up[ward]’}. ZZH. See shin. Humm1 511. Humm2 12. OZZ 29, 76. Mdzod, ch. 5, equiv. to KUN SHES (mkhyen pa) know- bskyed, ‘generated.’ In some ledge. ZB. ZZH. This certainly places in Mdzod, this seems to looks like Tibetan. Stein 236, be equiv. to ZZ kan, Tib. yar, based on ZZH? See shes. I ‘upward.’ think this entry ought to be removed. KO NAM =rko nam. Humm1 518. OZZ 37. (nye ’khor) close cir- KUN SANGS (kun snang) all ap- cle, associate, attendant. pearances, all phenomenon. Mdzod. We do not find this in See LZ 6. I doubt this is really Zhu. ZZ. KO RO RTSA NA (rtsa gnas sa’i KUM See kung. spyi bo). See LZ 7. I am not *KE See thad ke phyo ci. ZZH. See certain how it really ought to under ge. LZ 6. be translated without knowing the original context. LZ trans- KE RU (dkar po) white. See LZ 6. lates it, “the crown, the apex of YN no. 169. I wonder if it is the central channel.” really ZZ, or simply an unusual Tibetan form, perhaps KOG TSE [1] (pags shun, pags pa) from a dialect, of the word skin, peeling. [2] (mtsher ba) dkar po > dkar ru > ke ru. spleen. See LZ 7. YN 134 & no. There is some discussion in 20. ZZFC 240. KOG TSE PAD See LZ 7. KENG [1] “Limit.” Humm1 511. [2] KONG TSENG (dri ma med pa) Seems to occur in the meaning pure, stainless. See LZ 7. of [’]khengs, ‘fill[ed],’ in Mdzod. [3] (thog kha, steng) on KONG TSE ’PHRUL RGYAL Pro- top of, above. See LZ 6. This per name of a patron of Lord spelling not in Zhu. Shenrab. See LZ 7. KENG TUR Equivalent to keng KONG TSHA DBANG LDAN dur. (kha dang gting) surface Proper name. See LZ 7. and depth, above and below. KONG GZA’ KHRI LCAM Proper See LZ 6. OZZ 65 n. 31, with name. See LZ 7. khon dur given as alternative KOD [1] (’khod) sit down, live; be spelling. put down {to set down, to KENG DUR (kha gting) depth. arrange, establish}. ZZH. Zhu, Mdzod. Humm1 511. OZZ 29, once only. ZB. [2] (rgyug) to 38 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

race. Sgra ’grel. (rgyugs; the Sgra 131, noting that here the verb) to race [a horse]. ZB. first syllable is missing. This These two verbal meanings meaning is found twice, but are, of course, mutually exclu- with spelling gyer shud, in sive. See under sla zhi kod. Mdzod. “kyer shud the tshom KON DUR MIN (kha gting med) sgra.” Khyung-sprul 12. See LZ without depth, shallow. ZZH. 7. See gyer shud. In Mdzod, keng dur ma yin. *KYO See a kyo sangs, ag kyo ni Ken dur, not kon dur, is the nam. ZZH. spelling found in Zhu. KYO (gtsang) pure. (gtsang ma) *KOR See tsag kor. ZZH. pure. ZB. See under kyo min, KOR TSE (rang don) one’s own though, since it might actually aim, benefit for oneself. See LZ mean ‘impurity.’ See under 7. byo. *KYA See zur kya ra ga. ZZH. KYO CHU (khrus) bath, bathing. OZZ 41. KYANG Particle of emphasis. See ZZH 21. KYO MIN [1] (dag pa [’i]) pure, clean. ZZH. Zhu. [2] (rnam KYI Genitive particle. See ZZH 20. par) entirely. Sgra 129, 130. KYI TANG (char pa) rain. ZZH. Generally rnam par is da ra in Zhu, once only. YN no. 80. ZB Mdzod, although Tib. rnam also gives alternative spelling par dag pa is once standing for kyi rang. Could not find this in ZZ kyo min kar. See LZ 7, Mdzod. Nishi 24. where it is misspelled kyi min kar, with the Tib. gloss also KYI RI (’khor lo) wheel. See LZ 7. misspelled rnam par dag pa’i KYIG TSE (rnam grangs) enume- spud pa, by which they ob- ration. Mdzod, ch. 9, with ZZ viously intended Tib. rnam par var. kyog tsa. dag pa’i spyod pa, meaning ‘perfectly pure conduct.’ KYIN (kyin) being. {Is this the continuative verbal suffix?} KYO TSA See kyog tsa. ZZH. Zhu, once only. Could KYO TSANG (dri med) stainless, not locate any ZZ usage of the pure. ZB. same spelling with such a meaning in the Mdzod-phug. It KYO TSANG MA MIN (dri ma is entirely possible this is just med pa [’i]) without defile- an odd spelling for gyin, q.v. ment, pure, clean. ZZH. Zhu. In Mdzod, ko tseng ma min *KYU See ka kyu. stands for dri med shel. KYEL SAD GYER LGYUM (srid KYOG TSA (pho mo) male and pa’i lha mo) goddess of beco- female, the sexes. Sgra 132. ming, goddess of life. Humm1 Mdzod, ch. 9. We do not find 514. OZZ 32. In Mdzod, kyal this in Zhu. See LZ 8 & YN no. sad gyer lgyum. 41, where it is spelled kho tsa. KYER SHUD (the tshom) doubt. *KYON See to kyon. ZZH. Humm1 500. OZZ 14. Occurs 3 times with this same meaning, *KRA See tsakra. ZZH. Also, ti kra, only spelled gyer shud, in Zhu. da kra. Zhangzhung Dictionary 39

KRA [1] (grags pa) renown; KLU LI KAS TRANG Name of a sounding as. OZZ 89. [2] (sgra) non-human king. See LZ 8. sound, language, grammar. KLU SE (khyo ga) husband. Bru II Mdzod. 290, line 3. This word does not *KRAD See rtsa krad. ZZH. seem to occur in Mdzod, al- KRU KRU BRES (rtsa sman zhig) though it might be confused an herbal medicine. See LZ 8. with slu se or klung se, both of which mean something like KLANG [1] (sgrogs) call out, ‘child’ or ‘youth.’ See LZ 8. declare. ZZH. Zhu. [2] (sgra) sound, word. Mdzod, but here *KLUNG See zur klung. ZZH. spelled glang, q.v. Zhu. [3] See KLUNG ZB says that klung is Tib. ci klang. ZZH. =brlang, ‘rough, sgra, but surely klung is here coarse’ [language], brlang here just a mistake for klang. being nothing but an unimpor- KLUNG TSANG (tshig rtsub) harsh tant ZZ variant reading for speech. See LZ 8. OZZ 41. klang, and not Tib. Humm1 Mdzod, ch. 8, with ZZ vars. 518. OZZ 37. Matisoff 164. klung tse & klung tsa. Klung “The resemblance of this root rtse is the spelling found in to German Klang ‘sound’ is Zhu. amusing,” but entirely fortui- tous, Matisoff 178 n. 20. In any KLUNG TSAN =klung tse, klung case, glang seems to be the rtse. Humm1 518. OZZ 37. better attested spelling. KLUNG TSE (tshig rtsub) harsh KLANG CI (ngag sgra) word, word[s]. ZB. speech. ZZH. Zhu. KLUNG RTSE (tshig rtsub) harsh KLANG SANG (sgra dbyangs) or unpleasant word[s]. ZZH. pleasing sound or tone, har- Zhu. mony. ZZH. ZB. The text of KLUNG SA (gzhon nu) youth. ZB. Zhu originally read sgra See klung se. [s]nyan, which was then corrected to sgra dbyangs. Ob- KLUNG SA GYIN (bu mo ’dra) like viously the same as klang sad, a girl, girl-like. ZB. q.v. KLUNG SE [1] (gzhon nu) young KLANG SAD (tshig ’jam) tender or [one]. Sgra 132. OZZ 14. [2] soft word. ZZH. YN no. 168. (gzhon nu pho) young man. To be more ‘literal,’ the corres- ZZH. See Hoff2 198-199, in ponding Tib. ought rather to be which he argues that the ZZ lha sgra, ‘divine sound,’ or klung corresp. to OT slungs, something similar. Klad sad the latter perhaps meaning does occur as equiv. to Tib. something like ‘young draftee.’ tshig ’jam, in Zhu. [3] (bu mo) girl, daughter. Mdzod, ch. 9. But note, too, KLAD (sgra) sound. Sgra 127. that ZZ slung se, q.v., means Obviously the same word as ZZ ‘girl.’ See LZ 8, which defines klang and glang. this as meaning youths both KLAD CI (ngag sgra) word, speech. male and female, and this ZB. Obviously the same as klang accords with our meaning 1. ci, q.v. 40 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

KSHA (yig mgo) head letter, the RKANG (rlag pa) destruction. sign that occurs at the opening Mdzod. ZZ var. skad. of the text on the recto of each RKAN TE Injury by non-humans. leaf. See LZ 9. See LZ 11. DKU SKUR SKO This particular RKAN TSE (gong ma) higher spelling quite doubtful, per- [realms]. Mdzod, ch. 6, with haps a Tibetanizing reading. ZZ var. gen rkye; in another See under ta ku kur ko. passage in same chapter with DKYEL PHU WER Name of a ZZ ken mi, var. gen mi. Zhangzhung deity. See LZ 10. RKU (kun) all. ZZH. Notice the entry for phu wer dkar po in Nine Ways 302. *RKUM See ti rkum. ZZH. BKRA YE (’phreng ba) chain, RKUR (rtsub ’gyur) thicket, forest. wreath, garland. ZZH. Did not ZZH. (’gyur, sgyur), acc. to locate this in Mdzod. This Humm1 497 & OZZ 11. In equiv. occurs only once in Zhu, Mdzod, the word in this and seems rather doubtful, meaning is spelled skur. This therefore (it has the appearance spelling and meaning does oc- of being rather Tibetan). cur once in Zhu, but is a bit problematic. In Mdzod, one RKA (mkhal ma) kidney. ZZH. finds ZZ kur ko for Tib. rtsub Hoff2 198. Bru II 291, line 5. ’dres, var. rtsub ’gres. A park Sgra 132. Matisoff 169. See LZ with a pool to the south of the 10. OZZ 53. There is a word for divine city Lta na sdug — in Tib. mkhal ma in Sgra ’grel: ZZ Sanskrit, Pāruṣakāvana. Darma ka tshel. MSB 211 gives the Dar- gwar', ‘forest.’ DGD 578. In ma, Byangsi and Chaudangsi as GSB, we find Byangsi jārā, kāsyā, defined by Hindi gurdā, ‘forest, jungle.’ ‘kidney.’ RKUR RKO (rtsub ’gyur) thicket, RKA DUR (mkhal ma) kidney. forest. ZB. See under rkur. ZZH. Zhu. ZB. According to Hoff2 198, the “dur” must refer RKE RU (ljags) hon. for tongue. See to the lower parts. Nishi 19. In LZ 11. YN no. 23. Compare lke Mdzod, ch. 5, we find rka dur ri. khrag ’dzin, a half-ZZ half-Tib. *RKO See lang rko. ZZH. hybrid expression perhaps meaning ‘kidney blood hol- RKO [1] (lus) body. Zhu. ZZH. LZ der,’ n. or epithet of an organ 11. ZB gives it along with that has something to do — in alternative ka ya, an obvious the sense of some kind of cos- Sanskritism. Sgra 132. [2] mological correspondence — (gzugs) form, body. Sgra 132, with the ear and sense of 134. Bru II 292, line 1. See hearing. See LZ 11, where it is Hoff2 197, where he defines it misleadingly defined by Tib. with Tib. gzugs, ‘shape, form’ rna ba’i dbang po, ‘organ of as well as Tib. pags, ‘skin,’ and hearing.’ the latter, if genuine, would be a cognate with Tib. ko ba, RKA THUR (mkhal ma’i rtsa) the ‘leather.’ Cobl 46. Humm1 512. channel of the kidneys. See LZ OZZ 41. Stein 248. Matisoff 11. Zhangzhung Dictionary 41

166. Discussion in ZZQ 3. See with Tib. lus phung, khams, sko, which is just an alternative gzugs & snod bcud. spelling. RKO BUN =rko phung. Humm1 RKO KUN (gzugs khams) form 518. OZZ 37. We do not find realm. One of the cosmological this spelling in Zhu. (gzugs levels. Humm1 512. OZZ 29. can) having form, having body. See LZ 12. Mdzod, but note it See LZ 12. also has spellings rko khu, rko RKO MAN (lus med pa) bodiless. lung. In Mdzod, ch. 6, it occurs See LZ 12. for Tib. gzugs. We do not find this in Zhu. See sko rkun. RKO MIN (gzugs med) formless. See LZ 12. RKO THUNG ZZH. Name of one of the 8 minor continents in RKO TSAN (lus tshad) body size, Mdzod, ch. 5. See LZ 12. See bodily measurement. Mdzod, thung. ch. 6, with ZZ var. ko tsan. See LZ 12. RKO DUG (phung po’i dug) bodily poison. Mdzod, ch. 8. ZZH. RKO TSE A probably mistaken var. Stein 235. (phung po) skandha, for ZZ ca ce, q.v. body. ZB. See dug. RKO RTSE (khog pa) belly, RKO PO (dngos po) thing, object. stomach, abdomen. See LZ 12. Sgra 125. See LZ 12. Zhu has YN no. 1. Byangsi language ZZ rna ga for Tib. dngos po, khokcai, ‘abdomen.’ GSB 38. but does not have this spelling. See under gog tse, khog tse. RKO POD (gos) clothing. Mdzod, RKO DZA (gzugs phung) body, ch. 6, with ZZ var. to bung. outward form. ZZH. Zhu, once only. RKO PHUNG [1] (gzugs) body, outward form. [2] (phung po) RKO DZAD (lus) body. Mdzod, ch. heap, aggregate, body. ZZH. 8, with ZZ var. rkod jwang. See Stein 235. ZB. OZZ 41. [3] LZ 12. (tshul khrims) moral discipline. RKO DZAN (gzugs) form, body. Sgra 128 [possibly spelled sko Mdzod, ch. 11. OZZ 41. phung]. [4] (bstan pa) teaching. Sgra 133. [5] (’du byed) RKO ZHI (lus shes) bodily composite, compound, im- perception. Sgra 133 {cons- print; one of the skandhas. ciousness of touch}. We do not Sgra 135. In Mdzod this is find this in Zhu. translated mainly as Tib. gzugs RKO ZHIN (gzugs ’dzin) that kyi phung po, or Tib. phung which seizes or grasps the out- po, but also as Tib. khams, ward form, i.e., the eye. ZZH. I rang bzhin, and ’du byed. It believe Haarh is misleading follows numbers to form nu- here. This does not occur as merically defined groups, in such in Mdzod, although there which cases it has nothing to is one place where rko zhing, correspond with it at all in the vars. rko zhi & rko ri, stands Tib. In Zhu it is used only for for Tib. lus kyi rnam shes, Tib. gzugs & phung po. Com- ‘bodily consciousness.’ In Zhu, pare LZ 12, which defines it with ZZ var. rkod zhin, it corresp. to Tib. gzung ’dzin, ‘gras- 42 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

per and grasped,’ or ‘subject Mdzod. Zhu. Note that Chau- and object.’ dangsi word for ‘king’ is hya RKO YE (gzugs) form. See LZ 12. (perhaps explaining OT spelling of the title Lig mi rhya in RKO RWANG (snod) container, place of the later Lig mi vessel. See LZ 13. Darma rgya??). See skya. See wer zhi gur'ang, ‘body.’ DGD 578. skya. Spelled gurāṃ in MSB 51, where the Hindi translations RKYA DUR DA DOD (rje’i sprul are piṇḍa, śarīra. pa, rgyal po’i sprul pa) emanation of the lord, emanation RKO RI (gzugs srid) life of the of the king. OZZ 41. external form. Mdzod, ch. 11. See LZ 13, where it is RKYA LIG (snang srid) pheno- equivalent of ZZ rko, ‘body.’ menal existence. ZZ var. rkye lig. Mdzod, ch. 6, several times, RKO RING ZZH. Name of one of with ZZ var. skya lig. See LZ the eight minor continents in 13. OZZ 41. Mdzod, ch. 5. Stein 235. See LZ 13. YN 136 & no. 158., but mis- RKYA SE (mdzod) treasury. spelled rko rin. See ring. Mnyam 15. RKO SANG TI GRU SUM (lus ngag RKYANG MA Said to be equiv. of yid gsum) body, speech and rtsa lnga. See LZ 13. mind [the ordinary non- RKYAN (rgyas) wide. ZZH. honorific terms]. Sgra 128. In RKYAN THANG KUN SHES Mdzod, ZZ cho sangs ngi gru (thams cad mkhyen pa) all- sum, var. rko sang ti gru sum knowing. ZZH. Zhu. In pi, stands for Tib. lus ngag yid Mdzod, one finds ZZ thang gsum. In Zhu, ZZ ka ya a sho gung she ri, var. thang kun tri tri sum stands for Tib. lus shes ri, as a one-time equi- ngag yid gsum. valent to Tib. thams cad RKO SANGS (lus ’phags) the mkhyen pa. eastern continent. ZZH. =rko RKYAM See tig rkyam. ZZH. pa. Humm1 518. OZZ 37. Mdzod. Zhu. ZB. See LZ 13, RKYAL (gnas pa) exist. ZZH. In with spelling rko sang. Mdzod, it is di rkyal, =ti rgyam[?], among still other RKO SEG (lus dbang) bodily words, that is equivalent to faculty, sense of touch. Mdzod, gnas pa. This is based on a pos- ch. 11. See LZ 13. YN no. 39. sible misreading of Zhu. See RKO HAS PI RTSAL (lus dga’ ba’i OZZ 41, where Hummel finds tshal) name of divine park, an equiv. to Tib. skos, ‘appoint- ‘grove of bodily delight.’ ZZH. ment,’ which he defines as In Mdzod, ko ha pi tsal stands ‘fateful existence.’ for ’dres dga’ ba’i tshal. The RKYU GANG See gang. ZZH. divisions of the words are mistaken here. RKYE DE (btsan) a class of spirits or deities. See LZ 13. RKYA (rje) lord, chief; respected, honored; reverend. ZZH. See RKYE MIN KANG (rnam dag) LZ 13. Humm1 512, 514. OZZ immaculate. ZB. 29, 32. (rje, rgyal) lord, king. RKYEN (rgyas) increase. ZB. Zhangzhung Dictionary 43

RKYEL [1] (lce) tongue. ZB. See lke RKYEL SAD (srid lha) life deity, ri, skyel. YN no. 23. [2] (skos) god of becoming. Mdzod, appoint, form a system, cosmo- chapters 2 & 6. logy. See rkyes, skyel. ZZH. RKYES (bskos) appointed. See Zhu, once only. OZZ 7, where rkyel, skyel. ZZH. As Hummel says it is the perfect alternative spelling for rkyel, form of the ZZ verb rkyes. [3] ‘tongue.’ YN no. 23. (srid) possibility, existence, life, governance or politics [?]. RKYO MIN KAR (rnam dag) very = rgyal. Humm1 518. OZZ 37. pure, completely [clean]. ZZH. See LZ 14, where the Tib. Zhu. In Mdzod, kyo min kar. meanings are given as: 1. lce, LKE =skye. Humm1 518. OZZ 37. ‘tongue’; 2. skye ba, ‘birth’; 3. This seems to be the most rdzu ’phrul, ‘miracle.’ usual spelling in Mdzod for the RKYEL GCOD (snang srid kyi ZZ equivalent of Tib. lce, rgyan) ornaments of the world ‘tongue.’ Both spellings lke and of phenomena. See LZ 14. skyel occur in Zhu. RKYEL ZHI (srid pa) existence, be- LKE RI [1] (lce) tongue. ZZH. Zhu. coming, the universe. See LZ ZB. Hoff2 197, with TB 14. cognates listed. OZZ 41, but reading rke ri. Matisoff 172. RKYEL SANG LIG RGYUNG Nishi 17. [2] (lce dbang) tongue (sangs po ’bum khri) name of a faculty. Sgra 134. Mdzod, ch. divine figure with a large role 11. The “ri” here might be ZZ in cosmogonic developments, equivalent to Tib. “ni”, and his name in Tib. would appear therefore not lexically a part of to mean ‘pure one’ for sangs the word. But in one instance po, ‘hundred thousand’ for in Zhu, the “ri” stands for the ’bum, and ‘ten thousand’ for genitive, and in another khri, although ’bum khri could instance it does seem to be an also be read as meaning ‘thro- integral part of the word. See ne of an hundred thousand,’ or LZ 14. YN no. 23. See rkyel, even ‘hundred thousand thro- skyel. nes.’ Humm1 514. OZZ 32. We do not find this in Zhu. The LKYE (lce) tongue. Bru 291, line 2. better translation may be Tib. Sgra ’grel. OZZ 53. This exact bskos lha — or Tib. srid lha, spelling does not occur in Zhu. ‘life deity,’ see below— since LKYE SHAG [1] (skye mched drug ZZ rkyel sang should be read gi nang tshan gyi yul) sense as rkyel sad. I interpret it to field of one of the six genera- rather mean ‘arranger/ cosmo- tor-enhancers. [2] (bon gyi lha crater deity flow/ way of life/ mo) a goddess of Bon. See LZ evolution.’ It seems to me that 14. this could be an example of a ZZ deity being ‘translated’ by SKUR (’gyur) to become. OZZ 41. the name of an existent Tibetan See skyur. one. In any case the Tib. is very SKO (lus) body. Sgra 135. This surely not a calque on the ZZ. spelling not in Zhu. See rko. 44 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

SKO RKUN (gzugs khams) form SKYA [1] (rje) lord, chief, respected, realm. Sgra 128. See rko kun. honoured, reverend. ZB. See SKO TSI (gzugs) form. Sgra 130. rkya. [2] (btsan) a group of gods or demons. ZZH. (The SKO DZAN (gzugs kyi) of form. exact equivalence with Tib. Sgra 133. This is based on a btsan is rather doubtful, since single passage in Mdzod which it occurs in ‘compounds’ that actually has ZZ rko dzan, may not really be compounds.) corresp. to Tib. gzugs kyis, ‘by See LZ 15, where it is defined means of form,’ although Tib. by the gnyan, another class of gzugs kyi, ‘of form,’ is clearly gods or demons. OZZ 32, 53. intended. SKYA LIG (snang srid) phenome- SKO YEG (yul dbang) sense realm nal existence. Sgra 126. Mdzod. [and] sense faculty. Sgra 134. OZZ 41. Skye lig is spelling We do not find this in Mdzod found in Zhu. as such. *SKYI See mu su skyi. SKO RE (gzugs ni) form [is]. Sgra 135. The “re” (or rather “ri”) SKYI (skyes, the transitive form of the stands for Tib. “ni”. verb) gave rise to, produced. ZB. SKOD (so) tooth. ZZH. Bru II 291, line 1. ZB. LZ 14. YN no. 24. SKYIN ’DANGS [1] (chu) water. [2] (swo) tooth. Sgra 132; here it (ser ba) hail. See LZ 15. I think also means ‘tooth,’ despite the this is really Tibetan, and not a odd spelling. Zhu, once only. ZZ word at all. But Namgyal Humm2 12. This is one of those Nyima thinks otherwise. See ZZ words that does not appear ZZT 435, where the term rma to fit well with the TB evidence, ’dangs is also discussed. or at least not immediately. SKYIR (mtho) high. Mdzod. Matisoff 174. Nishi 19. Tamot SKYUG (snyug) bamboo. Humm1 17. Walter Simon, Tibetan So 518. OZZ 37. Mdzod. We do and Chinese Ya, “Tooth”, not find this in Zhu. For TB Bulletin of the School of Oriental words for ‘bamboo,’ see YN and African Studies, vol. 18, no. 3 no. 96. See under snyug khro (1956), pp. 512-513. OZZ 8, 76, tsu ci. 93, finds a cognate in Tangut ko. Discussed in ZZQ 3. Burmese SKYUR (’gyur) change, become, swāḥ, ‘tooth.’ This spelling does increase. ZZH. Zhu, where it occur in the Mdzod-phug, al- seems to be used twice in the though we find the ZZ vars. sense of ‘multiplication.’ skong, bskong, bkod & skos. SKYE [1] (rkyen) means, cause, See skos. event {proximate cause, condi- SKOS (so) tooth. Humm1 512. OZZ tion, accident}. [2] ? See byung 29, 41, suggesting Tangut ko as seg skye. ZZH. Found as a cognate. This syllable occurs in verb in Zhu, where it seems to Mdzod as part of the ZZ ver- correspond to rkun, skran or sion of the place name Dbal so rkyan (see the context, which is ra ba [‘Wall of Sharp Teeth’]. problematic). [3] (shing) wood, This spelling does not occur in tree. ZB. [4] (don) meaning, Zhu. See skod. purpose. OZZ 41. Zhangzhung Dictionary 45

SKYE NE RA (me tog gi rigs shig) SKYES SLAS [1] (sa) earth. [2] [name of] a type of flower. See (gnas) place, spot. See LZ 15. LZ 15. The spelling appears to be a SKYE RI See LZ 15, which says it is result of Tibetanization. equiv. to sla zhi. SKYO MIN (rnam dag) completely SKYE LIG (snang srid) phenomenal pure, immaculate. Sgra 124. becoming. Zhu. ZB. ZZH. See ZB. See rkyo min kar. under skya lig. See lig. SKYOG (’chal ba) confused. ZB. See SKYE ZHI (lce shes; text reads: le the following. shes) tongue perception. Sgra SKYOG CI (’chal pa) be confused, 133 {consciousness of taste}. hesitate. ZZH. Zhu, where it SKYE SLAS (sa [yi]) [of] earth. occurs once, but in the Mdzod. meaning of ‘profligacy, rakishness.’ Seems otherwise doubt- SKYEL [1] (lce) tongue. See rkyel, ful. See under sgyog ci. lke ri. Sgra 132. [2] (’byung ba) [the five] elements [this is pro- *SKYON See to skyon. ZZH. blematic!]. [3] (skos) appoint, put in order, allot tasks. ZZH. ZB. See rkyel. **KHA** SKYEL SKYA SHIM Evidently ZZ equiv. of Tib. Skos rje Drang dkar, a proper name of a mem- *KHA See dmu kha mu. ZZH. ber of the Phywa spirits with an important role in cosmo- KHA [1] (mkha’) sky. OZZ 13. [2] gonical developments. See LZ (nag po) black. YN no. 170. [3] 15. This is based in Mdzod, ch. (drag po’i sgra) loud noise. See 1, which should be consulted. LZ 16. SKYEL NGA RA (’byung ba lnga) KHWA (nag po) black. ZB. Of five elements. ZB. (I am thin- course, this does resemble Tib. king that *skyel pa nga may khwa ta, ‘crow.’ underlie this form.) KHA KHYAB (khyab pa) perva- SKYEL PA (’byung ba) existence. ding. Mdzod, ch. 5, with ZZ ZZH. ZB. Zhu, where it seems var. khye khyeb. to refer rather to the ‘elements.’ KHA SGROM [1] (rnam par dag SKYEL ZHI (tshangs pa) purified pa’i gsung) immaculate speech. one. Sgra 133 {Brahma? Tib. [2] (dag pa gsung gi lha) god of tshangs pa ought to be ZZ pure speech (or Pure, the god sangs po, anyway.}. We do not of speech?). See LZ 16. This find this in Zhu. It would ap- spelling not in Mdzod. pear to mean ‘four elements.’ KHA RNGAM (drag po’i tshig gam In the one place where this tshig sbom po smra ba) speak spelling appears in Mdzod it with forceful or splendid corresp. to Tib. skos kyi, ‘of words. See LZ 16. appointment’ or ‘appointed.’ KHA RJE PHYA Probably not ZZ at SKYEL SAD (bcud) sap, juice, all, but Tibetan. Name of divi- vitality. See LZ 15. ne inhabitant of southwest of 46 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

cosmic mountain. Mdzod, ch. KHA MUNG Occurs once in 5. Mdzod as equivalent for Tib. KHA TA (khams) realm. Mdzod, nag mo, ‘black female.’ Equiv. ch. 5, with ZZ var. kha ti. of Tib. mo nag, ‘female black,’ KHA TING SHAG (bgegs kyi mo, in Zhu. ZZH. See re hab kha bgegs kyi bza’) the female of mung gu dun. the impediment spirits, or the KHA MUN (’dod khams) the world wife of an impediment spirit. of sensual pleasures. ZZH. See LZ 17. Zhu. ZB. Could not locate this KHA TE YE (skar ma khrums in Mdzod. smad) the constellation khrums KHA MUR (rig pa) knowledge, smad. See LZ 17. understanding. ZZH. Occurs KHA STE MU YA Proper name of a once in Zhu, with possible cor- disciple of Lord Shenrab. See rection to “mar”, i.e., kha mar. LZ 17. See kha mu, khar mu. KHA THAM See LZ 17, which says KHA MYANG [1] (snag tsha) ink. it is equiv. to ag tham. See OZZ [2] (’o ma) milk. LZ 18. See 53. Namgyal Nyima’s dictionary. KHA THAM SGYUM (kha chod KHA TSE (mdung) spear, javelin. sbos) hidden agreement [?]. See LZ 18. ZB. KHA RTSE (rno dbal) sharply KHA THUN (’joms pa) to pointed. See LZ 18. YN 136 & overcome. See LZ 17. no. 173. See Namgyal Nyima’s dictionary. KHA NAM Occurs in Mdzod, ch. 6. Seems to corresp. to Tib. dge KHA YAR ME PHUD Proper name ba, ‘virtue,’ but rather unclear. of a realized being of Zhang zhung. See LZ 18. KHA NIG (nag po) black. See LZ 17. YN 136 & no. 170. KHA YUG Proper name of a place in Zhangzhung near Mount Ti- KHA BA (mkhris pa) gall bladder, se. See LZ 18. bile. ZB. KHA RAG Proper name of a place KHA BAD (mkhris pa) gall-blad- in Zhangzhung. See LZ 19. der, bile. ZZH. Zhu. Sgra 132. Matisoff 168. Nishi 19. This KHA RANG Occurs without Tib. does not seem to occur in equiv. in Mdzod, ch. 5, with Mdzod. In MSB 211 is Darma ZZ var. kha rwang, but is kai, Byangsi and Chaudangsi explained to mean the ‘black kī, all defined by Hindi pitta, mountains.’ This recalls the ‘gall bladder.’ Turkic word for ‘black.’ But only the ZZ syllable kha KHA MAR See kha mur. ZZH. corresp. to Tib. nag, ‘black.’ KHA MU (rig pa) knowledge, Spelled ZZ khwa rang with understanding {awareness}. Tib. equiv. ri nag in ZB. See LZ ZZH. ZB. Sgra 124. In Mdzod, 19, where it is defined by Tib. kha ri is usual for rig pa. See ri nag po, ‘black mountain.’ kha mur, khar mu. KHA RI [1] (rnga chen) large drum. ZZH. Zhu. ZB. [2] (rig pa) Zhangzhung Dictionary 47

awareness. Sgra 129. In in Mdzod. Seems to fit with OC Mdzod, kha ri is usual for rig form for ‘neck.’ Cobl 112. pa. See LZ 19, where it is Matisoff 171. Nishi 18. (mjing defined by Tib. rig pa, or Tib. ba) the neck. See LZ 20. YN no. blo, ‘thought.’ 18. This bears an uncanny KHA RON (khro lcags) bronze. See resemblance to the word LZ 19. ‘cangue,’ and perhaps there is reason for this. Cangue is usual- KHA RLON (nag po) black. ZZH. ly derived from a Portuguese ZB. YN no. 170. Occurs once in word for ‘yoke’… However, Zhu, but rather doubtful. This Hobson-Jobson gives it a purely does not seem to occur as such Chinese origin. The Tibetan in Mdzod, but see under kha word for the cangue is rgya sgo, rang. ‘Chinese door.’ [2] As a ‘seed KHA LE [1] (shing gi rigs shig) a ty- syllable,’ it is regarded as the pe of tree. [2] (khyo ga) hus- ‘essence of earth’ (sa bcud). band, man. See LZ 19 KHANG RKO (mtsher pa) spleen. KHA SHAG (sgra yi lha mo) god- ZB. See lang rko. dess of sound, goddess of KHAM [1] (sog pa) shoulder-blade, grammar. See LZ 19. scapula. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, once KHA SANG (gsung dbyangs) plea- only. Sgra 132. [2] (zhal du gsol sant sound or voice. ZZH. Zhu. ba) to offer to the mouth [of the Sgra 125, 126. (gsung dbyangs deity]. See LZ 20. [3] When sgra) pleasant melodious spelled with the anusvāra, word[s]. ZB. meaning final ‘ṃ,’ this is one of the five ‘heroic letters’ on KHA SANGS (gsung dbyangs) which see LZ 143-4. pleasant sound, melodious voice. Sgra 134. Mdzod. LZ 19. KHAM KHAM a manner of eating [of the wrathful deities who KHA SLO Name of a minor conti- wolf down their food]. See LZ nent in Mdzod, ch. 5. See LZ 20. 19. *KHAR See khi khar. ZZH. KHAG (kha) mouth. ZZH. Humm1 497. Humm2 12. OZZ 11, 76. KHAR MU (rig pa) knowledge, ZB. See LZ 20. YN no. 17. understanding. ZZH. Zhu. ZB. Occurs twice in Zhu. Stein 254 See kha mu, kha mur. gives cognates. Matisoff 170. KHI See khir. YN 136. See OZL 56, with the so-called “Old Zhangzhung” KHI KHAR [1] (’od zer) ray of light. equiv. given as ag, meaning ZZH. Zhu. Sgra 133. ZB. See ‘mouth.’ OZZ 71, supplies a LZ 20. [2] (kun gsal) all Sumerian “cognate.” See illuminating, shining on all. khwag. Humm1 512. OZZ 29, 41, but misspelled khi kar. Sgra 124. KHWAG (kha) mouth. Bru II 291, Mdzod has meanings of Tib. line 1 . Sgra 132. See khag. ’od and kun gsal. KHANG [1] (’jing ba) neck, nape. KHI KHAR CI (’od zer can) having Bru II 291, line 2. ZZH. Zhu. ZB. rays of light. ZZH. Zhu. =khi Sgra 132. Could not locate this kan. Humm1 518. OZZ 37. 48 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

KHI TSANG (cir yang) by all in Mdzod, with Tib. var. bdal means. When followed by a khyab, ZZ vars. khir gyeb, khi negative, [not] at all. Sgra 135. ra kyi ba & khir kyib. Mdzod, ch. 6, with ZZ vars. khi KHIR RKED (’od) light. ZB. tsa & khi gtsang. (ci yang, gang KHIR KHAR WEG ZHI Occurs in yang) anything, everything, Mdzod, ch. 6. Evidently name whatever, See LZ 20. See khu of a type of divine being. tsar. KHIR GYEB (khyab bdal) spread KHI TSAN (sems can) sentient out pervasively. Sgra 134. being. ZZH. ZB. This particular clear, bright, pure, visible. spelling does not occur in Zhu, ZZH. We do not find this in where spellings khri tsan, khri Zhu. (’od zer, chags, gsal) light tsan do occur. The most com- ray or formation or clear. mon spelling in Mdzod is khri Humm1 500. (gsal la) for tsan, although spellings khri shining [?]. Sgra 127. (’char) tsug and khri tshar also occur. dawn, shine. Sgra 127. (bdal See especially khri tsan, khri khyab) a spread-out pervasion. tsen. Mdzod, once only (also, LZ 21). KHI TSE (thugs nyid) mind itself, KHIR TIB (’char ba dang nub pa) the very mind. Sgra 126. rise and fall, shining and Mdzod, one occurrence. Cor- declining. See LZ 21. rect to khri tse, or khri tsa. KHIR ZHI (gsal ba) clear, shining, KHI ZHI (gsal ba) clear, bright, appearing. (gsal ba [phywa pure, visible. ZZH. Sgra 135. sangs]) clear. ZB. In Mdzod, See LZ 21. The one time this one finds mainly this spelling, spelling occurs in Zhu, it is as a but also ZZ khi zhi — as well correction (!) of khir zhi. The as ZZ mu khir — as equiv. of spelling khir zhi is far more Tib. gsal ba. In one place in common in Mdzod, although Mdzod, it corresp. to Tib. rnam the present spelling does occur. shes, ‘consciousness.’ In Remove this entry. Correct to Mdzod, ch. 8, it corresp. in one khir zhi. See khir, khir zhi. place to Tib. chags pa, ‘attach- KHI RI =kha ri. Humm1 518. OZZ ment,’ and this was noticed in 37. OZZ 41. See LZ 21, where five KHIR [1] (gsal) clear, bright, pure, meanings are given: gsal ba, visible. ZZH. Sgra 136. Mdzod, ‘clear’; ’byed pa, ‘divided’; ch. 5. [2] (gsal ’phel) increase rnam shes, ‘consciousness’; ’od [in] brightness. [3] (’od zer) zer, ‘light ray’; ’khor lo, light, ray of light. ZZH. =khi. ‘wheel.’ (’od zer) light ray. Sgra 127 gives Tib. ’od. [4] OZZ 14. (’char, shar) appear, dawn. KHIR SANGS (gsal ba) clear, Humm1 512. OZZ 29, 41, 91. shining. ZB. Mdzod, ch. 5, with ZZ var. KHU (khams) the province of east- khor. [5] (rked pa) the waist. ern Tibet. OZZ 41. This area See LZ 21. OZZ 53. See khyir. name did not exist as such in KHIR KYEB (gsal khyab) pervaded the time of the Zhangzhung by clarity. Sgra 126. We do not kingdom, But see OZZ 91, find this in Zhu. It does occur where Hummel [quite mista- Zhangzhung Dictionary 49

kenly] defines Tib. khams as KHU TSAR (cir yang) in whatever, meaning ‘element.’ Just becau- wherever, whatsoever. Sgra se in one context a Tibetan 128. We do not find this in word is ‘equated’ with a ZZ Zhu. See khi tsang. word, does not mean that all the meanings of the Tib. may KHU YE An exclamation used in be applied to the ZZ. There is the invocation of the Phya and only one relevant passage in the G.yang. See LZ 21. Zhu, as you may see in the KHUNG See under khud. following entry, and it might seem to be the ultimate source KHUD (lung pa) valley. ZZH. Nishi of it. However there is one 25. YN no. 81.1. In Sgra ’grel, passage in Mdzod where ZZ khyung is given as equivalent khu, with vars. lung & phung, of lung [pa]. We do not find corresp. to Tib. khams, but this spelling in Zhu, although here as part of the ZZ term rko we do find ZZ khung du with khu, corresp. to Tib. gzugs Tib. equiv. lung par. Correct to khams, ‘form realm.’ See under khung. khum. KHUN See du khun. ZZH. KHU NE NI NAM (khams kyi mi KHUN SMAR (bskal bzang) good rnams) the people of Khams. aeon. Sgra 123. We do not find ZZH. Zhu, once only. this spelling in Zhu. See khrun KHU PHANG Stein 235, argues smar. that this is a Tibetan word khu KHUM [1] (khams) realm, element ’phang. But the Tibetan word [of the natural world]. Sgra would seem to mean a type of 133. ZB. Perhaps this should be pillar, and not ‘fog,’ as it does read zhum. We do not find this in the contexts in Mdzod. This in Zhu. [2] (rang bzhin) nature. particular term is neglected in See LZ 22. See sad khum. Nishi 23, although the syllable KHUM ZHI (khams) realm. See LZ “khu” is consistent with TB 22. evidence given there. In Darma language, khu means ‘smoke.’ KHUR (chags) formation. Sgra 134 DGD 580. Bon texts, as well as {‘formation,’ but in fact quite some early Kagyü (bka’ the contrary this should be defi- brgyud) texts, are also known ned by Tib. ’jig, ‘destruction’}. to make use of the term khu Compare khrun. This may also ’phrig, ‘erroneous views.’ For read zhur, which is the spelling this last, see Nine Ways 292, al- found in Mdzod. We do not though I think the meaning of find anything like this in Zhu, the term is something closer to except zhur, standing for Tib. ‘anxiety ridden.’ Btsan-lha ’jig or [incorrectly] ’jigs. Note spells it khu ’khrig, and defines Darma language’s ku, ‘to des- it by Tib. dogs pa, ‘doubt’; troy.’ rnam rtog, ‘troubled thought.’ I KHUR MIN (’jigs med) fearless. believe that in this word, too, Sgra 123. Zhur min is the the ‘fog, smoke’ meaning of spelling in Zhu. khu may be relevant. See under phang. 50 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

KHE TSAR (gtug rtsub, gdug rtsub) Byangsi khokcai, ‘abdomen.’ cruel, harsh. Mdzod, ch. 8, with GSB 38. ZZ var. khe tser. See LZ 22. KHOG RTSE (drod pa) belly. Bru II KHE LA [1] (rogs) friend (?), black 291, line 6. (?), child (?). ZZH. ZB. Accor- KHONG LI KHAB (dar dkar gyi ding to the context in Zhu, this gur) white cloth tent. See LZ must refer to a body part. My 23. guess is that it means ‘waist’ (cf. KHOD (’dul ba) tame, convert. ZB. Tib. ske rags??). Bru 291, line 4. See LZ 23. [2] (rus ming zhig) a Does not seem to appear as clan name. See LZ 23. such in Mdzod. [2] (mthe’u chung) little finger. LZ 22. YN KHOD TA (stobs mchog) supreme no. 170, ‘black.’ strength. Sgra 124. ZB. This occurs as such neither in Mdzod, KHENG TSE (kha dog) color. See nor in Zhu. LZ 22. KHOD SPYOD (lhun ’grub, lhun KHER ZHI (gsal ba) clear, bright, grub) naturally arrived at. Sgra pure, visible. ZZH. This spel- 125. See LZ 23. OZZ 41. ling only occurs once in Zhu. Mdzod, once only. This spel- See khir zhi, which seems the ling not in Zhu. See kho spyod. more normal spelling. KHOD MI (rang gi) of oneself. Sgra KHO SPYOD (lhun grub) self- 131. This does not occur as created, miraculous {naturally such in Mdzod. We do not find arrived at}. ZZH. Sgra 124. ZB. it in Zhu. This spelling occurs several times in Zhu. See khod spyod. KHOD RTSAL (stobs, stobs chen, stobs ldan) strength, force, po- KHO SPYID ZHI (lhun grub nyid) werful. ZZH. (stobs chen) great be self-created, miracle {self- strength. Sgra 123. ZB. (stobs createdness, naturalness}. ZZH. ldan) having strength. Sgra Zhu, twice. 124; Mdzod. (rtsal) athletic KHOG TSE (grod pa, drod pa) energy. Mdzod, ch. 7. (stobs) belly, stomach. ZZH. Zhu. Sgra strength. LZ 23. (mi ’jigs stobs) 132. ZB. Stein 237. Matisoff 166. fearless strength. OZZ 41. If LZ 22. See OZL 56 & PSD 162, this were the Tibetan word with the so-called “Old Zhang- khong rtsal, it might imply a zhung” equivalent given as energy contained in the cavity rgwil. This does not seem to of the torso of the body. See the appear in the Mdzod-phug. I be- suspicions expressed in Stein lieve this word is closely rela- 237. See she khod rtsal. ted to Darma khagaco, Chau- KHOD RTSAL GYIN (mi ’jigs pa’i dangsi khaugaca, and Byangsi, stobs) power of fearlessness. khagaca, all meaning ‘sto- See LZ 23. mach,’ here as an internal body part, which may make ‘sto- KHOD RTSAL DHRA CI (stobs kyi mach’ a better translation than rnam pa) aspect of strength. ‘belly.’ Darma, Byangsi and Humm1 512. OZZ 29. Mdzod. Chaudangsi have a different We do not find this in Zhu, word for the external body where the ZZ corresp. to Tib. part, dana, ‘belly.’ MSB 211. rnam pa is da ra. Zhangzhung Dictionary 51

KHOD RTSOL (stobs chen) great KHYUD ’KHOR (snyan, a mchog) strength. Sgra 131. Could not ear. See LZ 25. YN no. 3, mis- find this in Mdzod, and it is spelled khud ’khor. not in Zhu. Correct to khod KHYUN ZHI (grub pa) accompli- rtsal. shed, completed [one]. Sgra *KHON See she khon. ZZH. 128. The spellings khru zhi, KHOBS ’OG (mnga’ ’og) under the khrun zhi, occur in Mdzod. We power of. See LZ 23. do not find it in Zhu. It is likely khrun zhi is the more correct *KHOR (bskor ba) to revolve, spelling. circumambulate. ZZH. See LZ 23. See rnyu khor, ti khor, mug KHYUR KHYUR (gur mid du khor. See under khir. gtong ba) to swallow without chewing, gulp down. See LZ *KHOL See ti khol. ZZH. 25. KHYIG This is listed as a ZZ form *KHYO See nga ju khyo. meaning ’tie,’ in YN no. 178, but I very much doubt its vali- KHYO =kyo. (dag) pure. OZZ 41. dity since it is supposed to be *KHRI See du khri, mu khri, sad from LZ, but no such entry is khri. to be found there. KHRI [1] (sems) mind, thought. [2] KHYIR (gsal) clear. Sgra 127. (gru) corner, angle. ZB. ZZQ 4. Correct to khir. OZZ 41. [3] ge khri (sgo ’byed) KHYIR RI Given as equiv. of kyi ri. opening the door. ZZH. This LZ 24. may be a slight mistake for go ’byed, ‘opening the understan- KHYIL [1] (rdzing, rdzing bu) pool. ding.’ See under ge khri. [4] Humm1 497. OZZ 11. Mdzod. (lag) hand, arm. Sgra 132 Zhu. ZB. [2] (’khyil) swirl, {hand}. [5] (khri) ten thousand. whorl. Zhu, where it is correc- Mdzod. This is a rare example ted to gyil. in which the ZZ is identical to KHYU [1] (bsgyur) turned [around] the Tib. Anonother is Tib. & ZZ {changed, transformed}. ZZH. stong, ‘thousand.’ [6] (bang ZB. Could not locate this in rim) levels, terraces [of the Mdzod, although the syllable cosmic mountain]. OZZ 42. [7] khyu does occur there as part (’khrigs) sexual congress. OZZ of the ZZ word mu khyu. Oc- 42. I think in this instance ZZ curs once in Zhu as part of the khri is a misreading of ZZ wi. title of the ‘wheel turning Note: This syllable never oc- king.’ [2] (lung pa) country. curs in isolation in Zhu. The ZB. See kyu. three meanings supplied in LZ 25 are: (sems) mind, (grangs ka *KHYUNG ZZH. See LZ 24, where khri) ten thousand & (sems this is listed as a ZZ word, par- can) sentient beings. See LZ 25. ticularly as a name of a magical It has sometimes been specula- dzwa ‘bomb.’ See mu khyung. ted, by Namkhai Norbu and KHYUNG BYID Name of an area in others, that the syllable khri, as Zhangzhung. See LZ 24. found in Tibetan royal names, is actually ZZ. See also, for example, OZZ 99, 103. 52 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

KHRI KAR (’od zer can) having tion, attraction. Sgra 131. [2] light rays. OZZ 42. (sems can) sentient being. Sgra 134. KHRI CU (skye sprul, skye ba) incarnate rebirth, birth, rebirth. KHRI TSAR [1] (sems) mind, See LZ 25. intellect. ZZH. Zhu. [2] (sems kyi) of mind. Sgra 125. Zhu. KHRI CUG (’bras bu) fruit, effect, ZB. [3] (yid ’dzin, bsam pa) result. Sgra 127. thought-holding, enchanting, KHRI CE (thugs nyid) mind itself. OR, thought, intention, plan. Sgra 125. Compare khi tse. Mdzod. (bsam pa, var. sems Khri tsa is the spelling found in pa) thought, intention, plan, Zhu. OR, mental direction, attraction, as 3rd of the 51 mental KHRI TOG (phyag rgya) ritual states, ZZ var. reading bri tsar. [hand] gesture, mudrā. ZZH. LZ 26, gives its only Tib. Zhu. ZB, which actually reads meaning as yid, ‘mind.’ [4] phyag rkya. (rnam shes) consciousness. KHRI THOG SPAR TSA Name of OZZ 42. one of the ‘six ornament’ scho- KHRI TSU [1] (sems) mind, intel- lars of Jambu Island. See LZ 25. lect. ZZH. (sems [dang]) mind KHRI PA (sems dpa’) heroic being. [and]. ZB. But notice this might We do not find this in Zhu. be read sems dad, as in the following entry. [2] (tshe lo) KHRI PRA (mi slu) not misleading. years of the life. See LZ 26. Mdzod. We do not find this in OZZ 42. Zhu. KHRI TSUG [1] (sems can) sentient KHRI BING (gru bzhi) square. ZB. being. Sgra 130. LZ 26. [2] KHRI MAR A king of Zhangzhung. (sems dad) mental faith [?]. See LZ 25. Sgra 133. [3] Occurs once with KHRI MIN (rnam shes) conscious- Tib. corresp. sems, ‘mind,’ but ness. LZ 26. corrected to khri tsu, in Zhu. [4] (grangs ka khri) the number KHRI SME (med pa ma yin pa) not ten thousand. LZ 26. being non-existent. LZ 26. KHRI TSUN [1] (’bras bu) fruit, ef- KHRI TSA (thugs nyid) mind, intel- fect, result. Mdzod. [2] (tshul lect {mind itself}. ZZH. Zhu, khrims) moral discipline. only once. (sems) mind. Sgra Mdzod. LZ 26, noting how this 125. OZZ 42. source adds that it is equiv. to KHRI TSAN [1] (sems can) sentient khri tse. We do not find this being. ZZH. ZB. Sgra 124. Sgra spelling in Zhu. 125. Mdzod. LZ 26. See khi KHRI TSE [1] (lag pa) hand, arm. tsan, khri tsen. [2] (sems nyid) Zhu, once only. ZB. (lag ngar) mind proper, mind itself. Sgra forearm. LZ 26. YN no. 12. PSD 133. Mdzod, ch. 10. LZ 26. [3] 162. [2] (’bras bu) fruit, result. (khru tshad) cubit measure. LZ ZZH. Zhu, twice. LZ 26. YN 26. See sri tsan no. 75. See khri rtse. [3] (sems KHRI TSWAN [1] (sems pa) mind- dpa’) spiritual hero. Sgra 123. endowed being, mental direc- [4] (sems dang) mind and. Sgra 128. but note the sems dad in Zhangzhung Dictionary 53

the entry for khri tsug, q.v. [5] word should be read ‘kh’, as (rnam shes sam KHRI =sems, often occurs. The reading of TSE =shes) consciousness, or, the ZZ might even have been khri means ‘mind,’ and tse influenced by the Tib. means ‘knowing, perception.’ KHRI SHIN (sems dpa’, sems shes) Sgra 133. [6] (thugs nyid) the mental athlete, mental know- very heart, mind itself. Mdzod. ledge (?). Sgra 125. Does not ZB. LZ 26. OZZ 42. [7] (bdag occur as such in Zhu. (sems pa don) one’s own purpose or be- [shes]) ? ZB. nefit. Mdzod, ch. 4. [8] (sems) mind. Mdzod, ch. 5, with ZZ KHRI SAG Mdo-phran 223, line 2. var. khri co. KHRI SEG (srog gi) of life. Sgra 128. KHRI TSE SMAR (’bras bu bzang) (srog la) for life. Sgra 131. good result, good fruit. ZB. (srog) life, life force. OZZ 42. (srog dang) life and. Mdzod. KHRI TSE MA LIG (’bras bu bla We do not find this in Zhu. LZ med) supreme goal. Sgra 123. 27, where it is defined as cor- Zhu. responding to all three: Tib. KHRI TSEN (sems can) sentient srog, ‘life’; Tib. drod, ‘warmth’; being. ZZH. Although this & Tib. dbugs, ‘breath.’ YN nos. spelling occurs once in Zhu, it 39, 165. should be corrected to khri KHRI SOM (’dod chags) lust, de- tsan. See khi tsan, khri tsan. sire. LZ 27. Mdzod, with ZZ KHRI GTSUG RGYAL BA Ordina- var. wi som. Not found as such tion name of Lord Shenrab. LZ in Zhu. 26. KHRI U RA TSA Name of a wicked KHRI RTSUG Mdo-phran 2, line 1. king living in ’Ol mo lung ring KHRI RTSE [1] (’bras bu) fruit, in the time of Lord Shenrab. LZ result. ZZH. Sgra 132. [2] (sems 27. can) sentient being. Stein 234. *KHRIL See til khril. ZZH. Mdzod. This spelling occurs KHRU [1] (khri) ten thousand. twice in Zhu, both times cor- ZZH. Mdzod. Zhu. ZB. [2] resp. to Tib. ’bras bu. [3] (lag (khru) cubit. Mdzod. [3] ngar) forearm. Bru 291, line 3. (’khrul) illusion. OZZ 89. The ZZ for Tib. lag ngar is tsa rang in Zhu. See under khri KHRU TON (’jig pa) to be des- tse. troyed, decay, fall apart. LZ 27. KHRI TSHAR (sems can) sentient KHRU ZHI (’gro ba) going, goer, being. Mdzod. Correct to khri animate being. Sgra 136. Not in tsan. Stein 234. Zhu. This is dubious. See under khyun zhi. KHRI WER LE Name of a king of Zhangzhung. LZ 27. KHRUN (bskal) aeon, kalpa. Sgra 125. Zhu. There are still other KHRI ZHI (’gro ba) to go, to walk, meanings in Mdzod. LZ 27, goer, animate being. LZ 26. defines as equiv. as khrun zhi KHRI ZHUN (sems zhum) mental or with meaning of Tib. brdol contraction. Mdzod. Seems ba, ‘broken open’ [from inter- likely that the ‘zh’ in the ZZ 54 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

nal pressure], popped out. YN meaning mi ’jigs is simply a no. 143. See khun. mistake based on a reading of KHRUN SMAR (bskal bzang) good Zhu. ZZ khod rtsal corresp. to aeon. Sgra 136. ZB. See khun Tib. stobs chen, ‘great smar. We do not find this in strength.’ Zhu. KHRUN ZHI [1] (bskal pa) aeon. ZB. LZ 27. See under khyun **GA** zhi. [2] (brlag pa) crushed. ZB.

KHRUN ZHI THA TSHAN BING NGA (bskal pa chen po bzhi) *GA See ge rna ga, ta tha ga ta bha the four great world aeons. ba, ti ga, ra ga, sran ga ra, ha si ZZH. Zhu. ga. ZZH. KHRUN ZHI LEG (bskal pa bsrid) GA (’gag) to stop up. OZZ 13, 89. existence/evolution of a world This does appear, with ZZ var. aeon. ZZH. See khrun zhi leg, gag, in Mdzod. Darma ga, ‘to khrul zhi lig. be tight.’ DGD 577. See under ga ci & gag ci. KHRUN ZHUNG (zhi gnas) peaceful abiding [type of GA GA [1] (rgod pa) laughing, meditation]. Sgra 126. The Tib. agitation. ZZH. Zhu. Humm1 word zhi gnas does not seem 512. OZZ 29. (rkod [dga’ ba]) to occur in Mdzod. Neither do happy laughing. ZB — reading I find it in Zhu. rgod in place of rkod. Darma ga, ‘laugh.’ DGD 578. [2] (kun KHRUN LIG (bskal srid) existence dga’) thoroughly delighted. of a world aeon. ZZH. Zhu. Sgra 131. OZZ 42. Mdzod has ZB. See khrun zhi leg, khrul meanings of Tib. dga’ ba, zhi lig. ‘happiness, delight’; kun dga’, KHRUL ZHI LIG (bskal pa [b]srid) ‘thorough delight’; & rgod pa, existence of a world aeon ZZH. ‘laughing.’ Mdzod. Tib. kun This occurs once in Zhu, but dga’, ‘thorough delight,’ is should be corrected to khrun found as the 15th of the 51 zhi lig. See khrun zhi leg, mental states in Mdzod. Tib. khrun lig. rgod pa, ‘agitation,’ is found as KHRE BRE (mi bslu) not 41st of the 51 mental states in misleading. Sgra 127, 128. Mdzod. In LZ 30, defined by Spelled khri bre in Sgra 128. Tib. sems rgod pa, ‘mental agi- Spelled ZZ khri pra, var. khri tation,’ and Tib. dga’ ba, bre, in Mdzod where it is ‘delight.’ equivalent to Tib. mi [b]slu, in GA GA SLAS (dga’ ba’i sa) place of one occurrence; ZZ ma tse also joy or enjoyment. ZZH. Zhu. occurs as equiv. of Tib. mi bslu. The first of the Bodhisattva Does not occur in Zhu. levels. KHROD RTSOL (mi ’jigs) not GA GAN (don bral) meaningless- fearing. Sgra 129. In Mdzod, [ly]. Mdzod, ch. 8, but ZZ khod rtsal, but here it may problematic. stand for Tib. stobs, ‘strength.’ Correct to khod rtsal, q.v. The Zhangzhung Dictionary 55

GA CI (’gag pa) stoppage, DGD 578. [2] See ne ra’i gang. cessation. ZZH. Zhu. Mdzod ZZH. has gag ci for Tib. ’gags pa’i. GANG RA MU ZHIN (bgrang (’gag pa, zhig pa) to be stopped phreng ’dzin) name of a being up, destroyed. LZ 30. OZZ 14. dwelling on second level of the GA MIN (’gag med) not closed, cosmic mountain, ‘Holding a without stop, incessant {un- Counting Rosary.’ Mdzod, ch. obstructed}. ZZH. Zhu. ZB. 5. I am not certain how to parse the ZZ here. The Skt. would be GA TSHAR (rgya bya) Indian bird Mālādhara. (?). Mdzod, ch. 9, with ZZ var. tsha ra (?). LZ 30 evidently GANGS (kha ba) snow, glacial ice understands rgya bya to mean [?]. ZB. I think this entry ‘Chinese bird,’ since the should be removed, since both English translation is given as are Tibetan words, not ZZ. phoenix. See Per Kværne, The There is a ZZ word corresp. to Bon Religion of Tibet, Serindia Tib. gangs, ‘glacier,’ which is (London 1995), p. 145 and note ZZ rnil. 7, where it is translated ‘tur- GAN TAM (yon chab, chu yi key.’ mchod pa) water offering. See GA YA (skar ma rgyal) name of a LZ 31. constellation. LZ 30. GAN TI (stang dbyal) husband and GA RA (phreng ba) rosary. ZB. wife, Male and Female [yang and yin] principles. ZZH. Zhu, GA RI (g.yung drung) svāstika. only once. This compound Sgra 130. Highly questionable does not seem to appear in entry. In Mdzod, Tib. g.yung Mdzod, although it does ap- drung is always for ZZ drung pear in the Sgra ’grel, but with mu. The same holds for Zhu. Tib. equiv. spelled slightly GA SHA (dga’ ba) to like, be differently: stangs dbyal — happy, enjoy. See LZ 30. likewise in ZB. GA AG See ag. (kun dga’) GAN MUR (steng ’og) above and thoroughly delighted. ZZH. below. ZB. See kan mur, gyer Zhu. Sgra 136. In Mdzod, Tib. mur. kun dga’ is always ZZ ga ga; GAB RTSE [1] (’bol gdan) the form ga ag does not appear cushioned seat. ZB. See bag there. rtse. [2] This same form is GA ’AG LAN (kun dga’) entirely used, in Tibetan, for Chinese- happy. ZB. derived (?) astrology. See entry in Nine Ways 293. This is GAG CI (’gag pa) to get blocked, subject of a discussion in Shen- obstructed. See LZ 31. OZZ 42. yu Lin, The Tibetan Image of See ga ci. This spelling not in Confucius, Revue d’Etudes Zhu, although it does occur Tibétaines [a free online jour- once in Mdzod with ZZ var. ga nal], vol. 12 (March 2007), pp. ci. 105-129, at p. 113. A Tibetan- GANG [1] rkyu gang (gang po) full language etymology of the [measure]. Nishi 30. Darma term has been proposed. I have language’s gang, ‘to swell.’ no idea if this spelling is rele- 56 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

vant, if it is in fact a ZZ term in finds ZZ gug ge, var. bu ge, for either meaning, especially Tib. yi ge. [2] proper name of since the 1st meaning can be an important region of western explained as a [partial] meta- Tibet. See LZ 33. thesis of bag rtse. GU GE GU LING Name of a king of GAM (khams) region, territory, the klu spirits. See LZ 33. country. ZZH. Zhu. ZB. OZZ GU CI (dngul) silver. See LZ 33. YN 13, 89. Quite questionable, but 95. see the context in Zhu. GU CU (dgu bcu) ninety. ZZH. *GAR A negating suffix? This is Zhu. doubtful. ZZH. Zhu. See ’gi gar. GU TA (rag) brass. See LZ 33. GAR GCOG (’brong) wild yak. See GU TING SHAG (gnyan mo, gnyan LZ 32. gza’) a female gnyan spirit, or a wife of a gnyan spirit. See LZ GAR NA Stein 243. 33. GAR NI (dag pa) pure. Sgra 129, GU DUG (dgu) nine. ZZH. PSD 130. In Mdzod, kar ni stands 162. We do not find this spel- for Tib. dag pa’i, ‘of pure.’ We ling in Zhu, and therefore it is do not find this in Zhu. to be doubted. Gu dun, q.v., *GI “Genitive” suffix. See ZZH 20. must be the more correct spel- ZB. See OZL 56, with “Old ling. Zhangzhung” equiv. given as GU DUN [1] (dgu, dgu pa) nine, ga, or, ge. the ninth, of nine. Sgra 130. GI = ’gi. (grangs) number. OZZ 42. (rgu, dgu) nine. ZB. LZ 33. YN GI GAR (grangs med) innumerable, no. 126. OZZ 40. See gu dug. name of a very high number. [2] (gus par) with reverence, ZB. See under ’gi gar. respectfully. My guess is this is a ‘reduction’ based on Tib. sku GI MIN NO (grangs med do) [is] mdun, ‘presence’ [of an hono- beyond number. ZB. red or holy being]. (gus ’dud) GING GRO (’gro ba) animate being. respect, reverence. See LZ 33. Mdzod, ch. 2, with ZZ var. See under gu dun hrun. [3] ging ’gro. Not in Zhu. gyer no gu dun (bon sku) all that which is of Bon {Bon Bo- *GU See ta ki dun gu, ta gu. ZZH. dy}. ZZH. But in Zhu, gyer no As a prefixed syllable, equi- gu dun stands for either bon valent to Tib. kun; see intro- dgu, or, if we follow the in- duction to ZZH. serted correction, bon sku. [4] GU [1] “terminative-locative” end- (kun khyab) all pervading, co- ing. See ZZH 21. OZZ 80. [2] vering all [cases]. Sgra 126. We (dgu) nine. OZZ 13, 35, with a do not find this last meaning in general discussion of the Zhu. It occurs once in Mdzod, significance of the number. but it may not be a true equivalent. [5] (sku) body. ZB. GU GE [1] (yi ge) letter. ZZH. Zhu, three times. ZB. Mdo-phran GU DUN HRUN (gus par ’dud, 218, line 3. Sgra 131. Mdzod, zhabs la ’dud) salute respect- twice. In Mdzod, ch. 6, one fully, bow to the feet. Zhu. ZB. Zhangzhung Dictionary 57

(phyag ’tshal) prostrate. OZZ 42. See LZ 33. [4] (nag po) 40. This is one of the most black. Zhu. frequently encountered phra- GU MUN MING NING Also, gur ses, in homage verses at the mun ming ning or gu rmun title page of Bon works. ming ning. (mun pa med GU DON (kun ’byung) the univer- khams) dark realm of non- sal source [of suffering]. Sgra existence. Humm1 512. OZZ 128. Tib. kun ’byung occurs 29. In Mdzod, where gu mun several times in Mdzod, but pa ning also occurs, the Tib. not with this ZZ equivalent, equiv. is med khams stong pa. We do not find this in Zhu. Ming ning mu gun, corrected Seems doubtful, therefore. to ming ning gu mun, or ming Actually, it does occur once in ni gu mun, occurs as ZZ equiv. Mdzod, but as equiv. of Tib. to Tib. med khams nag po, or kun ’byang, var. kun ’byongs, med khams mun pa, in Zhu. ‘thoroughly cleansed,’ with ZZ GU MED (kun spongs) all renoun- vars. kun ran & gu ron. ced. Mdzod, ch. 4, with Tib. GU DHA (byu ru) coral. See LZ 33. var. kun spangs. We do not GU NA (sgo nor, sgo phugs [i.e., find this in Zhu. See also mu sgo phyugs]) livestock, flocks. med. Humm1 512. OZZ 29. (sgo nor) GU RMUN (mun pa) darkness. See livestock. See Mdzod, ch. 9, LZ 34. with ZZ var. gum. We do not GU WER Name of a place in ’Ol mo at all find this in Zhu. This lung ring. See LZ 34. could be a Sanskritism, but it might need to be emended to GU ZHIN (slob dpon) teacher, correspond better with Skt. master. Sgra 132. Possibly gaṇa, kula or the like. related to Chinese kuoshi? We do not find this in Zhu. GU NAM (nang) inside. See LZ 33. OZZ 42. GU YIG TAN (bka’ brten) the Tanjur, texts that rely [brten] GU MU See under gu lu. on the Word [bka’] of Lord GU MUN [1] (bdun sa [mdun sa, Shenrab, commentaries. See LZ alternative spelling ’dun sa]) 34. front side. ZZH. Zhu, where it GU YE [1] (kun) all. [2] (thugs is an inserted correction for mu ’khrul pa med pa) not confused gun. (mdun sa) ZB. When this in mind. See LZ 34. Tib. mdun sa occurs in Mdzod the ZZ is dum slas, or, du mun, GU RA [1] (yon tan) virtue, good with var. ngu mun. [2] (mun quality. ZZH. Zhu. ZB. Sgra pa) darkness. ZZH. Zhu. ZB. 125, 126. Humm1 500. OZZ 4, Nishi 23, 24. (mun nag) pitch 14. [2] (’du byas) composite, dark. Mdzod. Darma homang, compound, compounded ‘darkness.’ DGD 578. Darma thing. ZZH. Zhu. ZB says it can munth'u, ‘night-time.’ DGD stand for both Tib. ’du byed, 581. Byangsi munchai, ‘night.’ ‘compounding agent,’ and ’du GSB 91. [3] (med khams) realm byas, ‘compounded thing, of nonexistence. Mdzod. OZZ compound.’ Humm1 500. See gu ra pa in Humm1 491 & in 58 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

OZZ 62 n.11. [3] (’khor, ’khor GU RO TA CO GYANG (kun ’dus ba) circling, surrounding. spyod pa yang) he even Humm1 500. [4] (gzhan dbang) practiced the bringing together lack of independence, depen- {I think Haarh’s translation dence on others. See LZ 34. In highly unlikely; given the Mdzod, it occurs most fre- context in Zhu… ‘The practice quently in meaning of Tib. ’du subsuming all [actions]’?}. byed, less frequently Tib. ’khor ZZH. Zhu. ba, and least frequently Tib. yon tan. The four meanings GU LANG Also spelled gu la. given in LZ 34 are Tib. ’khor (gser) gold. See LZ 34. YN no. ba, gzhan dbang, ’du byed pa, 95.1. I do not believe this is and yon tan. really ZZ, although I suppose it could be. I think it is just a GU RA TA KRA (yon tan grags pa) Tibetan version of some name renowned for qualities, famous of Shiva, also spelled gung for talent or learning. Sgra 124. lang. It is apparently [also?] a ZZ spelling da kra occurs for western Tibetan place where a Tib. grags pa’i in Zhu, but the superior type of gold was particular phrase does not found, hence the equivalence? occur there. This has the ap- It’s entirely possible that this pearance of being a personal name is Newar in its origin, name. although I haven’t looked into GU RI Occurs in Mdzod, ch. 5 with this. No Tibetan etymology ZZ var. ku ri, as equiv. to Tib. immediately recommends it- kun khyab, and on the next self. The golden lingam at line with ZZ var. ku ri, equiv. Pashupati in Nepal is called, to Tib. kun gyi. by Tibetans Gu lang dbang GU RIB A clan among the people of phyug, and in this context the Zhangzhung. See LZ 34. Gu rib spelling Gu ling may also Gyer rgyung, of Zhang zhung occur. Snyan rgyud fame, belonged to GU LING (gling phran) minor this clan. continent, small island. See LZ GU RU (bla ma) teacher, spiritual 35. master, monk incarnate. ZZH. GU LU Also spelled gu mu. (kun ZB. Appears in Zhu spelled la) to all, entirely. ZB. both gu ru and ’gu ru. In GU LU YA TOG (kun la dog med) Mdzod, this appears only with completely without fear. ZZH. the meanings ’du byed and ’du Seems to read gu mu ya tog in shes. An apparent Sanskritiza- Zhu. tion. Stein 242. See ’gu ru. See also under gu ra. GU LE (g.yu) turquoise. See LZ 35. GU RUB [1] name of a clan. [2] a GU SLIG (kun ’dus) subsuming all. place name in Zhangzhung. Sgra 125. ZB. Gung slig in See LZ 34. Mdzod. See Zhu, where one finds ju slig gu ru, with cor- GU RO (kun ’dus) subsuming all. resp. Tib. rdzu ’phrul kun ’dus, Sgra 127. Mdzod. Occurs once subsuming all miraculous dis- in Zhu. ZB. See go ro. plays. Zhangzhung Dictionary 59

GU HI (dung) conch. See LZ 35. GUM (gsod) kill. But note well that *GUNG See sbu gung, mu gung, this occurs as part of a larger sang gung. ZZH. phrase that corresp. to Tib. khyad du gsod, ‘to have con- GUNG [1] (mdzod) store, treasury. tempt for, depreciate, belittle, ZZH. Zhu, several times. Sgra disdain.’ Mdzod, ch. 8, with ZZ 125. The ZZ equiv. for Tib. var. gyum. Of course, Tib. gum mdzod in Mdzod is mu gung, pa — or ’gum pa — can mean which may be a synonym com- ‘dying, death.’ See under gu pound, or may rather corresp. na. to Tib. bang mdzod, ‘treasury.’ ZB says that Tib. mdzod is *GE See gu ge, sgra ge, lon ge. used in the sense of a dictio- ZZH. nary. [2] (kun) all. OZZ 42. [3] GE [1] (bdud) a group of gods or YN no. 176, takes it as ZZ demons. ZB. LZ 35. [2] (gyen) meaning ‘to drink,’ but this is erect, upright. See LZ 35. based on LZ 35, where it is not Humm1 514. OZZ 32. marked as being ZZ. GE KHOD This is said to mean the GUNG MIG [1] (brdal, bdal) spread same as bdud ’dul. We do not out. ZZ var. gu mig. Mdzod, find this in Zhu. See LZ 35. ch. 5. [2] (khang pa) house. LZ GE KHRI (go ’byed) open the 35. YN no. 105. understanding. ZB. ZZH. See GUNG YIG (mdzod mig) store- khri. room. ZZH. Zhu, once only. GE GRAN (bdud) delusionary Did not find this in Mdzod. spirit. See LZ 35. Obviously GUNG YIG SMAR (mdzod mig just a variant spelling of gyi bzang) good storeroom. ZB. gran, q.v. GUNG SLIG [1] (phun ’tshogs, i.e. GE TA (bdud) delusionary spirit. phun sum tshogs pa) perfect, See LZ 36. perfectly complete, unity. Sgra GE TING SHAG (bdud mo, bdud 135. (phun tshogs) complete bza’) female delusionary spirit, perfection. Sgra 136. We do not or wife of a delusionary spirit. find this in Zhu, but we do find See LZ 36. ZZ sam pad, a possible Sanskritism, as equiv. to Tib. GE DU (bdud) delusionary spirit. phun tshogs. [2] (kun ’dus) See LZ 36. subsuming all. Gung slig oc- GE DHIM (dpag tshad) a mile curs only once in Mdzod, and {actually, equiv. to Skt. yojana, there it corresponds to Tib. kun a distance measurement equiv. ’dus. (kun ’dus pa) combining to several miles, perhaps four all. See LZ 35. See gu slig. and one half miles}. ZZH. Zhu. *GUN See mu gun. ZZH. Mdzod. ZB. Various other spellings, including ge hrim, ga GUN SMAR (kun bzang) all-good. dhim, gye dhi, are found in ZZH. Zhu, once only. ZB. Mdzod; the former spelling is GUB (zhum pa) to be timid, not surprising given the regu- cowardly, weepy; to shrink lar variants “dh-” and “hr-.” back. See LZ 35. See LZ 36. 60 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

GE DHE (dpag tshad) yojana GEN RKYE See rkan tse. [distance measurement]. Sgra GEN MUR (steng ’og) above and 127. We do not find this below, vertical axis. See LZ 36. spelling in Zhu, but see ge This spelling occurs twice in dhim. Mdzod, once along with a ZZ GE NE (rin po che’i phra men) a var. ge mung, so it is mode- precious variegated stone. See rately well substantiated. See LZ 36. gyer mur. GE RNA GA MIN (dbyib dngos po GEN SHU (dgra bgegs) opponent med) it is not the natural form and impediment [spirits]. ZB. {without shape or thingness}. GER GU (’byung ’jug) expelling The Tib. must read dbyibs and injecting, [breathing] out dngos po med. ZZH. I do not and in, respiration. See LZ 36. find this in Mdzod. In fact, the passage in Zhu reads: ngo ge GER NI (mos pa) belief, trust. Sgra rna ga min, q.v. 131. In Mdzod, ger ni & ger zhi are equiv. to Tib. mos pa’i, GE TSA (bdud btsan) a group of which might suggest that the gods or demons. ZZH. We find second syllable is a genitive ge kya, corrected to ge skya in ending. It is 7th of the 51 one place, but corrected to ge mental states. We do not find tsa in another place, in Zhu. this in Zhu. See LZ 37, here Does not appear as such in spelled ger zhi. Mdzod. *GO See sang go. ZZH. GE YO (bdud ’dul ba’i sngags ’dzab) recitation for subduing GO PHUG HA RA (shes par gyis) delusionary spirits. See LZ 36. understand! See LZ 37. Not in Mdzod. GO RO (kun ’dus) subsuming all. GE SHAN (bdud) delusionary ZZ var. gu ro. Mdzod. Gu ro is spirit. See LZ 36. Not in a spelling found in Zhu. Mdzod. A spirit that resembles GOG TSE [1] This appears in the srin po, but differs. Mdzod in a mysterious ex- GE SHAN GRAN Evid. this com- pression, one clearly combi- bines the two ZZ word ge shan ning Tib. with ZZ, g.yo byed and ge gran. “Heretical ene- gog tse, var. gso phyed gog co mies.” ZZFC 255. bang, apparently the name of a ‘vessel organ’ connected in GE HRIG (dpag tshad) yojana some way to the sense of [distance measurement]. See touch. It certainly seems to LZ 36. See under ge dhim. Ge mean ‘stomach,’ like the hrim, q.v., is probably the more Byangsi word khokce, and authentic spelling. Rongpo word khoco. [2] How- GE HRIM It is probable that ge ever, LZ 242 says it is entirely hrim is the more authentic ZZ, corresp. to Tib. lus dbang, spelling. See ge dhim, ge hrig. lus kyi dbang po’i snod. Bodily GENG MIN (stobs med) without sense faculty [sense of touch?] strength. Mdzod, ch. 6, with or the organ of the bodily sense ZZ var. ge ru min. faculty. I myself believe the meaning ‘stomach’ — as some- Zhangzhung Dictionary 61

thing that ‘provides nourish- rgyag sle, in Mdzod. But the ment,’ reading the Tib. as gso ZZ mu snga occurs many more byed — to be more likely. The times there. connection with the sense of GYANG [1] (yang) particle of touch ought to be characteri- emphasis. See p. 21 of ZZH. zed as a cosmological cor- (yang) also, again. OZZ 91. respondence. Since this occurs only once in GON GE (nyams len) practice, car- Zhu, and because the interpre- rying out practical spiritual tation may be quite different, advice. ZB. See lon ge. given the context, one should GYA TSHE (brgyad khri) eighty not follow ZZH on this point. thousand, 8,000. See LZ 38. I Tib. yang probably means guess OZZ 57 mistakenly takes ‘free-ranging’ here. [2] (nad, na this to mean just ‘8.’ tsha) sickness, illness. See LZ 38. YN no. 154. GYAG [1] (shi) dead, died. ZZH. YN no. 132. Matisoff 173. Nishi GYAD (brgyad) eight. ZZH. ZB. 28. See OZL 55 & PSD 163, OZZ 13. PSD 162. See LZ 38, with the “Old Zhangzhung” where the meaning ‘athlete’ is equivalent given as shid; Tib. given, although this is surely a shi, ‘dead.’ See gyog, ha gyag Tibetan meaning, not Zhang- dzun. [2] (stong) empty. OZZ zhung. See sni gyad, yag gyad. 42. GYAD KHRI (brgyad khri) eighty GYAG CI (mi rtag) impermanent. thousand. See LZ 38. See gya Sgra 131. tshe. GYAG TI [1] (rnam pa) aspect. Sgra GYAD CU (brgyad cu) eighty. 128. [2] (shi byang) death cer- ZZH. Zhu. tificate, a paper effigy of the GYI “Genitive” particle. See ZZH deceased person. Zhu. ZB. [3] 20. ZB. I see this as a result of Name of a minor island in the Tibetanization, and not an cosmology. See LZ 38. See un- authentic ZZ grammatical der shang ze gyag ti. ending. GYAG TI GYOG TI (shi byang ’chi) GYI GYIN =gyun min. Humm1 ? Zhu. Compare the phrase 518. OZZ 37. In Mdzod, gyi gyags ti dang ni gyog ti in gyin stands for g.yo ba[’i], as Mdzod, ch. 5, where they are 36th of the 51 mental states. We two lesser continents on either do not find this in Zhu. (g.yo side of the great continent Sgra ba) movement, vacillation. See mi snyan. LZ 39. GYAG TSO (ro myag ’dam) name GYI GRAN [1] (dgra bo) enemy. of a hell. The Tib. means Matisoff 161. [2] (dgra bgegs) ‘swamp of rotting corpses.’ opponents and impediments. Mdzod, ch. 5. This would cor- A group of gods or demons. respond to the Skt. kuṇapa in ZZH. Zhu. ZB. Bru 155, line 2. Indic lists of hells. [3] (dgra tshogs) host of GYAG SLE (rten ’brel) interdepen- adversities, enemies. Sgra 128. dent connection. See LZ 38. Mdzod, ch. 8, appears once This occurs once, with ZZ var. with ZZ var. gyi dran, corresp. to Tib. dgra tshogs, ‘enemy 62 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

host.’ Still another ZZ word syllable is actually ZZ, and corresp. to Tib. dgra bgegs, even then most likely a clan appears in the comm. vocab. name. A person by a very simi- (gnod par byed pa’i dgra) an lar name, Sbug Gyim rtsan rma injury-inflicting opponent. See chung, is mentioned in a Dun- LZ 39. huang document. See ZZT 429. *GYIN See ’gir chu gyin, ta gyin. GYIR (rgyu ma) intestines, guts. ZZH. ZB. See LZ 39. YN no. 9. GYIN [1] (yin) to be. Zhu, several GYIL (’khyil) whirl [around] {swirl, times. [2] (gnas) to abide whorl}. ZZH. ZZ. khyil is cor- [verb]. Mdzod. Interesting for rected to gyil, corresp. to Tib. these ‘verb of existence’ ’khyil, once in Zhu. (’khyil ba) meanings are the comments in whirl around, coil, swirl. See PSD 158. [3] (’dra, bzhin) to be LZ 39. See under du gyil. like, resemble. Zhu. Mdzod. [3] GYUN MIN (g.yo ba) waver, agi- (ston) show, teach, demonstra- tate, move from its place. te. Mdzod. Zhu. (pa, sa?) ? Sgra Mdzod. 135. [4] In one place in Mdzod, ch. 5, with var. byin, it seems to GYUM See gum. corresp. to Tib. gzhan, ‘other.’ GYE TE SANGS See LZ 39. [5] In Mdzod, ch. 8, ZZ gyin, var. kyin, corresp. to Tib. GYEN NI (stobs) strength. Sgra 129. ’khyams, ‘wander.’ In ZB, the This spelling not in Zhu. See Tib. equivs. are given as bstan, gyin ni. ‘teach’; yin, ‘to be’; and ’dra, GYER (bon, bon nyid) Bon, Bon po, ‘similar.’ In LZ 29 the four Tib. to be of Bon. ZZH. ZB. Bon equivs. are thob pa, ‘obtaining’; nyid means ‘Bon proper,’ or thub pa, ‘able’; ’dra ba, the true nature of phenomena. ‘similar’; and brtan pa, ‘stable.’ Hummel regards it as a word Comment: Hummel makes an that Tib. and ZZ share. odd connection to Tib. rgyan, Humm1 512. Humm2 12. OZZ ‘ornament,’ and rgyan he defi- 3, 29, 76. There is a long discus- nes [mistakenly] as meaning sion in Stein 238 ff., where he ‘distinction. allotment, fate.’ insists that it is a Tibetan word. OZZ 90. While there are other, mostly GYIN NI (stobs) strength. Sgra 130. problematic, occurrences in See gyen ni. (stobs kyi) of Mdzod, in ch. 2, gyer consis- strength. Mdzod. tently corresp. to Tib. gshen. It occurs in the opening ‘title’ of GYIM (’khyil) whirl, whorl. ZB. Mdzod, where it also corresp. OZZ 42. to Tib. gshen. See LZ 39. See cir GYIM MIG (g.yo ba) move, budge gyer zhi. [from], wave. ZZH. Mdzod. GYER RGYUNG SPUNGS Here Zhu. OZZ 42, with var. ZZ said to be a name for Gshen spelling gyin mig. rab mi bo. Humm1 512. OZZ GYIM TSHA RMA CHUNG Name 30. This phrase not in Zhu. of one of the Four Wise Men, GYER NGOD Name of Gshen rab. the Mkhas pa Mi Bzhi. See LZ Mdzod. Found once with 39. It may be that only the first spelling gyer ngod in Zhu Zhangzhung Dictionary 63

where otherwise the ZZ word priest. Mnyam 15. (bon sku) that corresp. to Tib. gshen rab Bon Body. ZB. If Darma can be is dmu ra. OZZ 3. See LZ 39, any guide, the final ‘no’ would with its spelling gyer ngor. be a regular suffix for adjecti- Given the meaning of ZZ dod, ves. this name would appear to GYER NO GU DUN See under gyer mean ‘generator of Bon,’ a title no. emphasizing his status as founder of Bon religion. See GYER SPUNGS A teacher or master also gyer ’od, gyer dod. who teaches Bon. See LZ 40. GYER NGOD TI GA BING NGA GYER SPUNGS SNANG BZHER (gshen rab bden bzhi) the four LOD PO Name of a teacher in truths of Gshen rab. ZZH. Zhu. the lineage of the Zhang zhung snyan rgyud, the Zhangzhung GYER CI (bon can) being of Bon Aural Transmission. See LZ 40. {but it is so much more complicated than that!}. ZZH. Sgra GYER SPUNGS BTSAD PO See LZ 124, 127. ZB. Occurs twice in 40. Zhu. Once in Mdzod. LZ de- GYER MAN TRA See LZ 40. fines Tib. bon can as Tib. ngos gzung gi gzhi, ‘basis or GYER MU [1] (gyer, dgyer, smon foundation of identification, re- lam) chant, aspiration prayer. cognition.’ This and the special Humm1 512. OZZ 30. (smon philosophical context of the lam) aspiration. Sgra 131. It word suggests that it is quite occurs in Mdzod, but there similar in its usage and seem to be still other meanings meaning to Buddhist Tib. chos here. [2] See LZ 40, where a can. quite philosophical meaning of ‘basis for cognition,’ Tib. bon GYER TING “A virtually extinct can, is given. Zhang zhung tantric system.” ZZFC 255. GYER MU YE (bon gyi dbyings) realm of Bon. Sgra 125. Mdzod. GYER DOD (gshen rab) Shenrab, The mu ye, or perhaps simply the Teacher of Bon. {The plural ye alone, is Tib. dbyings. usage is also possible, appa- Occurs 2 or 3 times in Zhu. rently.} Sgra 123, 130. ZB. However, the literal meaning GYER MUR (steng dang ’og) above of the ZZ term might seem to and below. See LZ 40. See the be rather something like Tib. other spellings: kan mur, gan bon ston, ‘Bon Teacher.’ See mur, gen mur. gyer ngod. See under dmu ra. GYER TSE [1] (bon po) a Bon fol- GYER DRUNG HRANGS See LZ lower. [2] (bon log) the wrong 40. or false Bon. ZZH. ZB. [3] (bon po dam nyams) Bon follower GYER NI HRANGS See LZ 40. who has broken vows. Sgra 132. GYER NO gyer no gu dun: (bon (dam tshig nyams pa’i bon po) sku) all that which is Bon {Bon A Bonpo who has spoiled com- Body}. gyer no slas (bon gyi sa) mitments. See LZ 40. We do not Bon-country. ZZH. (bon gyi) of find this exact form in Mdzod. Bon. Mdzod. (bon, bon gyi) The 2nd and 3rd meanings are Bon, of Bon. Zhu. (gshen) Shen 64 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

in Zhu. See and compare dun GYOG (’chi) die; but see also under tse. gyag. ZZH. YN no. 132. GYER WANG (bon sku) Bon Body. Matisoff 173 has the unreliable OZZ 3. spelling grog. GYER WANG ZHI (bon sku nyid) GYOG TI [1] (’chi) die. ZB. [2] the body of Bon {the Bon Body Name of a minor island off the proper}. ZZH. In Zhu, the Tib. northern continent. See LZ 41. is first written sprul sku nyid, GRA (gri) knife. ZB. My theory is then corrected to bon sku nyid. that this was derived from tsa Could not find any ZZ equi- kra (q.v.), reading the kra as valent for Tib. bon sku in gra. Mdzod. GRA GE [1] (’dzin rtog) fixation GYER ZHI [1] (bon nyid) Bon and examination. Mdzod. Proper. Sgra 124. ZB. [2] (bon) ZZH. Zhu, twice. LZ 41. See Bon. Sgra 131. Zhu. [3] (bon under gran ge. [2] (kun grags) gyi) of Bon. Sgra 124, 133. Zhu. known to all. Sgra 134. In [4] (bon srid) the becoming of Mdzod, the ZZ equivalent of bon[s]. Sgra 134. Mdzod, ch. kun grags is grags ge. [3] 11. (rnam rtog) discursive thought. GYER ’OD =gyer ngod, gyer dod. See LZ 41. Humm1 518. OZZ 30, 37. This GRA JIL (ser ba) hail. ZZH. Mdzod. would appear to be a Tibetani- Zhu. ZB. Nishi 24. LZ 41. zing spelling. See gyer ngod & gyer dod, probably the more GRA BYIN (mtshon cha) weapons. authentic spellings. LZ 41. GYER RO [1] (Bon, Bon nyid, bon GRA WER See LZ 41, which says it ldan) Bon, of Bon, be of Bon. is same as gra jil. ZZH. Zhu. [2] (bon gyi, bon GRAG (sgrogs) call out, declare. In nyid) of Bon, or, Bon Proper. context, this refers rather to the Sgra 124. Occurs in title of ‘sounding’ [of thunder]. ZZH. Mdzod, but Tib. equivalent is Zhu. (grag) ? ZB. (sgrogs) to unclear. [3] (gshen po’am bon announce. OZZ 89. po) Shen priest, or, Bonpo. See LZ 40. I believe this is simply GRAN (dgra) enemy. ZZH. Zhu. an alternative spelling for gyer See LZ 41. This syllable can no, q.v. stand alone, but see gyi gran. GYER SHUD (the tshom) hesita- GRAN GE (’dzin rtog) grasping tion, doubt. ZZH. Zhu. ZB. conception, fixed concept, Mdzod. LZ 41. 19th of the 51 imputation. ZB. See under gra mental states. ge. GYO TSHUL In one place in GRAM LKYAM (ral gri) sword. See Mdzod, appears to corresp. to LZ 41. Tib. khrus, ‘bathing.’ Hummel GRU (war) ? ZB. There would seem gives the spelling kyo chu, q.v. to be a mistake here. I have no The second syllable appears to idea what a Tib. word war be a Tibetanization. might mean. Chances are that the two languages got switched around, meaning that ZZ Zhangzhung Dictionary 65

war would corresp. to Tib. gru, GLANG RI (sgra srid) life of sound. ‘corner, angle.’ However the But see the context in Mdzod. ZZ word that ordinarily means Sgra 134. This spelling not in ‘angle, corner,’ is khri, q.v. In Zhu. Variant for glang re, q.v. the comm. vocab., ZZ gru seems to corresp. to Tib. zur, GLANG RE [1] (sgra yi) of sound. ‘corner.’ It seems possible that Sgra 133. [2] (sgra srid, i.e., Tib. war is here a misreading, sgra dbang) sense of hearing. based on graphic misinterpre- Mdzod, ch. 11. This spelling tation, of Tib. zur, ‘corner.’ not in Zhu. [3] (gshang) the flat Bon bell. See LZ 42, which GRO BUN ZZ var. gos bun. gives only this meaning. Humm1 518. OZZ 37. Mdzod. We do not find this in Zhu. In GLANG RE TRAM (kun la khyab Mdzod it would seem to cor- pa’i sgra) a sound that penetra- resp. to Tib. ’gro mgyogs, ‘fast tes everything. See LZ 42. moving.’ GLANG SAD (tshig ’jam) soft GROG This is the spelling for gyog, words. ZB. See klang sad. ‘die,’ in Matisoff 173. GLANG U DUG (sgra mi snyan) GLANG [1] (sgra) sound, voice. the southern world continent. (gsung) say, state. OZZ 40. [2] ZZH. Zhu. ZB. The correspon- (rgyang grag) the reach of ding place in Mdzod reads u hearing, about 2 miles. ZZH. dug glang. Someone conscious- Zhu. Sgra 132 has Tib. sgra ly Tibetanized the word order only. When it stands alone, this here, and u dug glang has to be syllable corresp. to Tib. sgra. more authentic. See rather ’u glang. [3] (klad GLAB CE See rlab che. pa) brain. See LZ 42 & YN no. 31, which give only this *GLING See spre gling. ZZH. meaning, and this would seem GHA RU Stein 243, argues that this to be explained as a Tibetani- is just garuḍa. zing reading of the written ZZ GHA HA (glang po) ox. ZB. word glang as Tib. klad and nothing more than that. (For GHAR (sgrogs) call out, declare. another instance of a similar ZZH. Could not find this syl- confusion, see under po yo, lable in Mdzod. It occurs only below.) See ci glang, ’ung once in Zhu, where it is a cor- glang, klang. rection to gyur. ZZ ghar may corresp. to Khotanese gvar, GLANG CHEN (gsung) speech, which means ‘assert, tell, voice; precept. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, speak.’ Perhaps this entry once only, in the phrase ought to be removed. See grag. meaning ‘sky-like [Buddha]- speech.’ GHI GAR (grangs med) without number. ZZH. This spelling GLANG MU NE WER Name of a occurs only once in Zhu, where realized sage of Zhangzhung. it is a correction of ’gi gar, even See LZ 42. though ’gi gar is certainly the GLANG RA Alternative spelling of usual and therefore, I suspect, glang re. See LZ 42. the more correct spelling. See ’gi gar, ’ig gar. 66 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

MGO CI A ‘Tibetanizing’ [mis]- Mdzod, where it is 40th of the spelling for mog ci, q.v., in 51 mental states. See LZ 45. Mdzod, ch. 9. Also spelled ’gu dhring. See ’gyu hing. ’GI (grangs) number. ZZH. Zhu. ’GU YA [1] (yang dag pa) perfect, ’GI GAR (’grangs med) without correct. [2] (dam tshig) vow, number. ZZH. Mdzod. Zhu, commitment. See LZ 45. several times. See LZ 44. OZZ 42, gives equivs. as Tib. ’phrul ’GU YE (sems nyid) mind proper, and Tib. gzha’ ston. See ghi the very mind. See LZ 45. gar, ’ig gar. ’GU YE SA TRIG (klong gi shes rab) ’GI GAR JU (bshos) to have sexual complete wisdom, especially relations with. Occurs re- the knowledge of mental sphe- peatedly in Mdzod, ch. 1. See res {an inadequate translation, LZ 44. The element ju probably so we should try another: corresp. to Tib. byung. transcendent insight pertaining to the receptive center}. ZZH. ’GI CU See ’gir cu. Zhu. YN no. 145. ’GI RI (dge ba’i) of virtue, virtuous. ’GU RU (bla ma) teacher, monk Mdzod. Not found in Zhu. incarnate. ZZH. Zhu. See gu (dge ba) virtue, goodness. See ru. LZ 44. ’GU HING See ’gyu hing. ’GI ROD (rang bzhin) nature, essential nature, true nature. ’GU YU LI SPAR YA Proper name. See LZ 45. See LZ 45. ’GI SHAN Also, ’gi shen. See under ’GYU (sgyu) illusion. ZB. ti kun ’gi shan. ’GYU RI [1] (rgyu yi) fundamental. ’GIB RA (dge ba) virtue. Sgra 130. ZZH. I strongly believe that Could not find this in Mdzod. this particular meaning is Also not in Zhu. based in confusion and therefore mistaken. [2] (sgyu ma) ’GIR CU (bye brag) variety, parti- illusion. LZ 46. (sgyu ma’i) of cular type. OZZ 42. Mdzod, illusion. Mdzod, with ZZ var. where it occurs with ZZ var. ’gyu ru, where it is 35th of 51 spelling ’gi cu. See LZ 44, mental states. [3] In Zhu, ZZ which knows only the spelling ’gyu ri is for Tib. rku yi, ‘of ZZ ’gi cu. stealing,’ which is then cor- ’GIR CHU (bye brag) differentia- rected to Tib. rgyu yi, ‘of the tion, division, type. ZZH. ZB. cause.’ Tib. rku yi is, however, Zhu, once only. much better suited to the context. ’GU Compare gu. (kun) all. Humm1 512. OZZ 30. We do ’GYU HING (non smin, i.e., rnon not find this in Zhu. I believe smin) suppression and deve- the spelling should rather be lopment [of the results of ac- ku. tions]. ZZH. Zhu, where it is spelled ZZ ’gu hing. See ’gu ’GU DHRENG (non rmis, non smis) dhreng. See the discussion of this difficult word in CT 41-42. Zhangzhung Dictionary 67

RGU [1] (rgyu) basis. See ’gyu, tance. It occurs in the names of rgyu. ZZH. Zhu, once only. [2] the ‘four lamps’ as known to (sku) body. ZB. Dzogchen, in particular the one known as “liquid lamp that RGE (bgegs) obstacles. Humm1 lassos distant things,” which 514. Sgra ’grel. ZB. Not in Zhu, here, too, means the eye. See which has still other ZZ words LZ 47. YN no. 6. This entry corresp. to Tib. bgegs. ought to be removed. RGE DE (btsan) a particular class of RGYAM SHEL RI A (g.yung drung spirits or deities, they are asso- dbyings) unchanging realm. ciated with high rocks and Sgra 129. Could find this in mountains. See LZ 46. neither Mdzod nor Zhu. RGYA (rje) lord. Sgra 129. OZZ 42. RGYU [1] (rgyu) cause, stuff. (rje’i gtso) chief of lords. Sga Mdzod. ZZH. In Zhu, we find 151, line 6. This spelling not in ZZ rgu corresp. to Tib. rgyu, Zhu. Correct to rkya. See LZ but only once. See lo rgyu ma 46, where besides meaning yin. [2] An alternative spelling lord or chief, it also is the name for lgyu, Tib. lam, ‘path.’ OZZ of a clan or a class of spirits. 42. RGYA MIN [1] (ma chag) uninter- RGYU GANG (gang po) entire, rupted {this meaning unlikely whole. OZZ 42. given the context}. ZZH. Zhu, once only. ZB reads Tib. ma RGYU CING (’dus byas) composite chags, ‘unformed, uncreated, thing. See LZ 48. unattached.’ [2] (’tshe ba) in- RGYU TOG (thog) tip, top. ZB. jury, harm. Mdzod, twice. RGYU MIG (rgyu ’bras) cause and RGYA SHAG (ming gi lha mo) effect, causation. Sgra 127, 128. goddess of names. See LZ 47. Mdzod. Could not find this in RGYA SE (mdzod khang) treasury Zhu. chamber. Sga 151, line 6. In ZZ RGYU MIN (rang bzhin) nature. title of Mdzod. The syllable se Mdzod. once. Du drod is the is short for se to, equiv. to Tib. only ZZ corresp. to Tib. rang khang. Did not find this in bzhin in Zhu. Zhu. See LZ 47. RGYU ’OD (thabs chen) great RGYA HE (bstod pa) praise. Did possibility or means, great not find in Mdzod or in Zhu. method. OZZ 42. See fol- RGYAG CI (’chab pa) covering up lowing. [one’s] faults, hypocrisy. Sgra RGYU YOD [1] (thabs chen) great 131. Lgyag cu & sgyag ci are possibility or means. ZZH. equivalents of Tib. ’chab pa in Zhu. Sgra 124. ZB. [2] (thabs) Mdzod. Did not find in Zhu. method, means. Mdzod, once RGYANG ZHAGS (mig) eye. I do only, with var. sgyu ’od & rgyu not believe it is even remotely od. Zhu, once only. Spelled possible that this is Zhang- rgyu od in LZ 48. See sgyu od. zhung. I think it is poetic for RGYU LA DRA (brag srin) rock the eye as something that can ogre. Also, Rgyu la tra? ‘lasso’ things that are at a dis- Humm1 514. OZZ 32, but here 68 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

spelled lgyu la dra [tra?]. Not LGU (lam) path. OZZ 42. See under in Zhu. lgyu. *RGYUNG See mu un rgyung, lung LGUM (sna) nose. Sgra 132. See rgyung sad. ZZH. There is lgyum. much discussion of this syllable in ZZT 434. LGE (lce) tongue. OZZ 42. I think this is an unimportant reading RGYUNG [1] (lha) [a type of?] for lke, q.v. deity. LZ 48. [2] (slob dpon) master. LZ 48. [3] (glog) LGYAG CU (’chab pa) concealing lightning. ZB. LZ 48. [4] (skyed one’s faults. This is 32nd of the byed kyi rgyu) active causal 51 mental states in Mdzod. force of production, father. See (’chab pa) conceal, keep secret. LZ 48. See LZ 49. See rgyag ci. RGYUNG PAG See rgyung seg. LGYAM (rgyas) wide. ZZH. OZZ 14. This is a rather dubious RGYUNG YAR Name of a clan of entry since it occurs in Zhu Zhangzhung. See LZ 49. and in Mdzod, ch. 8, only as RGYUNG YAR MU KHOD [1] part of the technical term pra Name of the father of Dran pa lgyam dub, which corresp. to nam mkha’. [2] Name of one of Tib. phra rgyas dug. There is a the bird-horn kings of Zhang- long discussion in ZZQ 4. zhung. See LZ 49. LGYU [1] (lam) road {path}. ZZH. RGYUNG SEG Also spelled rgyung ZB. For a discussion on this pag. (dbugs) breath. ZB. and other words starting with *RGYUD See pring rgyud. ZZH. lgy-, see Hoff2. Mdzod. Humm2 12. Lgyum is the more RGYUD (dpung) upper arm and usual spelling in Zhu. Hoff2 shoulder, or army troop. ZB. 195 argues that ZZ lgyu is RGYUN (ltung) to fall. Mdzod, ch. correctly Tib. lam, ‘path,’ while 6. ZZ lgyum is correctly Tib. sna, ‘nose,’ and he finds compa- RGYUN CI (’du byas) compounded rative linguistic data to back thing, compound. Sgra 131. Gu this argument (Bunan langua- ra is the only ZZ corresp. to ge gyum, etc.). For remarkably Tib. ’du byas in Zhu. similar OC phonetic recons- RGYUN MIN (’du ma byon) ? Sgra tructions of the word that is in 131. (’dus ma byas) Modern Chinese dau (or Tao, unconditioned, uncompoun- ‘the way’) see Paul Rakita ded. Mdzod. Mdzod has var. Goldin, Some Old Chinese reading ZZ hrun min. See LZ Words, JAOS, vol. 114 (1994), 49. pp. 628-631 & compare OZZ 65 n.30, 76. I am unable to repro- RGYUR [1] (rdul) dust. ZB. The duce the phonetic symbols usual ZZ for ‘dust’ is tur. [2] here, but among them are (’debs [the verb]) to plant, say forms (something like) *degwx, [a prayer]. ZB. *glew', *lu’ & *ljuw. The Al- RGYUR TSE (rdul phran) minute mora languages (Darma, etc.) particles. ZB. See under tur tse. have the form amm, or amma, ‘path,’ and these more closely Zhangzhung Dictionary 69

resemble the Tib. lam, ‘path.’ See lgyu. [2] (sna, shangs) nose. Darma 7am, ‘path, road.’ DGD ZZH. Zhu. Bru 290, line 6. Sgra 588. Byangsi am, ‘way, road.’ ’grel. See LZ 49. YN no. 19. ZZ GSB 23. MSB 10, gives the variant: lkung. Humm1 518. same form am for all three OZZ 37. There is a Lahuli equi- Rong languages, with the valent gyum, meaning ‘nose,’ meaning given in Hindi as on which see Stein 254. [3] rāstā, ‘path, street, method.’ (dug) poison. Sgra 129. This Notice Old Newar laṃ, ‘path.’ meaning is extremely dubious, For an extensive discussion, and I believe it results from see Honda 105-107. [2] (rgyud) reading lgyum, instead of continuity. OZZ 42. The senses lgyam in the phrase ti pra of ‘path’ and ‘continuity, conti- lgyam, q.v., in Mdzod. [4] nuation, flow’ are conceptually (rgyun) continuity. ZB gives linked. the Tib. as rgyun, ‘continuity,’ LGYU TUR (bdal ba) spread out; or sna, ‘nose.’ See also ZZQ 4- as, for example, a paving 5. Look under lgyu for more substance. Sgra 134. Occurs in discussion. See also lgyum zhi. Mdzod, with Tib. equiv. bdal LGYUM ZHI [1] (sna) nose. ZZH. pa. This equiv. not in Zhu. Zhu. Matisoff 171. Nishi 17. [2] LGYU ZHI [1] (rgyun zhugs) (sna shes) nose perception, continuously. ZZH. In Zhu, ZZ smelling. Sgra 133. [3] (sna lgyu zhi ne corresp. to Tib. dbang) nose faculty, nose rgyun bzhugs [kyi]. It rather sense. Sgra 134. Mdzod, ch. 11. means ‘path’ or ‘stream,’ acc. to (sna’i dbang po) the sense or- Hoff2 195. Equivalent to the gan of the nose. LZ 49. [4] ‘Stream Enterer’ of early Bud- (rgyun tu, rgyun du) conti- dhism, the Srotāpanna. The nuously. ZZH. Zhu. ZB gives ‘Stream Enterer’ does to occur the Tib. equiv. as rgyun du, in Mdzod as Tib. rgyun du ‘continuously’; rgyun zhugs, zhugs pa, ZZ lgyum zhi. [2] ‘stream entering or enterer’; (lam) path. See LZ 49. and lam, ‘path.’ [5] (rgyun du zhugs pa, rgyun du gnas pa) LGYUNG LANG PA (yod tshad, stream enterer, or, stream gang yod) whatever there is, as abider. LZ 49. [6] (lam ni, lam) many as exist. See LZ 49. path. Zhu. YN no. 82. The LGYUD (sbas pa) to hide away, apparently “ZZ” lgyum zhi tha conceal. See LZ 49. dod in Mdzod, ch. 5, seems to be in fact a half-ZZ expression, LGYUM [1] (lam) road, method. perhaps to be glossed ‘dividing This meaning may result from up the flows,’ which I suppose confusion with lgyu, however to mean the ‘heart,’ in a lgyum is by far the more mysterious cosmological man- common spelling. Neverthe- ner corresponding with the less, the proper meaning to go sense of smell. with this spelling may be the following one: ‘nose.’ But then LGYUM RI [1] (lam) path. [2] (sna) again, the final ‘m’ can be nose. LZ 49. justified with reference to TB LGYUM SHAG (dri yi lha mo) cognates meaning ‘path.’ Sgra goddess of scent. LZ 50. 129, 133. ZZH. Zhu. Nishi 25. 70 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

LGYUM SHIM (dri zhim) fragrant NGA RA CU (gnyis brgya lnga scent. LZ 50. bcu) two hundred and fifty. LZ SGYIB (mid) gulp, swallow; or 53. as it stands, the ZZ would perhaps Tib. mid pa, ‘gullet, have to mean ‘510.’ I suggest throat’ is intended? Humm1 that the Mdzod passage on 479. OZZ 11, where it is given which this is based ought the meaning ‘throat.’ Could actually to read ZZ ne ra nga not find this in Mdzod. (mid cu, or, ni ra nga cu, ‘250.’ The pa) gullet, throat. ZB. I believe form ZZ ni ra nga cu actually ‘gullet’ is the more accurate does appear, with the meaning translation. See sbyib, which is ‘250,’ in another passage of the spelling found in Zhu. Mdzod. Darma for ‘to swallow’ is NGA RI (stong pa) empty. LZ 53. gimu. This is drawn from a passage SGYU OD (thabs mchog) supreme in Mdzod where the readings method. Sgra 131. This spelling are in fact nga ring, nga cing, not in Zhu. See rgyu yod. nga re. SGYOG CI (’chal ba) rakishness. NGA RO See under ngo ra. ZB. See under skyog ci. NGAG TSE =ngog ge. Humm1 518. OZZ 37. (dbyibs) shape. LZ 53. NGAR [1] (zur) side, edge, corner. ZZH. Zhu. Nishi 16. [2] (rkang **NGA** pa) foot, leg. ZB. LZ 54. YN nos. 8, 26.3. Sgra ’grel. *NGA See phya nga. ZZH. NGAR BA (brdung ba) beating. ZZH. Zhu. ZB. The Tibetan NGA (lnga) five. ZZH. ZB. LZ 53. verb is given in its future form, OZZ 13. See bing nga. which might be significant, NGA CU (lnga bcu) fifty. ZZH. perhaps not. Zhu. NGAR LA (zur la) on the corner, on NGA JU KHYO (de nas ’bab pa) the side. ZB. flowing down from there, NGAR UN (glo rtsa) lung channel. descending from it. Mdzod, ch. LZ 54. 5. NGU TOG See du tog. ZZH. NGA DRUG [1] (lnga, lnga pa) five, fifth, of five. ZZH. OZZ 57. NGU RU NI NAM See du ru ni Zhu, eight times. (lnga ba) the nam. ZZH. fifth. Sgra 130. [2] (drug) six. NGUR [1] (rnga mong) camel. ZB. LZ 53. I believe the meaning The camel does make an ‘six’ ought to be ignored, even appearance in Mdzod, but in a though it does occur once or passage with no ZZ equiv. [2] twice in Mdzod. In one of these This syllable appears in OZZ instances, too, it has a Tib. var. 91 without any definition, al- lnga, ‘five.’ though it is equated with Tib. NGA RA (lnga brgya) five hun- ngar, ‘front.’ All of this seems dred. ZZH. Zhu, once only. ZB. to be unreliable. *NGE See sing nge. ZZH. Zhangzhung Dictionary 71

NGE In ch. 5 of Mdzod, it seems to NGO RA SUM (ngos gsum) three stand for Tib. rngams, ‘height sided, triangular. Mdzod, ch. 5. [measurement],’ but with ZZ ZZ vars. ngor sum, dor sum. In vars. rje, rngim & rngi. Mdzod, ch. 5, we also found NGE RE (ngos) side, surface [of a ZZ nga ro, var. dor, standing wall, etc.]. LZ 54. OZZ 42. for Tib. ngos, ‘side, surface.’ NGES DE (rang rig) intrinsic *NGOD See gyer ngod ti ga bing awareness, reflexive aware- nga. ZZH. ness. Sgra 125. Did not find NGOS DE (rang rig) reflexive awa- this in Mdzod. See ngos de. reness, self knowledge, intrin- NGES DE SHIN (rang rig) cons- sic awareness. ZB. See nges de. ciousness, self-cognition. ZZH. RNGI [1] When used before Zhu, once only. Stein 237. See consonants, =rnams, the plural ngo ra de shin. marker. Compare nge. Humm1 NGO GE [1] (dbyib, i.e., dbyibs) 512. OZZ 30. We do not find shape. Zhu, once only. [2] (kha anything at all like this in Zhu, dog) color. ZB. where the Tib. plural marker rnams is equiv. to ZZ nam. See NGO GE RNA GA MIN (dbyibs OZL 56 & PSD 162, with the dngos po med) with neither so-called “Old Zhangzhung” shape nor thingness. Zhu. ZZH equivalent given as nam, but has an entry for it, mistakenly with a question mark. I believe omitting the first syllable, un- this meaning ought to be remo- der ge rna ga min, q.v. ved, since only the following NGO DHI SHE SKYA SHIM (phya one has any validity. [2] rje ring dkar) Phya Lord Long (rngams) height [measure- White, proper name of a divine ment]. Mdzod, occurs once. figure with a role in cosmogo- We do not find this in Zhu. nical developments. Humm1 Hummel clearly confused Tib. 514. OZZ 32. The ZZ word she rngams for Tib. rnams, and skya must corresp. to Tib. phya that’s all there is to it… We rje, and this would leave the might blame it on the practice, ZZ ngo dhi to corresp. with widespread in Germany, of Tib. ring, ‘long.’ This is from representing ‘ng’ as ‘ṅ’. He Mdzod. ch. 1, where we find does better at OZZ 90. See the interesting ZZ var. hri tsa rngim. skye sha shim. RNGI CI (rngams, mtho tshad) NGO RA (byad) shape, figure, height. LZ 56. YN no. 171. See characteristic. Mdzod, ch. 9. rnge ci. (byad, zhal) appearance or RNGI TI (rngams su) in height. face. LZ 55. Mdzod, ch. 5. We do not find NGO RA DE SHIN (rang gis rig pa) this in Zhu. intrinsic awareness, reflexive RNGIM [1] When used before awareness. Mdzod. (rang rig) vowels, equiv. to Tib. rnams, own awareness. OZZ 42. See the plural marker. Humm1 nges de shin. 512. OZZ 30. However, it is not used as a plural marker in Mdzod. The main ZZ plural 72 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

marker there is nam, and the 31st in the list of 51 mental same is true of Zhu. Therefore I states in Mdzod. It would seem do not accept this meaning. [2] to be related to Tib. sngog pa, (rngams) height [measure- ‘annoy, vex’; Cobl 37. LZ 57. ment]. Mdzod, only once. OZZ SNGOGS SE (khon ’dzin) grudging, 89. Not in Zhu. See under rngi. spiteful. ZB. RNGE CI (ru nga) irritations. SNGOGS BSE (mkhon ’dzin) Mdzod, ch. 8, with var. rje ci. malicious, spiteful. Sgra 131. *SNGA See dub snga, lo snga ni. See sngog se. ZZH. OZZ 89. BSNGAL BZHUG =bsngal zhug. SNGAL KHUM (nyon mongs) kle- (nyon mongs) misery, trouble. śa, affliction. Sgra 133. ZZH. Zhu. ZB spells it bsngal {Shouldn’t this word in fact be zhug, as does OZZ 42. See read sngal zhum?} This spel- under sngal zhug, sngal khum. ling not in Zhu and not in Mdzod. Correct to sngal zhug.

SNGAL CHAR (sdug bsngal) suffering, misery. LZ 57. **CA** SNGAL CHAL (sems nad) mental disease. OZZ 42. Mdzod, ch. 8, CA CE (rgya che) vast. Mdzod, with ZZ var. sngal char. with ZZ vars. ca ci & rko tse. SNGAL ZHUG (nyon mongs) Tha ce corresp. to Tib. rgya che kleśa, mental affliction, mental in Zhu, where this present products that lead to greater spelling is not found. Follo- suffering rather than to any wing are all the ZZ forms that relief from suffering. Mdzod, corresp. to Tib. rgya che: rle with ZZ var. sngal zhum. The mig, var. rlhe mig; rle tub, var. spelling bsngal zhug or bsngal rlhe mig; dhe ci, var. rlhe ci; bzhug occurs three times in dhe tur, var. rlhe tur; de rme ca Zhu. See also dub dub. ci, vars. de rme rko tse & de rmha ca ce; dha lib, vars. dhi SNGAL ZHUM See sngal zhug. lib & hri lig. *SNGUN See lo sngun. ZZH. CA TA (rin po che’i khri) throne *SNGUM See lig mi sngum. ZZH. made of precious substances. Sdum would seem to be the LZ 59. more authentic spelling here. CA TA RI (gtor ma bzhag sa’i khri) SNGUM (yum) wife, consort. ZB. a throne for placing tormas. LZ SNGO malevolent. OZZ 89, occur- 59. ring twice. See the following. CA TIG (bcu gcig) eleven. ZZH. Cu SNGO SE (mkhon ’dzin) malicious, ti & cu tig are the spellings in spiteful. OZZ 42. See under Zhu. sdo se. CA SDUM (blta na sdug) name of a SNGOG SE (mkhon ’dzin) mali- divine city on Mount Ri rab. cious, spiteful. ZZH. Zhu, once Mdzod, ch. 5. The name in only. Mdzod. With variants Tibetan means ‘nice to see,’ sngo se & sngogs seng, it is which corresponds to the Skt. Sudarśana. Zhangzhung Dictionary 73

CA RIS [1] (yang dag) perfect, ZB. [8] (nas) from — i.e., abla- correct. Sgra 129. [2] (so so) tive case ending. Sgra 129. See individual[ly]. Sgra 130. Tib. the list of this and other post- reads so sor in ZB. Apparently positional usages in Humm1 this should be equiv. of Tib. so 506; OZZ 20-21. [9] (che) great. so, and not for yang dag. In ZB. Note that OZZ 42 gives Mdzod, we find ci ris and ja Tib. equivs. as dod [’dod?] & ris. We do not find this in Zhu. chags, while OZZ 91 supplies the Tib. equiv. changs CA RIS CU PHYI (so sor yang dag) [chings?], ‘bound, binding,’ but really different {each one indi- I believe all these just-mentioned vidually perfect, valid, etc.}. equivs. are mistaken, or at least ZZH. But this is not to be I have not noticed any eviden- found in Zhu, which is odd, ce for them. since it seems everything in ZZH is from Zhu. In the single CI KLUNG (tshig) word. OZZ 42. occurrence in Mdzod, where CI GLANG [1] (tshig) word. ZZH. the Tib. reads so so yang dag, The Tib. is actually spelled we find the alternative tshigs, ‘joint,’ in ZB, although I readings for the ZZ ja ris ju doubt this is meaningful. =ci phyi, ca ris ju phyi, ci ris ju klung. Humm1 518. OZZ 37. phyi. Mdzod, 3 times. [2] (tshig ’jam) CA LI (byis pa) child. LZ 59. YN no. gentle words. LZ 59. With 43. Old Newar, cā, ‘child, variant readings ci klung & ci offspring.’ Tamot 172. klang, it occurs as equiv. to Tib. tshig ’jam, 17th of the 51 CAN (can) possess, have; identical mental states in Mdzod. ZZ ci to the Tibetan suffix of posses- klang is one spelling in Zhu, sion. ZZH. But this occurs only although we also find ci la once in Zhu, where it is an corrected to ci glang. evident ‘Tibetanization’ (in all other occurrences the ZZ is ci). CI CI [1] A doubled genitive. This is not used in Mdzod, Humm1 512. OZZ 30, 53: “puts where Tib. can is usually re- into the genitive the two pre- presented in ZZ by ci (or even ceding terms.” I think this ni), and occasionally tsan — as highly unlikely. Might this be a in ZZ khri tsan, for Tib. sems misreading of ce ci? [2] In can, ‘sentient being.’ This entry Mdzod, ch. 6, bi nga ci ci is probably ought to be removed. translated by Tib. bzhi cha bzhi cha, which apparently means CI [1] (sgra) sound, voice. ZZH. ‘four each.’ It has a simple dis- Zhu. [2] (’byor) belong to, tributive function. adhere to. (can) having. [3] “Genitive” particle. See ZZH CI JAM (’dzin chags, zhen ’dzin) 20. Zhu. ZB. OZZ 4, 80. [4] (la) grasping attachment, greed. LZ to — i.e., the terminative case 59. ending. Sgra 123, 129. [5] (go CI TANG (khyung) garuḍa bird. LZ phye) opened the under- 59. standing. Sgra 129. [6] (sprul) CI TAN (’jig rten) world, universe. emanate. Sgra 129. [7] (ni) LZ 59. This spelling occurs equiv. of the Tib. syllable ni, once in one of the texts of the ‘enclitic.’ Sgra 129. Zhu. 74 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

Mdzod, with vars. ji tan & ji CI RUD (’bri ba, yi ge ’bri ba) to dad. See ji tan. draw, write letters. LZ 60. CI TIG (’jig rten) world, universe. CI SING See ka ma ci sing. ZZ var. cu tig. Mdzod, ch. 5. CING (’gyur) to undergo change, CI SNOG (’dod khams) desire translation. ZB. realm. LZ 59. This occurs only once, with var. ci snogs, in CIM See pa cim. ZZH. Mdzod, ch. 6, but the Tib. ’dod CIR (’gyur) change, multiply. This chags, ‘desire,’ with var. Tib. occurs only once in Zhu, where ’dod pas, ‘through desire.’ Dar- it is a correction for ZZ skyi, ma khixinu, ‘desire.’ DGD 580. which elsewhere in the same MSB 43 has Darma khisimoṃ, text corresp. to Tib. skyes. with Hindi given as cāhanā, ‘to desire.’ I think the Darma ini- CIR GYER ZHI (’gyur bon) trans- tial kh- likely corresponds to formed Bon, name of a special Tib. or ZZ, or both, initials ts- type of Bon according to Tibe- and/or c-. tan polemical traditions of other schools. ZZH. This could CI SNOG NE SAD (’dod pa’i lha) not be found in Mdzod. It is god of desire realm. LZ 59. quite surprising to see this in There is a problem in the text ZZH, since it would seem to of this in Mdzod, ch. 6, since it justify a polemical concept not would appear that two se- accepted by followers of Bon. It parate lines of the ZZ were col- can be explained by taking the lapsed into one. last word from one clause and CI PAR [1] (bla ma) upper or higher joining it together with the first one, teacher, monk incarnate. word in the following clause; ZZH. ZB. Zhu, several times, in other words, it is based on a but note that here we also do misreading of Zhu. Note, too, find the Sanskritic ’gu ru [Skt. that the cir is a correction of ZZ guru] for Tib. bla ma. Sgra 123. skyi. Elsewhere in Zhu, ZZ [2] (shar ba) rising, dawning, skyi stands for Tib. skyes. Cir shining. Khro 53, line 6. (’od occurs only this one time in shar ba) shining light. LZ 60. Zhu. This entry should be re- This word does not seem to moved. appear in Mdzod. CIL This does occur in 2nd-syllable CI PAR RMAR ZHI (bla ma bzang position in a few ZZ words, po) good teacher. Sgra 124. but YN 136 & no. 160 says it This precise phrase is not in means ‘cold,’ and the only ex- Zhu. Should probably read planation I can find for this is “smar” in place of “rmar”. an influence from the English word chill. CI PHRUG (lo tog) harvest. ZZH. Zhu. Mdzod. ZB. LZ 60. ZZ *CIS See sa cis. ZZH. vars. ci drug, ci phyug. *CU As an apparently inseparable CI DZAM (’dzin chags) attachment. second syllable in certain ZZH. Zhu. ZB. Seems rather words, see ta cu, tha cu, de cu. questionable, but in Mdzod, ZZH. ch. 8, it does occur with spelling tsi dzam, var. ci jam. Zhangzhung Dictionary 75

CU [1] (bcu, cu) ten. Discussion in CU NO See cug no. ZZQ 7, which says that this CU SNIS (bcu) ten. LZ 60. YN no. agrees with Tib., even while 118. This should not mean disagreeing with most of the ‘ten,’ but rather ‘seventeen.’ TB evidence. OZZ 13. Interes- ting material in PSD 161, 163. CU SNIS GYAD (bco brgyad) [2] (bcud) essence. In Mdzod, eighteen. ZZH. LZ 60. this ZZ word is often spelled CU PHYI (yang dag) perfect, cud, and sometimes even bcud. correct. Sgra 124. ZB. This This occurs 3 times in Zhu. ZB. spelling not in Zhu. See ca ris OZZ 13. [3] “terminative- cu phyi. locative” particle. See ZZH 21. [4] (’phred) slanted, oblique. CU BI NGA (bco lnga) fifteen. LZ This verb does occur in 60. This occurs once very clear- Mdzod, although the Tib. ly in Mdzod, with ZZ var. cu equiv. is unclear. See the entry bing nga, although it would for ’phred nyal in Nine Ways seem that it is mistaken, and 303. that the word for ‘fifteen’ ought to be cu nga, or possibly CU GA (’dod chags, chags [?]) cu nga drug, instead. desire, lust. Sgra 128. The spellings cug no, & less frequently CU MIG (mdud pa, mdud pa cu no, occur in Mdzod. Cug ni dam?) knot, tight knot. Mdzod, and cug no are the spellings ch. 8, with ZZ var. cu smigs. found in Zhu. See cug no. This certainly looks very close to Tib. chu mig, ‘spring’ [of CU GUNG (cu gang) kinsmen, water]. Perhaps the ZZ cu ele- relatives. LZ 60. Found neither ment is related in some way to in Zhu nor Mdzod. I doubt this a Tib. verb which means ‘to entry has merit. Tib. cu gang twist’? has several meanings, but I doubt that ‘relatives’ is among CU TSE [1] (bcu tham pa, bcu pa) them. In general Tib. cu gang ten [in all], tenth. ZZH. (bcu) means ‘bamboo manna,’ al- ten. Sgra 130. (bcu ba [bcu pa]) though sometimes it means the tenth. Sgra 130. OZZ 57, ‘gypsum,’ and in some Bon with the spellings cu se & cu texts, it is used to refer to burnt tsa. YN no. 118. [2] (nyi shu) offerings of food for the de- twenty. This occurs in ZB, al- ceased person in funeral rites. though problematic. In fact, this meaning is impossible to CU GYAD (bco brgyad) eighteen. accept. It must have been LZ 60. wrongly parsed from a line in CU TI (bcu cig) eleven. ZZH. Mdzod that reads ZZ ne cu tse. [3] (bstan pa, ston pa) teaching CU TIG (bcu gcig) eleven. ZB. LZ or teacher. LZ 60. 60. See ci tig. CU TSE TIG [1] (bcu gcig) eleven. CU NIS (bcu gnyis) twelve. ZZH. [2] See cu tse. LZ 60. CU NE (bcu gnyis) twelve. ZZH. CU TSE DRUG (bcu drug) sixteen. ZB. Mdzod. CU NES (bcu gnyis) twelve. LZ 60. 76 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

CU SHEL (bcud bstan pa) teach the thub, corrected to dka’ thabs. essence. ZZH. Zhu. In Mdzod, However, in Mdzod ch. 6, we corresp. to Tib. bcud, only (this do find ZZ cud, var. chung, could very well hold true also standing for Tib. thub. OZZ 43, in the case of Zhu). with Tib. equiv. as bcud. [2] (thub) ability. This must be the CU SUM (bcu gsum) thirteen. ZZH. actual meaning, while the ZB. equiv. with Tib. thabs, ‘me- CU SLIG (cho ’phrul) miraculous thod,’ is most likely mistaken. display. Humm1 518. OZZ 37, [3] (bcud) nutritive essence. See 43. ZZ var. cu sdig. Mdzod, ch. under cu. 4. This spelling not in Zhu. CUD SHEL (dkyil ma, dbus ma) CUG NI (’dod chags) passion, lust. central, middle. LZ 61. ZZH. Zhu. Mdzod. ZB. See cug CUR NI [1] (phye ma) flour, no. [medicinal] powder. ZB. This CUG NO (’dod chags) passion, lust. may be found in the voca- Sgra 128. LZ 61. OZZ 43. Sgra bulary of obsolete words en- 132 (added note seems to read titled Li shi’i gur khang. [2] khri som). Zhu. ZB. Occurs (sman rigs shig) a kind of several times in Mdzod, where medicinal herb. LZ 61. See tsur it is 25th in the list of 51 mental ni. states. In Mdzod, ch. 8, cug ni *CE As an ending used to form occurs twice, but cug no is diminutives, like the syllables more frequent. See cu ga. se and ze, see OZZ 81. CUG SHEL (nang bcud) the vital CE CI (ngag zhi) calm or quiet world [contained] within [the speech, voice. ZZH. Zhu. ZB. vessel world]. LZ 61. See cu In Mdzod, we find rather the shel. spellings ag ce, ag tse. CUNG [1] (cung) little. Perhaps this CE MIG (gong ma) superior, intends Tib. cung zad, ‘a few.’ emperor, forefather, founder. ZZH. [2] (chung) small. Zhu, LZ 61. once only, and therefore doubtful. This does not seem to CES (bar) intermediate. In the occur in Mdzod. This looks like phrase ces sni, Tib. bar bdun, it could be a Tibetanization, ‘[in the] seven spaces [in but there is too little evidence between them].’ Mdzod, ch. 5. for conclusions. See under tis. CUNG NO (’dod sred) desire, *CO Occurs as an apparently inse- craving. LZ 61. parable second syllable. For example, ta co. ZZH. *CUD See ra cud. ZZH. CO GYIM BU LAN TSHA Name of CUD [1] (thabs) method. Sgra 124. a Bon priest in imperial times. ZB. This is doubtful, since it is LZ 61. The clan name Co is also not found in Mdzod, and cud spelled Gco. there stands rather for Tib. bcud. This seems to be based COG [1] (thog) top, head, above. on a single occurrence in Zhu ZZH. Zhu, once only. ZB. of ra cud, corresp. to Tib. dka’ Could not find this in Mdzod. YN no. 13, which mistakenly Zhangzhung Dictionary 77

takes it to mean simply ‘head’ LCAM DRAL (ming srang, i.e., [as of head of a person]. I ming sring) brother & sister wonder if this could explain {‘brother-sister pair,’ not really the Tibetan word for ‘table,’ ZZ, but Tibetan}. Sgra 133. cog tse, which actually looks Lcam dral and ming sring both quite ZZ, but it is common to occur in the Tibetan, and not identify this word as a loan- the ZZ, parts of Mdzod. The word from Chinese. [2] (bong ZZ for Tib. ming po sring mo bu) ass, donkey. ZB. There is a in Zhu is sa cis dhing ning. listing of apparent cognates in This entry should be removed. OZZ 89, 90.

COG RA (nyam chings) worn out and tied up (?). ZB. Not in Mdzod. Not in Zhu. **CHA** COD [1] (spyod) act, perform, practice. ZZH. ZB. Occurs in Zhu where it seems to be verbal CHA LA (rngam pa, drag shul gyi when it stands alone. Sgra 133. sgra) a sound of ferocity, OZZ 13. OZZ 43. Generally, savagery. LZ 64. the ZZ for Tib. spyod should CHANG STANG fire. OZZ 19. be ta co or ta cod, but cod alone Doubtful. I once tended to also occurs in Mdzod and in think tshangs stang, q.v. — Zhu. [2] (’dzoms) overcome. noticing the spelling difference OZZ 43. [3] (de bzhin) like that. — is simply an unusual Tibetan OZZ 43. word for ‘fire’ used in Bon *COD GYIN See de cod gyin. ZZH. texts. However, tshang stang, var. tshangs stang, does appear COD PA (’dzoms pa) assemble, in a Mdzod passage as part of a overcome. LZ 62. ZZ statement, where it corresp. CON (sgra) sound, voice. ZZH. Bru either to Tib. gsal byed, ‘clari- II 291, line 2. Could not find fier,’ or Tib. ’bar ma, ‘blazing this in Mdzod, where Tib. sgra female’ (?), perhaps alluding to seems to be always represen- one of the goddesses of the ted by glang. In the one occur- elements. rence in Zhu, it would seem CHAM (yag) good (?). Compare from the context, a context that with the entry for chal and see demands body parts, that the that there is confusion here. Tib. should be read skra, “hair”. In fact, ZB does read CHAR CI (brtson ’grus) assiduity, Tib. skra, ‘hair.’ So does YN no. diligence, perseverance. LZ 64. 10. Darma, Chaudangsi & See tshar ci and tsar ci, which Byangsi share the word cham are better attested spellings. for ‘hair.’ In all three langua- CHAL (yal) decrease, lower, cause ges, the same syllable may also diminution, fade away. ZZH. mean ‘body hair, wool, youth, Zhu, once only. Could not find walking.’ MSB 66. See tson, a ZZ equivalent of yal in which has to be regarded as an Mdzod. alternative spelling. CHAS PHRU See zham ze chas phru. 78 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

CHING (tshang, or, tshangs) pure, shig) a type of non-human clean. “From Chinese ch’ing.” entity. LZ 66. OZZ 91. I do not know the *CHEN See glang chen, u chen. evidence for this being ZZ. ZZH. There is indeed a Chinese CHEM A loud sound, as for word with this pronunciation instance a thunderclap. LZ 66. I and meaning. We might be wonder why this is marked as tempted to say it simply is a ZZ word. Not in Mdzod. Chinese. More likely it is a result of textual developments MCHED GCES GCUNG (spun che that could have been influenced chung) elder & younger bro- by the existence of the Chinese thers. Sgra 133. This is very word, I suppose. In support of probably not ZZ. Not in Zhu. this, we may point to a passage This entry should be removed, in Mdzod, ch. 1, where ZZ since I believe it is far too ob- ching, with Tib. equiv. tshang, viously Tibetan. (Still, we var. tshangs, has the ZZ vars. ought to add that, in Tib., gces tshim & tshing. does not mean ‘elder’ or ‘big- ger,’ but rather ‘dear’). *CHU See ’gir chu. ZZH. ’CHIG GU (rang ’thag) grinding CHU Mdo-phran 2, line 1. There is wheel. ZB, with added inter- what I believe is an entirely pretation rtsam pa ’thag byed, bogus entry in OZZ 92, in ‘what grinds tsampa.’ Not in which ZZ chu is equated to Mdzod. Tib. rang ’thag means Tib. chags, ‘to originate, begin.’ the water-powered mill or the I think this is based on the upper (turning) stone used for syllables chu & lcags (!) in the flour grinding in a watermill. entirely Tibetan name of Chu The upper grinding stone is lcam rgyal mo, var. Chu lcags also known, in Tibetan, as rgyal mo, who appears in ch. 1 mchig or mchig gu. See the of Mdzod. following. This entry should be CHU TI (rims nad) epidemic. LZ removed. 66. See OZL 56 & PSD 162, ’CHIG GU THUL (rang thag la bab where no ZZ is supplied, al- pa) settled in their own way though the so-called “Old {but this is really very silly… Zhangzhung” equivalent is gi- have a look at the preceding ven as rhim. entry}. ZZH. Zhu, once only. CHU TIG (bcu gcig) eleven. LZ 66. Seems rather doubtful — it CHU RA See chu ra mur. may in fact be entirely Tibetan rather than ZZ — although CHU RA MUR (’byung ba yin) possible. The spelling of first emerged, happened, occurred. syllable does not really look ZZ Mdzod, ch. 5, with vars. ma ra at all. This entry should be re- mung & cha ra mung; but this moved. is problematic. Do not find this in Zhu. OZZ 37. CHUD [1] (dkyil ma) middle, center. [2] (mi ma yin gyi rigs Zhangzhung Dictionary 79

**JA** JIG LIG (rdzu ’phrul) magical display. LZ 69. JA (gza’) planet. ZB. Interesting, but *JIL See gra jil. doubtful. JIL PA (khron chu rul ba) foul well JA RIS (so so) =ci ris. Humm1 518. water. LZ 68. OZZ 37. Mdzod. This spelling JIL ZHI (reg srid) the life of touch. not in Zhu. Mdzod, ch. 11, with var. hil JA RIS JU PHYI =ca ris cu phyi. (so zhi. (reg pa) touch. LZ 69. See sor yang dag) each one perfect. under til zhi. OZZ 43. *JU See snyu nar ju ci. ZZH. See JAG RO GSAS MKHAR A teacher nga ju khyo. in the Zhang zhung snyan JU [1] (bshos) generate, beget. ZZH. rgyud lineage. LZ 68. The ZB gives alternative spelling segment “gsas mkhar” at least jud, and points out that Tib. is not ZZ, but Tib. for a kind of bshos is the honorific/zhe sa shrine; see Nine Ways 312. for ’khrig pa, ‘to engage in JAR (gza’) planet. LZ 68. OZZ 43. I sexual union.’ Zhu, twice. But think dzar is the more correct this is not accurate; the entire spelling. verbal phrase ’gi gar ju, q.v., corresp. to Tib. bshos in JI (’jig) destroy, abolish. OZZ 13, 89. Mdzod, ch. 1. [2] (gtor) scatter. {Khotanese jän-/jin: ‘to des- =hrung. Humm1 518. OZZ 37. troy, perish’} This does occur [3] (byung, ’byung) happen, once as an independent word occur. Mdzod. (byung ba) ari- in Zhu, although the meaning sen, happened. OZZ 43. There seems slightly ambivalent in is Darma ju, ‘to grow, become,’ the context. It could have and Darma jung, ‘to start, meaning of Tib. ’jigs, and in begin.’ In Byangsi, there is fact ZB gives the spelling ’jigs, jhumo, ‘to grow,’ with jhu, pro- ‘fear.’ YN no. 142 has, quite nounced ‘dzhu,’ being the stem misleadingly, ‘run, flee.’ form. GSB 56. See also MSB 75. JI TAN (’jig rten) world. Sgra 127. [4] (’bab) fall [as for example LZ 68. Ji tad and ci tan, ta dzin, rivers]. OZZ 43. [5] Humm1 are used in Mdzod for Tib. ’jig 497 & OZZ 11, says it is equi- rten. valent to 1. Tib. gzungs, Skt. dhāraṇī & 2. rdzu, the latter JI DANG (’jig rten) the external being the first syllable of Tib. world. Ji dang and ji dad are rdzu ’phrul. Both of these last the spellings that occur in Zhu. two Tib. equivalents appear ZB has the spelling ji dang. ZZ not to be well based. The same ji dad or ji tad would seem to holds for ju ci, below, which is be the more authentic spel- from the very same passage in lings, while ji tan & ci tan Mdzod. would seem to be results of Tibetanizations. JU GANG See cu gang. LZ 69. JI DAD (’jig rten) the external JU CI (gzungs) dhāraṇī. Zhu, once world. See ji dang, ji tan. only. In the relevant passage in 80 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

Mdzod, the vars. are rdu ci & just a variant spelling. I do not dzun ci. accept that this place name is JU THIG (mo pra) divination. necessarily ZZ. Humm1 500. Not in Zhu. Not LJI [1] (thog) top, above. ZZH. Zhu, in Mdzod. Nine Ways 296. I only once. This seems doubt- think this is probably best ful. See ljon lji. [2] (gnyan) understood as being Tibetan exalted, solemn. Mdzod, with and not ZZ. one text reading lci. JU PHYI (rig pa) awareness. LJI LA (thog la) on top, at the tip. Humm1 500. Sgra 130. Mdzod. ZB. Not in Zhu. LJIS (ci) what, which. Mdzod. This JU BO JU PHYI (rig pa, sems) seems doubtful. Not in Zhu. awareness, mind. LZ 69. LJIS SAM LJIS (ci yang med pa) JU BO RDO ? Humm1 500. nothing whatsoever, absolute JU TSE [1] (’bru) grain, kernel. nonexistence. LZ 71. Humm1 500. For TB cognates LJON LJI (thog) lightning. Mdzod, of Tib. ’bru, see Beyer, CT Lang with vars. mol lji & mo lji. Not 86. [2] (long spyod, ’dod yon) in Zhu. LZ 71. OZZ 43. See lji, leisure, earthly goods, desira- mol lji. ble objects. LZ 69. We do not find this in Zhu.

JU WER (? tshor ba) feeling. Mdzod. Not in Zhu. (tshor ba, **NYA** lus kyi tshor ba) feeling, bodily sensations. LZ 69. NYA ZHI [1] (gna’ ste) primordial. JU SLIG [1] (rdzu ’phrul) miracle, =nyang zhi. Humm1 518. OZZ delusion. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, once 37. Mdzod. Not in Zhu. [2] only, but then there are two (srid pa) existence. LZ 71, but other ZZ words given as equiv. this is based in a misinterpreta- for rdzu ’phrul. Sgra 127. tion through misparsing of a Spelled ju lig, ju slis, in Mdzod. line in Mdzod, where the form OZZ 14, 43. [2] Ju slig occurs ZZ nya zhi only occurs twice. once for Tib. lhun rdzogs, ‘naturally complete,’ in NYA LO SNGA [1] (ye thog ma, Mdzod, ch. 4. OZZ 43. [3] (rdo) gdod ma) from the very stone. LZ 69. YN 136 & no. 89. beginning, from primordial time. [2] (sngon ma’i sngon JUD An alternative spelling for ju, ma) before the time before. LZ q.v. It’s likely its better reading 71. This appears in the form would be jung. nya zhi lo snga in Mdzod, ch. RJE =rnge. Humm1 518. OZZ 37. 1. It is also one of the few ZZ Mdzod. expressions that have been preserved in the Dzogchen texts RJE CI See rnge ci. belonging to the Zhang-zhung LJANG RA Name of a place in snyan-rgyud, at the beginning Zhangzhung. LZ 71. It bears a of the text entitled ’Khor-lo close resemblance to Tib. lcang Bzhi-bsgrags (with thanks to ra, ‘willow grove,’ and is likely Jean-Luc Achard, Paris, for this Zhangzhung Dictionary 81

information). See also the entry NYI TI Name of a place in in Namgyal Nyima’s dictio- Zhangzhung. LZ 71. nary. NYI TON MA MIG (mi dmigs NYAG (gshin rje) name of a god. stong pa) unobjectifying void. Zhu. This is a mistaken equi- Sgra 131. I do not find this valence, as shown in Hoff2 194. phrase, although I do find ZZ NYAM NUG (sbyor ba) sexual ma lig for Tib. dmigs med in intercourse. Mdzod, ch. 8, with Zhu. Occurs once in Mdzod var. nyu ma nug. See nyug with var. nyi ston ma mig. nom, nyum nom. NYI PANG SAD (nyi ma’i lha) sun NYI [1] (nyid) self. My suspicion is god. LZ 72. that this is just a “Tibetani- NYI ZHI [1] (snyams pa) think, zing” spelling for zhi, the more imagine. But I believe this usual and authentic spelling. meaning may be safely dismis- Sgra 127. OZZ 13. [2] (nyi) sun. sed since the Tib. ought to be Sgra 127. Zhu. See nyi ri. snyoms par or perhaps more NYI KUN (nye ’khor) close likely mnyam par. [2] (snyom associates. Mdzod, ch. 5. par) evenly, equally. Sgra 129. NYI KHIR (nyin zer) day ray (?!). (snyoms par) evenly, equally. ZB. Sgra 130. Mdzod. NYI KHIR TUR (nyi zer rdul) dust NYI ZHI DU (snyoms pa) in a ray of sun {actually, this equalized, made even. ZB. Nyi means a minute particle. albeit zhi du, with vars. nyi shi tu & a relatively large one, used as a nyi zhi tu, does occur once, standard of measurement}. corresp. to Tib. snyams pa, in ZZH. Zhu. Appears in Mdzod Zhu. Still, from the context one as ZZ nyi ’khor sla tur — see would expect rather Tib. the following entry. mnyam pa; compare nyi lo. NYI ’KHOR (nyi zer) sunbeam, ray NYI RI (nyi ma) sun. Sgra 123, 126, of sun. LZ 72. OZZ 43. I doubt 136. ZB. LZ 73. YN no. 90. OZZ this spelling — a probable 14. Ma 212. Occurs several Tibetanization — since ZZ nyi times in Mdzod, even in the khir seems much more “Tibetan-language” parts. Zhu, logically correct. In fact, in the several times. See Nishi 12, single occurrence in Mdzod, comparing the “ri” in zla ri, two texts have the reading ZZ and see also p. 24, under ‘day- nyi khir. time,’ where possible TB justification for the ‘r’ may be found. NYI SGYU (g.yo rgyu, g.yo sgyu) Still, one ought to consider the trickery, deceit. The spelling possibility that the “ri” element Tib. g.yo sgyu is the correct might have to do with Manda- one. Mdzod, ch. 8. LZ 72. rin ri, ‘sun.’ This is noticed in NYI CHU (bcu gnyis) twelve, even an article: “Zhang zhung skad though it looks very much like yig gi grub cha’i rang bzhin it must be Tib. nyi shu, skor” zhes par dpyad pa, Bon ‘twenty.’ Mdzod, ch. 6, with sgo, vol. 12 (1999), pp. 67-86, at two texts reading ni chu. p. 71. 82 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

NYI RI TI PHYE (nyin phyed) NYUNG ZUG [1] (rkang pa) foot, midday, noon. LZ 73. leg. Bru II 291, line 4. Sgra 132. NYI LO [1] (snyom ’jug) equani- Zhu, once only. ZB. Could not mity {meditative equilibrium}. find this in Mdzod. Stein 237, ZZH. Zhu. [2] (mnyam nyid) argues that this supposed ZZ is evenness. Sgra 127, 128. Zhu. based on a Tibetan metaphor. [3] (mnyam snyom) level even- Matisoff 173. Nishi 19. LZ 73. ness. Sgra 128. [4] (bsam gtan) YN nos. 8, 263. [2] one of the contemplation. Sgra 133. [5] rtsa lnga, five channels. LZ 73. (mnyam por) equally. Mdzod. NYUNG SA (rgan mo) old woman. [6] (ye srid) primorial existen- LZ 73. ce. Mdzod has this, and in NYUM NO (sbyor ngan) bad another line soon after, Tib. ye union. Zhu, only once, but see srid for ZZ nyi mu, although nyum nom. this appears to be verbal (?). LZ 73. See nye lo, which seems NYUM NO TI (sbyor ngan dran) to be the more correct spelling. lead to bad connections {recall But it is interesting that, in the wicked plan, remember Zhu, the spelling ZZ nye lo is wicked sexual union?}. ZZH. used to corresp. to both Tib. (sbyor ngan) bad preparation, ting nge ’dzin & dgongs pa. wicked plan. Sgra 132. The syllable nyum does not appear NYIL (bstan) teach. Could not in Mdzod. locate this, or even anything close, in Mdzod. Zhu, only NYUM NOM (sbyor bkur [?]; I read: once. ZB. It is possible this is a sbyor ba ku ra) respect or ac- scribal transformation of ZZ ceptance of attachment (?). shel, q.v., which is found in Zhu, only once, but see nyum Mdzod. no. I do not know what ku ra would mean in Tibetan, al- NYU NAR (mi bsnyel ba) not though I suppose it could be forgetting. ZZ vars. rku nar & Tib. ku ra, also spelled ku re, snyu nar. Humm1 518. OZZ meaning ‘play.’ (sbyor ba) con- 37, 41, 52. Mdzod, where it nection, application or sexual occurs once. ZZ snyu nar is the union (?). ZB. See nyug nom. spelling in Zhu. ZZ rnyu nar is the spelling in ZB. NYE LO [1] (ting ’dzin) Skt. samādhi, meditative absorp- NYUG NOM (sbyor ba) attach- tion. Sgra 123, 127, 128. Zhu. ment, connection. We find ZZ ZB. [2] (dgongs pa) think, me- nyam nug for Tib. sbyor ba in ditate. Sgra 130. Zhu. ZB. [3] Mdzod, but here the context (mnyam nyid) equality, im- pertains to sexual desire. This partiality. ZZH. LZ 74. [4] occurs once with this spelling (snyoms ’jug, snyom ’jug) me- in Zhu. See nyam nug. ditative equilibrium. Sgra 130. NYUG ’BRANG Name of a ZB. LZ 74. [5] (’dzin pa) medicinal herb. LZ 73. grasping. Sgra 128, 131. [6] NYUNG MEN This is one of the (bsam gtan) contemplation, Tib. rtsa lnga, ‘five channels.’ Skt. dhyāna. Sgra 128, 131. LZ LZ 73. 73. [7] Also equivalent to Tib. mdo, scripture, Skt. sūtra. ZZ Zhangzhung Dictionary 83

vars. nye lod & re long. vars. skyug khro tsu ci & Humm1 518. OZZ 37. All these bsnyag khro tsu ca. In general meanings appear in Mdzod, as Tibetan usage, this metaphor is well as mnyam snyoms. OZZ for entering into Tantra, 43. See nyi lo. meaning there are only two NYE LO YO [1] (ting nge ’dzin) ways to go, either all the way contemplative absorption. [2] up or all the way down. How- (sku gsum gyi rtsa sngags) root ever, in Mdzod, it is one of the mantra[s] of the Three Bodies. figures that appears in the LZ 74. Wheel of Life. Here the snake that has gone into the hollow NYE LO HA RA (rdzogs sku) body of a bamboo is an image of Tib. of completion. LZ 74. reg pa, ‘touch.’ NYE LO UD DPAL (dbus ma’i rtsa) SNYO MEN (ming) name [a central channel. LZ 74. ZZ ut name??]. LZ 75. YN no. 46. dpal looks very much like a Sanskritism, albeit a slightly Tibetanized one, for Skt. utpa- la, the blossom of the blue lo- **TA** tus.

GNYA’ LA (ye shes) full knowledge. LZ 74. To me this looks *TA See pa ta ya, panti ta, pan tri ta, like nothing more than a cor- pan tri ta pa, tsi ta. As a rupt version of the Old Tibetan prefixed syllable, in the forms way of transcribing Skt. jñāna of ta, ti & to, Hummel finds it — almost always translated in old Canarian, Etruscan, etc. into Tibetan as ye shes — as See OZZ 70. Tib. gnya’ na. I am not sure of TA Particle of collective according it, though. to ZZH 22. OZZ 71. GNYI (nyi ma) sun. ZB. OZZ 53. TA KA [1] (gnas pa) abiding. RNYU KHOR (rnam grol) Mdzod. This spelling not in emancipation, complete escape Zhu, where the usual ZZ word [from rebirth]. ZZH. Mdzod, nam lu occurs. [2] (thams cad) once only. ZB. The spelling all. LZ 77. [3] Occurs once in nyu khor occurs in Zhu. (nyon Mdzod, ch. 5, as equiv. to Tib. mongs las grol ba) liberated thag, ‘distance.’ from suffering. LZ 75. See rlu TA KA GYIN (gnas pa) abiding, ’khor. residing, dwelling. LZ 77. YN SNYU NAR (mi bsnyel) not no. 153, ‘alive.’ forgetting. ZB. See nyu nar. TA KI (’dod pa) desire. Humm1 SNYU NAR JU CI (mi bsnyel 500. OZZ 14. LZ 77. This does gzungs) formulas not to be not seem to be in Mdzod. It forgotten {dhāraṇī against occurs as such only once in forgetting}. See nyu nar. Zhu, where it is a substantive. See the following entry. SNYUG KHRO TSU CI (smyug dong sbrul song) a snake that TA KI DUN GU (’dod pa dgu has gone into the hollow of a ’gyur) all the many desires. bamboo. Mdzod, ch. 9, with ZZ This does not seem to be in 84 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

Mdzod. It occurs only once in rected to ta dgu. (’dod rgu, Zhu. ZB. See ta gu, ta ki. phun sum tshogs pa) all that is TA KU (shing rta) cart, wagon, desired, utter perfection, unity. chariot. Mdzod, only once. Oc- See LZ 77. (’dod dgu) all de- curs only once in Zhu. ZB. sires. (’dod rgu, ’dod dgu) the many desires. Humm1 501. TA KU KUR KO (shing rta rtsub OZZ 14, 43. Appears once in ’dres) name of a pleasure Mdzod with the Tib. meaning garden on the cosmic moun- lta bu, ‘like, similar to.’ Occurs tain. Mdzod, ch. 5, with var. only once in Zhu. See ta ki dun dku skur sko. gu. TA KYO [1] (khyad par) especially, TA GYIN (bshad pa) teaching, in particular. Sgra 125. [2] explaining. The meanings seem (rnam pa) aspect. Sgra 136. [3] not to correspond. The Zhang (rnam dag) immaculate, zhung term should probably completely pure. Mdzod, with mean ‘that which is [like],’ or var. da kyo. We do not find ‘desiring, asserting.’ This does this in Zhu. (rnam dag) per- not seem to be in Mdzod. ZZ ta fectly pure, immaculate. LZ 77. gyin, corrected from ti gyin, for ~TA KYON (’gyod pa) regret, Tib. bshad pa’i, occurs only remorse. Mdzod, where it is once in Zhu. 48th of the 51 mental states, TA CA DZUN (bskyed shing with ZZ var. to kyon. ZZ do ’dzugs, skyed shing ’jugs) erect skyon, corrected to skyon, is the tree of [hell] rebirth. the spelling found in Zhu. Mdzod, ch. 8, with var. ta gya (’gyod pa) regret, remorse. LZ dzun. Interpreted in LZ 77 as 77. OZZ 43. See to kyon, to “to plant seedlings, saplings.” skyon. TA CU (nor ba) mistake. Zhu, once ~TA RKYA (khyad par) in parti- only. ZB. Seems to occur a few cular, especially. Sgra 127. This times in Mdzod, but with the does not occur in Zhu. See ta meaning Tib. ’du byed, ‘com- kyo, ta rkyo. pounder, imprint.’ ZZ tor TA RKYO (khyad par) in particular, occurs once for Tib. nor, here especially. Mdzod, once only, used in the sense of ‘mistake,’ with vars. ta rkya & ta skya. in Mdzod. Not in Zhu. TA CUD (skye ba) arising. Mdzod, TA GA LI (ma g.yos) unwavering, ch. 6, with var. ta cung. unmoved. ZZ var. ta ka li. ~TA CO [1] (rtogs pa) perception. Mdzod, ch. 5. Zhu, only once. See ta tse. [2] TA GI (skar ma sa ri) the constel- (spyod pa) practice. Zhu. In lation called, in Tibetan, sa ri. Mdzod, this spelling, as well as LZ 77. Not in Mdzod. ZZ ta cod, appear in the meaning of Tib. spyod [pa]. TA GU [1] (lta bu) like, similar to. With Tib. corresp. spyod pa, it Equiv. ta cu, but questionable. occurs only once with this spel- Humm1 518. OZZ 37. Mdzod, ling, and once spelled de cod, once. (de lta bu) like that. LZ in Zhu. LZ 77. 77. [2] (’dod dgu) all that is desired. Zhu, once only, cor- Zhangzhung Dictionary 85

TA CO DE KUN (rtogs pa chen po) TA THA GA TA (de bzhin gshegs great perception {great realiza- pa) Tathāgata. ZB. An obvious tion}. Tha ce de gyu is what Sanskrit word. corresponds to Tib. rtogs pa TA THA GA TA BHA BA (de bzhin chen po in Mdzod, but note gshegs pa rnams kyi) of the that ZZ de rgyu generally Tathāgatas, Or, to attempt to stands for Tib. ’byung [ba]. In translate the Sanskrit behind Zhu, occurs only once with this supposed ZZ — taking bha spelling ta tse de kun, cor- ba to be Skt. bhava — ‘of all the rected to ta co de rku. Tathāgatas there are.’ Zhu, ~TA COD [1] (spyod pa) activity. once only. An obvious Sanskri- Sgra 130. [2] (las spyod) work tization. Does not occur in activity. OZZ 43. This spelling Mdzod. not in Zhu. See ta co. TA DROD (rang bzhin) nature. LZ ~TA TAN (lta ba) view, see look, 78. contemplate, doctrine. Mdzod. TA PI (’od) light. LZ 78. Occurs in {Compare Khotanese dāta, neither Mdzod nor Zhu. ‘placed, established; law.’ Compare also Khotanese TA PI RA TSA Name of a teacher in dātäna, ‘by the Dharma.’} In the Zhang zhung aural Mdzod it occurs as 28th in the transmission. LZ 78. list of 51 mental states, with TA PI HRI TSA an 8th-century corresp. Tib. lta ba[’i], ‘view.’ teacher of the Zhangzhung Occurs twice, in both cases aural transmission. LZ 78. This corresp. to Tib. lta ba, ‘view,’ in name is often rendered into Zhu. LZ 77. YN no. 149. [2] (de Tib. as ’Od kyi khye’u chung, ltar) like that. Mdzod. (de ltar, ‘Little Child of Light.’ de bzhin) like that, likewise. LZ 77. [3] (thad kar) straight TA PRA (stong phrag) a thousand, ahead. Mdzod. (thad kar, kha thousands (?). LZ 78. This does thug) directly, face to face. LZ occur once in Mdzod with 77. [4] (thams cad) all. Mdzod. vars. stang bra & tang bra. [5] (nges tshigs) etymology. ~TA PHYI (phyi) outside, outer. LZ Mdzod. This word may very 78. See the following entry. well be confused with ha tan, TA PHYI NU NING (phyi nang) q.v. outer and inner. OZZ 43. ~TA TOG [1] (thog mtha’) entire, Mdzod, end of ch. 12. from beginning to end. Mdzod, TA MA NU (gzi byin ma) Gzi byin once. Zhu, only once. LZ 78. [2] ma, a queen of nāgas. LZ 78. (steng ’og) top-bottom, height, top to bottom. LZ 78. TA TSU (dri za) group of gods or demons. Zhu, once only. ZB. TA TOG PRA (thob mtha’ bral) LZ 79. ZZ rkya dur & pa ci endless attainments. ZB. Com- occur as equivalents to Tib. dri pare Tib. thog mtha’ in the en- za in Mdzod, but this needs try for ta tog. more study. In Mdzod, ch. 5, TA TROD (thams cad) all, every. the spelling ZZ da cu, var. ta LZ 78. This does occur once in chu, is equiv. to Tib. dri za. Mdzod. 86 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

TA TSE (rtogs pa) perception TA RI NGA DRUG (rigs drug) the {understanding, realization}. six realms of existence. LZ 79. ZB. See ta co, ta co de rku, tha TA RID (ris, var. rigs) [the six] ce. families, realms of existence. TA TSO DE MIN (spyod la ma Mdzod, ch. 6, with var. ti ra. chags) unattached in [one’s] TA LA [1] (blang dor) accept or actions. Mdzod, with var. ZZ reject. ZZH. Zhu, twice. ZB. ZZ da tso de min. The ZZ syllables da lad [read: ta lang?] occurs ta tso should probably be read once for Tib. blangs dor in as ta co, q.v. Not in Zhu. Mdzod. [2] (dor shes) aban- TA DZIN (’jig rten) the world. LZ doning cognition. Sgra 133. 79. ZZ ta dzin occurs once for TA LANG [1] (rtogs pa) perception, Tib. ’jig rten in Mdzod. realization. ZZH. Mdzod. [2] ~TA ’DZIN (’jig rten) the world, (rtog pa) troubled thought, dis- universe. Sgra 134. We do not cursive thought. Sgra 131. ZB. find this spelling in Zhu. This LZ 79. With Tib. equiv. rtog pa, appears to be a slightly ‘troubled thought,’ it is 50th of Tibetanizing spelling. the 51 mental states in Mdzod. TA YA (tshogs kyi) of the group. In Zhu, you find da lang, Sgra 130, 135. ZB. Could not corrected to ta lang, corresp. to find this in Mdzod. Occurs Tib. rtog pa, ‘troubled only once in Zhu, but highly thought,’ corrected to rtogs pa, problematic; in the passage, ‘realization.’ [3] (blang dor) ac- pandi ta ya corresp. to Tib. ceptance and rejection [used in mkhas pa’i tshogs kyi. This context of of moral precepts]. entry should be removed. Mdzod. LZ 79. OZZ 43. See under ta la. TA YID (yid) mind. Sgra 133. Tha yud & ti yud, tad yud, tad yul, TA LI (len pa) taking, grasping. occur in Mdzod as equiv. to Sgra 135. Mdzod, ch. 9, twice Tib. yid, but I could not find We do not find this in Zhu. LZ the present spelling. This 79. spelling not in Zhu. Tha yud is TA LE YE (skar ma lag) the Lag by far the most usual spelling constellation. LZ 79. in Mdzod, and this is true also TA SON (kha kha, so so) each, in Zhu. Correct to tha yud. separate, each its own, indivi- TA RA (grum pa) badger. LZ 79. dual. LZ 79. This is in neither Mdzod nor TA SON MI SON (so sor phye) Zhu. divide[d] up into parts. ZZ var. TA RA YE (skar ma dbo) the rta son mi son. Tib. var. so sor constellation Dbo. LZ 79. gye, ‘distributed to each its TA RA LA HA TI Name of a own.’ Mdzod, ch. 2. teacher of Zhangzhung. LZ 79. TA HAN [1] (bde ldan) having hap- TA RAD (dngos po) thing, object, piness. Mdzod, ch. 5, with var. reality. Mdzod, ch. 9, with var. ha dad. [2] (theg chen) great da rang. vehicle. =ha dan. OZZ 43. Tib. thig chen, ‘great drop,’ better fits the context in Mdzod, but it Zhangzhung Dictionary 87

appears here as a result of Bonpo Version of the Wheel of mismatching the Tib. & ZZ. Existence, contained in: Michel TAG Equiv. to ZZ ta. OZZ 91. Strickmann, ed., Tantric and Taoist Studies in Honour of R. A. TAG TI NYIL (gcig tu bstan) teach Stein, Institut Belge des Hautes as a whole, or as one thing, the Etudes Chinoises (Bruxelles same. Did not find this in 1981), vol. 1, pp. 274-289, at p. Mdzod. Zhu, only once. OZZ 283, note 25. Mdzod, ch. 5, 6. with var. bdar, which as far as *TANG See kyi tang, ti tang. the Bon sources are concerned is just a variant spelling here TANG (dang) and. The conjunc- and elsewhere. tion. See p. 21. Did not find this usage in Mdzod, although it TAL [1] (lcags) iron. Humm2 12. LZ does occur in ch. 6 as equiv. to 80. YN no. 101. OZZ 65 n.30, Tib. thang, a unit of time. Zhu, 76. Notice also ZZQ 2. The twice. only ZZ word for ‘iron’ in Zhu & Mdzod is zangs. See under TANG NGA (mtha’ yas) without phu tal. [2] (rus pa) bone limit. Mdzod. Not in Zhu. LZ [lineage?]. LZ 80. YN no. 3. 79. Both meanings are found in the TANG NI (bden pa) truth. ZB. comm. vocab. Neither of them Byangsi has taṅgana, ‘truth.’ can be found in Mdzod. TANG PRA (stong phrag) a thou- TAL GYI SNI TSE (lcags mdung) sand. LZ 80. iron lance, spear, pike. LZ 80. TANG TSAN (mtshan ma) sign, TAL MAR (bzang po) good. LZ 80. mark. Sgra 133. Mdzod. We TAL ZANG [1] (lcags dmar) cop- find ma tsa, a few times, and per, red metal. [2] (mi nag) tshar ci once, for Tib. mtshan black man. [3] (lcags kyu) ma in Zhu. hook. LZ 80. TANG RA (rgya mtsho) ocean. This TAL RWANG (lcags ri) wall, ‘iron spelling occurs once in Zhu. mountain.’ In the context, it ZB. See dang ra, by far the must actually mean the wall better spelling, and the one still around the universe in cosmo- attested in Western Tibetan graphy. ZB. LZ 80. place names. *TI Particle of gerundive. See ZZH TAN (ldan, nyid) having, oneself. 23. See gan ti, nyum no ti, da ti, As final part of compounds, du ti, ma ti, mi ti, mur ti, li ti see ZZH 15. (ldan) having. ra, sa ti, swa ti, si ti, ha ti, has Sgra 130. OZZ 13. Zhu, three ti, hrang ti, a ti. For this times. This does not really syllable as an initial syllable, seem to hold true in Mdzod. see OZZ 27, where there is a TAN SHU (rten gzhi) basis, discussion. As a second syl- ground, foundation. LZ 80. lable, see ZZH 28. OZZ 58 — note also p. 70 — says it is a *TAR See dhe tar, dho tar. prefix that, along with ta and TAR (gdar) right to the bottom end. to, is used to make verbal For discussion of this meaning nouns. My idea is quite dif- of Tib. dar, see Per Kværne, A ferent. I think it is used to 88 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

‘construct’ ZZ words on the TI KA [1] (don dam) true sense, basis of Tibetan (see CT for the liberation {[expressing the] full argument), as in the ex- ultimate meaning}. Zhu, twice. amples in following pages pre- [2] (bden pa) truth. Sgra 130. ceded by the “~” symbol, and Sga 151, line 6. OZZ 43. [3] many of these definitely derive (thams cad) all. Sgra 136. Com- from nouns and so simply pare ti ku, ti ga. [4] (mchod la) cannot be understood as for worship, for offering. Sgra gerunds. 136. [5] (mi ’da’) not passing TI [1] (legs pa) good, well. See [beyond], not violating [a rule]. under ti la. [2] Shortened form Zhu, once. ZB. [6] (phugs) of ZZ tig, ‘one.’ [3] “Genitive” innermost, [hence] most pro- case ending, see ZZH 20. [4] found. Mnyam 15, but this is Often used for ting, ‘water,’ just his understanding of the q.v. Indeed I believe it is likely ZZ title of Mdzod. (phug, sbug the more authentic form. ma) interior, hollow, innermost Humm1 512. OZZ 30, 77. This part of the house where trea- syllable is identical to the re- sures are kept. LZ 80. A com- constructed proto-Tib.-Burman mentary on the title of Mdzod, word for water (Old Newar for Sga 153, says “It is called phugs ‘water’ or ‘juice’ is ti). See also because it is profound and Robert Shafer, Kakati and difficult to understand.” Zhang Foreign Loans in Assamese, zhung phug[s] means Inner- Journal of the American Oriental most Zhangzhung. Of the three Society, vol. 87 (1967) 580-581, Zhangzhungs, this one is likely which lists many Tibeto- to be located to the west of Burman (but also Austroasian) western Tibet, in northern languages with similar words Afghanistan perhaps. General for water. [5] (byang) north. meaning would seem to be Sgra 132. ZB. I believe that this ‘absolute, inviolable, indubi- is based on a misinterpretation table.’ I hypothesize a relation- of the Mdzod-phug phrase ti ship with Tib. bka’ meaning byang, q.v., mistakenly imagi- ‘Word’ [of Lord Shenrab]. [7] I ning that the second syllable believe that one sense of the could be a gloss on the first. ZZ word that may not be See OZL 56, with the so-called explicit in the Tibetan transla- “Old Zhangzhung” equivalent tion [but see under ti ga] is the given as ti. [6] (dran) remem- meaning of Tib. dang po, ‘first,’ ber, memory. Sgra 133 [see or ‘in the beginning.’ I think under di, ‘mind’ and ‘that’]. [7] this is the meaning of ZZ on its (gnyan) the argali, or the spirits first occurrence in Mdzod of rocks (?). ZB. [8] (’di) this, where it is in fact the very first the demonstrative pronoun. word of the text. It is very ZB. Perhaps the Gyalrong obvious that this ZZ word very prefixed syllable “te” might act closely resembles the Sanskrit in a similar to the common word ṭīkā, ‘commentary.’ This prefixed ZZ syllable ti. It might is probably coincidental. See seem to be either a demonstra- under ti ga. tive pronoun or definite article TI KA GYER LZ 80. or both. Zhangzhung Dictionary 89

TI KA CI (gdon mi za) certainly, TI KYA (kun mkhyen) omniscient. without a doubt. Mdzod, ch. 6, Sgra 128. LZ 81. Not in Zhu. with var. ta ka ci. Not in Zhu. TI KRA [1] (grags pa) known, TI KA ZHI (don dam pa) [expres- famed. Humm1 512. OZZ 29, sing the] ultimate meaning. 41. [2] (kun mkhyen) knowing Zhu, once. ZB. all. Sgra 135. [3] (sgra byung) TI KA RMAD DU (mi ’da’ mi ldog) emergence of sound. Mdzod. not passing and not returning [4] (mi ma yin gnyan) gnyan {not violating and not rever- spirits. LZ 81. This particular ting}. ZZH. Zhu, once only. In spelling not in Zhu. See da kra. Mdzod, the ZZ equiv. of Tib. TI KLANG (brjod) pronounce, mi ldog are mi dud & mu dur, enunciate, proclaim. In a while the equiv. of Tib. mi ’da’ Mdzod passage ZZ ti klang are sma du & rma du. seems to corresp. to Tib. brjod. TI KU (kun ’dus) subsuming all. ZZ tur corresp. to Tib. brjod in Sgra 127. Mdzod. In Zhu, we Zhu. find ZZ gu ro for Tib. kun ’dus. TI RKUM (brtse ba) love, solicitude, TI KU SHIN (kun shes) knowing kindness. ZZH. Sgra 124. ZB. all. Mdzod, ch. 5, with var. ti Did not find this in Mdzod. Ti kun shin. rkul, as well as dri rkun corrected to ti rkum, are the TI KUNG (’gegs) impediments, spellings in Zhu, where it impediment spirits. OZZ 43. occurs twice. TI KUN [1] (kun) all. Sgra 128. [2] TI RKUL See ti rkum. (kun shes) knowing all. Sgra 128. [3] (kun ’dus, kun gzhi, de TI SKYAM (dran pa nyer bzhag) dag kun) subsuming all, or, application of mindfulness. basis of all, or, all of those. Sgra 131. De rkyam drin ci is Mdzod. Occurs in ch. 4 of ZZ equiv. to Tib. dran pa nye Mdzod with var. di kun, Tib. bar bzhags pa in Mdzod. Tig equiv. kun gsal, ‘clarifying all.’ rkyal drin ci corresp. to Tib. (kun gzhi) all basis. LZ 80. This dran pa nyer bzhag in Zhu. See particular spelling not in Zhu. and compare lgyum zhi de Humm1 518 & OZZ 37 have rkyam. made note of the var. ti cu. ~TI KHOR (’khor ba) the world, TI KUN KEN TOG YAR TOG (de transmigration. The Jeffrey dag kun gyi gong ma?) the Hopkins translation is ‘cyclic superior to all of those. Mdzod, existence.’ I favor the ‘vicious ch. 5, with var. de kun ken tig circle.’ Mdzod. LZ 81. This yang tog. spelling occurs once in Zhu. ZB gives also the alternative TI KUN ’GI SHAN (kun gzhi’i spelling ti khol. See ti khol, zhi rnam shes) all basis conscious- khud. ness. The much better known Sanskrit is ālayavijñāna. Mdzod, TI KHOL (’khor ba) the world, with the variants, ti cu ’gi shan, transmigration. The Sanskrit ti kun ’gi shen. Not in Zhu. saṃsāra is better known. We do not find this spelling ZZ ti khol in Mdzod, although it 90 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

does occur once in Zhu. OZZ ~TI GRA [1] (grang ba) cold [hells]. 40. See ti khor. Mdzod, ch. 5. Compare TB ~TI KHRU (khru) cubit. Mdzod, ch. words for ‘cold’ in Nishi 27. 6. LZ 81. See OZL 55 & PSD 161, with TI KHRUG (tshims pa) satisfied, the “Old Zhangzhung” equi- satiated. Mdzod, ch. 6. LZ 81. valent given as “glang / khlang.” [2] (grangs) number. TI GA [1] (bden, bden pa) truth. LZ 81. Sgra 123. Zhu, only once. ZB. OZZ 43. [2] (bde chen) bliss, TI GRA DU TI (grang dmyal) cold but in this case name of one of hell. LZ 81. the thirteen spheres. Sgra 123. TI RGYAM SHES RI (rgyun du =de tig. Humm1 518. OZZ 37. gnas pa [rgyun du zhugs pa?]) ZB. (bde che) great comfort, stream abider [stream ente- bliss. Zhu, only once. ZB gives rer?], but perhaps here the Tib. mchog la [bde chen]. meaning only ‘constantly abi- [3] (dang po) first. Mdzod. ding.’ Sgra 129. ZZ di rkyal Darma for ‘first’: teko-go. [4] shes ri, var. ti rgyam shes ri, in (don dam) [expressing the] Mdzod. ZZ lgyum zhi de ultimate truth. Mdzod. (don rkyam corresp. to Tib. rgyun dam pa, don ngo ma) ultimate du gnas pa in Zhu. truth, actual truth. LZ 81. [5] TI LGYU (thar lam) path of (grangs) number. Mdzod. See liberation. Mdzod. Tha ru under ti ka. lgyum zhi corresp. to Tib. thar TI GA GUNG (sog pa’i mdzod) pa’i lam in Zhu. (thar pa’i lam) treasury in which are collected path of liberation. LZ 81. See [various things]. Mdzod, ch. 5, ting lgyu. with var. ti tsug gung. TI CI (gang) full, or, better fitting to TI GA DE ZHI (don dam stong pa) the context in Mdzod, in the in ultimate truth empty. Sgra sense of ‘one’ [measure of 131. We do not find this in something]. Two texts of Zhu. Mdzod, with var. ti ga te Mdzod have the var. tig ci. zhi. OZZ 43. Byangsi has tikkai, TI GU NAM LU (kun gnas snod ‘full.’ GSB 63. See te ci. chen) great vessel in which all TI CI SLAS (kun bsgyur sa) ‘all [things] dwell. Mdzod, with steering ground,’ name of one vars. di gun ma lu & di gu nam of the thirteen grounds. Zhu, lu. We do not find this in Zhu. once only. Did not locate this ~TI GUN (kun gsal) all illumina- spelling in Mdzod, but rather ting, clarifying all. Sgra 127. the spellings te ci & de ci. We do not find this in Zhu. TI CU (gnam lcags) meteoric iron. TI GYIN (bshad pa) explain, teach. The Tibetan translates literally ZB. See ta gyin. as ‘sky iron.’ LZ 81. See ti ku, ti kun. ~TI GYUR (’gyur ldog) change back, reaction, alternation, fluc- TI NYA BI (nyi tshe ba) trifling, tuation, variation. Sgra 129. particularist, incidental. Mdzod, Mdzod, ch. 8. We do not find ch. 5, but questionable. this in Zhu. Zhangzhung Dictionary 91

TI NYA BI TSUR (dmyal ba nyi TI DANG (rgya mtsho’i dkyil) the tshe ba) incidental hells. LZ 81. middle of the ocean. LZ 82. ~TI TANG ti tang tig (thang gcig) TI DHA (rgya che) [of] great extent, one moment, a unit of time vast. Sgra 136. Tib. rgya che is measurement. Mdzod. Zhu. LZ ZZ ti dha, de rme, dhe ci, dhe 81. tor, etc. in Mdzod. In Zhu one TI TAR (tha dad) different, finds tha cu for Tib. rgya che, distinguished. Mdzod, once but this spelling ti dha does not only with this meaning, with occur there. See under ca ci. vars. ti tir & ti tan. See ti tsar. TI DHA LIB (rgya che ba) vast, TI TI PHRAN (thong bshol ’dzin) extensive. LZ 82. holder of the plow, name of a TI NA DU (dmyal ba) hell. LZ 82. being on Mount Ri rab. TI NI (bden pa) truth. ZB. Mdzod, ch. 5, with ZZ vars. to tid phran & ti ting phran; Tib. TI NE (Sp.?) [1] (dang po) first. Sgra vars. thod gshol ’dzin, thong 128. Spelled ZZ ti ni in Mdzod, gsol ’dzin. In Abhidharma- ch. 5. Spelled ti zhim in Zhu. kośa, Gshol mda’ ’dzin is one [2] (gcig la) into one. Mdzod, of the seven golden mountain ch. 5, with var. ti ne. In ch. 6, chains that circle Mount Meru. ZZ ti ni corresp. to Tib. gcig las, ‘out of one.’ [3] (chu skyes, TI TIG MA MIN (gcig tu ma nges) me tog) water lily, flower. LZ not predictable as single [i.e., 82. not necessarily just one?], having different possibilities. LZ TI NO TIG (dus gcig) one time. 81. Mdzod, with ZZ var. ta tig Sgra 127. We do not find this in ma min. Zhu. Mdzod, ch. 5 — which actually reads Tib. dus ni gcig, ~TI TIN (yon tan) quality. Mdzod, not dus gcig — with var. ZZ ti ch. 8. LZ 82. re tig. In the general context, TI TIR See ti tar. it’s saying that the four con- ~TI TOG (rtogs chen) great reali- tinents experience the four zation. Sgra 128. In Mdzod, ti different times of day — dawn, tog stands for Tib. rtog med, dusk, noon and midnight — at ‘without troubling thoughts,’ the very same time. with var. rtogs chen, ‘great TI PA [1] (byung tshor) perception realization’; de dag [two of the existence. ZZH. Actual- times], ‘those’; & dang po, ly, I do not know of a good ‘first.’ We do not find this definition for this rather fre- spelling in Zhu. quent term in 12th-century TI TONG [1] (ci yang) whatever. Tibetan works. You do also Sgra 135. Mdzod. (ci yang, find it in a Dunhuang docu- gang yang rung ba) whatever, ment, and in a work by whichever. LZ 82. [2] (brtsis) Padma-dkar-po. It means some calculated, estimated. Mdzod. kind of perception or sensa- We do not find this spelling in tion… My current best-guess Zhu. translation choice is ‘sensing [detecting] mental incidents,’ TI RTI (sa bdag) earth lord. ZB. since the Tib. byung here must 92 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

be short for sems byung, which shared Abhidharmic concept, stands for Skt. caitta, ‘mental which is also found in Jainism, states,’ often enumerated in I am told. Humm1 501. OZZ lists of 51 or so. Occurs once in 14. Mdzod. This particular Zhu. ZB. [2] (rnam pa) aspect. spelling does not occur in Zhu, Mdzod, which has other ZZ although it has other equivs. words for Tib. byung tshor, for Tib. phra rgyas dug, like ZZ ra tshar. [3] (’phra ma ‘minute-to-expanded poison.’ [i.e., phra ma]) slander. ZB. For Mdzod, ch. 8. this last meaning, see under ti TI PHUNG (phung po) heap, pra. aggregate, body. Mdzod. LZ ~TI PAG (bag chags) inherent 82. OZZ 43. The ZZ word rko tendency, karmic formation or phung is more usual in predisposition. Mdzod, ch. 5, Mdzod. This spelling does not with var. gyi bag. occur in Zhu, although it does, TI PAG MIN (dpag med) immea- if only once, have ZZ ting surable, limitless. LZ 82. phung, equiv. to Tib. phung po. ~TI PAR (’phar) making two, making halves. Although this TI PHYANG See under ti byang. does appear in Mdzod, its sta- TI PHYE (phyed) a half. Occurs tus as a word is doubtful, even once in Zhu. Mdzod, ch. 6. if accepted in OZZ 43. See the (phyed ka) half. LZ 82. context of the one occurrence TI PHYO (phyi) outside, external, in Zhu. [later?]. LZ 82. ~TI PUNG (phung po) skandha, TI PHRA [1] (phra rgyas) anuśaya heap, body. ZB, with added {see discussion under ti pra alternative spelling ting pung. lgyam}. Sgra 129. This spelling ~TI PRA [1] (phra ma) slander. also occurs several times in Zhu, once only. Mdzod, ch. 8. Mdzod. See ti pra, ti pra LZ 82. Tib. is spelled ’phra ma lgyam. [2] In ch. 8 of Mdzod, it in ZB. [2] (gling phran) minor occurs once for Tib. phrin las, continent[s]. Sgra 133. Mdzod. ‘activity.’ This spelling not in [3] (phra rab [rdul]) extremely Zhu. [3] (gling phran) island, small, minute [particle]. isle, minor continent. LZ 82. Mdzod. Zhu, once only. OZZ TI PHRA LGYAM (phra rgyas, 43. [4] Occurs in Mdzod, ch. 4, nyon mongs je rags su song ba) with var. di pra, as equiv. to anuśaya, kleśas that have be- Tib. yongs bral, ‘entirely with- come progressively more and out,’ var. yod bral, ‘without more coarse. See LZ 83. having.’ TI BANG (bcud) essence, sap, TI PRA LGYAM (phra rgyas, dug vitality, nourishment. See LZ lnga) minute-to-expanded, five 83. poisons. Corresponds to Skt. anuśaya, in Tib. phra rgyas, the TI BAR (bag chags) habit, karmic minute karmic seeds that traces, habitual tendencies. grow, more-or-less equivalent Zhu, twice. ZB. In Mdzod, ZZ to kleśa, the [five] emotional ti bar, var. ti par, is for Tib. bar, poisons, etc. This is a widely ‘interval,’ and the ZZ equivs. Zhangzhung Dictionary 93

for Tib. bag chags are quite Mdzod, ch. 6, this seems to cor- different, resp. to Tib. tshad, ‘measure.’ TI BYA (byi’u zhig) a birdy, a small See de shan. bird. See LZ 83. TI TSAR (tha dod, i.e. tha dad) TI BYANG (byang) north, northern. different, distinguished. Zhu, Zhu, once only. See LZ 83. once only. Since as far as I am Occurs in Mdzod, ch. 6, with aware there is no Tibetan word var. ti phyang. tha dod, Tib. tha dad must be intended. ZZ ti tar is the TI BYIB (’byung ba, dngos po’i spelling of the equiv. to Tib. gzhi) element, basis of things. tha dad in Mdzod. There is no See LZ 83. Mdzod. Tib. tha dod, although there TI BYUNG (’byung ba) [five] are several occurrences of ZZ element[s], emerging, happe- tha dod, in Mdzod. (tha dad) ning. Sgra 127. This spelling different. ZB. Byangsi has not in Zhu. Mdzod, ch. 6, with tiichanna, ‘different.’ ZZ var. ti byib. ZZ ti ’byung TI TSIN (mtshan nyid) charac- occurs twice for Tib. ’byung ba teristic, mark, attribute. See LZ in Zhu. See ting ’byung. 83. This occurs once in Mdzod, TI BYUNG NGA DUG (’byung ba in ch. 6. lnga) five elements. Sgra 128. TI TSUG GUNG See ti ga gung. TI BHIB (’byung ba) element. Sgra TI TSE [1] (gnyen mo, gnyan?) 135. I assume that this spelling, kinswoman or gnyan spirit? which does not occur in Zhu & Humm1 513, 515. OZZ 32. Mdzod, is just an alternative There are other apparent oc- reading of ti byib, q.v. currences of this word in TI MIN (tshad med) measureless. Mdzod. We do not find this in Mdzod, ch. 6. Zhu. [2] (rtse) peak. In Mdzod, ch. 5, te tse and ti tse mean TI MU [1] (bar gnam) middle ‘peak’ or ‘above that.’ [3] (tshe) sphere of the universe. Zhu, life span. In Mdzod, ch. 6, ti tse once only. ZB. Mdzod does not corresp. to Tib. tshe, ‘life span.’ have the equivalence with bar This is one of the usual spel- gnam. See ting mu. [2] (kun la) lings for Mt. Tisé. See under Ti to all. Sgra 125. ZB. Mdzod. [3] rtse & Ti se. (kun) all. See LZ 83. [4] (thugs nyid) mind itself, one’s own TI TSOG (sog par, sogs par) mind. See LZ 83. gathering, combining. Mdzod, ch. 5. See under ti ga gung. TI MUR (mang po) many, a lot, numerous. See LZ 83. YN no. TI TSOG GYIN (snod zad pa, ’jig 127. pa) exhausted vessel, destruction, ruin. See LZ 83. TI TSA LHAN (bzhugs pa) to dwell, stay. See LZ 83. TI TSON (tshor ba) feeling, reaction. Mdzod, ch. 8. ZB. TI TSAN (mtshan nyid) marked- OZZ 43. See LZ 84. ness, characteristic mark, philosophy. Sgra 127. ZZ ti tsin TI RTSE (gangs ti se) Mount Tisé, is the spelling found in Mdzod. [or more controversially] Mt. We do not find this in Zhu. In Kailash. See LZ 84. 94 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

TI ZHAN (gzhan) other. Mdzod, ’dus in Mdzod. I find gu ro as ch. 6. equiv. for Tib. kun ’dus in Zhu. TI ZHI [1] (’gyur med) unchanging. TI LA [1] (legs ’byung) good Sgra 127. Mdzod, with ZZ var. occurrence. Sgra 129. [2] (legs ti zhu. [2] (grangs kyi) of num- par) well, nicely, finely. Sgra ber. Sgra 134. Mdzod. (grangs 130. Occurs once, or perhaps ka) number. See LZ 84. [3] twice, in Zhu. This does seem (g.yu zlum) turquoise circle. to have cognates in other TB Zhu. [4] (rab tu) very. The languages. [3] (rnam dag) meanings 3 & 4 are not in immaculate. ZB. Mdzod, TI LA DU YUG (legs pa) good, fine. TI ZHIM (dang po) first. Zhu. This ZB. spelling not in Mdzod. TI LA YA (shing nags) forest, TI YU (yud) a unit of time jungle. See LZ 84. measurement. (yud gcig) one TI LOD (tshe lo) years of one’s life. moment. See LZ 84. See LZ 84. Mdzod, once only, TI YE [1] (yongs su) entirely. Sgra with var. nyi yong. 135. Yi yor, yi yod, are the spel- TI SHAN (shes rab) insight, lings found in Mdzod. Yi yor, wisdom. See LZ 84. twice, and yang yong, once, are TI SHIN (rnam shes) consciousness. the spellings found in Zhu. Sgra 125, 135. Zhu, once. ZB. This entry should probably be See shin. removed, but then again maybe not, since it does occur TI SANGS (dbang) power, force. once clearly in Mdzod, ch. 6. Zhu, once. Perhaps there is some connec- TI SE See te se. Note the attempt at tion to Tib. yong ye, which oc- an etymology of the name — curs with meaning ‘all, whole’ and information on other in the Rkong-po Inscription. attempts — in Leonard W.J. See Cobl 37. [2] (thams cad) all. van der Kuijp, U rgyan pa Rin See LZ 84. chen dpal (1230-1309), Part TI YE ZLA SLIG See under zla slig. Two: For Emperor Qubilai? His Garland of Tales about TI RA See ta rid. Rivers, contained in: Christoph TI RANG TIG (thang gcig [dus Cüppers, ed., The Relationship tshod]) one moment [a time between Religion and State (chos measurement]. ZB. See under ti srid zung ’brel) in Traditional tang tig. Tibet (Lumbini 2004), pp. 299- TI RE (sems ma yengs par gnas pa) 339, at p. 324. Here it is said dwelling with undistracted that the ti means ‘river.’ This is mind. See LZ 84. true enough, but it really means ‘water’ in general. See TI RO (kun ’dus) subsuming all, all- LZ 84. inclusive. Sgra 133. Spelled ZZ ti rog, with var. ti ro, in TI SRA (pra rab) extremely minute. Mdzod. Note that there are ZB. several ZZ equivs. to Tib. kun TI SRA TUR (phra rab rdul) very fine and minute particle of Zhangzhung Dictionary 95

dust. The one occurrence in Mdzod, with vars. tig ti du Zhu could also be read: ti pra pur, tig ti du bur. tur. See ti pra sla tur. TIG TIG (zhing) field. ZZ rig ap- TI SLAS (chu yi bcud, snying por pears as equiv. to Tib. zhing in gyur pa’i zla ba) essence of Sgra ’grel. ZZ rig tig, q.v., as water, the moon that has be- equiv. of Tib. zhing, ‘field,’ ap- come its heart. See LZ 84. I pears in Mdzod, twice. Zhu, have doubts about this, es- twice. Nishi 25. YN no. 102. pecially since slas is usual for TIG TE KHRI TSAR DE KUN SHIN ‘earth,’ Tib. sa. “Ti slas” does (rig pa sems kyi kun shes) the occur once in Mdzod, but here omniscience of knowledge and the syllable slas does indeed intellect. Zhu. Could not find correspond to ‘earth,’ Tib. sa. this in Mdzod. TI SLES (chu yi bcud) essence of TIG MI MIN (skad cig ma) one mo- water. See LZ 85. ment. See LZ 85. Mdzod, with TI HAB (glang) ‘ox,’ but in a series ZZ vars. ta tig min, ta tig ni. of standard measurements. TIG SMAR (zhing bzang) good Mdzod, ch. 6, with var. ti hang. fields. Zhu. ZB has also alter- *TIG See to tig. native spelling stig smar. YN TIG (gcig, cig, gang) one, [one no. 102. Could not find this in hand-]ful. For TB cognates, see Mdzod. Beyer, CT Lang 83 & Humm2 TIG ZHI (zhing sa) ground. OZZ 13. OZZ 77. Common with 44. meaning ‘one’ in Mdzod, but TIG ZHI NO (zhing sa yin) is the also common as second ele- ground. Mdzod, ch. 8. ment in compounds. ZB. The cardinal number one. See LZ TING [1] (chu) water[s]. This is by 85. far the most common spelling in Mdzod and Zhu, although TIG RKYAM (dran pa) recollection, the comparative TB evidence memory, remembrance. ZB. De would seem to lend more cre- rkyam appears as equiv. to Tib. dence to the form “ti”. Humm2 dran pa in Mdzod, but Tib. 13. OZZ 11. Sgra 127, 132. dran pa also corresp. to ZZ sha Matisoff 157. Nishi 23. LZ 85. shen, shi shen. The spelling tig [2] (rlan gsher) moisture. See rkyal occurs once in Zhu. LZ 85. (rlan) moisture. OZZ 44. TIG TA (rig pa) awareness. Mdzod, Mdzod. [3] (sngo) blue. Zhu. ch. 5, with ZZ var. tig ti. OZZ 11. (sngon po) blue. ZB. TIG TI [1] (yang dag) actual, real, Nishi 26. LZ 85. Darma for actually, really. Sgra 124. Ap- ‘green’ or ‘blue’ is tungnu, pears once in Mdzod. ZB gives with the -nu element being a the equivs. as Tib. yang dag & suffix for forming adjectives. rig pa. See LZ 85. [2] (rig pa) We find Darma tiṃgano, with awareness. OZZ 43. Hindi harā, ‘green’ and Byang- si & Chaudangsi tinda with sa- TIG TI DU PHUR (yang dag par me meaning. MSB 96. [4] (g.yu) spong ba) perfect abandon- turquoise. ZB. LZ 85. OZZ 11, ment. Sgra 129. Occurs once in 53. [5] As part of a larger term, see for example mur ting. 96 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

ZZH. [6] (khrag) blood. Sgra TING CU (rlan gsher, chu) mois- ’grel. ZB. See LZ 85. OZZ 53. ture, water. See LZ 85. [7] (gting) depth. Mdzod. [8] (lgang pa) bladder. See LZ 85. TING TING (ltas ngan) bad sign, ill OZZ 54. [9] (dngul) silver. See omen. Zhu. ZB. See LZ 85. LZ 85. Humm1 498 & OZZ 11, Mdzod. but only once, as part give the Tib. equivs. chu, lcam, of a proper name. g.yu & sngo. Humm1 512. For TING NAM [1] (chu’i lha mo) TB cognates, see Beyer, CT water goddess. [2] (rgya mtsho Lang 83. Discussion in Stein ’ching rnams) fetters of the 235-6 where, bypassing all the ocean [?]. See discussion in TB cognates, he argues that it is Stein 236. See LZ 86. I think artificially derived from Tib. there are problems with the mthing or mthing ga, ‘deep Mdzod passage on which this blue.’ This reasoning I cannot is based that need more study. accept. It’s likely that it’s talking about TING KYA (chu gtsang) pure the depths of the ocean. [3] water. ZB. (rlan byed) moisturizing. Mdzod. TING KYO (chu bo) river, stream. See LZ 85. YN no. 81. This does TING NI (sgang pe’u) highland occur in Mdzod once, although tower [?]. ZB. Since this occurs problematic. in the comm. vocab. in a list of internal organs, it’s very pro- TING KLUNG (chu ngogs) river bable the Tib. sgang pe’u is a bank. See LZ 85. This occurs a textual corruption of bsam few times in Mdzod, once with se’u, an organ that has been ZZ var. ting rlung, but corresp. identified in different ways in to Tib. chu klung, ‘whirlpool’ Tibetan medical traditions, [?]. often identified with the semi- TING SKRAS (’dab chags) winged nal vescicle and/or ovaries. one, bird. See LZ 85. YN no. 25, But it’s also entirely possible with the meaning ‘wing.’ Not that Tib sgang here stands for in Mdzod. the organ called Tib. lgang bu, TING LGYU (thar lam) path of ‘the bladder.’ In the list of liberation. Sgra 128. Spelled ti internal organs, each is repre- lgyu in Mdzod, once. We find sented by one syllable only in tha ru lgyum zhi for Tib. thar the Tib., and given that this is pa’i lam, ‘path of liberation,’ in so, Tib. sgang pe’u, corrected Zhu. to lgang se’u, probably stands for both the lgang bu and the TING NGAN (spos ngad can gyi bsam se’u. chu bo) river of the incense fragrance. See LZ 85. Perhaps TING NI SMAR (chu yi rba rlabs) the mountain Spos ri ngad waves on the water. See LZ 86. ldan is intended here, or a river TING NE (g.yu mdog) turquoise descending from that moun- color. Zhu. ZB. Mdzod does tain. have the Tib. word g.yu mdog, TING NGE (chu rngam) depth of but the ZZ equivalent is water. See LZ 85. problematic, Zhangzhung Dictionary 97

TING NE RA (me tog gi rigs shig) a TING TSWAR (myong tshor) type of flower. See LZ 86. sensing an experience. Sgra TING NE RA SHOG (me tog gi rigs 130. Not in Zhu. This is evi- shig) a type of flower. See LZ dently based on the same 86. Mdzod passage as ZZ ting tsar, q.v. Occurs only once in TING PI LI (chu rlung ’dres pa) Mdzod, but this line is lacking water and wind mixed. See LZ in the ZZ text, hence no actual 86. Not in Mdzod. ZZ equiv. is given. TING PHUNG (phung po) pile, TING TSUG (mgo brnyan can gyi heap, body. Seems identical to mi’am ci) a kinnara that has a ZZ ti phung, which corresp. to mask (?). See LZ 86. Tib. phung po. Mdzod. This spelling occurs once in Zhu. TING TSON (tshor ba) perception [hearing]. Zhu, once. ti tshon, TING PHYI (phyi) outside. Occurs tha tshar, ting tsar, occur in once in Zhu. Mdzod. TING BUN (g.yu bun) mist, haze. TING WER (stobs chen) great See LZ 86. strength. Sgra 133. Mdzod, TING ’BYUNG (’byung ba) ele- once. See LZ 87. We do not ment. Zhu, twice. ZB. See ti find this in Zhu. byung. TING ZHI [1] (g.yu zlum) turquoise TING MU (bar snang) the middle form of color {turquoise circle}. sphere of the universe {the ZZH. ZB. Ti zhi is the spelling atmosphere}. Sgra 126. Zhu, in Zhu. [2] (g.yu, g.yu’i, dngul, once only. OZZ 105. See ti mu. dngul gyi) turquoise, of turquoise. Humm1 501. OZZ TING MU LE Name of a 14. [3] (dngul, dngul gyi) constellation. See LZ 86. silver, of silver. Humm1 501. TING MUR [1] (klu) nāga spirit. OZZ 14. YN 95. [4] (chu) water. Compare mur ti. Humm1 514. Humm1 513. OZZ 30, 44. (chu OZZ 33, 44. (chu bdag klu) yi, chu dang) of water, water nāga lord of water. Mdzod, and… Mdzod. See de zhi. [5] once. Mur ting corresp. to Tib. (stong pa) empty. Humm1 501, klu btsan in Zhu. [2] (chu) 513. OZZ 30, 44. (stong pa’i) water. See LZ 86. [3] (khrag) empty. Mdzod. See de zhi. [6] blood. See LZ 86. Bellezza in Occurs as name of a minor ZZFC 251, says it means continent in Mdzod, ch. 5. The “blood offerings.” minor island to the left of the western continent. See LZ 86, TING TSAR [1] (tshor ba) feeling. where, apart from the minor Mdzod (twice). This spelling island, the other 3 meanings not in Zhu. See ting tson, ti are Tib. dngul, ‘silver,’ Tib. tson. [2] (khrag) blood. See LZ chu, ‘water,’ and Tib. g.yu, 86. YN no. 2. To judge from the ‘turquoise.’ I suppose if the instances in Mdzod, the general meaning of the word meaning 2 is the correct one, were to be ‘watery,’ or ‘water- although this may require colored,’ several of these fur- more study. Certainly both ther meanings could be ex- meanings cannot be correct. plained. 98 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

TING ZHUNG (khyung) garuḍa. TING SHO [1] (chu bo) river. Zhu. Humm1 501, 515. OZZ 33. ZB. YN no. 81. Mdzod, ch. 5, Could not find this equiv. in with ZZ var. nying sho. Nishi Mdzod, although ting zhung 24. [2] (gsher) moisture. Sgra does occur there, in passages 130. [3] (chu, chu rgyun, chu that require study. We do not bdag, chu za, chu gzhung) find this in Zhu. I suspect this water, water flow, water entry may be mistaken. owner, water eater [in context, (khyung sngon) blue garuḍa ‘water wife’ or ‘wife of the Chu bird. See LZ 86. See zhung clan’], main river. Mdzod. zhag. (rgyun du ’bab pa’i chu) a TING ZANGS (chu lcam) liquid stream that constantly falls. See lady. Zhu. Sgra 133. Mdzod. It LZ 87. (chu rgyun) water flow. is interesting that one version OZZ 44. The equivalence with of Mdzod reads Tib. chu lcam, Tib. gsher likely results from ‘liquid lady,’ where another misreading Mdzod. reads chu lcags, ‘liquid metal.’ TING SHO GA LOG (chu bo gal du Certainly it is the latter that bsgyur ba) bend in the river better fits the meaning of the course (to steer in the bend of ZZ. And this suggests that the the river?). See LZ 87. Tib. was ‘corrected’ here with- TING SHO WA TE (ri rab steng gi out good reason. See the fol- chu mig cig gi ming) a name of lowing entry. a spring on top of the cosmic TING ZANGS WER (chu lcam mountain Ri-rab. See LZ 87. rgyal mo) name of a goddess TING UN (g.yu ’brug) turquoise with an important role in the dragon. ZB. cosmogony. Mdzod. Ting zangs wer zhi lig mi sdum is TIL KHRIL (’khrul pa) error, her name in Zhu, corresp. to illusion. I find di khru, etc. for Tib. chu lcam rgyal mo srid ’khrul pa in Mdzod, but not pa’i yum. the present spelling. Occurs once in Zhu, but mun nom, TING LANG SPUNGS (me tog cig) and variants of the same, is the a type of flower. See LZ 87. most common ZZ corresp. to TING LI (rlung sngon) blue wind. Tib. ’khrul pa. Mdzod, ch. 2. See LZ 87. We do TIL ZHI (reg srid) the life of touch. not find this in Zhu. Sgra 134. I find the spelling ZZ TING LING (rin po che zhig) a type jil zhi, var. hil zhi, for Tib. reg of precious substance, a jewel srid in Mdzod, once. We do or the like. See LZ 87. Not in not find this in Zhu. Mdzod. TIS (bar) intermediate space, TING SHIN (rnam shes) among, between. Did not find consciousness. ZB. Not in this in Mdzod. Zhu, once. ZB. Mdzod. See shin. See under ces. TING SHEL (sman ’bras shig) a TIS BYE (phyed phyed) half half. medicinal fruit. See LZ 87. Not Mdzod, ch. 5, with ZZ var. dis in Mdzod. bye. Zhangzhung Dictionary 99

TIS YUL (yid shes) mental cons- ZZ var. dur chud. [2] Name of ciousness. Sgra 133 {conscious- a number. LZ 88. ness of thoughts}. With ZZ var. TUR CO See under tu co. dis yul, Tib. equiv. yid kyi TUR NI MIN (brjod du med) rnam shes, in Mdzod. Did not indescribable, inexpressible. find this in Zhu. Zhu. OZZ 6. TU “Terminative-locative” suffix. TUR PHRUM =tur phrom, tur See ZZH 21. phram. Humm1 518. OZZ 38. TU CI (de ni) that is. Mdzod, ch. 5. (dbang po) sense faculty. Sgra TU CO (lhag mthong) further 128, but noting that this vision, Skt. vipaśyanā. Sgra meaning is probably based on 127. I find spelling tur tse, var. mistaken reading of Mdzod, tur co, in Mdzod. Spelling tur ch. 7. We do not find this spel- rtse also occurs in Zhu. ling in Zhu. Seems to corresp. to Tib. spyod yul, ‘sphere of TU TOG (dang po) first. See LZ 87. action,’ Skt. gocara, or longs TU THOG See under ru tog. spyod, ‘liesurely life,’ Skt. bhoga, in Mdzod, ch. 7. TUN [1] (’bras bu) fruit, result. Zhu, once only. YN no. 75. [2] See TUR MIN (brjod med) indescriba- thun, shin tun. In Mdzod, one ble, inexpressible. Sgra 134. finds nga bi mu tun — but note Mdzod, once. ZB. the var. reading given there — TUR TSE [1] (lhag mthong) further for rnam smin ’bras bu. vision. Sgra 134. Mdzod, once. TUN BU (khug pa) crook [of the LZ 88. ZB has also the alter- arm] etc. See LZ 87. native spelling rur tse. [2] (rdul phran) minute particle. Zhu, TUN MO (drod) warmth. LZ 88. once only. ZB. See under rgyur *TUR See dhe tur, phro tur, he tur. tse, tur rtse. TUR [1] (rdul) dust. Zhu. Nishi 24. TUR RTSE (lhag mthong) excellent Actually, the complete words perception {‘further vision,’ or ZZ slas dur and sla tur seem to insight meditation}. ZZH. Zhu. be the equivs. for Tib. rdul in This spelling not found in Mdzod. [2] (’debs) scatter, Mdzod. See tu co. throw [down] {in context, it TUR LEN (brjod med) indescriba- means rather ‘planting [a ble, inexpressible. Zhu, correc- seed]’}. Zhu, twice. Mdzod, ch. ted from dur min. This spelling 8, with ZZ var. tung. (’debs pa, not found in Mdzod. See tur btab pa) to throw, plant, min. establish, found. LZ 88. Darma t'ang, ‘to throw.’ DGD 584. [3] TUR SOM MUNG In Mdzod, ch. 8, (gting) depths. LZ 88. [4] seems to corresp. to Tib. ngan “terminative-locative” particle. song gnas su ltung, ‘falling into See ZZH 21. the states of undesirable rebirths.’ TUR CI (’bri ba) to diminish. LZ 88. TUL (mnol grib) pollution due to TUR CUD [1] (’jig rten) world, the mnol type of impurity. LZ universe. Mdzod, ch. 5, with 88. 100 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

TUL ZHI (bag chags) karmic TE SE Acc. to Khro 80, is equivalent inclinations, karmic imprints. to Tib. gcan po. Perhaps this is LZ 88. a transformation of Tib. gnyan TE [1] (de) relative-demonstrative [po?], ‘rough, fierce,’ which is pronoun. See ZZH 17. [2] also sometimes given as an particle of gerundive. See ZZH explanation of the name of Mt. 23. Tisé. Could not find this in Zhu. TE KHIR (kun gsal) clarifying all, all illuminating. Sgra 128. *TEL Notice its use in the phrase Mdzod, once only, but we also ZZ ne sum cu rtse tel sum: found di kun, khi khar, ku khir, (sum cu rtsa sum) thirty-three. for Tib. kun gsal. We do not ZZH. Zhu, once only. find this spelling in Zhu. TO Nominal[izing] suffix. See ZZH TE KHUL (kun gsal) clarifying all, 16. See wi to, shim to, se to. all-illuminating. Sgra 127. This Hummel in OZZ 70, 81. Hum- spelling not found in Mdzod, mel believes it corresponds in and not in Zhu. See te khir. meaning to the Tib. endings pa, ba & po. TE CI (bsgyur) to get transformed, translated. OZZ 44. See ti ci. TO KYON (’gyod pa) repentance, grief. ZB. ZZ ta kyon occurs TE CE (gter) treasure. LZ 88. See once in Mdzod. Once corrected under de tse. from ZZ do skyon in Zhu, TE TOR (sbyin pa) giving, gift. Sgra where it appears twice, once 131. ZZ he tor is the spelling we with this spelling and once find in Mdzod, but even then spelled ZZ to skyon. ZZ to only once, and once in Zhu. kyon would seem to be the Correct to he tor, q.v. more authentic spelling. See to skyon. TE PU (sems) mind. Bru II 291. LZ 88. This does not seem to occur TO SKYON (’gyod pa) repentance, at all in Mdzod, where Tib. grief. See to kyon, ta kyon. sems is almost always ZZ khri. TO TIG (yon tan) virtue {quality, The spelling ZZ she bu occurs talent}. Zhu, once. ZB. ZZ ti tin once in Zhu. occurs once, and we also have TE SPYOD (spyi mthun) general, ZZ gu ra, with the meaning generally applicable. Sgra 125. Tib. yon tan, ‘quality,’ in ZB. Spelled de spyod in Mdzod. Mdzod, occurring once only. TO TID PHRAN See ti ti phran. De cu occurs for Tib. rgyu mthun in Zhu. The present TO YO CHAS See spelling not in Zhu. TO YO CHAS See ZZT 430. TE TSE (rtse) peak. Mdzod, ch. 5, *TOG See khri tog, gu lu ya tog, ta with var. hi co. tog, du tog, dmu tog ha ra zhi, TE ZUG See under de zur. rmu tog, ru tog gra jil, su tog. TE SHEN (rnam shes) TOG (rtogs pa) understanding, consciousness. LZ 88. OZZ 44. realization. ZZH gives the unfortunate translation ‘perception.’ OZZ 13, 90. Discus- Zhangzhung Dictionary 101

sion in Stein 235. Hummel 514. OZZ 33. This spelling does equates ZZ tog with Tib. bdag, not appear in Mdzod. It would but I have not noticed the appear that the “tra” is equiv. evidence for this. OZZ 92. to Tib. gdon, while the “wer” is TOG CI (skad tsam) a mere second, equiv. to Tib. rgyal… and rgyal a unit of time 120th of a skad here may be another type of cig ma. Mdzod, ch. 6. LZ 88. spirit entity, making this a See tog tse. synonym compound. See trang wer. TOG TIG (skad gcig) a moment. ZB. LZ 88. See the following. TRAG SHA (bdud srin) a type of evil spirit. LZ 89. I believe it TOG TIG MA (skad gcig ma) one likely this descends from Indic fifth of the time required for a Tryakṣa, ‘Three Eyes,’ an snap of the fingers. Zhu. Tib. epithet of Rudra. skad gcig ma corresponds to ZZ tig mi min, ta tig min, tog TRANG (’du ba, bsdus pa) assem- tig ma, tog tig ma min, in ble, compounded, gathered Mdzod. together. LZ 89. TOG TSE (skad tsam) instant, TRANG WER (gdon) a type of moment. Zhu, once only. ZB. spirit. Humm1 514. OZZ 33, 44. Spelled tog ci in Mdzod. 120 of Seems rather to correspond to them make up a ‘moment,’ or Tib. bgegs, or bgegs rum, in Tib. skad gcig ma. See tog ci. Mdzod. This spelling does not appear in Zhu. See under tra TONG GYER RGYUNG Name of a ber & tra wer. realized one of Zhangzhung. LZ 89. TRI (’dra) like, similar. Mdzod, ch. 8, with ZZ var. hri. Note that *TOR See he tor. tr- and hr- are frequently con- TOR (nor) mistaking, making founded because of their visual mistakes. Mdzod, ch. 8. similarity. TOR CI (nor ba) mistaken, wrong. TRI KI (skar ma smin drug) name LZ 89. of the star constellation of the Pleiades, or Skt. Kṛttikā. LZ 89. TOR MEN (’chor med) not getting lost, not getting carried away. TRI TRI (yid) intellect, mind. Zhu, Mdzod, ch. 4, only once. We do once only. ZB uses the spelling not find this in Zhu. tri ti. We do not find this or anything similar in Mdzod. TOR TSE (gzhan ’phrul) name of a divine realm. Mdzod, ch. 6. TRI SHAN (shes rab) insight, wisdom. Sgra 124. Find spelling ti *TRA See ku tra, ru tra. shan in Mdzod. ZB also gives TRA BER (gdon) a type of spirit the alternative spelling tre responsible for childhood men- shan. tal disorders some of which TRI SHEN (shes rab) insight, resemble autism. Humm1 514. wisdom. Sgra 131. Mdzod. LZ Mdzod, once. See the 89. Tri shen appears in Zhu following. with Tib. equiv. shes rab, but TRA WER (gdon, the’u rang) gdon, from the context it is clear that or, the’u rang spirits. Humm1 102 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

Tib. gshen rab, ‘Shenrab,’ was the Tib. meant to correspond to intended. See shin, tri shan. ZZ gan ti. This entry should be *TRIG See ku trig, sa trig. removed. As a Tibetan word, it may be old and unusual, but it TRU ZHI (rin chen) jewel. LZ 89. isn’t ZZ. Stands for Tib. rin chen in Mdzod, ch. 5, which is the only STANG ZHI (stong phrag) occurrence, with ZZ var. dru thousand[s]. ZB. zhi. STANG ZHI PRA TA (stong phrag) TRES SAM (phye ma) flour, thousand[s]. LZ 89. powder. ZB. STANG RI (’du byed) compounder, GTANG LOD (lho lho) south, imprint; one of the skandhas. southern. Zhu, once only. Not Mdzod, ch. 8. (’du byed phung in Mdzod. po) compounding aggregate. LZ 89. OZZ 44. GTI (dmyal ba) hell. OZZ 44. This seems doubtful, although it STAN TRA (rgyud) tantra. A clear does occur once, in Mdzod, ch. Sanskritism. Ma 212. 1, while in other chapters Tib. STIG (dbus) center. ZB. dmyal ba is generally ZZ du ti. STIG PI NI NAM (dbus kyi mi GTING See thi gting. rnams) the people of Dbus. GTO BU DOD DE (gti mug) gloom, This seems to be something darkness, ignorance. Tib. gti dreamed up by Zhu, but per- mug is usually ZZ ni dud (or haps in order to illustrate the similar spelling) in Mdzod. usage of real Zhangzhung? Not in Zhu, although we do OZZ 6. find there ZZ ni dud for Tib. STE (gcal) spread out, smooth out, gti mug. pave. Mdzod, ch. 5. BTEG (rgyob) Hit! Strike! ZZH. STE STO (grong khyer) village. LZ Zhu, once only. YN no. 196. 89. See under se sto. This entry is highly doubtful, STES DBANG (stabs legs) good although it is used in Humm2 style, fine manner. Sgra 133. 13, and in OZZ 6, 71, 77, 93. This entry seems doubtful, and OZZ 65 n.30, supplies a not found in Mdzod, and not Karlgren reconstruction. in Zhu. RTO NGES (mi ’da’) not passing, STONG [1] (stong) empty, void, not going beyond. ZB. clear {but this is positively mis- STANG (stong) thousand. Mdzod, taken, since in the contexts it several times. Stein 235. See means ‘thousand,’ and when it stong. does mean ‘emptiness,’ Tib. STANG DBYAL (bza’ tshang) stong is glossed by some other family. Sgra 133. It rather ZZ words}. Zhu. Sgra 134. means ‘husband and wife,’ or Mdzod. Stein 235. It is not cer- perhaps a concept similar to tain that the words are in fact Chinese yin-yang, as Stein identical in the two languages, thought. It would seem to be since it is also possible that a OT, and not necessarily ZZ at “real” ZZ spelling stang was all. In fact, in Zhu, it is clearly Tibetanizingly ‘corrected’ to Zhangzhung Dictionary 103

stong. [2] (rtogs) Mdzod. [3] gyi) of the ultimate. Zhu, once (gong) above. ZB. only. ZB. Occurs in Mdzod. STONG RGYUNG (dpon gsas) THA GRI (skad cig) one moment. master. Sgra 124. Zhu. ZB. See Sgra 127. Not in Zhu. This is a under dpon gsas. Btsan-lha has var. for ZZ tha gi found in it translated by Tib. rig ’dzin, Mdzod. ‘knowledge holder’ — Skt. THA CI [1] (mthar phyin) vidyādhara. This is best, or ultimatized, maximized, taken perhaps only, known as part of to the limit, actualized. Sgra the proper name Stong rgyung 125. Mdzod. See LZ 96. OZZ mthu chen. 44. [2] (gzhan don) altruism. STONG ZHI (stong pa) void, Sgra 127, but this equiv. seems hollow. LZ 89. likely to be a mistake, to judge STONG RI (’du byed) composite, from the passage in Mdzod. compounder, imprint; one of Not in Zhu. the skandhas. Zhu, once only. THA CI DI RUD (mtha’ las ’das pa) ZB. This entry doubtful. Not in passed beyond the end, passed Mdzod. beyond the limit. ZZ var. thi ci STOS (phyogs) direction, side. ZB. di tud. Mdzod. Not in Zhu. This is based on a single oc- THA CIL (’chal ba) profligacy, currence in the comm. vocab. looseness, moral laxity. Chances are high that it is not Mdzod, ch. 8, with ZZ var. tha the correct spelling, anyway. chil. See LZ 96. THA CU [1] (rgya che) wide, expanded, diffuse. ZZH. Zhu, once only. ZB. In Mdzod, we **THA** find ZZ dhe ci, dhe tur, etc., as equivalents to Tib. rgya che. The present spelling does THA [1] (mthar) [at the, to the] end, occur there, with ZZ vars. the limit, final, finally. This occurs tshu & tha tse, but it stands only once as an independent rather for Tib. chung, ‘small.’ word in Zhu. (mtha’) end, [2] (bden pa) truth. Sgra 131. limit. OZZ 44. [2] (thabs) way, The forms tha tsu, thad tsud, manner, means. This does not are the ZZ equivalents to Tib. really occur as an independent bden pa in Mdzod, while ZZ word in Zhu, and in fact it thad tsur & ti ga occur in Zhu. might be regarded as an initial syllable or prefix syllable of THA CE DE RGYU (rtog pa’i lta ba, larger terms. OZZ 13, lists as rtogs pa’i lta ba) view that equivs. Tib. mthar, thabs & results from meditative realiza- thams. This syllable is listed in tion; the 2nd spelling is the YN no. 82, but not for any correct one. Sgra 129. See LZ good reason. 96. A realized view, meaning a view that comes from medi- THA GI [1] (skad gcig) one tative realization, not just from moment. This meaning does intellectual philosophizing or not occur in Zhu. See LZ 96. logical construction. The Tib. See under tha gri. [2] (mthar equiv. is rtogs pa chen po’i lta 104 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

ba, ‘view of great realization,’ THA MI DAD KE Proper name. in Mdzod. This spelling not in Equiv. to Da mi Thad ke. See Zhu, where we find rather ZZ LZ 97. ta tse de kun, corrected to ZZ ta co de rku, corresp. to Tib. THA MIN (thabs zad) methods rtogs pa chen po, ‘great reali- exhausted. (thabs zad yin) is zation.’ the exhaustion of method. ZB. Mdzod, once only, in ch. 8, THA CO (chen po) great. Sgra 124. with vars. tha yin & thar min. ZZ tha tse, tha chab, are equivs. to Tib. chen po in THA TSAN [1] (thams cad) all. This Mdzod. Not in Zhu, where we occurs several times in Mdzod find instead ZZ tha tshan [a and four times in Zhu. Sgra few times], tha tse [over a 127, with the Tib. misspelled dozen times] & tha tso. These tham cad. [2] (mthar thug) spellings should probably all touching or carried to its limit. be ‘corrected’ to this one: tha Humm1 518. OZZ 38. Sgra 125. tse. This word appears to possess still other meanings in Mdzod. THA CHIL See tha cil. See tha tson & tha tshon, which THA TAN (yan lag) limb, member, would seem to be the authentic element. Zhu, once only. See spellings, and also tho tsor. LZ 96. YN no. 94, ‘branch.’ This THA TSU (bden) true. OZZ 44. = correspondence occurs once in thad tsur. Mdzod, but note that the Tib. yan lag often occurs there THA TSUR (tshor ba) feeling. This without anything to corres- spelling occurs in Mdzod, ch. pond to it in the ZZ. ZB has the 9, with variants tha tsud, tsha spelling tha dan. tsar & tha dzar. THA TIG (mtha’ dbus) center and THA TSE (chen po) great. ZZH. ZB, periphery. See LZ 96. with additional spelling tha tso. Humm1 501. OZZ 14, 44. THA TU LGYUM ZHI (thar pa’i ZZ vars. the tse & the tshu. lam) road to salvation {Path to Humm1 518. OZZ 38. This Liberation}. The ZZ form tha spelling does occur in Mdzod, thu may be a misspelling for and in Zhu. It probably should ZZ tha ru, also spelled tha rud. be considered the most stan- Tha ru lgyum zhi is the spel- dard spelling, even though tha ling in the single occurrence in tsan is rather frequent. See LZ Zhu, and the spelling that ap- 97. Equiv. to tha tso, q.v. pears in Mdzod. Hence this particular form would seem to THA TSO (chen po) great. Sgra 123. be a result of Haarh’s reading See LZ 97. See tha tse. only. THA TSON [1] (mthar thug) THA TOG Equiv. to ZZ tha tig, q.v. touching or carried to its limit. See LZ 96. Mdzod. This should probably be the authentic spelling, al- THA DOD [1] (phung po) though it is spelled tha tsan, aggregate. See LZ 97. [2] (glo etc. See LZ 97. See ting mu. [2] rtsa) lung vein. See LZ 97. In Mdzod, ch. 7, in its various Zhangzhung Dictionary 105

spellings, it seems to corresp. g.yos]. [2] (thams cad) all. to Tib. gcod pa, ‘cutting.’ Humm1 501. OZZ 44. Mdzod, THA TSHA HI SANGS SKYES twice. See also tha tsan, tha (mang bkur rgyal po) ‘King tson. Honored by Many,’ the origi- THA DZAR (reg pa) [bodily sense nal king in the cosmogony. See of] touch. Mdzod, ch. 9, with LZ 97. The original of the final ZZ var. tha jar. Immediately syllable was probably ZZ rkya, after this, we find that ZZ tsha which means ‘king,’ not skyes. tsar corresponds to Tib. tshor Anyway, the syllable skyes ba, ‘feeling.’ appears to be Tibetan, or a THA ZHI (mtha’) edge, extreme. Tibetanization, not ZZ. See LZ 97. THA TSHAN [1] (thams cad) all. THA WER (pho mtshan) the ‘male Sgra 125. Humm1 501. OZZ 14. marker,’ the penis. ZZH. Mdzod. Zhu, three times. See Humm1 498. OZZ 11, where LZ 97. See tha tsan. [2] (chen we find what I think to be an po) great. ZZH. Zhu, twice. ZB. irrelevant discussion about See tha tse. [3] (mang tshig) ‘arrows.’ We do not find this in plural marker (?). Humm1 501. Mdzod. The spellings the wer [4] (mtshan nyid) characteris- & tha wer are found in Zhu. tic[s], philosophy. Sgra 134. [5] YN no. 29, with the spellings (gtsang dag) purity. See LZ 97. ther ber, the’u ber, & sta. This [6] Appears in Mdzod with word appears in the list of Tib. equiv. mtshon med, ‘signs’ of Lord Shenrab in the ‘impossible to indicate,’ one Khams-brgyad scriptures, but time only, in addition to Tib. with the spelling the ber. thams cad, ‘all.’ Byangsi for ‘penis’ is tholi or THA TSHAR [1] Seems to be equiv. ṭholi. GSB 59. Perhaps related to Tib. tshor ba, ‘feeling, con- to some PIE form such as tact,’ the first of the set of 51 *twen (for ‘tail’); on the latter mental states. We find ting see Douglas Q. Adams, Studies tson & zhil zhal as the ZZ in Tocharian Vocabulary IV, equivs. to Tib. tshor ba in Zhu. Journal of the American Oriental [2] (’brel ba) link, connection. Society, vol. 106 (1986), pp. 339- See LZ 97. =tha thar. Humm1 341, at p. 340. The Ao Naga 519 & OZZ 38, although this is language of southern Assam, just one var. reading in Mdzod according to Avery (reference among others. below) has a word frequently THA TSHUL (tshor ba) feeling, used to indicate the male [sense] contact. Sgra 135. This gender of persons, and that spelling not in Mdzod and not word is tebur, noting that a in Zhu. similar word, tebong, is used to indicate male gender of THA TSHON [1] (mthar thug) animals. See John Avery, Ao touching or carried to its limit. Naga Language of Southern ZZH. Zhu, once only. Humm1 Assam, American Journal of 501. OZZ 14, 44. Sgra 12. Ma Philology, vol. 7, no. 3 (1886), 212. See LZ 97. ZB gives also pp. 344-366, at p. 347. alternative spelling tha tsan, and Tib. as mthar thug [ma 106 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

THA YIN NI (thabs zad yin) is the THA RUD (thar pa) freedom, exhaustion of method. ZB. See liberation. Sgra 129. See LZ 98. under tha min. Occurs once in Mdzod as a var. THA YUD [1] (yid) intellect, mind, for ZZ tha yud, but here clearly wish, intention. Humm1 519. with the meaning of Tib. thar OZZ 38. Sgra 131. ZB. [2] (yid pa. This spelling not in Zhu. dbang) mental faculty. Sgra THA LE (chu gtsang ma) pure 134. See LZ 97. Mdzod, ch. 11. water. Humm1 501. OZZ 14. Tha yud is by far the most This is not in Mdzod, and not common spelling for this word in Zhu. See LZ 98. in Mdzod. [3] (srid pa) evo- THA SHAN (rnam par shes pa) lution, becoming, the world. consciousness. ZZ var. la shan. See LZ 97. In one Mdzod pas- Humm1 519. OZZ 38. Hummel sage corresp. to Tib. rig byed. based himself on a particular Fifth of the 51 mental states in occurrence in Mdzod, ch. 9. We Mdzod. Occurs nine times in do not find this in Zhu. See tha Zhu with corresp. Tib. yid & shen. yid bzhin, ‘as wished.’ ZZ vars. include da yud, ta yid, tha rud. THA SHEN (rnam par) an See under tha rud. [ad]verbial prefix, often corresponding to Skt. vi-. Sgra THA YUD PU RAD (yid bzhin nor 128. But actually, this stands bu) the wishing gem. ZZH. for Tib. rnam par shes pa, Zhu, once only. ZB. We do not ‘consciousness.’ See Mdzod, find this in Mdzod. See under where there are other apparent pu rad. equivs. of rnam par. Not in THA YUD RAD NA (yi bzhin rin Zhu. See tha shan. chen, i.e, yid bzhin nor bu) the THA HA (phrag dog) jealousy. See wishing jewel. ZZH. Zhu, once LZ 98. only. Did not find in Mdzod. The rad na element is a clear *THANG See rkyan thang kun Sanskritism, corresp. to Skt. shes. ratna, ‘jewel.’ THANG KUN (kun ’dus) THA RA (khad dang rim pa bzhin) subsuming all, combining all, gradually, one step at a time. all-inclusive. Sgra 133, 134. See LZ 98. This appears in Mdzod, along with several other ZZ equi- THA RI (thar pa) freedom, libe- valents to Tib. kun ’dus. Oc- ration. Humm1 501. OZZ 14. curs once, with ZZ var. thang See LZ 98. We find this spelling gung, as equiv. to Tib. thams neither in Mdzod nor in Zhu. cad, ‘all.’ This is not in Zhu, The real spelling should proba- but there we find instead that bly be tha ru or tha rud, q.v. ZZ gu ro corresp. to Tib. kun THA RU (thar pa) freedom, libe- ’dus. ration. ZB, with variant spel- THANG KUN ZHI (phyin ci log) ling tha tu. false, deceptive, mistaken. Oc- THA RU LGYUM ZHI See tha tu curs once in Mdzod, and once lgyum zhi. in Zhu. ZB. Zhangzhung Dictionary 107

THANG GUNG (thams cad) all. THAD GE DA DOD (so so’i ’du Sgra 125. ZB. Not in Zhu. OZZ byed) each with its particular 44. Compare thad kun, thang compounder, or its particular kun. imprint. Mdzod. THANG GUNG SHE RI (thams cad THAD DO [1] (brlag par byed pa’i mkhyen pa) all-knowing, brda) an exclamation that omniscient. Mdzod. The only destroys. [2] (drag po) fierce, ZZ corresp. to Tib. thams cad violent. LZ 99. mkhyen pa in Zhu is rkyan THAD TSUD (bden pa) truth. thang kun shes, which indeed Occurs, with var. ZZ thang tsu, does bear some resemblance to in Mdzod, where it is 14th of the present spelling. 51 mental states. LZ 99. OZZ THANG BAB A technical term for a 44. See thad tsur. Tibetan translation that preser- THAD TSUR (bden pa) truth. Zhu, ves the original Zhangzhung once only. ZB. See tha tsu, thad word order. See LZ 98. Com- tsud, thang tsu. pare thang log, below. THAR TSAR NE (rgya ma chad) THANG ZHI TSOG =tha tsi, tha undefined extent, impartial tse. Humm1 519. OZZ 38. {unbelittled}. Zhu, once only. thang zhi tsag appears once in ZB. This is probably based on a Mdzod, apparently equivalent misreading of Mdzod, where to Tib. skye mched dang, ‘and we do not find this equivalence the [sense] enhancers.’ This at all. The usual ZZ word in spelling not in Zhu. Mdzod with this meaning is THANG LOG To translate from something like dhe ta, hre ta. Zhangzhung using the opposi- THAR SHIN (phya, tshe, g.yang) te word order. See LZ 99. See lots, life, worldly blessings. LZ under thang bab. 100. THAD KUN [1] (thams cad) all. THAL (dpyi) hip. Zhu, once only. Sgra 126. [2] (rnam shes) ZB. Bru II 291, line 4. LZ 100. consciousness. Sgra 133. Not in This syllable appears once in Mdzod, but perhaps a mis- Mdzod, but not with this reading for thang kun, q.v. Not meaning, it seems. in Zhu. *THI See i thi ya. THAD KE [1] (so sor) each individually, each its own. THI TAM See thi thag. Zhu, once only. [2] (bdud THI GTING (dbus) centre, middle. bsgral ba) liberated the delu- Zhu, once, but problematic. sions or delusionary spirits. LZ ZB. We find dhing, among 99. See thad ge. other words, corresponding to THAD KE PHYO CI See phyo ci. Tib. dbus in Mdzod, but not Note also the proper name Da this word. mi thad ke, which of course THI THAG (thams cad) all. Mdzod, has many var. spellings. ch. 5, with ZZ var. thi tam. THAD GE (so so) each. Sgra 131. THI MAR THAD KE A proper (so sor) each its own. each name. LZ 100. distinctly. ZB. See thad ke. 108 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

THIS A ritual cycle. The type of Darma and Byangsi, and oṅ in ritual it contains is also called Chaudangsi languages. MSB this. ZZFC 254. 15. Rong (Lepcha) has the word uṅ that means ‘water,’ THIS SO RUNG A proper name. LZ which may or may not be of 100. any relevance here. THU RI PRA TI (brjed med) unfor- *THUN Also, tun. As a second part gotten. ZB. Notice, however, of compounds, see ZZH 14. See the following two entries, mang thun, reg thun, she thun, which ought to be the ‘same’ shin tun. word. THUN [1] (khrag) blood. LZ 100. THU RI SRO TE (brjed nges) [2] (lus kyi rtsa) veins of the forgetting, forgetful, flighty. body. LZ 100. [3] (dgra bgegs ZB. See following. sgrol byed kyi rdzas nyungs THU RU SRO TE (brjed nges) dkar gyi thun, rdo yi thun, dug having his mind robbed {ac- gi thun sogs) various kinds of tually, quickly losing sight of thun (magical doses) like white one’s purpose, flighty, for- mustard, stone, poisons, sub- getful}. Zhu, once, but I read: stances that exorcise the impe- thu ri sro te. The Tibetan diment and opponent spirits. should read brjed ngas, al- LZ 100. Nota bene, this is the though brjed nges is a common Tibetan word thun that is enough misspelling, and brjed being explained here, not the ngad also occurs. This equi- Zhangzhung. The Zhang- valence does not appear in zhung-hood of this word is Mdzod, where we find ZZ bu very much in doubt. [4] (dus ri bro ha, Tib. equiv. brjed nges yun) a length of time. LZ 100. [i.e. brjed ngas], as 45th of the All these meanings of ZZ thun 51 mental states. ought to be treated with much caution, being derived from an THUNG (thung) short [in stature]. analysis of compounds, or Zhu, once only. We do not find understood in a ‘Tibetanizing’ this equivalence in Mdzod. I way. think there are reasons for doubt. THUN RI This occurs in the ZZ phrase srog ri thun ri, with var. THUNG YUNG (gting rdo) ‘depth sog ri thun ri, in Mdzod, with stone,’ anchor, weighting corresp. Tib. snang yor gzugs stone. Mdzod, ch. 8, with ZZ kyi. Evidently, although this is vars. thung ung & phur thur. uncertain, the ZZ thun ri The Tibeto-Burman word for corresponds to Tib. snang yor, ‘stone’ has been reconstructed the latter probably similar in as lung, while the Kinnauri meaning to Tib. mig yor, word is ung. See A. Schuessler, ‘double vision,’ a stock meta- Kanauri am ‘Path,’ Linguistics of phor for illusion, and we may the Tibeto-Burman Area, vol. 22, know from the context that this no. 2 (1999), pp. 73-74. Byangsi is held to correspond to the language has wung or ung, ‘earth’ element. This makes ‘rock.’ Darma has phunglo, sense, since the initial stages of ‘rock.’ DGD 582. Darma 7ong, the death dissolution process, ‘rock.’ DGD 588. Spelled oṃ in Zhangzhung Dictionary 109

as known in The Tibetan Book of THO SAD (yid kyi lha) deities of the Dead [the popular English the mind. See LZ 103. name of the Kar gling zhi khro] and similar works, include THON (stong) one thousand. See visual distortions which are as- LZ 104. This does occur once in sociated with the earth ele- Mdzod, ch. 2, although proble- ment. Not in Zhu. matic. *THUL See ’chig gu thul. THE TSE (chen po) great. Occurs once in Mdzod as equiv. to Tib. **DA** rgya chen, ‘extensive, expansive, vast,’ but then see ca ce. This spelling not in Zhu. See ca DA [1] (ltar) like, as. [2] “termina- ce, tha tse, etc. tive-locative” particle. See ZZH THE TSHU (chung) small. Mdzod, 21. I doubt any of this is with variants tha tse & tha chu. correct. We do not find this in Zhu. See DA KYO (rnam dag) immaculately under de rme the tshu. pure, perfectly correct. Sgra THE WER (pho mtshan) the male 127, 128. The ZZ spelling ta marker, masculine sign, penis. kyo is the one actually found, Sgra 132. ZB. This spelling but only once, in Mdzod. ZZ does occur once in Zhu. Nishi rkyo min kar corresp. to Tib. 19. OZZ 11. See tha wer. rnam dag in Zhu. Make note also in Zhu of ZZ a kyo for Tib. *THEB See la theb. sgrib pa, ‘obscuration, veil, THO THO See LZ 102. defilement,’ apparently an antonym, which is interesting, THO THO’I YE YE See LZ 102. especially since prefixed ‘a’ is THO THOR YON TSE Pr. n. of a routinely used to make king of northern Zhangzhung. negatives in Sanskrit. See ZZT 430. DA KRA (grags pa) known, THO TSAR (mthar thog) first to the famous. Sgra 124. Zhu, once end (?). Mdzod, once only. This only. ZB. This is not found in spelling not in Zhu. Chances Mdzod. See ti kra, kra. are that Tib. mthar thog is just DA TI (mtsho) lake. Zhu, once only. an accidental misspelling for This would seem to be based mthar thug, ‘actualized, ulti- on a misreading of Mdzod, mate.’ See tha tson & the fol- where one finds only the spel- lowing entry. ling ZZ dang ra as an equiv. of THO TSOR (mthar thug pa) Tib. mtsho, ‘lake,’ or rgya actualized. See LZ 102. mtsho, ‘ocean.’ Note Nishi 24, THO YE [1] (theg pa, bon sgo) where the usual form dang ra vehicle, entrance way into Bon. is lacking. See LZ 102. [2] (gnyen po) DA DAN (lta ba) view, perspective, countermeasure, antidote. See philosophical position. Sgra LZ 102. [3] (sku rdzu ’phrul 131. The spelling found twice ldan pa) a magical body. See in Mdzod is ZZ ta tan, q.v. This LZ 102. spelling not in Zhu. 110 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

DA DU (dus tshod) time, hour. See as equiv. to Tib. de bzhin in LZ 104. Zhu, but it is corrected to da dod, q.v. DA DOD [1] (de bzhin) like that, such, identity. Mdzod. Zhu, DA DROD CI (de bzhin du ston pa) three times. [2] (de dag) those. teaching in that way. See LZ Zhu, twice. ZB. [3] (sprul sku) 105. incarnation {Emanation Body DA DROD ZHI (rang bzhin nyid) of the Buddha}. ZZH. Zhu, nature, natural disposition. We twice. Sgra 124. ZB. [4] (sprul do not find this in Zhu. See du pa) emanation. Sgra 126, 128. drod, ru drod. Zhu, twice. [5] (skye ba) birth, DA BA (dgyes pa) delight. ZB gives rebirth. Sgra 128, 135. OZZ 44, an alternative spelling ZZ de with a long list of Tib. equivs., ba, which does look very much including Tib. skye mched, like Tib. bde ba, ‘comfort, ‘[sense] enhancer,’ & chags pa, happiness.’ ‘lust, formation [?].’ Mdzod. [6] (mngon rtogs) evident or ma- DA BA HO (dgyes par mdzod) nifested realization, higher un- enjoyment {Enjoy! Delight!}. derstanding. Sgra 134. Mdzod, This is a bad reading for “de ba ch. 11, many times. [7] (skye ho” — but anyway, here I read mched) [sense] enhancer. Sgra de pa ho — as shown in Hoff2 134, 135. Mdzod. [8] (rang 194. We do not find it in bzhin) nature. Mdzod. See LZ Mdzod. 104. [9] (de kho na nyid) such- DA BUR See under du bur. ness. See LZ 104. [10] (don la) in actual fact. Mdzod. [11] DA MI THAD KE Proper name. See (’dod) desire. Mdzod. See thad LZ 105. ge da dod. DA MYI BYIL (ngo tsha med) DA DOD CI [1] (zhes bya ba, ces without shame, shameless. bya ba) thus called {a quote Sgra 132. Mdzod reads dil byil, marker marking the end of a var. dim byil, but only once. direct quote, or the end of a The actually correct reading of book title}. ZB. See LZ 104. [2] Zhu is dmyi byil. (sprul pa) emanation. See LZ DA MIN (’khrul pa) to stray, err, go 104. [3] (byung ba) emerged, wrong. See LZ 105. appeared, happened. See LZ DA ZHI (stang zhi) ? Sgra 135 {?}. 104. YN no. 143. [4] (ni) is [the This appears in Mdzod, with following, as follows]. Mdzod. ZZ vars. ru zhi & du zhi, but Found once misspelled ZZ di the stang zhi is probably a ro ci, var. ti ro ci, in Mdzod. mistake for [or a ZZ version Also spelled ZZ da drod in of?] Tib. stong zhing, ‘empty Mdzod. We do not find this in and [without self],’ since it ap- Zhu. pears as part of a Tibetan state- DA DOD SAD (’dod lha) gods of ment where this meaning fits. the desire realm. Mdzod, ch. 6, In Mdzod in another place, with ZZ var. da don sad. stang zhi is a ZZ (!) equiv. to DA DROD (de bzhin) likewise, like Tib. stong gi, ‘of empty.’ Oc- that. Sgra 125. ZB. See LZ 105. curs as ZZ equiv. of Tib. rnam Mdzod, ch. 5. This occurs once Zhangzhung Dictionary 111

pa, ‘aspect,’ in Mdzod. This DA LA (bde ba) happiness, com- spelling not in Zhu. fort. ZZH. Zhu, once only. ZB. DA ZHING (de bzhin) like that. Sgra 130. See da ri. OZZ 44. Mdzod, where it has DA LAD (blang dor) acceptance var. du zhi. We do not find this and rejection. Sgra 126, 128. See in Zhu. LZ 106. The spelling ZZ ta la, DA YA KAN (bdud rtsi) elixir, q.v., is found twice in Zhu. ambrosia. See LZ 105. The Spelled ZZ ta lang in Mdzod. intended word is surely dar ya Occurs in Mdzod, ch. 4, as kan, which is anyway a foreign equiv. to Tib. las sdud, ‘fini- loan corresponding to Theriac, shing the work’ [?], and again a famous medieval recipe for as equiv. to Tib. blangs dor. curing snake bite, as shown in DA LAR (dal ba) slow, relaxed. See an article by Christopher I. LZ 106. In the one occurrence Beckwith, Tibetan Treacle: A of Tib. dal ba in Mdzod, no ZZ Note on Theriac in Tibet, Tibet equiv. is supplied. Society Bulletin, vol. 15 (June 1980), pp. 49-51. See under dar DA LOD [1] (rnam rtog) disturbing ya kan, the usual spelling. or troubling thought, dualistic or discursive thinking. Sgra DA YUD (yid) mind. ZB. This 129. Mdzod. See LZ 106. [2] spelling occurs once in Zhu. (don gyi) of meaning, of pur- =dad dzul, dis dzul. Humm1 pose, purposeful, meaningful. 519. OZZ 38. We do not find Sgra 135. Mdzod. We do not this particular spelling in find this in Zhu. Mdzod. See tha yud. DA SHA (lha dang mi) gods and DA RA [1] (rnam pa) piece, part, humans. See LZ 106. section {aspect}. Zhu, once only. Mdzod, ch. 9, several DA SA HA TI A personal name. See times. See LZ 105. [2] (shes pa) LZ 106. knowledge, cognition. Sgra DA SANGS GYIN (mngon sangs 128. Mdzod. [3] (rang la rang rgyas pa) manifestly Buddha- gsal ba) clarifying to oneself, ized. See LZ 106. I doubt this self-clarifying. See LZ 105. [4] ought to be considered Zhang- (yul) external sense sphere, zhung. But then again, it objective realm of a particular would appear to be from the ti- sense organ. tle of a Mother Tantra. DA RA MA HA TI Proper name. DANG [1] (dang) and; conjunctive See LZ 106. particle, see ZZH 21. It seems DA RANG See ta rad. that, more often than not in Zhu, the conjunction is not DA RI [1] (bde ba) happy, comfort- expressed in the ZZ. [2] (bde) able. Sgra 135. In Mdzod, ch. 6, happy, comfortable. ZB. See ji we find the spellings dan ci, ta dang. ri, na ci. See da la. [2] (ra ba) middle [month of the season]. DANG SKYED (g.yas kyi rtsa) the Mdzod. right vein. See LZ 106. DA ROG Place name. See LZ 106. DANG KHYUG appearance or clarity of the sense objects (the 112 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

sense faculties clarify or make DAR CI JI (rdul phran) minute to appear the sense spheres?). particle. See LZ 108. See LZ 106. DAR CE (rdul phran) small DANG RA [1] (rgya mtsho) ocean. particle. Mdzod, ch. 6, with ZZ “Pond, tank.” It also means vars. tar ci, ta ra tse. Probably ‘sea’ or ‘lake.’ Humm1 513. tur ce is the more authentic OZZ 3, 30, 54, 61, 77, 98. spelling. Humm2 13. Sgra 123, 129. Zhu, several times. (mtsho) lake. See DAR MA A place name to the LZ 107. ZB gives the less satis- south of Zhangzhung. See LZ factory spelling dar ra. Hum- 108. I think it would be less mel argues that the dang is for misleading to say that it was a Tib. mtsho, while the ra is for significant region in the south Tib. rgya, although I’m not sure part of Zhangzhung, although this is entirely convincing. A today located in India, with a Persian word for ‘sea’ is daryā, language of its own known as used in the proper name today by the exact same name, Amu Darya, although in this Darma, although sometimes instance of course it has to spelled Dāramā, Darmiya, etc. mean ‘river.’ In any case, ZZ DAR MA KHRI TSE A name of a dang ra is the usual word for king among the gods. See LZ any ocean or lake or, perhaps, 108. pond, and as such it is still preserved in Western Tibetan DAR MA DIR The upper and lower place names. See tang ra. [2] regions of Zhangzhung. See LZ (rol mtsho) [cosmological] lake. 108. Zhu, once only. [3] (mtshan DAR NI BKRA YE (lag pa’i ’phreng chab) night water (?). Sgra 136. ba) arm-ring, or rosary of [4] (dpyad par, var. gcad pa) hands (?). Zhu. Not in Mdzod. for investigation, determine. DAR YA KAN (bdud rtsi) nectar, Mdzod. [5] (phyugs zog gi lhas ambrosia. ZB. But note that dar ra) a cattle enclosure, corral. ya kan is also a “Tibetan” See LZ 107. borrowing from theriac. It isn’t DANG RA NI TE See LZ 107. really ZZ, or at least not in its DANG LE (rdzing bu) pond. See origins. Notice the var. spelling LZ 107. da ya kan, q.v. See Christopher Beckwith, Tibetan Treacle: A *DAD See ji dad, de dad, se dad. Note on Theriac in Tibet, Tibet *DAN See ha dan. Society Bulletin, vol. 15 (June 1980), pp. 49-51. DAN CI (bde ba) happiness, comfort. Mdzod, with vars. ta DI [1] (yid) mind. Sgra 135. It ri & na ci. See LZ 107. =da ri. would seem, on the face of it, Humm1 519. OZZ 38. to be related to Indic dhi, with similar meaning. This probably DAR (dpung pa) shoulder, upper results from misreading part of the arm. Zhu, once Mdzod. [2] (de) that, demons- only. ZB. Sgra 132. Bru II 291, trative pronoun. Mdzod, ch. 5, line 2. Matisoff 174. See LZ 108. with var. ti. Does not appear with this meaning in Mdzod. Zhangzhung Dictionary 113

DI RKYAL SHES RI (rgyun du gnas ch. 5, equiv. to Tib. ’phel byed, pa’i thugs rje) constantly ‘makes increase, causes to in- abiding compassion, or com- crease, multiplies.’ See under ti passion of the Stream Abider pra. (?). See LZ 108. This does occur DI PHYI (phyi snod) external vessel in Mdzod, with ZZ vars. ti world, the environment in rgyam shes ri, di rkyam shes ri. which living beings dwell. See DI KHOR (’khor ba) sangsara. OZZ LZ 109. This is based in a pas- 44. = ti khor. sage in Mdzod, ch. 5, where we find the ZZ vars. ti phyi & de DI KHYUD (dkyil smad) low phyi. center, lower middle. Mdzod, ch. 5, with ZZ var. de chu. DI PHRUG (sprug, sprugs) shake out [dust]. ZZ var. ti phug. DI KHRU (’khrul pa) error, bewil- Mdzod, ch. 5. derment, delusion. Mdzod, ch. 8, with ZZ var. di ’khrul, al- DI MA BYIL KU See dim byil. though this seems like a DI ZHI (stong pa) empty, hollow. Tibetanization. See LZ 108. See LZ 109. The spelling of the DI KHRUL (’khrul ba) to err, be- ZZ with this meaning in come bewildered. ZB. Mdzod is ting zhi, q.v. See also de zhi. DI GRU (yid) mind. See LZ 108. DI RI CI (bskal ba’i sgra) sound of DI GUN (kun gnas) everywhere the Kalpa [aeon]? The word abiding. Sgra 128. The ZZ spel- bskal pa? ZB. It has been said ling ti gu is found in Mdzod. that Bonpos regard the Tib. Not in Zhu. word bskal pa as having the DI RGYAL (dran pa) memory, meaning of ‘destruction and recollection. ZB. There is one negation,’ and this does indeed problematic occurrence of this suit the original context in spelling in Mdzod, ch. 1, with Mdzod, where one is some- ZZ vars. de rgya, di rkya, al- times tempted to translate it as though here it definitely does a verb meaning ‘is deprived not mean ‘memory’. of…’ See Mdzod, opening words of ch. 2, which has the DI CU [1] (kun spang) complete ZZ spellings di ro ci & ti ro ci, renunciation. Sgra 128. Mdzod. and not the present spelling. [2] (bsgyur ba) transformed, My guess is that it is onoma- translated, turned. Sgra 135. topoeic for the ripping and Mdzod, ch. 5, var. de kyu, as crunching sound of something part of the name of the ‘wheel getting demolished. There is turning king.’ We do not find just such a word in Tibetan: di this spelling in Zhu. ri ri, which means rattling or DI TUD See under tha ci di rud. reverberation, in its form at least rather closely resembling DI PRA [1] (’phro ’du) sending out this ZZ word. and taking in [as in the meditative process of emanation DI RUD See under tha ci di rud. and absorption of the visuali- DI RO (’gyur med) unchangeable. zed deities]. Mdzod, ch. 4, with Sgra 123. Zhu, four times. ZB. ZZ var. de pra. [2] In Mdzod, (’gyur ba med pa) unchanging. 114 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

See LZ 109. Occurs many times DIL BYIL [1] (khril med [i.e., khrel in Mdzod, with ZZ vars. such med]) without shame. Sgra as di ri, de ro, ti ro, etc. 133. Zhu, once, and ZB, and ZL DI LID (bde ldan) having hap- 109, which have the spelling piness. Mdzod. De los is the khrel med. See dim byil, and a spelling found in Zhu. number of other spellings. [2] DING OZZ 104, where it is said to (ngo tsha med pa) immodesty, mean the intermediate space as 39th of the 51 mental states between earth and sky. The in Mdzod. See LZ 109. YN no. Middle World, apparently. 146. DING GTSUG (mi’am ci’i nang DIS BYE (phyed ka) half. See LZ gses shig) ‘one internal 109. This does occur in Mdzod division of the kinnaras,’ this with ZZ vars. tis bye, dis byi. being obviously an explanation DIS YUL (yid) mind. See LZ 110. and not a translation of the ZZ This occurs in Mdzod with ZZ word, which anyway is not var. tis yul. likely to actually be ZZ, despite DU [1] (sprin) cloud. Mdzod, where what we find in LZ 109. This it is also spelled dul. Zhu, three appears as deng gtsug in K. times. There is good TB evi- Mimaki, A Preliminary Com- dence for this — see Nishi 23, parison of Bonpo and Buddhist and compare Tib. du ba, Cosmology, contained in: S. ‘smoke.’ Discussed in ZZQ 5. Karmay & Y. Nagano, eds., Notice Old Newar, su, ‘cloud.’ New Horizons in Bon Studies, Tamot 183. YN 136. [2] (bya) National Museum of Ethno- bird. Sgra 126. Matisoff 161. logy (Osaka 2000), pp. 89-115, Nishi 21, 23. ZB. YN no. 53. at pp. 106-107. There is nothing This meaning is rather proble- here to indicate that it is ZZ, matic in the single context of and indeed, I think it is not. Zhu, where du ku ra corresp. This entry ought to be re- to Tib. bya khyi {bird dog?}. moved. Could not find this meaning in DING RA (skra) hair [of the head]. Mdzod. This does not fit with See LZ 109. YN no. 10. TB evidence I’ve seen so far. DING SA (da lta) now. See LZ 109. There would be much of inte- This looks very much like rest to say about the Tibetan modern Tib. deng sang, ‘these ‘bird dog,’ which is sometimes days, nowadays.’ said to be a tiny dog found in the nests of cliff-dwelling DIM BYIL (khrel med) without birds. It is said to be useful for shame. Sgra 131. Appears in detecting poison in food. Mdzod with ZZ var. di ma byil Others say that the ‘bird dog’ is ku. a large bird of prey, and not a DIR MA A region of the north of dog at all. [3] “Terminative- Zhangzhung. See LZ 109. locative” suffix. See ZZH 21. [4] Wet offerings like beer, etc. DIL (bya ba’i las) a deed See LZ 110. [5] (’dus) to unite. performed. See LZ 109. OZZ 90. I have not noticed the DIL BYI (khrel med) immodest, justification for these last two shameless. See de byil, dil byil. meanings. Zhangzhung Dictionary 115

DU KHUN (nor ba) mistake. Zhu, DU CING (sdug bsngal) suffering. once only, and therefore pro- Seems to occur in Mdzod, ch. blematic. ZB. We do not find 8, where it might be read as this exactly in Mdzod, al- ngu cing. though it does occur there once DU CO (ma yengs) unwavering, for Tib. ’khrul pa, ‘delusion.’ undisturbed. ZB, with alter- See dud khun, dud khrun. native spelling do tso. Unable DU KHRI (gdug sems) viciousness. to locate this exact equivalence ZB. ZZ dus khri is the form in Mdzod, although ZZ du co, that actually appears in var. du tse, does occur once. Mdzod, with ZZ var. us khri, DU COG (dus bzung) starting from and the corresp. Tib. is either the time [of…]. Mdzod, with gdug sems or gnod sems, ZZ vars. du tsog, go tshogs. which both mean ‘male- We do not find this in Zhu. The volence.’ See khri. var. ZZ gu tshogs occurs. DU KHRUN (’jigs pa) fear. See LZ Humm1 519. OZZ 38. 110. YN no. 144. Mdzod. DU TA (stong pa) empty, void. DU GI (gnas pa) abiding, dwelling. Mdzod, once only. Not in Zhu. Sgra 129. This does not appear DU TAN (stong pa) empty, void. In in Mdzod where ZZ nam lu is Mdzod, I failed to locate this the most usual equiv. of Tib. exact spelling. Not in Zhu. gnas pa, and the same holds true for Zhu. DU TI [1] (dmyal ba) hell. ZZH. Sgra 134. Mdzod. Zhu, three DU GING (gnas pa) abiding, times. ZB. See LZ 110. OZZ 53. dwelling. Sgra 130. Not in Zhu. [2] (sdug bsngal) suffering. See This spelling does appear in LZ 110. Mdzod with ZZ var. tu ging. DU TI DU MUN (mun pa’i skal pa DU GU (dgu) cardinal number [i.e., mun pa’i bskal pa]) kalpa nine. See LZ 110. YN 134. Not or aeon of darkness. See LZ located in Mdzod, although it 110. may be a result of misparsing this ZZ line: ri mu ta tu gu dun DU TOG [1] (stong pa) empty, void, ni, reading du gu in place of tu vacuity. This spelling not in gu. Mdzod. Zhu, once. Stein 234, based on Zhu. [2] (rtogs pa) DU GUR (gti mug) ignorance. See understanding, realization. LZ 110. Mdzod, with ZZ var. Sgra 127. [3] (rtog pa) thought, du gung. disturbing thoughts. Mdzod. DU GYIL (sprin ’khyil) swirling Zhu, once. ZB. [4] (mthun par) cloud. Sgra 126. We do not find harmoniously, in agreement. this in Mdzod. In the context in OZZ 44. Mdzod. (mthun pa) Zhu, du phang khyil, corrected harmonious, agreeing. Stein to du phang gyil, corresp. to 234, based on Mdzod. See LZ Tib. sprin rlung ’khyil, which 110. [5] (dang po?) first, firstly. might mean ‘cloud whirling in Mdzod, ch. 5. See LZ 110. [6] the wind.’ (de dag) those. Mdzod, ch. 5. DU SNGA See under dub snga. [7] (rgyu mthun) concordant 116 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

cause. Stein 234, based on DU DROD YE (rang bzhin sangs) Mdzod. nature purified. ZB, with alter- DU TOG KU PUNG (phung po native spelling du trod ye. phra rgyas) minute-to-expan- DU PANG SPRI ZHI (sprin dang ded aggregates. Mdzod. khu rlangs) cloud and fog. DU TOR (’du byed) compounder, Stein 235. See under du dang imprint; one of the skandhas. phang. ZZ du pang does occur Mdzod, ch. 9, with ZZ var. rdu once in Mdzod, and there is tor. ZB uses the variant spel- another passage which is lings du gtor and du dor. See certainly the source for this LZ 110. larger expression, but here the DU THOG (nam mkha’ nas byung ZZ is dul pang spri zhi, with ba’i thog) the lightning that vars. du phang spri zhim, du came from the sky. See LZ 110. phang sbri zham. DU DANG PHANG (sprin khu DU PUR [1] (spar ba) handful. See rlangs) cloud [&] fog. ZB. LZ 110. But this is explainable Mdzod, once only, but note as a simple misreading of the that these are in fact ZZ words Tibetan word spang ba, which being used in what are other- means ‘to give up.’ Mdzod, wise Tibetan-language state- with ZZ vars. du phur, du bur. ments. I think the dang is an in- This particular meaning is very serted Tibetan word here, an likely an error and ought to be effect of Tibetanization. See eliminated. [2] (spong) renoun- under du phang, du pang. ce, get rid of. OZZ 44. = du bur. [3] (sprin tshogs) clumps DU DUN [1] (theg chen) great of clouds. Mdzod. vehicle. Sgra 127. Mdzod, with ZZ vars. ngu ngun, da dun. Ha DU PHUNG [1] (sprin tshogs dan is the spelling in the one bsdud) multitude of clouds. occurrence in Zhu. [2] In Zhu, once. (sprin) cloud. See Mdzod, ch. 5, with ZZ var. ngu LZ 111. YN no. 71. [2] In ngun, it corresponds to Tib. Mdzod, ch. 5, ZZ du phung, ’du ba, ‘gathered in, combi- var. ngu pud, corresp. to Tib. ned.’ byed pa[s], ‘doing, making.’ See the following entry for du DU DOR (’du byed) composite, phud. See du min. compound, imprint; one of the skandhas. ZZH. Zhu, once DU PHUD [1] (byed pas) when only. Sgra 135. ZZ du tor, var. doing. Sgra 135. This is pro- rdu tor, is the spelling in bably mistaken. [2] (’khor lo) Mdzod, where it occurs in at wheel. ZZ du phud is the cor- least two passages, but note responding term to Tib. ’khor also ZZ gu ra, which seems to lo used in ch. 1 of Mdzod, be the more common corresp. several times. See LZ 111. OZZ to Tib. ’du byed. See du tor. 44. CT 65. Compare tsa khri. There is an unusual & evi- DU DROD (rang bzhin) nature, dently rather archaic Tib. word natural disposition. See ru ’phang lo, sometimes used for drod. ‘wheel’ or possibly ‘spindle.’ I doubt if this is especially relevant here. Zhangzhung Dictionary 117

DU BUR (spong ba) renouncing, DU TSE (rnam pa) aspect. Sgra 129, rejecting. Zhu, once. Spelled da but the reading is uncertain, bur in ZB. See du pur. could be du tso, du co, etc. Da DU MIG (log par lta) wrong view. ra is far more common in Mdzod, ch. 8. Later on in the Mdzod as equiv. of Tib. rnam same chapter, with ZZ var. du pa. Still, ZZ du tse, with var. myugs, seems to corresp. to du co, corresp. to Tib. rnam pa, Tib. mya ngan, ‘suffering.’ (log does occur once. This spelling lta) wrong view. See LZ 111. not in Zhu. DU MIG NIG (log par lta) wrong or DU TSO (ma yeng) not agitated, not irrational doctrine, heresy flowing, undisturbed. Zhu, {mistaken view}. Zhu, once. once, where it is a correction to ZB. something that is not legible. ZZ du tso does occur once in DU MIN (sprin tshogs) clumps of Mdzod with ZZ vars. da tsag, clouds Sgra 126. See du mun. du tsog, but with a different DU MUN (sprin tshogs, sprin med) meaning. See under du tse, du mass of clouds, cloudless. co. Mdzod. (sprin tshogs) mass of DU ZHI [1] (bdag nyid) self, itself, clouds. See LZ 111. Humm1 essence {personage, personi- 519. OZZ 38. See du min, fication [of]}. Zhu. ZB. Occurs above. in Mdzod as possible equiv. to DU MUN SLAS [1] (mdun spungs Tib. bdag nyid. [2] (bdag med) pa; possible reading: mdun emptiness, not absolute {non- spungs sa) heaped before, or self}. Zhu, once, but notice also possibly, earth heaped in front. two other places where it is ZZ Zhu. [2] In Mdzod, this is equi- la shu that corresp. to Tib. valent to Tib. mdun sa yod, bdag med, ‘non-self.’ which would more correctly DU YU (yon tan) quality, talent. according to more recent Sgra 129. Du yu, du yud and orthographic conventions be du yung appear in Mdzod as ’dun sa, ‘meeting place [of the variants of the same passage, gods].’ but the Tib. equiv. is not DU MUR (byol song) animals, exactly clear. The three-word beasts. Zhu, once. ZB. OZZ 54. passage reads, in Tibetan: legs This equivalency is misleading, par ’byung ba’i yon tan, which since mur zang is the ZZ equiv. explains why we find all three to Tib. byol song in Mdzod. meanings in the following Dud mur does, indeed, occur entries. We do not find this in there as an equivalent to Tib. Zhu. byol song, but this must be DU YUG (legs par) well, finely. ZB. understood as a compound of ZZ dud, which is Tib. klu, and DU YUNG (yon tan) quality, talent. ZZ mur [zang], which is Tib. See LZ 111. See du yu, above. byol song — referring to both DU YUD (’byung ba) emerging, nāgas and wild animals. happening, occurring. Sgra DU MYUGS See du mig. 130. See under du yu. 118 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

DU YE (mi ’khrul) unmistakable, DU SE Occurs in Mdzod as textual without error. ZB. ZZ du se, var. for ZZ du ye. It occurs corrected to du ye, occurs once once in Zhu, but is corrected to in Zhu, as equiv. to Tib. mi du ye. ’khrul. Occurs with meaning of DUG (dug) poison [in actual usage, Tib. rnam pa in Mdzod, where primarily a metaphor for the ba krun occurs once as equiv. afflictive emotions]. Even if, in to Tib. mi ’khrul. Zhu, Tib. dug is ZZ dub, if we DU RA (ser sna) avarice, greed. follow the evidence of Mdzod, ZZH. ZB. Zhu. Sgra 131. See ZZ dug and Tib. dug are LZ 111. Occurs twice in identical in both spelling and Mdzod, where it is 34th of the meaning. See under dub. 51 mental states. *DUNG See bran dung. DU RA CO (lhag mthong) further DUNG ‘warm.’ YN no. 165. This is vision. Sgra 128. This spelling, supposed to be in LZ, but isn’t. with ZZ vars. tur tse & tur co, I doubt its validity. See du sam occurs in Mdzod, where the ZZ for a possible source of this term actually occurs only once. form, ZZ du with a final ‘ng.’ This is spelled tur rtse in Zhu. DUNG NGA (stong pa) empty. DU RA NI NAM (mtha’i dmag mi Sgra 136. Occurs as such only rnams) soldiers of the frontiers. once in Mdzod. Not in Zhu. Spelled du ru ni nam, corresp. to Tib. mtha’ dmag mi rnams, *DUD [1] (byol song) animal. See in Zhu. Did not find this in LZ 111. This looks like a reflex Mdzod. of Tib. dud ’gro, ‘animal,’ and therefore might merit suspi- DU RU (mtha’ dmag) army cion. See dud mur, below. [2] amassed at the borders. ZB. (log pa, ldog pa) return, go Not in Mdzod. wrong, reverse. See LZ 111. See DU RE (phag pa) hog, swine, pig. gu dun, ta ki dun gu. See LZ 111. YN no. 63. DUD KHUN (’khrul pa) error. DU LAD (bde ba) happiness, Mdzod, ch. 8. Dud khrun also comfort. Mdzod, with var. ZZ occurs there, but without clear nga lang. Spelled da la in Zhu. Tib. equiv. LZ 112. See du DU LOD (phyir yong ba, tshur log khun. pa) to return, come back. See DUD MUR (byol song) Humm1 LZ 111. 513. OZZ 30, 44. Resembles DU LOD MI (phyir mi ldog pa) not Tibetan dud ’gro. See Stein 234, turning back, non-returner. 245. LZ 112. See du mur. Sgra 129. See following entry. DUD RA Equiv. to du re. LZ 112. DU LOD MI DUD (phyir mi ldog) *DUN See gu dun, etc. without relapse or return {a DUN [1] (dgu) nine. ZB. I believe nonreturner}. Mdzod, once. this equivalence is mistaken Zhu, once only. ZB. and a result of misparsing. The DU SAM (dro grang) warmth and usual ZZ word for ‘nine’ is gu cold, temperature. ZB. dun, and not just dun alone. [2] (lus kyi rtsa) bodily veins. LZ Zhangzhung Dictionary 119

112. [3] (gcan gzan) carnivore. Bru II 290, line 5. Not in Mdzod. LZ 112. Compare gyer tse. DUN KHRUN (med pa, bskal pa) DUN TSHOGS (ston) autumn. to be nonexistent. LZ 112. On Mdzod, ch. 5. See OZL 55 & Bon understandings of Tib. PSD 163, with the “Old Zhang- bskal pa, see the entry for di ri zhung” equivalent given as tog ci, above. kha; Tib. ston kha. DUN GU (dgu ’gyur) times nine. DUN ZHI (’dun pa) determination, Zhu, once only. This may be zeal. Sgra 131. LZ 112. Occurs based in an erroneous cor- in Mdzod twice. 6th of the 51 relation between the ZZ and mental states in Mdzod. We do Tib. (dgu) nine. LZ 112. I think not find this in Zhu. like the Tib., this word might DUN HING A white-colored mean ‘a number, several’ ra- goddess. LZ 112. ther than the specific number nine. DUB (dug) poison. Zhu, once only. To judge from many occur- DUN GU HRUN (gus par ’dud) rences in Mdzod, the ZZ for bow with respect. This spelling Tib. dug is dug. They are iden- occurs in opening lines of tical in both spelling and Mdzod, and is discussed in Sga meaning. Matisoff 158 takes 152, where he says that it is gu this dub spelling seriously. So dun hrun, literally corresp. to does YN no. 48, although it Tib. gus par ’dud. It also occurs hardly can go with the TB evi- in Mdzod, ch. 2, as equiv. to dence given there. See under Tib. dgu, ‘nine.’ (phyag ’tshal dug, above. ba, gus pas bdud pa) to prostrate, bow down in reverence. DUB KHRUN See dus khrun. LZ 112. See gu dun hrun. DUB SNGA (sdug bsngal) misery, DUN RTAGS (grub rtags) sign of distress {suffering}. Zhu, once accomplishment. LZ 112. only. ZB. This entry would seem to be based on a wrong DUN DUN (myur du za ba) eat reading of one occurrence in quickly, gulp. LZ 112. Mis- Mdzod. However, ZZ du snga spelled dung dung in YN no. does occur as a single-text var. 175. corresp. to Tib. sdug bsngal in DUN TSE [1] (bandhe/ban de) lay- Mdzod. brother. {But this is not really DUB DUB (nyon mongs) misery, justified in Zhu.} [2] (ban log, distress {the afflictive mental ban dhe dam nyams) the wrong states, those not conducive or or false Ban. {A polemical term counter to Enlightenment}. against Chos monks and/or ZZH. Zhu, once only. ZB. Sgra itinerant Chos teachers, Tib. 128. LZ 113. OZZ 6. Mdzod, dam nyams means ‘with broken where it seems to also occur commitments.’ The ZZ word is once as equiv. of Tib. ’du shes, quite frequent, with this same ‘concept.’ meaning, in Bon writings of all time periods.} Zhu. Sgra 132. *DUM See mu dum. ZB. LZ 112. [3] (btsun pa) monk. DUM (dbyibs) shape. ZB. OZZ 44. 120 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

DUM PA TSHAL Place name. similarity to ZZ du ti, q.v., Humm1 501. OZZ 15. I am sure meaning simply ‘hell.’ it is a Tibetan place name, not DE [1] (bde) happiness. This occurs ZZ. Not in Zhu. once in Zhu as an independent DUM PAD (dus tshod thung ngu word, where ZZ da is corrected zhig) [name of] a short period to de, corresp. to Tib. bde. This of time. LZ 113, but not equivalence cannot as such be marked there as being Zhang- found in Mdzod, but see under zhung. de lad, etc. OZZ 13. [2] demonstrative-relative pro- *DUR See kon dur min, rka dur. It noun. ZZH 17. In this meaning, often seems to have the it would be identical in spel- meaning of ‘depth’ or ‘lower ling and meaning to Tib. de, part’ in Mdzod vocabulary ‘that.’ [3] (dran) remember. ZB. items. I suppose this in turn See pa de smu ya. might go toward explaining the old meaning of Tib. dur, as DE KUN (chen po) great. ZB. a word for funerary interment DE KYU See under di cu. practices. DE KYO (gdod dag) primordially DUR CHUD See tur cud. pure. Mdzod, ch. 4, with ZZ DUR SHOD An island or region var. de khyo. Not in Zhu. with carnivorous animals. LZ DE RKYAM [1] (byams pa) love, 113. loving kindness. ZB. This equi- DUL PANG (khu rlangs) mist and valency couldn’t be located in fog. LZ 113. OZZ 44. The Mdzod. [2] (dran pa) thought, Mdzod passage on which this memory. LZ 113. OZZ 44. is based has ZZ var. du phang. Mdzod, with ZZ var. de It isn’t certain if the passage rkyam. was parsed correctly. DE RKYEN (bdag nyid) personifi- DUS KHRI (gnod sems) thoughts of cation, own nature. LZ 114. harming, malevolence. Mdzod, DE KHANG MA SER (de’i khang ch. 8, with var. us gri. seng; i.e., de’i khong gseng) in DUS KHRUN =dub phyung. its gaps, in the cracks. Mdzod, Humm1 519. OZZ 38. Occurs ch. 5, but in a later passage it once in Mdzod with vars. dub seems to be ZZ di kong ser, phyung & dub khrun as equiv. corresp. to Tib. khong seng na, to Tib. med pa bskal pa, ‘aeon ‘in the cracks.’ Hummel seems of non-existence,’ or more to misuse this same evidence to probably just bskal pa, ‘aeon.’ come to conclusion that the ZZ We do not find this in Zhu. syllable kong corresp. to Tib. khang, ‘room’ — actually the DUS TI (dmyal ba’i ngu sgra) the later means ‘house,’ and not sound of hell’s weeping and just ‘room.’ OZZ 91. wailing. LZ 113. Perhaps the 2nd syllable is explainable not DE GA (mdog) color. LZ 114. This as ZZ ti, ‘water,’ but rather is based on a single passage in Darma tee, ‘to cry, weep.’ DGD Mdzod, in which three of the 585. Byangsi timo, ‘to weep.’ four textual witnesses have GSB 63. One must also note the instead ZZ cu de. Zhangzhung Dictionary 121

DE NGED (bden pa) truth. LZ 114. rgyud, ‘continuity, tantra’; & Mdzod, with ZZ vars. de ded, rgyu mthun, ‘concordant de ngod. The spelling ZZ de cause.’ nged occurs later on in the text, DE CU NAM [1] (de rang du gnas which increases the sense of its pa) stay just like that, remain reliability over the other spel- so. [2] (de bzhin) likewise, like lings. Still, Mdzod has other that. LZ 114. words for ‘truth.’ DE COD GYIN (yod pa yin) it is DE SNGO (dus kyi) of time. Sgra really… Zhu, but note that Tib. 134. Not in Zhu. (dus) time. LZ yod pa yin — for reasons that 114. Mdzod, once only, with are clearer in cursive script — ZZ var. de sngon. might have to be read as spyod DE CI [1] (byas pa) done. Sgra 135. pa yin, ‘is practicing.’ The [2] Occurs once as equiv. of equivalent of Tib. yod pa yin in Tib. lhun grub in Mdzod, but Mdzod is de cu ni, var. de tsu there are other occurrences ni. with different meanings. See DE TIG (bde chen) bliss, ecstasy. under de cid, below. [3] (de la) Mdzod. This spelling not in to that. Mdzod. Not in Zhu. Zhu. Equiv. to de tog. LZ 114. DE CI GYIN (byas pa yin) is made. DE TOG [1] (mdog) color. =de ga. Mdzod, ch. 5. Humm1 519. OZZ 38. De tog & DE CI DE RE (de’i ngos la) on the de ga are variants in one side of it. Mdzod, ch. 5. Mdzod passage, although the Tibetan equivalent is not clear DE CID (lhun ’grub [lhun grub]) here & needs closer study. natural, naturally arrived at. There is no clear ZZ equiv. to Sgra 126. This particular Tib. mdog in Zhu. [2] (’bras bu) spelling not found in Mdzod, fruit, result, effect. Stein 234, and not in Zhu. In Zhu, we based on Mdzod. LZ 114. find ZZ de lod, corrected to de lhod, for Tib. lhun grub, but DE DAD (byams pa) love, loving only once. kindness. Zhu, where it occurs once as a correction from ZZ DE CU [1] (rgyu mthun) in de ngad, equiv. to Tib. byams agreement with the cause, pa[’i], ‘[of] love,’ as one of the from the same cause[s], made mental states. Sgra 123. ZB of the same stuff. Zhu, once spells this as de ngad. Did not only. ZB. =de chu. Humm1 find this in Mdzod, where the 519. OZZ 38. Mdzod, where ZZ for Tib. byams pa seems to also occurs ri mu / di mu, and be tsha zhi, var. tsha zhing. in some cases it corresponds This does seem to be a mistake. simply to Tib. rgyu, and often ZZ de ded, var. de nged occurs has still other meanings. [2] with Tib. equiv. bden pa in (nyid la) to oneself. Zhu, once Mdzod, as 20th of 51 mental only. (rang du) to oneself. states. Mdzod, ch. 5. [3] (rim pa) gradual step, stage. LZ 114. DE DAD RDO (byams pa’i mi ’da’) OZZ 44 lists the Tib. equivs. as not exceeding kindness, or, not rang bzhin, ‘own nature’; rang violating the boundaries of du, ‘to oneself’; rgyu, ‘cause’; kindness. ZZH. Did not find 122 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

this in Mdzod. This seems Tib. skye ba once in Mdzod, unlikely. In fact, it is mistaken with var de pa[’i]. [2] (lha since it combines two separate dbang) divine master, perhaps names of ‘mental states,’ the as an epithet for Indra. Sgra one being Tib. byams pa, 133 {seems to be used as if ‘loving kindness,’ the other identical to the Indic word being Tib. mi ’da’[i dam tshig], deva, meaning the sangsaric [vow that] cannot be violated. gods in general}. Not in Zhu. See Zhu. See Mdo-phran 2, line 1. DE DED (bden pa) truth. Sgra 131. DE BU (mthe bong) thumb. LZ 114. Occurs twice in Mdzod. This DE BYIL (khrel med) immodest, spelling not in Zhu. See under shameless. See dil byil. ZZH. de dad. The var. readings that occur in DE DOD (de bzhin) likewise, like Mdzod are ZZ dim byil, di ma that. ZB. byil. This spelling not in Zhu. DE DROD [1] (de bzhin) like that, DE MIN See under ta tso de min. such, so. ZZH. Zhu, once only. Equiv. to da min. LZ 114. Sgra 128. [2] (rang bzhin) DE MIN DE ZHAN (de bzhin nature, own nature. ZB. Occurs mnyam nyid) evenly-valued many times in Mdzod, albeit suchness. Mdzod, with ZZ var. with the ZZ spelling da drod de min di bzhin. [etc.]. There it may also stand for Tib. rang bzhin, although DE RME [1] (de bzhin) like that, the ZZ for that is usually ru likewise. Mdzod. [2] (’du shes) drod. imprint, concept, idea; one of the skandhas. LZ 114. This DE PA See de ba. would seem to be the usual ZZ DE PA HO (gus pas ’dud pa) to for Tib. ’du shes, but also oc- bow down in reverence. LZ casionally Tib. ’du byed, in 114. Not found as such in Mdzod, but now I think this to Mdzod. be very possibly mistaken. ZZ DE PRA See under di pra. var. de rmhe. This is the 2nd of the 51 mental states. In Zhu, I DE SPYOD See te spyod. find only ZZ kun shi for Tib. DE PHYI (phyed ka) half. LZ 114. ’du shes, and the present spelling does not occur there. DE PHYIR (phyi rol) outside. ZB. In Mdzod the spellings are de DE RME CA CI (rgya chung) small phyi & de byi. extent, not extensive. ZZ vars. de rme tha tse & de rme tha DE PHRAN (che chung) large & chu. Mdzod, with var. de rmhe small, size, of various degrees ne ri. Note Old Newar cacā, ranging from small to large. ‘small.’ Tamot 172. See also de Mdzod, ch. 8. =de dran. rme ni ri. Humm1 519. OZZ 38. De phran, de pra & de dran are DE SME (’du shes) imprint, con- variants in a single passage. cept, idea; one of the skandhas. We do not find this in Zhu. Sgra 131. Did not find this spelling in Mdzod, but see de DE BA [1] (skye ba) birth, rebirth, rme. Not in Zhu. This is based production. Occurs as equiv. to on a misreading of Mdzod. Zhangzhung Dictionary 123

DE TSAN (’du shes) apperception, not stealing. LZ 115. Occurs imprint, concept, idea; one of twice in Mdzod, where it is the skandhas. LZ 115. Mdzod 13th of the 51 mental states. with ZZ vars. de can, de tshan, DE ZUR (gzer ’debs) strike a nail. ne tsan. Sgra 134. Occurs once in DE TSUG [1] (rang bzhin) nature. Mdzod, with var. te zug. Did LZ 115. [2] (de ga rang) just so, not find this in Zhu. just like that. LZ 115. Not DE RUD (’bras bu) fruit. LZ 115. found with this spelling in This spelling not in Mdzod. Mdzod. DE RED (bon) Bon. LZ 115. This is DE TSE [1] (bden rtogs) realizing found in neither Mdzod nor truth, realization of truth. Sgra Zhu. It could represent a 126. [2] Occurs once in Mdzod, reading of de nged, de ded, with var. te ce, with the q.v., which mean ‘truth.’ meaning of Tib. bden rtogs, but DE RO (’gyur med) unchangeable. in other passages with ZZH. Sgra 127. ZZ di ri, di ro & meaning of Tib. tshes, date [of de ro occur as vars. in Mdzod. the month]. [3] Occurs once in In the single occurrence in Zhu, corrected to de tso, with Zhu, ZZ di ro is corrected to de corresp. Tib. de steng, ‘the top ro, with corresp. Tib. ’gyur of it, above it.’ med, but in three other places DE ZHAN See under de min de di ro remains uncorrected. See zhan. di ro. DE ZHI (stong pa) empty. Sgra 131. DE LAD (bde ba) happy, comfor- LZ 115. Stong pa, ’dus byas, de table. Mdzod. Occurs once in la, de las, are all Tib. equivs. of Mdzod with ZZ variant read- de zhi in Mdzod, where it is a ing de la. The spelling da la common ZZ for Tib. stong pa, occurs in Zhu. although stong pa has still DE LU (lhun ’grub) natural, natu- other ZZ equivalents. This rally arrived at. Sgra 127. See spelling not in Zhu. See ti ga de the following entry. zhi, ting zhi. DE LUD (lhun grub) natural, DE ZHUM [1] (bden pa) truth. Sgra naturally arrived at. Mdzod, 128. [2] (bde ba) happy, com- once only, with ZZ var. de lu. fortable. Sgra 135. LZ 115. See LZ 115. OZZ 44. = de lod, de Mdzod, where one Tib. pas- lhod. sage has var. readings bde ba and bden pa, but the latter DE LO (dran pa) memory, remem- seems to be mistaken in that bering, thinking, recollection. context. In another passage of Sgra 123. ZB. This does not oc- Mdzod it seems to corresp. to cur in Mdzod. Tib. chung, ‘small.’ This spel- DE LOD (lhun grub) selfcreated, ling not in Zhu. miraculous {natural, naturally DE ZU (mi len) not receiving, not arrived at}. ZZH. Sgra 124. obtaining, not seizing, not This spelling does not occur in taking. ZZH. Zhu, once only. Mdzod with this meaning, but Sgra 131. ZB. (mi len pa) not see under de lud. This spelling taking [without permission], does occur once in Zhu, cor- 124 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

rected to de lhod, but the usual DO BRDEG LZ 116. ZZ for Tib. lhun grub is kho spyod. See de lud, de lhod. DO RA (rang gi) of its own, of oneself. Sgra 134. Occurs once DE LOS (bde ldan) having hap- in Mdzod with ZZ vars. ngo ra, piness. ZZH. Occurs once in to ra, equiv. to Tib. rang gis — Mdzod, and once in Zhu. ZB. i.e., rang gi. Not in Zhu. DE SHIN (mtshan nyid) characte- DO SLAS (dngos med) without ristic marks, philosophy. Sgra substance, unreal. LZ 116. 129. This equivalence does not appear in Mdzod, but see un- *DOG See ne slas dog la. ZZH. It is der ngo ra de shin. Not in Zhu. discussed, supplied with See ti tsan. proto-Altaic ‘cognates,’ and taken as a ZZ syllable — I DE SHO (dbang po’i spyod yul) think it is probably just Tibetan range of activity of the sense — in OZZ 123. faculty. LZ 115. Note the occurrence of this ZZ word in DOG ZOM Humm1 519. OZZ 38. the ancient Tibetan emperor’s ZZ dog zom, hi zog and ti zog name De sho legs. OZZ 107 n. are var. readings of a single 6. occurrence in Mdzod — Tib. equiv. unclear. Not in Zhu. DE SUM (gnyis) two. Sgra 128. This spelling not in Zhu. The correct DONG RI NI (’og ’di na) here spelling ought to be ZZ ne below. Mdzod. sum. *DOD See da dod. DE LHOD (lhun grub) selfcreated, DOD [1] (skye) be born. Zhu. [2] miraculous {natural, naturally (skyed, bskyed) give birth, arrived at}. ZZH. Sgra 129. ZB. generate {but the 2nd trans- This spelling does occur once, lation makes much better sense with var. de ldong, in Mdzod. in the context}. In the single Occurs once in Zhu. The occurrence of this equiv. in element lhod seems universal Zhu, dod is corrected to ngod. in Old Chinese and TB, with ZZH. Mdzod. ZB gives the Tib. same meaning as Tib. lhod, as skyes pa, ‘given birth,’ and ‘loose, relaxed, unconcerned.’ specifies that it is a verb. [3] See Cobl 106. See de lod. (sprul) emanate. OZZ 44. But I DE LHOD PUR CI (lhun gyis grub think Tib. sprul corresp. to ZZ pa’i phrin las) spontaneous da dod, or da dod ci, and not [Buddha] activity. LZ 115. to ZZ dod alone. DENG GTSUG See ding gtsug. DOD CI (skye med) unborn, unproduced. LZ 116. In Mdzod DO [1] as closing syllable of senit once corresp. to Tib. skye tence, see ZZH 21. [2] see tso med, ‘not produced,’ but in do. ZZH. LZ 116 lists it as ZZ, another place, Tib. skye ba, but when it is used in the ‘birth, production.’ meaning of ‘island in a lake,’ I think it is just Tibetan, which is DOD PRI (skye ’phel) growth, not to say that a ZZ origin of increase. LZ 116. In Mdzod, the Tibetan is impossible… It once only, with ZZ var. dod may even be likely… bra. Zhangzhung Dictionary 125

DOD MIN (skye med) no rebirth DRIN GYI (rjes su) after, following {unproduced, unarticulated}. after. This equiv. does not ap- ZZH. Occurs at least twice in pear in Mdzod, where ZZ drin Mdzod, with ZZ vars. don gyi, var. drin ci, q.v., actually min, dong min, drod min, seems to stand for Tib. nye bar rgyong min. or nye bar bzhag pa. See under DOM CHOL [1] (brjed nges) for- drin ci. getting, forgetful. Sgra 131. [2] DRIN CI [1] (nyer bzhag, i.e., nye (brjod nor) spoken jewel, bar bzhag pa) make use of, wealth of expression (?). Sgra employ, earnest, earnestly. 131. This and tom chol, tom ZZH. Zhu, once only. ZB. OZZ col, are simply var. readings of 44. See under drin gyi. [2] the same Tibetan passage of (mnyam par bzhag pa, rtse Mdzod, and they do not seem gcig tu bzhag pa) meditative to be ZZ. See also the entry in settling into even-toned or one- Nine Ways 299. We do not find pointed. LZ 117. anything like this in Zhu. This DRUG (drug) six. See nga drug. entry should probably be re- ZZH. moved, although there is some possibility it is a Zhangzhung DRUG CU (drug cu) sixty. ZZH. term with some meaning or DRUG RNIS (drug pa) the sixth. another. Sgra 130. *DOR See du dor. ZZH. DRUG SNIS (drug pa) sixth, of six. DOS DRAG Marked as ZZ, al- ZZH. Zhu. (drug) six. LZ 117. though I have doubts. LZ 117. In Mdzod, this often stands for YN no. 171, with the meaning Tib. drug or in one passage ‘thick.’ drug po, but in a few cases stands for Tib. bdun, ‘seven.’ DWI See OZZ 55. This syllable appears in the comm. vocab. DRUNG MAR MDZES (sa gzhi gser) golden ground; but this *DRA See ma dra, zad dra. ZZH. does not seem to be a literal DRAG SEG (mang po) many. LZ translation of the ZZ. Mdzod, 117. Not found in Mdzod, and ch. 5. The syllable mdzes looks could not find it in Zhu. very much like it would be a DRAL PO (ming po) brother. Sgra Tibetanized form of something 133. Dral, which does indeed else. occur in Mdzod, appears to be DRUNG MU [1] (g.yung drung) Tib., as in the Tib. expression svāstika. The symbolic mean- lcam dral, and not ZZ. We do ing of the svāstika is most often have a perfect ZZ word cor- said to be ’gyur med, ‘unchan- resp. to Tib. ming po, which is ging,’ as in the 4th meaning ZZ sa cis, also spelled pa cis. that follows. ZZH. Zhu, seven This entry probably ought to times. Humm1 491. OZZ 4. be removed. Sgra 123. LZ 118. (g.yung) DRIN (dran) remember. OZZ 91. I svāstika(?). ZB. [2] (rin chen) think this may be based on a jewel, precious substance. misreading. Humm1 513. OZZ 30. [3] (shin tu) very, extremely. Humm1 126 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

513. OZZ 30. [4] (’gyur med) spelling behind all occurrences unchanging, immutable. Mdzod. of dh- is hr- or, less often, Note that in fact all four simply h-. This results from a meanings are in some degree ‘Sanskritizing’ re-interpreta- attested in Mdzod. tion of the cursive ligatures at DRUNG ZAD (za ma) food, the hands of scribes over the eatables. ZZH. Zhu, once only. centuries. [2] There is also an ZB. Does not seem to occur in early (12th century?) writing Mdzod. Nishi 28. convention in which subscript ‘h’ is considered entirely equi- DRUNG ZAD RI RANG (gtor ma) valent to prescript ’a[-chung] sacrificial cake, offering. LZ or prescript ‘m’. An example is 118. It seems that ZZ ri rang the gho spelling for Tib. mgo, ought to mean ‘mountain,’ or ‘head.’ I think this is more ‘levels of a mountain,’ or the relevant to Tibetan-language like. mss. than to ZZ, however. DRE (’dre) spirit. Humm1 513, 515. *DHA See bhar dha, bho dha, ye OZZ 30, 33. This does not seem dha. ZZH. to occur in Mdzod, and neither do we find it in Zhu. This entry DHA (rgyu) cause, basic substance is doubtful, since it is evidently [of something]. Mdzod, ch. 5, based on someone’s analysis of but with ZZ vars. rgyu [!] & a compound, such as the one in rkyu. the entry that follows below, DHA KI (mkha’ ’gro) a group of and not a word used indepen- gods or demons {sky goer, Skt. dently. ḍākinī}. ZZH. Zhu. ZB. Sgra DRE GE (gnod sbyin) injury giver, 123. We do not find this in a type of spirit. Humm1 514. Mdzod. It certainly looks like OZZ 33. Occurs once in one of those Sanskritisms. Stein Mdzod. Not in Zhu. (gnod 242. sbyin, bdud) harm giver spirit, DHA TUR NE (mnyam pa) equal, delusionary spirit. LZ 118. The level. LZ 118. “ge” segment of the ZZ word DHA DHU (ci skad) what is a generic word for ‘spirit,’ or language. ZB. ‘delusionary spirit.’ The ZZ would seem to translate into DHA TSE (shugs ldan) possessing Tibetan as ’dre bdud, or pos- magic powers. ZZH. Did not sibly bdud ’dre, although this find this in Mdzod. In the one is questionable. occurrence in Zhu, har tse is corrected to dha tse. *DROD See da drod, du drod, de drod. ZZH. DHA YA (zhe sdang) hatred. ZZH. Zhu. ZZ dho ye, with var. hro DROD MIN (skye med) unborn, ye, is the spelling found in unproduced. LZ 118. YN no. Mdzod. See dho ye. 128. DHA YE (zhe sdang) hatred. ZB. DH- [1] The “dh” initial in ZZ is ac- This spelling not found in tually rather ambivalent, and Mdzod. should, at times with complete certainty, be read “hr”. In my current opinion, the original Zhangzhung Dictionary 127

DHA YE TSE (zhe sdang che) great dhe tar, dho tar, dho tor. Zhu antipathy. ZZH. Zhu. Not in has the spellings dha tar, dhe Mdzod. tar, dho tar, dhro tor. DHA RU (ji snyed) however much, DHI MIN SAD Mdzod, ch. 6, in a as much as, just about. ZZH. rather long passage in Tibetan, We do not find this in Mdzod. but with undoubtedly ZZ phrases like this one included in it. DHA SHAN (khro ba) anger. ZB. DHI TSA (khye’u) child. Bru II 290, DHA SHIN [1] (nga rgyal) pride. line 4. Compare hri tsa. In Sgra 128. LZ 118. Byangsi has Mdzod, dhi tsa and hri tsa are ṭhārśimo, ‘to feel proud.’ [2] simply variants, with no direct (khro ba) wrath. Sgra 131. equiv. to Tib. khye’u. Zhu has (khong khro) anger. LZ 118. the spelling hri tsa, corresp. to Mdzod has both meanings. As Tib. khye’u. equiv. to Tib. nga rgyal, it is 24th of the 51 mental states. As DHI TSUM RTSE (rgyu ma) equiv. to Tib. ’khro ba, it is intestines. Bru II 291, line 6. Not 30th. Zhu has the spelling dhi found in Mdzod. Hri tsum is shin, corresp. to Tib. nga rgyal. the spelling in Zhu. In Mdzod, ch. 8, we find once DHI LU (le lo) laziness. Mdzod, ch. the var. dhwo shin, although 8, with var. dhri lu. See lhe lus. the present spelling is far more DHI SHIN (nga rgyal) pride, frequent. arrogance. ZZH. Zhu, once DHA SHEN (’khro ba) be angry, only. This particular spelling rage. ZZH. Zhu. Occurs only not found in Mdzod. Stein 237. once as a var. of dha shin in See dha shin. Mdzod. The shen element of DHING [1] (chags) lust, passion the word ought to mean {but in the context in Zhu, it ‘mind.’ In Darma, there is a means ‘formation,’ the oppo- word for anger, hri-suu, in site of destruction}. ZZH. ZB. Chaudangsi rusu. Byangsi Zhu, once only. [2] Seems to rusū, ‘anger, rage.’ GSB 98. occur for Tib. lcam, ‘sister,’ in MSB 177, gives the Darma as Mdzod, where hring is a rīsa, with the meaning given in frequent var. {Note Tib. lcam Hindi as krodha, ‘anger,’ with sring which may have been Byangsi rūsa and Chaudangsi pronounced identically at rūsū. This is interesting when some time or another.} The we consider that the more cor- spellings sring & hring seem rect reading of ZZ dha shen is better to fit with TB roots that likely to be ZZ hra shen, or, hra mostly mean ‘alive, living’; shin. See dha shin. Cobl 104. See dhing ning. DHANG RA OZZ 45. See hrang ra. DHING NGA (rim gyis) by stages, *DHI See si dhi. ZZH. gradually. Mdzod, ch. 6, once DHI TUR (bdal pa, khyab pa) very clearly. spread out, pervading. LZ 118. DHING NING (sring mo) name of DHI DUD (bag med) shameless, a goddess or demoness {sister}. careless. Sgra 131. This spelling ZZH. ZB. Zhu, twice. This does not occur in Mdzod. See probably should be read as ZZ 128 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

hring ning, which would make 51 mental states in Mdzod. See it an actual cognate of the Tib. dhe tar, dhi dud. word for sister. See Beyer, CT DHO TOR See dho tar. Lang 86. Darma word for younger sister is hrin-cya, in DHO YE (zhe sdang) hatred. Sgra DGD spelled xhingxha. 128. LZ 118. =hro ye. Humm1 519. OZZ 38. Occurs several DHIB (rtsib ma) ribs. Bru II 291, line times in Mdzod with vars. dho 4. Compare hrib, q.v. Neither yi & dhwo ye in ch. 8. It is dhib nor hrib can be found in 22nd of the 51 mental states. Mdzod, while hrib is the The spellings in Zhu are ZZ spelling found in Zhu. dha ya & dha ye, once each. *DHIM See ge dhim. ZZH. DHO HOR (bag yod) careful, DHUM (gtor) scatter. Mdzod, ch. 2. conscientious, self-respecting. Occurs in Mdzod, with vars. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, once only. This hrung & ju. We do not find this particular spelling not found in spelling in Zhu. Mdzod, and Tib. bag yod was DHE (rgya khyon) spread out area. not found there. This could be LZ 118. *hro tar or the like. DHE TAR (bag med) immodest, DHOD Perhaps, equiv. to ZZ hrod. careless. ZZH. Zhu, once, Seems to corresp. to Tib. chags where it is correction of dha pa, in the meaning of ‘forma- tar. Sgra 132. This spelling oc- tion’ in the single occurrence of curs once in Mdzod, as var. for this spelling in Mdzod, and he tar. ZB spells this as dhe this is noted in OZZ 45. har. See dho tar, dhi dud. DHRI LU (le lo) laziness. LZ 118. DHE TUR [1] (bdal pa) spread Mdzod, ch. 8, with var. dhi lu, forth, expand, scatter. ZZH. q.v. Zhu. ZB. See he tur. [2] (khyab DHRO TOR (bag med) careless. LZ pa) pervading, covering [an 118. OZZ 45. area]. Sgra 134. OZZ 45. Has GDU (gnyid) sleep or sleepiness. Tib. equivs. bdal pa and rgya Sgra 131. The spellings gdub che in Mdzod. Occurs in and gdung also appear in Mdzod with var. ZZ rlhe tur, Mdzod, where it is 49th of the and with Tib. equiv. khyab pa, 51 mental states, but most and not bdal pa. likely correct is ZZ gdub, or DHE DUR (rgya che) very broad, possibly gdu ba. Not in Zhu. extensive. Sgra 134. This parti- GDUNG MIN (gnyid) sleep. LZ cular spelling not in Mdzod & 118. The spelling seems sus- also not in Zhu. See under dhe pect, does not look like Zhang- tur. zhung. DHE HAR See dhe tar. GDUB See under gdu. DHO TAR (bag med) immodest, BDEN RKYE (gong ma) the above, careless. ZZH. Zhu, once only. the superior. Sgra 128. Gen This particular spelling not in rkye, var. rkan tse, is the actual Mdzod. With spellings dhro spelling found in Mdzod — tor & dho tor, it is 44th of the and since ZZ gen & ken occur Zhangzhung Dictionary 129

elsewhere with the same initial letter ’a seems comple- meaning, this would seem the tely unnecessary in ZZ, and is more authentic spelling, while most likely explained as a bden rkye would likely result Tibetanizing spelling of ZZ from a Tibetanizing reading. In dod. any case, bden looks far too *RDO See de dad rdo, yor rdo. much like the Tibetan word ZZH. bden, ‘truth,’ and does not conform to what we know of RDO YI (mi ’da’) not passing ZZ orthography. [beyond], not violating, inviolable (?). Zhu. ZB. The original ’DAR SHA [1] (mtshon cha rnon name of this mental state in po) sharp pointed weapon. [2] Mdzod is Tib. mi ’da’i dam (dgra bgegs zlog pa’i drag tshig, ‘unviolated commit- sngags) forceful mantra for ment,’ or ‘commitment that is turning back opponent and not to be transgressed.’ I doubt hindrance spirits. [3] (sgo nga’i that the initial rd- represents a pags pa dang sgong chu’i bar valid ZZ spelling. gyi shun pa) membrane of the egg, integument. LZ 122. The LDAD KO KE (rgyal mtshan) written Tibetan word with this victory banner. LZ 124. last meaning is gdar sha, or LDE [1] (shes pa, sems) perception, bdar sha. I see no reason to mind, thought. LZ 124. [2] (bon regard it as ZZ. For the first gyi gdung rus zhig gi ming) and second meanings, one name of a Bon clan. See LZ 124. ought to compare the entry in [3] (yul zhig) name of an area. Namgyal Nyima’s dictionary. I LZ 124. strongly doubt that any of these words with initial ’d-, LDE CUD (’khrigs pa) to have noting the following 3 entries, sexual relations. Mdzod, ch. 6, are really ZZ, or, if they are, but with variant readings. that they are properly spelled. (’khrigs spyod) sexual perfor- mance, sex act. LZ 124. ’DAR SHA RA TSI (bud med nag mo) black woman. LZ 122. Ap- LDEN This is a mistake for parently the Tibetan is des- something, although it isn’t criptive, and not meant to clear what. YN nos. 164 & 171, translate the ZZ. See the entry with the meanings ‘heavy, for ZZ ’dha sha ra tsi in Nam- thick.’ Actually, it’s a mis- gyal Nyima’s dictionary. pelling of ldeng po as found in LZ 124, which is there defined ’DU (gsol, rtsol) ask or pray for, as ‘thick, heavy, close.’ It is not seek out. ZZH. ZB with Tib. marked as ZZ and very given as rtsol. Zhu, six times, probably shouldn’t be. corresp. to Tib. gsol. I did not find these equivs. in Mdzod. LDEM (shing) wood, tree. Zhu, The Darma (etc.) word for ‘ask’ three times, although this is rhu, which seems to corres- could be a not-so-easily sepa- pond to Tib. zhu. rable part of the word or compound byung ldem. ZZH. ZB. ’DOD In Mdzod, ch. 6, ZZ mi ’dod, Humm1 498 & OZZ 11, says it with var. mi dod, corresp. to is equivalent to Tib. shing. Tib. mi skye. OZZ 45. The Note that Tib. ldem po means 130 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

‘flexible, bending.’ See byung ’og appears once in Mdzod, ldem. but with a different ZZ equiv. SDUM [1] Seems to occur in Mdzod Here it is obvious that the two with meaning ‘wife’ or Tibetan meanings result from ‘spouse.’ This needs more stu- confusion about the reading of dy. [2] May stand for the verb the Tibetan, and not genuinely ‘to be,’ Tib. yin. I think sdum different meanings in the ZZ. may be the more authentic Since only Tib. za ’og, not sa spelling, but see under sngum. ’og, appears in Mdzod, it [3] In one place in Mdzod it ap- would seem to be the more pears to corresp, to Tib. rmug, authentic meaning of the ZZ, ‘befuddled, benighted [mind],’ even if the ZZ na nam doesn’t with ZZ vars. sun & sngun. occur there. This ZZ form could have conceivably been a SDUN See lo sngun. ZZH. variant reading of the same SDO SE (’khon ’dzin) grudge. LZ passage. 125. This particular spelling NA NUB (sgrib pa) obscuration. not found in Mdzod. See under Mdzod, ch. 5. Notice na hu, sngo se, which would seem the below. better authenticated spelling. NA MUR MDZE (nad mur ’dzeg). SDOM See mi sdom. ZZH. Khro 90, line 7. Not in Zhu. I’m BRDEG (rgyob) beat! This seems not certain of it, but I believe mistaken, since brdeg is a form the Tib. may be translated, of the Tibetan verb rdeg pa ‘disease climbing up to the meaning ‘to beat.’ The impera- temples [at the side of the fore- tive ought to be spelled rdegs head].’ Perhaps the correct rather than brdeg. But then I reading is nad mur ’dze (as I suppose it could be the ‘same’ find in one version of the text), verb in ZZ… which could then be read as nad mur mdze, which probably means a particular form of leprosy. The syllable mur, q.v., is the usual ZZ for Skt. nāga, **NA** the spirit most frequently associated with leprosy. NA [1] “Locative” particle. See NA MO (phyag ’tshal) revere, ZZH 20. [2] (khra [the color salute {to prostrate}. ZZH. ZB. term, sometimes also spelled Zhu, once only. Sgra 123. This bkra]) variegated color. ZB. is not found in Mdzod, which NA GA (klu) nāga. Sgra 133. This has the usual ZZ gu dun hrun, does not appear in Mdzod, and but even that only once, in its neither does it appear in Zhu. opening homage. This is a clear This is a clear Sanskritism; the Sanskritism. real ZZ word that corresp. to NA RA [1] (nar mo) oblong. ZB. [2] Tib. klu is rather ZZ mur, q.v. name of a country of nāgas. LZ NA NAM [1] (za ’og) glossy silk 127. This is based in the comm. cloth. ZZH. Zhu, once only. [2] vocab. (sa ’og) underground. Humm1 501. OZZ 15. Nishi 21. Tib. za Zhangzhung Dictionary 131

NA RA KAN (mna’ bskyal ba) to homonyms suggest that the ZZ swear an oath. LZ 127. Not originally only had one of the found in Mdzod. two meanings, not both. I suggest that meaning 2, which NA SANGS KYIN (ye sangs rgyas) anyway occurs twice in primordially Buddhaized. Ma Mdzod, is the original. 212. See under ma sangs. NAM LI [1] (rim pa bzhin) gra- NA HU (sdig sgrib) obscurations dually, by stages. LZ 129. [2] due to sins. LZ 127. This (gnas pa) dwelling, abiding. LZ spelling not in Mdzod. See na 129. nub, above. NAM LU [1] (gnas) place, country. *NANG See ni nang. ZZH. ZZH. Zhu, several times. Sgra NAN (yang dag pa) perfect, correct. 126. (gnas pa) dwelling, LZ 128. abiding. ZB. [2] (gnas yul) country of residence. ZZH. ZB. *NAM See na nam, nu nam, phyi Zhu, once. (gnas yul, sdod nam. gnas) area of residence, resi- NAM [1] (rnams) a plural suffix. dence. LZ 129. OZZ 45. [3] See ZZH 17. ZB. OZZ 13. Plu- (longs spyod) wealth and lei- rality seems rarely to be sure, endowments, capital. marked in ZZ. [2] In one place Sgra 128. This equiv. does oc- in Zhu this syllable stands for cur several times in Mdzod, ch. Tib. gnas, and might in that 7, but elsewhere, in ch. 1, it is particular case be a shortened ZZ li lo, q.v., that corresp. to version of ZZ nam lu. ZB gives Tib. longs spyod. [4] (spyod the Tib. as gnas, ‘place.’ [3] yul) sphere of activity. Sgra (byas) made. ZB. [4] (nang) in- 128, 130. But observe that these side. ZB. [5] (yul) country, last two meanings are based on sense sphere. ZB. ZZH. Zhu. inaccurate readings of Mdzod, ch. 7. In Mdzod we find Tib. NAM CI (gnas kyi) of the place. equivs. gnas, ‘place’; gnas Mdzod, ch. 2. skabs, ‘opportunity’; grong, NAM MU (gnas) place. ZZH. YN ‘village’; yul (in sense of an no. 199. Nam lu is the spelling objective realm of a sense that appears in Mdzod; always faculty); dbang po’i yul (ditto). so in Zhu. Should be corrected NAM LU SHEL (shes bya’i gnas to nam lu. lugs, rang bzhin) nature or NAM ZHI (rang bzhin) nature. way of abiding of knowable Mdzod, where this equiv. oc- objects. LZ 129. curs only once. Not in Zhu. LZ *NAR See snyu nar ju ci. ZZH. 129. NAS Ablative suffix. See ZZH 20. NAM RAN [1] (spyod pa) deed, action. ZZH. Zhu, twice. ZB. *NI See cug ni, ba ni ne ra, ming ni, [2] With Tib. equiv. dpyod pa, lung ni, shin ni. ZZH. ‘investigation, probing, resear- NI [1] (mi) man, human being, ching, diagnosing,’ it is 51st of people. Humm2 13, et passim. the 51 mental states in Mdzod. Discussed in ZZQ 5. ZZH. (dpyod pa) investigation. LZ Zhu. ZB. Matisoff 159. LZ 129. 129. OZZ 45. The two Tibetan See OZL 56, with the so-called 132 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

“Old Zhangzhung” equivalent NI NA (nang) inside. ZB. See the given as mi. OZZ 77, 88. [2] following. (gnyis) two. See ne, which must be the more correct spel- NI NANG (nang snod) interior ling when used with this receptacle, vessel. ZZH. Zhu, meaning. OZZ 13, 77. [3] once only. In Mdzod, ZZ ni Genitive ending. See ZZH 20. nang spu gung seems equiv. to OZZ 70-71, although at p. 92 Tib. nang gi snod, although its use as a suffix is explained rather doubtful. Still, see LZ differently. [4] Particle of em- 129, which finds it to be phasis. See ZZH 21. I believe correct. this is a Tibetan way of under- NI NAM [1] (mi rnams) people, standing of the ZZ, one that is humans. Sgra 133, 135. Zhu, probably invalid. [5] (las) deed several times, but in one pas- [?], from [?]. Sgra 129. [6] sage of rather doubtful ‘au- (bstan pa) teaching. Sgra 129. thenticity.’ It does occur once, [7] (nas) the ablative ending. with var. ti nam, in Mdzod. [2] Sgra 129. [8] (gyis) instrumen- (mi yul) human realm. ZB. See tal suffix. Sgra 130. [9] (sdem) under ni nub. bundle [?]. Sgra 130. [10] (rgyu) cause [?]. ZB. [11] (nub) NI NUNG =ni tud. Also, ni mun. west. Sgra 132. Humm1 519. OZZ 38, 88. This particular spelling not found in NI CI (pe’u ste bsam se’u) the most Mdzod, and not in Zhu. mysterious internal organ in Tibetan medicine, the bsam NI NUB (nub) west, western. ZZH. se’u. It has been variously Occurs a few times in Mdzod, identified. LZ 129. This is once with var. ni nam. See also based on a reading of the LZ 129. In Zhu, in one place comm. vocab., where obvious- the Tib. is nub, in yet another, ly pe’u and se’u are alternative nub nub. readings of the same syllable, NI NE RA (nub padma) [in the] due to their close similarity in west [the] lotus. Sgra 136. This cursive script. phrase not in Zhu, neither NI CU (nyi shu) twenty. ZZH. Zhu, could I locate it in Mdzod. ZZ once. LZ 129. ne ra, q.v., has several distinct meanings. NI TUD Equiv. to ni mun. LZ 129. NI MIN (gnyis med) not two, NI DU See ni dud. nondual. ZZH. We do not find NI DUD (gti mug) gloom, darkness, this in Mdzod, although ZZ ni ignorance. ZZH. Zhu, once min does occur there (with only. Sgra 128. Also, ni du. different meanings, twice). Humm1 513. OZZ 30, 77. NI MUN (gti mug) ignorance. See Humm2 13. Ni mun, ni tud, ni LZ 129. Dark region, meaning nud, ni dud, ni du are variants the west. OZZ 45. of this word, equiv. to Tib. gti mug, ‘basic ignorance,’ in NI WI TI (zhal zas) food [hon.], Mdzod, but ni dud occurs with offerings [to gods], tormas. See greater frequency than any of LZ 130. the others. It is 23rd in the list of 51 mental states. Zhangzhung Dictionary 133

NI YAR (mi min) a group of gods NU (mu) boundary, border. or demons; literally, the non- Matisoff 159. OZZ 88. human ones. ZZH. ZB. In the NU CI [1] (mu med) boundless, single occurrence in Zhu, the limitless. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, twice. Tib. is spelled mi men. Pro- Ma mig (with variants) is the bably identical to Tib. mi ma ZZ equiv. to Tib. mu med yin, a rather vague term for all found in Mdzod. OZZ 40, but diembodied spirits/gods. Oc- her spelled ZZ mu ci, corresp. curs once in Mdzod, but with to Tib. mtha’ yas. [2] (khyab somewhat doubtful equivalent. pa) pervading, covering. See This needs closer study. LZ 130. OZZ 45. NI YE Equiv. to ZZ rni par, q.v. See NU NAM THI GTING (mtha’ dbus) LZ 130. center and circumference. ZB, NI SUM (gnyis) two. See LZ 130. which also gives the alternative YN no. 120. Correct spelling spelling ZZ nu naṃ zi gting. ought to be ZZ ne sum. NU NIG (nang gi) of the inside, *NIG See du mig nig, ma nig, shu inner. Mdzod, ch. 5. OZZ 91. nig. ZZH. NU NING (nang) inside. See LZ NIG (rtogs pa) understanding, 130. Occurs in Mdzod. realization. See LZ 130. NU NING HA TAN (nang stong) NIG ZHI (’khrig pa’i) of sex, sexual. inner emptiness. OZZ 45. Mdzod, ch. 8. Mdzod, ch. 13. *NING See dhing ning, ma ning da NU LA (’bum) one hundred thou- ra, ma ning gzhi, ming ning, yo sand. See LZ 130. ning. ZZH. NU SHA Evidently corresp. to Tib. NING [1] (med khams) realm of thigs pa, ‘drop,’ in the title nonexistence. ZB. [2] OZZ 88, supplied in Jean-Luc Achard, takes it to be equiv. to Tib. Le Tantra des Vingt-Deux Perles ming, ‘name,’ or ming [po], de l’Esprit de Parfaite Purete: Un ‘brother.’ The meaning ‘bro- exemple d’intertextualité entre ther’ may at least be justified in les traditions Bon po et rNying some passages in Mdzod. See ma pa, Cahiers d’Extrême-Asie, ming ning, hring ning. vol. 15 (2005), p. 81. This spel- NIL (lding) float, soar. ZZH. Zhu, ling not found in Mdzod, nei- once only. We do not find this ther is it in Namgyal Nyima’s equiv. in Mdzod. dictionary. *NIS See cu nis. ZZH. NUNG NI (nub pa) setting [of the sun], decline. Sgra 127. Occurs NIS (gnyis) two. See LZ 130. YN once in Mdzod, ch. 5, perhaps 134. explainable as a transposed NIS CU TSE (nyi shu) twenty. ZZH. version of ni nub? Not in Zhu. This is based on one proble- NUB See ni nub. ZZH. matic entry in Zhu, where ni shu is a correction to bcu gnyis, *NE See khu ne, cu ne, ting ne, thar ‘twelve.’ tse na, mu ne, rtsal ne, sum ne, ag ne. ZZH. 134 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

NE [1] (me) fire. ZZH. Zhu. ZB. clear in several instances in Sgra 132. Matisoff 159. Nishi Mdzod. [2] (me) fire. See LZ 23. See LZ 130. YN no. 73. 130. Discussed in ZZQ 5. OZZ 88, NE CU SNIS (nyi su rtsa bdun) has a discussion on cognates. twenty-seven. See LZ 131. This See OZL 55 & PSD 162, with occurs once very clearly in the so-called “Old Zhang- Mdzod. zhung” equivalent given as pu; NE CU BING NGA (gnyis bcu bzhi) Tib. me, meaning ‘fire.’ [2] twenty-four. ZZH. The Tibetan (gnyis) two. ZB. See also ni. [3] supplied here is quite a strange (mi) man, human. Sgra 126. version for what ought to be But the correct spelling for the Tib. nyi shu rtsa bzhi, ‘twenty- word with this meaning four.’ Mdzod, with ZZ var. ne should be ZZ ni, not ne. [4] cu bi nga. (drod) warmth. OZZ 45. See ni. [5] In Zhu we may see that it NE CHUNG SAD Name of a queen sometimes serves for a genitive of Zhangzhung. See LZ 131. suffix, like ni, and may have NE NYI (me yi bcud las grub pa’i still other usages. nyi ma) the sun that was made NE KHRI (’bras bu) effect, fruit. See from the essence of fire, fire LZ 130. OZZ 45. being the essence of the sun. See LZ 131. From the first lines NE GE REG SU (mi bdud khrag of Mdzod, ch. 6. mgo) name of a god or demon. ZZH. ZB spells it ne ge reg pu. NE TING [1] (me tog) flower. Sgra {Note that reg is probably 136. I do not find any ZZ connected to Sanskrit rakta, equiv. for Tib. me tog in although it could also have Mdzod. This spelling not in genuine TB roots, I suppose.} Zhu. [2] (sgron ma) lamp. OZZ The name might be glossed, 40. When ZZ ne ting occurs in ‘human deluder blood head.’ Mdzod it corresp. to Tib. me Not found in Mdzod, and ZZ chu, ‘fire [&] water.’ ne ge does not appear there as NE TING PHYOD LAM (mar me’i a discrete word. In Zhu, the ’od gsal ba) the light of the single actual occurrence of this butter lamp. See LZ 131. name, it is possible to read ne ge reg pu — a reading it shares NE TING SHAG (btsan gyi mo rigs, with ZB — which would cer- btsan bza’) the female of the tainly seem more correct. btsan spirits, wife of a btsan spirit. See LZ 131. NE RGYUNG (me yi lha) fire god. The Tib. may of course also be NE NUR TI CU (me ma mur) name spelled me lha, and could, in of a hell, one characterized by either form, be a calque of Skt. blazing embers. Mdzod, ch. 5. Agnideva. See LZ 130. See NE SPUNGS (me tog gi rigs shig) a under ag ne. type of flower. See LZ 131. This NE RGYUD AR (me dpung bsregs) spelling not in Mdzod. burned in a bonfire. ZB. NE BAR (me ’bar) blazing fire. ZB. NE CU [1] (nyi shu) twenty. ZB. See This spelling not in Mdzod. LZ 130. YN no. 115. This is Zhangzhung Dictionary 135

NE SBRAM TING (rin po che’i rigs heroic letters, or a seed syllable shig) a type of jewel. See LZ for fire… 131. NE RAM SHAG Equiv. to ne ting NE MIN (gnyis med) not two, shag. See LZ 132. nondual. ZB. NE RI (me’i drod) warmth of fire. NE TSHANGS (sgron me) lamp. See LZ 131. See LZ 131. NE RU (me ri) fire mountain. See NE WER RO (btsan gyi rgyal po) LZ 132. king of the btsan spirits. See LZ NE RUD (me dpung) fire heap. 131. ZZH. Not found in Mdzod. NE ZHI [1] (me drod) fire warmth. Zhu, once only. ZB reads ne See LZ 132. [2] (srid pa chags rung. pa) the coming into being of NE LEN (sreg pa’i lcags kyu) a the universe, cosmogony. See burning hook, a hook used in LZ 132. fire rite. See LZ 132. NE RA [1] (me long) mirror. Zhu, NE SA RA (me tog gi rigs shig) a once. ZB. OZZ 88. [2] (padma) type of flower. See LZ 132. lotus. Humm1 501. OZZ 15. NE SUM [1] (gnyis pa) second, of Zhu, once, or perhaps twice. two. ZZH. Zhu. Sgra 130. [2] [3] (me tog) flower. Sgra 132, (gnyis yod) there are two. Sgra 136. ZB. Zhu, once, although 128. [3] (gsum) three. Zhu, problematic. See padma ne ra. once. ZB. See LZ 132. YN no. [4] (me) fire. See LZ 131. In 121. In Mdzod, this is quite Mdzod, ZZ ne ra, var. ne ri, complicated, sometimes mean- appears to be the genitive of ing ‘two, second’ and at other Tib. me, i.e., Tib. me’i; it does times ‘three,’ with still other not occur with any other meanings. Of course, as is so meanings besides ‘fire’ — Tib. often the case, the contra- me, ‘fire,’ or, Tib. drod ’dzin, dictions may well have resul- ‘holding heat’ — and there is ted from scribal attempts to no ZZ equiv. supplied therein correct the manuscripts… I be- for Tib. me long, ‘mirror.’ For lieve the meaning ‘two’ has the use in larger expressions, see greater chance of being valid. the following entries and also ba ni ne ra. ZZH. NE SUM CU RTSE TEL SUM (sum cu rtsa gsum) thirty-three. NE RA GANG (padmo’i gling) ZZH. Zhu, once only. This lotus island, lotus park. ZB. exact spelling not in Mdzod, NE RA’I GANG (padma’i gling) although we do find ZZ ne lotus island. ZZH. Zhu, once sum cu tse ti sum & ne sum cu only. Not in Mdzod. tsi ti sum, with the meaning NE RAM (tsha zhing; i.e., tsha or ‘thirty-three.’ tsha bo) hot. Sgra 130. We do NE SLA (sa) earth. We find this as not find this spelling in equiv. of Tib. sra byed, ‘make Mdzod, and not in Zhu. It’s solid,’ in Mdzod, but in one interesting, since ne ought to other passage that doesn’t be ZZ for ‘fire,’ while ram supply any Tib. equiv. it seems would seem to be one of the 136 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

to mean ‘earth’ as one of the GNAS (dmu dho, dmu rdo?) five elements. See ne slas. boundary stone (?). Sgra 133 NE SLAS (sa) earth, ground. Zhu, {this entry extremely question- once only. See LZ 132. See ne able}. [D]mu dho is rather the sla. ZZ, while gnas should be the NE SLAS DOG LA (sa yi gzhi ma; Tib. translation. However, nam perhaps to be read: sa yi gzhi lu is the usual ZZ word for la?) earthly residence. But from ‘place’ found many times in the context in Zhu, it means Mdzod. We do not find ‘[on] the surface of the earth.’ anything like this in Zhu. Tib. ZZH. Zhu, once only. This ZZ dmu rdo is a wellknown name dog does remind us of the of a Bön holy place in Gyalmo- same syllable in Tib. sa dog, rong. This place name is some- ‘compacted earth,’ although times spelled Dmu to, or, Mur some interpret the Tib. phrase rdo. as meaning ‘narrow earth.’ *RNA See ge rna ga min. ZZH. NE SLAS SAD WER (sa yi rgyal RNA GA See ran ga. mo) queen of earth. See LZ 132. RNAM (rnams) part {plural NEL (ljang) green. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, ending}. OZZ 90. I have not once only. {Note nīra, a noticed evidence for this else- Khotanese word meaning where, so I doubt it very much. ‘water’ and nil, meaning ‘river, RNI GYAD [1] (’bras bu) goal, fruit lake’}. Nīla is Skt. for ‘blue.’ {but this is mistaken, and This would seem to be a should be removed}. Sgra 129. Sanskritism, therefore. The [2] (brgyad pa) eighth. Sgra word for ‘green’ in Mdzod 130. The equivalence with Tib. appears to be simply “i”, and ’bras bu is a mistake, based on neither nel nor nil occur there. a reading of Mdzod, but sni This word does not seem to gyad, rni gyad, is very frequent relate to vocabulary of other in Mdzod for Tib. brgyad [pa], TB languages. Tamot 16, gives ‘eight[h].’ vāngu in Newar and *ngow for Tibeto-Burman. RNI CE (bdun pa) seventh. Sgra 130. This particular spelling NES SUM (bcu gnyis) twelve. Sgra does not occur in Mdzod. ZZ 128. This occurs in Mdzod as a sni ci and sni tsi do occur, but var. for ne sum, q.v., which the “ci,” like the “tsi,” would means ‘two,’ and would seem seem to be an ending. ZZ sni be the more correct form. The tse is the spelling in Zhu. correct ZZ meaning ‘twelve’ ought to be ZZ ne chu, or, cu RNI PAR (’gro ba mi) the animate ne sum, the latter form much being [known as] human. See better substantiated, to judge LZ 134. from passages in Mdzod. RNI MO (mchog ldan) having the NO Nominal particle. See ZZH 16. supreme, possessed of the best. Sgra 132. We do not find this *NOM See nyug nom, nyum nom, or any other equiv. of Tib. mung nom. ZZH. mchog ldan in Mdzod, and *NOL See mung nol. ZZH. neither do we find it in Zhu. Zhangzhung Dictionary 137

RNING CI See under hin ci. This SNI THA GYIN (tshe dpag med) spelling appears in Mdzod immeasurable life, limitless only once. life. Sgra 126. In Mdzod, this RNIR Equiv. to rnil. See LZ 134. YN equivalence is problematic. no. 80.1. SNI TSI See under sne tse. RNIL (gangs) glacier. See LZ 134. SNI TSE [1] (bdun pa) seventh, of YN no. 80.1. seven. ZZH. Compare rni ce. RNIL ZHI (gangs) glacier. See LZ OZZ 57. [2] (mdung) spear. ZB. 134. In the one occurrence in See LZ 137. This 2nd meaning Mdzod, it surely appears that, seems entirely based on the the Tib. corresp. being gangs comm. vocab. kyi, the syllable ZZ zhi would SNI ZHI SLA SAD (sa bdag gnyan have to be a genitive suffix. sde) community of gnyan & RNIL RWANG (gangs ri) snow or earth lords. ZZ var. sla zhi sla glacier mountain. ZZH. YN sad. Mdzod, ch. 5. nos. 79, 80.1. Zhu, where spel- SNI LA (bdun pa) seventh. See LZ lings rnil rang & snil rang also 137. appear. ZZ rnil rbad, rnil SNIL TSHIL (mi sngon po) blue rwang, are variants in the only person. See LZ 137. Mdzod passage where this occurs. See snil rang, snil rwang. SNIL RANG (gangs ri) snow or glacier mountain. Same as rnil RNIL RANGS (gangs ri) glacier rwang & snil rwang, q.v. ZZH. mountain. ZB. This spelling Zhu. YN no. 79. (gangs ri, ke la not in Mdzod. sha) glacier mountain, Kailash. RNIS GYAD (bstan pa) teaching. Sgra 126. This particular Sgra 133. This is certainly a spelling not found in Mdzod. mistake, very probably based SNIL RWANG (gangs ri) snow or in a misreading of a passage in glacier mountain. ZZH. Zhu. Mdzod. See sni gyad. See rnil rwang, snil rang. SNA GA (dngos po) thing, SNIS (bdun) seven. ZZH. Zhu. substance, object. ZB. Compare Humm2 13. OZZ 77. See LZ rna ga, ran ga. 137. YN no. 117. YN 134. SNI (bdun) seven. ZZH. ZZ snel, Discussion in ZZQ 7, which snes & snis are spellings in says that among all the TB Zhu. Matisoff 164. In the Pyu languages Tib. bdun is the inscriptions, hni may mean eccentric word for ‘seven’… a either ‘seven’ or ‘two.’ In Tibetan innovation? See sni, Kachin, senit; Old Chinese snes. *shnyit. SNIS GYER (drug) six. See LZ 137. SNI GYAD [1] (brgyad, brgyad pa) This does occur once in eight, eighth, of eight. ZZH. Mdzod, but only one of 4 YN no. 125. See rni gyad. [2] different vars. This simply (’bras bu) fruit. Sgra 136. This must mean seven, or eight, but 2nd meaning is certainly a most definitely not six. mistake. See under rni gyad. SNIS CU (bdun cu) seventy. ZZH. Zhu. ZB. 138 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

SNIS TSE (bdun) seven. See LZ 137. of spirits… ZZ vars. are ba ci, sa ci, ba cis. ghosts, spirits. SNU (snod) vessel, container. Mdzod. [2] This spelling not in Matisoff 172 & Nishi 20, where Zhu, although we do find sa we find the translation ‘blood cis, for Tib. ming po, ‘brother.’ vessel,’ have this spelling, as There is a word “pie,” also does ZB, but the true and well spelled pye or pi, in Byangsi attested reading is most surely and another word “pu” in Dar- ZZ sbu, q.v. ma, both meaning ‘brother.’ SNU KUN (phyi snod) external Darma pū, ‘brother.’ MSB 127. vessel [world]. See LZ 137. This ZZ pa ci does bear a general resemblence to the IE- SNU TUR (sdig pa) sin, nonvirtue. related Tocharian words for See LZ 137. ‘brother’ (A pracar, B procer). SNE TSE (mdung) lance, spear. If related somehow, this would ZZH. Zhu, where the reading make the ZZ word of possible is actually sni tse, q.v. Sni tsi in Indo-European origin. Mdzod, but only in the comm. PA CI DHING NING (lcam dral) vocab. Sni tse occurs in Mdzod, brother and sister. Mdzod. This ch. 2, in a list of weapons, exact phrase not in Zhu, where although it is odd that the we find rather ZZ sa cis dhing Tibetan version of this line ning for Tib. ming po sring mo. doesn’t exist. The more correct way of SNE TSHIL (mi sngon po) blue reading ZZ dhing ning would person. See LZ 137, where it is be ZZ hring ning. not actually marked as being PA CI HRING (sku bltams pa) to ZZ, although it must be if snil give birth (to a child, son?). See tshil, q.v., is ZZ. LZ 139. I think it actually SNEL (bdun) seven. ZZH. ZB, also means ‘to be born, to take with variant spelling snes. This birth’ [hon.]. spelling not in Mdzod. See sni, PA CIM (ming po) brother. See sa snis, snes. cis. ZZH. ZB. This is simply a SNES (bdun) seven. ZZH. Zhu. mistaken reading of Zhu, This is just an odd spelling of where we read ZZ sa cis, ZZ snis, and snis must be which of course could be ZZ regarded as the normal spel- pa cis. See under pa ci, above. ling. See sni, snis, snel. This entry ought to be removed.

PA TA GYI GRAN (lhan du skyes

pa’i gdon) a dön spirit that **PA** accompanied one from birth. See LZ 139. Not in Mdzod. PA [1] Nominal particle. See ZZH PA TA MA NU (klu) nāga. See LZ 22. [2] See u pa bhye ye he. 139. Not in Mdzod. ZZH. PA TA YA (phyag ’tshal) revere, PA CI [1] (gshin bu, gdon bgegs, dri salute {prostrate}. ZZH. ZB. za, klu bdud, sa bdag) five Not in Mdzod. Occurs four names for five different types times in Zhu. See LZ 139. This Zhangzhung Dictionary 139

is evidently Indic, from the Skt. PAD (lpags) skin, fur, pelt. ZZH. root pat, meaning ‘to fall Sgra 132, where the Tib. is down’ [in prostration]. The spelled pags. Matisoff 171. ‘true’ ZZ for this action is gu (pags pa) skin. See LZ 139. YN dun hrun, ‘to bow down in 136 & no. 20. Not found in reverence.’ Mdzod. In Zhu, it seems that PA TA YE (skar ma sa ga) the Saga ZZ pad stands for Tib. srog constellation. See LZ 139. lpags [corrected to lpags], PA TI YA (skar ma me bzhi) the meaning ‘animal hide,’ while Four Fires constellation. See LZ ZZ bad corresponds to Tib. 139. pags pa, which must mean ‘human skin.’ {In Hebrew, bad PA DE SMU YA (tshul khrims) means ‘[woven] cloth, fabric, behaviour, moral law, mo- [painting] canvas.’} Pad [or nastic law. ZZH. Zhu. ZB. bad] is the preferable spelling, Compare sa de tsu mu. The not sad. Byangsi has be, ‘skin,’ readings in Mdzod are sa de spelled bhai in GSB 88. Darma sma ye and sa de smra ye, and & Chaudangsi bai, with Byang- they seem to corresp. to the si bhai. MSB 146, 212. See bad, Tib. phrase tshul khrims sad. nyams zhing, which means a ‘decline in moral discipline.’ In PAD MA [i.e. padma] (mo mtshan) the single occurrence in Zhu, it the female gender sign. ZZH. corresp. to Tib. tshul khrims ZB. Zhu, twice. Humm1 498. nyams, with the same OZZ 11. Sgra 132. This is meaning. Tibetan, and even then no more than a borrowing from PA RI (skar ma nam gru) the Sky Sanskrit padma [‘lotus’], is not Boat constellation. See LZ 139. really ZZ, and is not found in PA RU (dmar po) red. See LZ 139. Mdzod as such. Stein 242. This YN no. 163. The ZZ word entry ought to be removed. found in Mdzod with the PANTA HRI TSE (mkhas pa dpal meaning ‘red,’ is mang, q.v. chen) the great and venerable PA SHANG (dbang sdud) connect wise man. ZZH. Zhu. This is or unite power and influence not in Mdzod, and would {gathering under [one’s] seem, like the following, to be power}. ZZH. Zhu, twice. ZB. just a Tibetanized — or in this Did not locate the particular particular case in part Zhang- spellings in Mdzod. This word zhung-ized — form of Indic occurs in the seal of the paṇḍita, ‘pundit.’ The same Zhangzhung king[s]. See holds for the following entries. Chögyal Namkhai Norbu, The PANTI (mkhas pa) wise, learned. Light of Kailash, tr. by Donatella ZZH. Zhu. Rossi, Shang Shung Institute (Merigar 2009), vol. 1, p. 163. PANTI TA (mkhas pa) wise, learned. ZZH. Zhu. PANG LGYUNG (mngon rtogs) clear understanding. See LZ PANTI TA YA (mkhas pa’i tshogs) 139. assembly of sages. ZZH. Zhu. *PAD See sam pad. ZZH. 140 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

PANTRI (mkhas pa) wise, learned. ‘head’ is pusu. Darma pixya, ZZH. ZB, but here spelled paṇ ‘head.’ DGD 583. Byangsi has tri. Zhu. Sgra 124. Stein 242. pusyā, ‘head.’ See OZL 56, with the so-called “Old Zhang- PAN TRI TA PA (mkhas pa’i zhung” equivalent given as go; mchog) the best sage {the best Tib. mgo, meaning ‘head.’ [2] among the learned ones}. Zhu. (zangs) copper. See LZ 140. ZZH. Darma pho, ‘copper.’ DGD 582. *PAR See ci par, ti par. Byangsi phū, ‘copper.’ GSB 81 & MSB 135. Note pu tal, pu PAR NI KHA SHON (me tog rigs tho, pu mar, phu, below. [3] shig) a type of flower. See LZ (’bum phrag) one hundred 140. Not located in Mdzod. thousand. See LZ 140. Al- *PI See ra pi. ZZH. though I believe it is irrelevant here, the so-called ‘Old Zhang- PI [1] Genitive ending. See ZZH 20. zhung’ word for ‘fire’ is pu. [2] An alternative, but proba- PSD 163. bly less correct, spelling for ZZ bi, ‘four,’ q.v. PU TA RA (mgo) head. See LZ 140. YN no. 13, along with the very PI COD (log spyod) wrong actions, mysterious dung mtsho, which counterproductive practices. in fact is listed in LZ 111 as a Sgra 133. Although ZZ cod Tibetan term for the brain, lit. does correspond to Tib. spyod, ‘conch lake.’ this entry seems otherwise doubtful. It would seem to be PU TAL Equiv. to pu mar, ‘copper.’ based on a misconstrual of See LZ 140. some alternative reading of PU THO (zangs kyi mtshams tho) this passage that appears in copper retreat marker [copper Zhu: ZZ wer som cod, which is boundary marker?]. See LZ 140 glossed by Tib. ’dod log spyod, where it is not actually marked ‘act on wrong desires.’ as Zhangzhung, although I PING NGA (bzhi) four. Sgra 128. think it ought to be. This is a slight misspelling for PU PHRO (do tsol) searching or bing nga, evidently. It does looking for the pair (?). ZZH. occur once as a var. spelling in YN no. 149. Could not locate in Mdzod. Not in Zhu. Mdzod. In Zhu, I find ZZ su *PU See tha yud pu rad. ZZH. phro, evidently corresponding to Tib. do tsam [perhaps to be PU [1] (mgo) head. Zhu, three read: mdo tsam, ‘a little bit’?], times, or more. ZB. See LZ 140. but this is problematic, since it See under reg su. (’go) cover, must in the context have a head [?]. Bru II 290, line 5. meaning that is close to the (mgo) head. Sgra 132. This meanings of the preceding seems to appear with vars. words, and these have phud, bud, etc., at least twice meanings like ‘lack of faith,’ in Mdzod. Occurs once as a and ‘uncertainty.’ Therefore I var. for ZZ phu. On Sino- am lead to suggest that the Tib. cognates of Tib. dbu, ‘head,’ do tsol might be explained as a see Cobl 92 and Stein 254. scribal deformation of Tib. the Matisoff 169. Rongpo for tshom, ‘doubt.’ Still, gyer shod Zhangzhung Dictionary 141

is the ZZ for Tib. the tshom hrang, that it may actually be that occurs in Mdzod. See su the ‘same’ word. phro. PU HRI (lus g.yon gyi rtsa dmar PU MAR (zangs) copper. See LZ po) the red vein on the left side 140. of the body. See LZ 141. PU TSA (mchod pa) offerings. See *PUD See ung pud. ZZH. LZ 140. I think this is a PUR CI See bur ci, sur ci. Sanskritism, for Skt. pūja. PUR LANG [1] (mgo bo) head. PU TSAM [1] (gtsug rgyan) crest ZZH. Zhu, once only. Matisoff ornament. ZB. (gtsug) crest. 169. [2] In Mdzod, ch. 5 and in OZZ 45. [2] (spyi bo) top of the still other works listed in head. See LZ 141. See sbu tsam. Namgyal Nyima’s dictionary, PU TSUN = na chud. Humm1 519. in the ‘epithet’ tsang ri pur OZZ 38. In a single passage in lang, it seems to corresp. to Mdzod, na cud and pu tsun & Tib. mig, ‘eye,’ but perhaps this spu cu are variants, corresp. to is a more or less metaphorical Tib. gling chung, ‘small conti- expression meaning something nent,’ apparently. The ZZ cor- like ‘head of the nerves.’ And resp. to Tib. gling chung in from context it ought to be, or Zhu is spre cung. at least contain, the name of an PU RAD (nor bu) jewel. ZB. internal bodily organ. See LZ Evidently a combination of one 141, which defines it as Tib. syllable from Tib. nor bu and mig rtsa, ‘eye vein,’ or Tib. one syllable from Skt. ratna; in klad pa’i rtsa, ‘brain vein.’ Tibeto-ZZ, Skt. ratna may be PUS PAM (me tog cig) a flower. See spelled rad na. LZ 141. A clear Sanskritism, PU RI (kun gzhi) all basis. ZB. See from puṣpaṃ. LZ 141. See su ri. PE BRAG (srog gcod) take life, kill. PU RI KA LA (kun gzhi ma g.yos) ZZH. YN no. 188. ZB spells it unmoved basis of all. OZZ 45. pa brag. In Zhu, this might be See under su ri ka la. read se brag. This is doubtful. ZZ prag se, var. brag se [note PU LI (dbang thang) prosperity, the inversion of syllables], is flourishing, good fortune. See the spelling found in Mdzod, LZ 141. See phung ne. in the single occurrence in ch. PU SHI (mgo skya rje) proper name 8. Discussion in ZZQ 5. meaning something like ‘pale PO YO [1] (glang) ox. Appears in head lord.’ It isn’t certain if the Khro bo rgyud drug. See LZ 141. passage is parsed correctly, so [2] From the context, one really this requires more study. must read the Tib. as klad, Mdzod. Name of a being. Not ‘brain,’ instead of glang, ‘ox.’ in Zhu. Thereby the first meaning is PU HANG (bsam legs) good entirely invalidated. thought. See LZ 141. This bears *PRA See ti pra, a pra. ZZH. a close enough resemblance to the name of Purang, ZZ pu PRA [1] (bral) lacking, divorced from, separated from, discon- nected {without}. Zhu, once 142 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

only. OZZ 89. ZB. [2] (phra) PRA MA (tshad med) immeasu- small, minute. This is not rable. ZZH. This would seem attested as an independent to be a devolved form of Skt. word in Zhu. [3] (phrag) a syl- āpramāna, ‘immeasurable,’ but lable that serves a function in in fact ZZH misread Zhu, numerical expressions. OZZ where it in reality corresp. to 89. It is used in Mdzod, with Tib. tshad ma — ‘logic, episte- var. phra, in numeric contexts, mology, syllogistic reasoning, to correspond to Tib. phrag. measure, standard, authority, This syllable has many usages etc’ — which is in Sanskrit pra- in Mdzod, but in most cases it māna. ZB has the misreading is just part of a larger 2-syllable Tib. tshang ma, ‘all’ instead of word. Tib. tshad ma. Does not occur PRA GYIN (khrag) blood. See LZ in Mdzod, and in any case 142. appears to be another of those PRA SGYUM DUB (phra rgyan dug Sanskritisms in Zhu. [i.e., phra rgyas dug]) minute PRA MA HA (shig) louse. ZB. to expanded poison. ZB. PRA MI (sro ma) nit of a louse. See PRA TAG (rmad byung) amazing, LZ 142. miraculous. Sgra 125. ZB. This PRA MIN (sro ma) nit of a louse. does not occur in Mdzod with OZZ 45. See bra min. this spelling, but bu tog, pra tog & bra tog do occur with PRA MO [1] (shig) one single {but this same meaning. ZZ su tog this is mistaken}. ZZH. In the is the once-only occurring spel- context in Zhu, it clearly means ling in Zhu. ‘louse,’ but there it is a standard unit of measure, and not PRA TI SI RA Or, pra ti sa ri (?). A the creature. Occurs in Mdzod place in Zhangzhung. See LZ with no other meaning than 142. ‘louse’ which is also a unit of PRA TOG See under pra tag. measure. [2] (phra ba) fine, PRA PHUD [1] (dbyug pa) minute. See LZ 142. See the brandish, swing. It may also be following entry. a noun, meaning ‘club, stick, PRA MO HA (shig) one single {but staff.’ ZZH. Zhu. ZB. [2] In this is a mistake; it means Mdzod, ch. 5, with var. bra louse}. ZZH. Zhu, once only. phung, it seems to correspond Khro 90, line 3. (shig, phra mo, to Tib. dbyug thogs, ‘wielder of pra mo {this is quite mis- the club,’ name of a being on leading}) — Humm1 501. OZZ the second level of the cosmic 15. See LZ 142. YN no. 56. This mountain. [3] (sku) body; this word truly means ‘louse.’ The obviously a slight error for ZZ ZZ word does not fit with pra phung, q.v. ZZH. Zhu, Tibeto-Burman names for this once only. Humm1 501. OZZ creature. It may appear to be 15. See LZ 142. [4] (rdo rje) Indic, but I could not come up vajra. See LZ 142. [5] (dbu with any remotely similar Skt. rgyan zhig) a head ornament, word for ‘louse.’ See under sra crown. See LZ 142. See under mo ha. mu khyung bra phud. Zhangzhung Dictionary 143

PRA TSE (sor tshigs) finger joint as PRI (’phel) increase. Mdzod, ch. 6, a unit of measure. Mdzod, ch. with var. bra. 6, with ZZ var. phran tse. See PRI KHRAM MA (dam sri mo) a LZ 142. OZZ 45. For related female oath vampire. See LZ words in TB, which support 142. the pr- imitial over the sr-, see Honda 108. YN no. 98, spelled PRI DI (yi dwags) hungry ghost. ZZ sra tse. See LZ 143. This, like the following, does bear a reason- PRA ZHI [1] (sgom gyi skabs lha able resemblance to Skt. preta, spro ba dang bsdu ba) to ‘hungry ghost.’ emanate and absorb the deities in the context of meditation. PRI DRI (mi ma yin gyi rigs shig) a See LZ 142. [2] (phra mo) fine, type of non-human. See LZ tiny. See LZ 142. 143. PRA SHA (shig gi sha) meat of a PRI TI (phrin las) activity [of an louse. See LZ 142. I think it Enlightened One]. Sgra 125. more likely it means lousy See LZ 143. Occurs once very meat, but anyway… clearly in Mdzod. (’phrin las) with same meaning. ZB. There PRA SE (srog gcod pa) to take life. is only one ZZ word for Tib. See LZ 142. See the following. ’phrin las in Zhu, and that is su PRAG SE (srog gcod) kill. Mdzod, ci, corrected to sur ci, but we ch. 8, where a ZZ var. brag se also find in Mdzod, pur ci, is also to be found. This could with var. bur ci. very well be read as srag pe, PRI PAR Equiv. to pri di. See LZ or, srag se. See under pe brag. 143. PRADZNYA (shes rab) absolute PRI TSAN (sems can) sentient wisdom {transcendent insight}. being. Sgra 134. Khri tsan is the ZZH. ZB. Sgra 124. (shes pa) most frequent equiv. of Tib. knowledge. ZZH. (shes rab, sems can, ‘sentient being,’ in shes pa) transcendent insight, Mdzod, while the present knowledge. Zhu, three times. spelling is not to be found Stein 242. This is one of those there. Neither is it in Zhu. See abundantly clear Sanskritisms, khri tsan, sri tsan, etc. the Skt. being prajñā. Not found in Mdzod. PRING RGYUD [1] (yi dwags) a group of demons {hungry PRAN (sor po) ? ZB. Perhaps Tib. ghosts}. ZZH. Zhu, once. See sor po is here a mistake for Tib. LZ 143. Mdzod, ch. 12, with ZZ sor mo, ‘finger.’ Byangsi lak- vars. phri rgyung, pri rgyud. pun or lakpan, ‘finger.’ GSB 99. [2] (brang) chest. ZZH. Zhu, See the following. once, but see under sring PRAN TSE (sor tshigs) finger joint. rgyud. The ZZ spelling pri ZB. I could not locate this pre- rgyung is also found in cise spelling in Mdzod, but Mdzod, with vars. spreng there is a passage with ZZ rgyud & bring rgyud, and with vars. pra tse, phran tse & bran Tib. equiv. yi dwags; the equi- tse. See pra tse, above. valence with Tib. brang is not found there. Nishi 18. Both 144 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

meanings are found in ZB. See SPUNG [1] (sdud) combine. OZZ under bring rgyud, sring 45. [2] (spungs) to unite, collect rgyud. {piled up}. OZZ 90. [3] At OZZ PRING RGYUS (rtsa, rgyud pa) 92, it is equated with Tib. vein, ligament {vein and liga- dbang, ‘importance, power.’ I ment?}. See LZ 143. am thinking that 1 and/or 2 PRING DUD (dud ’gro) animal. See might be correct, or 3 might be LZ 143. correct, but not all three. DPON GSAS (stong rgyud) ? ZZH. SPUNG KHOD (drug bstan) teach But I read the one occurrence six. Sgra 128. Intuitively, this in Zhu as Tib. stong rgyung, of seems based on a misreading uncertain meaning. (slob dpon, of Mdzod, where it often seems stong rgyud, ston rgyud?) ? to corresp. Tib. bstan pa. We Humm1 501. OZZ 14. (stong do not find it in Zhu. rgyung) ? Sgra 124. Not found SPUNG GYIN (ston pa) teacher. in the text of Mdzod. This Sgra 124. This spelling does not word dpon gsas is very much occur in Mdzod. Spungs kyin Tibetan, and as a ZZ term enti- occurs once in Zhu, with Tib. rely doubtful. As part of this equiv. ston pa, but a copyist argument we ought to note introduced the mistaken ZZ that, except for the Tib./ZZ ston kyin. See spungs gyin. syllable dmu, the prescript ‘d’ SPUNG SHE (dbang po) sense is practically nonexistent in ZZ faculty, power. See LZ 145. spellings. See under stong rgyung. SPUNG SE (gcod byed) cut making. Humm1 513. OZZ 30. Spung SPA (spa) hairdressing. ZZH. YN she[s], spungs shes are the no. 10. Highly questionable. In spellings found in Mdzod. fact, this is simply a mistake. In Zhu, ZZ & Tib. Spa is a family SPUNGS [1] (spungs) heaped up. name, as is quite clear from the ZZH. But this equivalence does context. It was a very impor- not actually occur in Zhu, so I tant family in Bon history. This do not know on what basis we syllable does not occur in the ought to believe it. [2] (ston pa) ZZ text of Mdzod. the Teacher Gshen rab {but it corresponds to “ston [pa]” on- SPU [1] (gser srang gcig la lo gsum ly, and does not stand alone in bsgrubs pa’i dzwa) a magical the text of Zhu}. ZZH. See LZ ‘bomb’ that takes three years to 146. prepare from a srang measure of gold. [2] See LZ 145, which SPUNGS KYIN (ston pa) teacher. also gives the meaning of See LZ 146. ‘animal hair,’ that being preci- SPUNGS KYIN NO (ston pa) sely what the Tibetan means. teacher. Mnyam 15. This is then used in YN no. 11, and see also no. 11.1, where SPUNGS GYIN (ston pa) teacher. spu is repeated with the Zhu. ZB. See spung gyin. meaning ‘feather.’ SPUNGS ZHI (dgongs pa) thought, SPU NI (yi dam) divine image of intention, etc. Sgra 135. This human perfection. See LZ 145. occurs in Mdzod, ch. 5. Nye lo Zhangzhung Dictionary 145

is the only ZZ corresp. to Tib. SPRE CUNG (gling chung) minor dgongs pa in Zhu. continent. Zhu, once only. See SPUNGS SO (ston pa) teacher. Sgra pu tsun. 123. Zhu, twice. ZB. See LZ SPRE TANG (gling chung) minor 146. This could not be found in continent. Mdzod, ch. 6. See LZ Mdzod. 148. SPUNGS SO SAD LA (ston pa lha SPRE ZHI (sprin pa) cloud. See LZ la) to the teacher deity. Sgra 148. YN no. 71. 136. Not found in Mdzod. We do not find this phrase in Zhu. SPRE LING (mtsho gling) island in a lake. ZZH. But this equiv. is *SPYOD See kho spyod. ZZH. based on a mistaken reading of SPRI LING (gling bzhi) four Zhu; spre ling is equiv. to Tib. continents Sgra 133. But this is gling only, and not to mtsho misleading, since in Zhu, the gling. Occurs several times in fuller ZZ phrase spre ling bing Mdzod with Tib. equiv. gling nga corresp. to Tib. gling bzhi. bzhi, but this is slightly incor- Hence, spri ling is for Tib. rect. OZZ 45, says it is equiv. to gling alone. Occurs, with the Tib. ’dzam gling. spelling spre ling, in Mdzod. SPRE LING BING (gling bzhi) the SPRIN (spros) emanated. Mdzod, four continents. See LZ 148. ch. 6, with ZZ var. brin. SPRE LENG (gling gi) of the SPRIN PHYO SANGS TI (brtan ma continent, continental. Sgra dgungs btang) name of a 135. See spre gling, spre ling. goddess or demoness. ZZH. This entry could be omitted. This should not be relied upon, SPREL RGYU Name of one of the since the line of Zhu on which minor continents in Mdzod, ch. it is based is quite confusing. 5. Compare spre rgyu. Did not find this in Mdzod. SPROS ’BAR (zab mo) deep, SPRE (gling) island, continent. profound. ZZH. Zhu, once ZZH. See LZ 148. This syllable only. This does not occur in does not normally stand alone, Mdzod, and it looks quite except in names of particular suspiciously ‘Tibetan,’ or a re- continents. Generally spre ling, sult of Tibetanizing tendencies. spre gling, corresp. to Tib. See Stein 238. gling, ‘continent.’

SPRE GLING (gling) island, continent. ZZH. Zhu. ZB. SPRE RGYU (gling phran zhig) a **PHA** minor continent/island. See LZ 148. Compare sprel rgyu. PHANG (khu rlangs, rlang) rainy SPRE LGYUM (lho gling gi g.yon mist, drizzle. ZZH. YN no. 80. gyi gling phran zhig) a minor Probably should always be continent located to the right of read as Tib. rlang[s], based on the southern continent. See LZ the testimony of ZB and the 148. several occurrences in Zhu, even though one of them reads 146 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

as rlung, and one might be read *PHUNG See rko phung, ring khu rlangs. Contrary to ZZH, it phung, du phung, ti phung. must mean ‘steam,’ or in order ZZH. to better fit the context, ‘fog, mist,’ that might be thick as PHUNG (phung po) aggregate, ‘soup,’ Tib. khu ba. Occurs in body. Sgra 132. (tshogs) assem- Mdzod. It also occurs in the bly, group. ZB. Could not jus- comm. vocab. as some unspe- tify this equiv. in Zhu, and it cified atmospheric phenome- seems suspicious. non. Stein 235. OZZ 54, has it PHUNG NE (dbang thang) prospe- as an equiv. for Tib. gzha’ rity, general wellbeing, luck. tshon, ’dza’ tshon, ‘rainbow,’ See LZ 150. See pu li. although this would seem to result from misparsing a pas- *PHUD See pra phud, li phud. sage in Mdzod. PHUN (’thung) drink. Mdzod, ch. PHANG ZHI (ma sgrib) undefiled, 9, with ZZ var. kung. unveiled, unobscured. Mdzod. PHUR THUR See thung yung. See LZ 149, although not mar- PHUR HRIM (phur pa) ritual peg, ked as a Zhangzhung word stake. See LZ 151. here, as it ought to be. PHO YANG (tho ba) hammer. PHAM KA (slag chen) great [fur] ZZH. ZB. Zhu, once. Not in cloak. With ZZ var. phan rka, Mdzod. See pho yi. in Mdzod, ch. 5. PHO YANG KHA RTSE (mi kha PHAL CIS (gyen thur) steep incline, dog dkar po) a white colored ups and downs. ZB. The source person. See LZ 151. The Tib. of this is in the comm. vocab. doesn’t seem to be a direct PHAL MAR KHO CHAR (za ’og translation of the ZZ. ber khyim) [Jambu Island is PHO YI (tho ba) hammer. See LZ like] a brocade ‘sitting bag.’ 151. Mdzod, ch. 2, with ZZ var. bam ling kha char. PHO LONG (gshang gi rigs shig) a type of the flat bell. See LZ 152, PHU [1] (’gegs) impede, stop up. where it is not marked as being Mdzod, ch. 8, with var. pu. [2] Zhangzhung. This word pho (zangs) copper. ZB. The Darma long has meanings as a Tibetan word for ‘copper’ is exactly word, also. phu, but spelled pho in GDG 582. See pu. PHYA [1] (yang, mkha’) wide- open, space. Humm1 513. OZZ PHU TAL (zangs dang lcags) 30. [2] (phyed) half. ZB. I have copper and iron. See LZ 148. doubts, especially about See phu. meaning 1. Darma has the PHU WER See dkyel phu wer. word phov[-mo], ‘[to] open,’ PHU LI (klu) nāga. See LZ 150. and phyai, ‘half.’ PHU LU (khur shing, khur rwa) a PHYA NGA (phyir ’ong) come carrying stick, carrying basket. back, return. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, See LZ 150. once only. ZZ var. phung ngo. Humm1 519. OZZ 38. Occurs Zhangzhung Dictionary 147

once in Mdzod with this spel- once only, and therefore lack- ling. Nishi 27. ing much basis. PHYA SANG (yangs pa) wide, ex- *PHYE See ti phye. ZZH. tensive. ZZH. Zhu, once only. PHYE NAM (phyi nang) outer and ZB Occurs once in Mdzod, but inner. ZB. See phyi nam. with different spellings phyo sang and phyo sangs. *PHYO See sprin phyo sangs ti. ZZH. PHYA SANGS (gsal, gsal ba) clear, bright, pure. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, PHYO [1] (’byam, ’byams) spread twice. ZB gives the Tib. as out. Humm1 513. OZZ 30. [2] sangs, ‘purified’; bar snang, (phyogs) side, direction. OZZ ‘atmosphere’; and yangs pa, 90, although I have not noticed ‘wide open.’ This equiv. occurs evidence for this elsewhere. in a few places in Mdzod, with Does not seem to occur in Zhu reference to the ‘clarity’ of as an independent word. See space/sky. In Mdzod, ch. 5, we phyo ye. find ZZ phya sangs equiv. to PHYO CI (don ’byor) investigate, Tib. ’jigs cing. find out {a close attention to *PHYI See ca ris cu phyi, ting phyi. the meanings of the words one ZZH. uses}. ZZH. Zhu, twice. This might be based on mistaken PHYI CI (phyi ma) later, after. See reading of Mdzod passage LZ 153. where phyo ci in fact corres- PHYI NAM (phyi) outer, outside. ponds to Tib. ’du byed, ‘com- See LZ 154. Here ZZ nam must posite, compound, imprint’; correspond to ZZ nam lu, one of the skandhas. ‘place.’ See phye nam. PHYO NYIL (brda sprod) [correct] PHYI NU (phyi nang) outer and use of words. Bon Dag 402, line inner. See LZ 154. 2. Did not find this in Mdzod, PHYING (klong) centre, middle. and not in Zhu. (brda sprod, ZZH. Zhu, twice, although brda sbyor ba) to make [cor- once spelled phyings, where it rect] use of words. See LZ 154. applies particularly to the Tib. brda’ sprod pa corresp. to ‘midst’ of the ocean; elsewhere Skt. vyākaraṇa. in Zhu, Tib. klong corresp. to PHYO YE (’byams yas) widely dif- ZZ mu le. This does not appear fused {spread out to the limit}. in Mdzod. See phyings. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, once only. Sgra PHYINGS (glong) centre, middle. 125. Occurs many times in ZZH, but this is just a bad Mdzod, at least once with var. reading of Zhu. Not in Mdzod. phyod ye. (’byams yas, mtha’ This entry should be removed. med pa) spread out to the See phying. limit, without end, with no horizon. See LZ 154. See phyod PHYINGS LA (klong la) in the ye. centre. ZB. PHYO RI (med pa) is no, is not, has PHYIR de phyir: (phyir rol [I read not. Sgra 126. Found, with var. phyi rol]) outside. ZZH. Zhu, phyi ri, in Mdzod, but only once; ma min is by far the more 148 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

usual ZZ equiv. for Tib. med Zhu, once only. Sgra 131. This pa. Not found in Zhu. equivalence occurs 3 times in PHYO SANG (gsal ba) clear, Mdzod, where it is 46th of the clarifying. See LZ 155. 51 mental states. Spelled phro hur in ZB. PHYO SANGS [1] (yangs pa) vast, expansive, wide open. Sgra PHRO THUN (las sbyor ram mtha’ 125. See LZ 155. [2] (gsal ’jug gi cho ga’i las) the rite of rdzogs) full clarity. Sgra 126. concluding a ritual. See LZ 155. [3] (nam mkha’) sky. See LZ I think this could very well be 155. [4] (rtse mo) peak. See LZ Tibetan, not Zhangzhung. The 155. Tib. yangs pa, gsal ba, gsal meaning of Tib. ’phro thun byed, gsal rdzogs & phyogs could be understood as ‘conti- bcu, ‘ten directions,’ all occur nuation session,’ or even, ‘con- as its equivs. in Mdzod. Occurs cluding session.’ only once in Zhu, in a very PHRO SANGS (rtse mo) peak. See problematic passage. See phya LZ 155. sang. PHRONG TSE (’khor ba) cycle of PHYOG =phyo. Humm1 519. OZZ existence, vicious circle. See LZ 38. This is just a var. reading, 155. and does not need to be taken ’PHANG (rlung) air, wind. ZB. too seriously. ’PHYO SMIN (mtha’ bral) without PHYOD YE (’byams yas) spread end. See LZ 156. out to the limit. Sgra 125. This spelling not in Zhu. See phyo ’PHYO SANGS SANG (sems kyi ye, of which this is a simple, gnas lugs rtogs pa) realizing and much less frequent, textual the nature of mind. See LZ 156. var. in Mdzod. PHRAN TSE See under pra tse. *PHRU See tshas phru. ZZH. **BA** *PHRUG See ci phrug. ZZH. PHRUM (dkar) white [as in the BA [1] (pha) father. ZZH. Zhu, only ‘three white foods’]. ZB. This once, in a citation of Mdzod occurs in the comm. vocab. in a [see under ba sdum]. ZB. list of foodstuffs, corresp. to Darma language ba, ‘father.’ [2] Tib. kar, which may just as Nominalizing suffix. See ZZH well be Tib. ka ra, ‘sugar.’ It 22. certainly is not the usual ZZ word for ‘white.’ BA KHRUN (mi ’khrul pa, ’khrul med) not mistaking, unmista- *PHRO See pu phro. ZZH. ken. See LZ 157. PHRO TU (g.yeng ba) being dis- BA KHRUN I KHRUN (mi ’khrul tracted. See LZ 155. Phro tur, mi snyel) not erring & not q.v., seems to be the more valid forgetting. ZZ var. pa khrun mi spelling. khrun. I suspect that Tib. mi PHRO TUR (g.yeng ba) turn off the snyel is a mistake for Tib. mi attention, diversion, pleasure snrel, a mostly archaic word, {restlessness, distraction}. ZZH. Zhangzhung Dictionary 149

meaning ‘not reversed [in has Darma banama, defined order].’ Mdzod. using Hindi sasurāla, the latter BA GA RA (srog chags sdom) the meaning the father-in-law’s creature called the spider. See house. LZ 157, where it is not, in fact, BA NI (padma) lotus. Sgra 132. ZB. marked as Zhangzhung. It may This, with variant reading ba seem to be Indic, but I know of ning, occurs in Mdzod. Stein no similar Sanskrit word for 242. Zhu, once, where the ‘spider.’ context is ZZ ba ni ne ra, equiv. BA THAG (rtsa ba) root. ZB. This to Tib. pad ma me tog. spelling does not occur in BA NI NE RA (padma me tog) lotus Mdzod. This bears an odd and flower. ZZH. Zhu, once. There truly remarkable resemblance is a Burmese form pan, which to the Brokskat word for ‘root,’ means ‘flower’ (OC ban, petals pat'taq. See S&K 272 no. 167. of a flower), acc. to Cobl 81. However, this may be an BA NING (padma) lotus. OZZ 45. entirely Tibetan word, meaning ‘cobweb,’ the sub- BA BA DE (bdud rtsi) elixir. See LZ stance spider webs are made 158. from, or ‘rhizomes,’ the small BA TSIS (skyes bu) person. Sgra roots that go horizontally 126. Occurs once, with ZZ var. under the ground. pa tsis, in Mdzod. Not in Zhu. BA DA YA According to Sga 152, BA WA LI SEG (rlung lha’i rgyal this would be the exact ZZ po) king of the wind gods (a word for prostration, Tib. proper name?). See LZ 158. The phyag ’tshal. The spelling is Tib. here seems descriptive, not absolutely certain. It and not a direct translation of doesn’t seem to occur in any of the ZZ. See also be ba leg seg. its spellings in Mdzod. See under pa ta ya, a spelling that BA ZHU (zhabs) foot. OZZ 40. appears to be more Indic. BA RI NI (skar ma bra nye) name of BA SDUM (pha) father. See the ZZ a constellation bra nye. See LZ line in Mdzod, ba sdum mi 158. sdum lig ne sum, var. ba sum BA LA SHO (zan nam rtsam pa za mi sum lig ne sum, which mkhan) an eater of zan or reads in Zhu as ba sum mi sum tsampa. See LZ 158. leg zhi sum. According to BA LI YA (skar ma nag pa) name of Mdzod, this line’s Tib. trans- one of the constellations. See lation is pha dang ma dang LZ 158. srid pa’o. According to Zhu, it corresp. to Tib. pha gsum ma BA LE (dung) conch. See LZ 158. gsum srid pa gsum. (pha, a BA GSUM (pha gsum) three pha) father, papa. See LZ 157. fathers. ZB. BA NAM SKYOL PO A personal BAG (phye) open. OZZ 45. See ka name for a siddha of Zhang- ya bag. ZZH. zhung. See LZ 158. Perhaps it is coincidence that Darma BAG RTSE (’bol ldan) soft, smooth banam is a word for ‘uncle’ {cushiony}. ZZH. Zhu, once (mother’s brother). MSB 140 only. YN no. 168. Note that ’bol 150 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

ldan should fairly clearly be ‘four’ in Mdzod, although ZZ read ’bol gdan, ‘cushioned bi, with vars., also occurs. [2] seat’ as it is in ZB. See gab rtse. as a “genitive” ending, see BANG (dbang po) controller, ZZH 20. [sense] faculty, owner. Sgra BI RGYA (yan lag) limb [of human 134. Not in Zhu. This seems or tree], appendage. Sgra 130. doubtful. In Darma, bang Not in Zhu. The line in which means ‘place.’ this occurs is found in one text BANG KHA This is believed to be a only of Mdzod, and then only ZZ word for the master of the once. mandala, Tib. dkyil ’khor gyi BI LGYAM (mngon rtogs, mkhyen bdag po. See Tsering Thar, Bon- pa) full understanding, know- po Tantrics in Kokonor Area, ledge. See LZ 159. OZZ 45 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines, vol. 15 gives equivs. as Tib. rnam par (November 2008) [Tibetan rgyas, mngon rtogs. This might Studies in Honor of Samten seem to bear a ‘suspicious’ Karmay], pp. 533-552, at p. 544. resemblance to Turkic bilga, *BAD See kha bad. which means wisdom or understanding. BAD (pags pa) skin, hide. ZZH. Sgra 132. Bru II 292, line 1. (pags BI NGA (bzhi) four. See LZ 159. YN pa, shun pa) skin, peeling [of a no. 122. See under bing nga. fruit]. See LZ 158. YN no. 141. BI CI (’gong po) a shape-shifting See pad, sad. spirit. See LZ 159. This could BAB RANG (ma yams) not vague also be the Tibetan borrowing (?). ZB. of a Persian word for ‘doctor.’ BAM YING (gling bzhi) four BI CI TA (zhi ba’i gar) peaceful continents. Sgra 134 {probably dance. See LZ 160. not correct}. Not in Zhu. Seems BI CU (bzhi bcu) forty. ZZH. Zhu, to be explainable as a textual once only. Not found in corruption of ZZ spre ling, q.v. Mdzod. This entry doesn’t bear much BI NI [1] (rnam par) in its [various] weight. aspects. Sgra 124. ZB. Zhu, *BAR See ti bar. ZZH. once only, as a reading of ZZ BAR (’bar) burn, blaze. ZB. The ZZ be ni. This particular spelling and Tib. are spelled identically, not in Mdzod. There is hardly acc. to the evidence of Mdzod. enough evidence to be confi- On one occurrence in Zhu, ZZ dent in this. [2] (yul gyi rnam ’bar is translated by Tib. shar. pa’am gnas tshul) the aspects Matisoff 161. I would think of a sense sphere, or its condi- that both the Tib. and the ZZ tions. See LZ 160. are likely to be Indo-European BI NI WER YA (rnam par rgyal ba) in origin, with Tokharian A the Complete Victor [epithet of por, B puwar, Greek pyr Lord Shenrab]. ZZH. Zhu, once (English pyre), and Hittite only. Not in Mdzod. pahhur… See ’bar. BI RA (chags med) without attach- BI [1] (bzhi) four. OZZ 57. ZZ bing ment, with no love. ZZH. ZB. nga, q.v., is the usual word for Zhu, once only. {Note: Khota- Zhangzhung Dictionary 151

nese brī, ‘dear, beloved’; Khota- found in the single occurrence nese briya, ‘beloved, dear, trea- in Zhu. sured.’ As equivalent of ’dod BUG RA (skar ma lha mtshams) chags, =priya in Sanskrit. Re- name of one of the constel- lated to the “fr” in ‘friend’?} lations. See LZ 160. Most likely related to Sanskrit virāga, ‘lack of attachment, dis- *BUR See du bur. passion.’ This equivalence is BUR CI (phrin las) activity. Sgra not found in Mdzod, however, 129, 130. With ZZ var. reading and it may well be a ‘Sanskriti- pur ci, this does seem to occur zation’ of some kind. once in Mdzod, but with some BING (bzhi) four. ZZH. Humm2 13. doubt. ZZ su ci, corrected to OZZ 77. PSD 162. YN no. 122. sur ci, is the form in Zhu. See Bing nga is the more frequent sur ci. form in Zhu, and is also most BE [1] (spang kha) ? ZB. Perhaps common in Mdzod. this is supposed to be one of BING NGA [1] (bzhi, bzhi pa) four, the eight spar kha (?), or per- fourth, of four. ZZH. ZB. (bzhi haps it really means ‘meadow ba [bzhi pa]) fourth. Sgra 130. surface.’ [2] (rdo g.ya’ ma) Has var. ZZ spelling bi nga in slate. See LZ 161. Mdzod, ch. 5. [2] (mi) human. BE BA LEG SEG (rlung gi lha) god Sgra 134 {very probably mis- of wind. See LZ 160. See ba wa taken}. li seg, obviously the “same” BING CU (bzhi bcu) forty. ZB. This term. spelling not in Mdzod. BE YIG (’dor du mi rung ba) not BIR PRA (brgya phrag) one appropriate for discarding. See hundred. See LZ 160. YN no. LZ 161. 119. Very probably based on a BE LING (rlung) wind, air. See LZ misreading for something like 161. YN 93. ZZ *bi ra pra, the syllable ra standing for ‘hundred.’ I belie- BER ZHI (rgyal po) king. Humm1 ve the bi ra part might very 514. OZZ 33. This particular well be cognate to Old Chinese spelling does occur once in *prak and Tib. brgya. Mdzod, but the true spelling is obviously wer zhi, q.v. This *BIL See ri bil. spelling not in Zhu. *BU See she bu. BO LA (ri bong) rabbit. OZZ 45. See BU TOG (rmad du byung ba) bho la. wonderful, marvelous. See LZ BOG RA (lham chings) boot strap. 160. ZB. BU NA SU (skar ma nabs so) name BONG NGE [1] (zhal zas) [hon.] of one of the constellations. See food, victuals. Sgra 136 {food LZ 160. Not in Mdzod. offering for worship}. [2] Oc- BU RI BRO HA (brjed ngas) flighty, curs in the comm. vocab. as ap- forgetful. Mdzod, where it is parent equiv. of Tib. zan. (zan) 45th of the 51 mental states. ZZ fodder. ZB. Do not find this in thu ri sro te, q.v., is the form Zhu. [3] (gtor ma) offering cake. LZ 162. [4] (spyan gzigs) 152 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

stuffed animal, zoo specimen. kyo, instead. (gtsang ma) pure. LZ 162. See LZ 168. BYA GI (mngon par) clearly, BYO BYO (drag po’i ’phrin las kyi manifestly, publicly. ZB. brda) a symbol of forceful *BYANG See ti byang. action {a word used [in the course of] forceful activities}. BYANG YUG (ljags bde ba’am See Namgyal Nyima’s dictio- myur ba) fluent or fast tongue. nary. LZ 166. BRA PHUD A var. for pra phud, BYI KU (sgog pa) garlic. See LZ q.v. See under mu khyung bra 166. phud. BYI SNU (sems can) sentient being. BRA MIN (sro ma) nit. Sgra 126. See LZ 167. The usual ZZ in Nit, as in the nit of a louse, Mdzod for ‘sentient being’ is used as a standard unit of khri tsan. measurement. Occurs once, to- *BYIL See dil byil, de byil, dmyi gether with var. reading pra byil. min, in Mdzod. Zhu has ZZ sra min, but also the preferable BYUNG LDEM (rtsi shing, rtsis reading, pra min. shing) fruit tree. ZZH. YN nos. 75, 91. (rtsi shing) fruit tree. BRA YANG (dkyil ’khor) disk, Sgra 126. Zhu reads rtsis shing circle, mandala. Mdzod, ch. 5, in one place, but rtsi shing in with var. ZZ brang yang. two other places, which I sup- *BRAG See pe brag. pose it could be also translated either, ‘plant, vegetation’ or BRANG NGA (stod khebs) an ‘sap [and] tree.’ Byung ldem upper garment. See LZ 168. occurs once in Mdzod, ch. 8, BRAN [1] (g.yog, bran) servant, but without supplying any Tib. slave, subject. ZZH. Zhu, two equiv. There is a ZZ word times, once tr. by Tib. g.yog, corresp. to Tib. rtsi shing in once by Tib. bran. We do not Mdzod — skye rtsa, var. skye find this in Mdzod, and its mon. Tibetan-ness makes it seem BYUNG SEG SKYE (dpag bsam rather doubtful, although not shing) the wishing tree, corres- impossible, as a ZZ word. [2] ponding to Skt. kalpavṛkṣa. (sor) finger. In Mdzod, ch. 6, is ZZH. Zhu, once only. Note ZB, ZZ bran for Tib. sor, ‘finger,’ as which also has the spelling a unit of measure. See sran. ’byung seg skye. ZZ ag sho mu BRAN DU (’brang ’khor) ? ZB. I tsug is the equiv. to Tib. dpag believe the Tib. phrase ’brang bsam shing in a single occur- ’khor may be a clipped form of rence in Mdzod. pho brang ’khor, a word for *BYED See gso byed sad. ZZH. courtiers. BYO In one place in Mdzod, seems BRAN DU RKYES (g.yon tu skos) to corresp. to Tib. gtsang, appointed to the left (?). ZB. ‘pure,’ but the reading in Zhu BRAM ZE Khug-pa Lhas-btsas, in that corresponds to this is ZZ his 11th-century Guhyasamāja commentarial work, p. 18, line Zhangzhung Dictionary 153

7, says that bram ze — Skt. pring rgyud is the spelling of Brāhmaṇa, English ‘Brahmin’ the single occurrence in Zhu. — is a Zhang zhung word. BRING MA (bang rim) storey, step, “Bram ze zhang zhung skad terrace {exclusively in the yin.” It is indeed difficult to ex- description of the central plain the second syllable, and it mountain in the cosmology}. is possible that what we have ZZH. ZB. Zhu, twice. With var. here is a Zhangzhung-ization bri ngam, this occurs in of the Indic word. Mdzod, ch. 5. Bri ngam ap- BRI (bri) diminished. Mdzod, ch. 5. pears to be the more valid spel- Later in the chapter, we find ling. Both spellings seem to be ZZ bru. OZZ 54, has it as constructions based on re- alternative reading to pring, arranging the elements of the with Tib. equiv. yi dwags, Tibetan word (i.e., they are not ‘preta.’ genuinely any language at all). BRI CI (’bral med) not separated. See under bring ngam. See LZ 168. BRIN See sprin. BRI NGAM See under bring ma, of BRU (bru) grain, letter? ZZH. This which bri ngam would seem to is based on a misunderstan- be the more correct spelling. ding of Zhu, where it is clearly BRI BREL See bre byel. the family name Bru, an important family in Bon BRI ZHAL (’ja’ tshon) rainbow. history. This entry should be ZZH. Zhu. We do not find this removed. in Mdzod. ZB gives the spellings bri zha and bri zhal. BRUM (’gug pa) to summon, call. See sri zham. See LZ 169. BRING RGYUD [1] (pi wang gi BRE BYEL (’brel ba) connection. sgra) sound of the lute. See LZ Mdzod, ch. 8, with vars. bri 168. [2] (glu dbyangs) melody. brel, bre brel, bre bral, bye bral, See LZ 168. [3] (ngu sgra) dre byel. It seems that either sound of weeping, crying. See bre byel or bye brel would be LZ 168. See pring rgyud. the more authentic spelling. BRING NGAM [1] (bang rim) step, BRE BREL (’brel ba) connection, level. See LZ 169. OZZ 45. This link. See LZ 169. spelling occurs in Mdzod once, BHA (’bum) a hundred thousand. with ZZ vars. brang ma, bra ZZH. Zhu. We do not find this ngam. See bri ngam. [2] equivalence in Mdzod. Note (mngon rtogs) clear understan- that the ‘bh’ initial generally ding. See LZ 169. [3] (lam) seems interchangable with the path. See LZ 169. “’b-” or “’ba’” initial. I believe BRING TUD (yid dwags, i.e., yi that all “bh” initials are the dags) hungry ghost. Sgra 134. result of Sanskritization. Tib. yi dwags is of course used BHA KI (gsung rab) sacred sayings to translate Skt. preta. See pri or writings. ZZH. Zhu. ZB, rgyung, pring rgyud, of which with spelling of the Tib. as this seems to be just a less well gsung rabs. (rgyal ba’i gsung substantiated textual var. ZZ rab) sermons of the Victor. See 154 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

LZ 171. Did not find in Mdzod. Tib. sangs rgyas found in Possibly related somehow to Mdzod. Stein 242. Indo-European term similar to BHO LA (ri bong) hare, rabbit. Skt. vac (Tokharian [A] wak, ZZH. Nishi 21. In Zhu, ’bol la [B] wek, “voice”). is corrected to bho la. Sgra 126. BHA GI (mngon par) visibly. ZZH. ’Bo la is the spelling found Zhu. We do not find this in once in Mdzod, and probably Mdzod. the more reliable one, since the BHA TA (’bum phrag) one “bh” anyway looks like a hundred thousand. ZZH. Zhu. Sanskritization. Bola is a word OZZ 6. The ZZ equivs. of Tib. in several TB languages, inclu- ’bum phrag that occur in ding Darma, for ‘thumb’ (and Mdzod are ’ba’ ri, ’ba’ bra and ‘thumb’ in Tib. is mthe bong...). ’ba’ phra, ’bab pra, etc. The The spelling for the Byangsi present spelling does not oc- word for ‘thumb’ is bawalā in cur. Note the Tibetan-language GSB 215, and it is used to label ‘place-name’ Bha-ta Hor-gyi a drawing of a ‘toe’ on p. 216. Yul, although I imagine this In MSB 149, the Darma word bha-ta might somehow be ex- for ‘thumb’ is spelled baulā, plained by Skt. bhaṭa, ‘merce- and the Byangsi word, bolā. nary.’ BHYA YE HE (brten pa yi) that BHA WA (rnams kyi) of [some- depends [on]. ZB. Compare u thing] plural. ZB. pa bhye ye he. BHA RA [1] In Zhu, ’bar ra, *BHYE See u pa bhye ye he. corrected to bha ra, corresp. to BHYO (las la bskul ba’i brda) a Tib. ’bum brgya, ‘hundred[s of] word [or exclamation] for ex- hundred-thousands.’ [2] (’bum horting someone to work. See phrag) hundreds of thousands. LZ 171. This imperative form ZB. [3] (’phro ba) emanating, (?) used in mantras is actually radiating outward. OZZ 45. of Sanskrit origins, and not ZZ BHA RA MU GUNG Name of a at all in my opinion. place in Zhangzhung. See LZ DBYIG MAR (nor bu) gem, jewel, 171. precious object. Note that BHA RA HRIM See under na ra dbyig is a little used, some- kan. See LZ 171. what dated Tibetan word for ‘wealth.’ Mar is ZZ for ‘gold.’ BHAR DHA (gsal ba) clear, bright, ZZH. ZB. Zhu, once only. We visible. ZZH. Zhu, once only. do not find this in Mdzod, and ZB. We do not find this in it seems doubtful it could be a Mdzod. truly or purely ZZ expression. BHU DHHA (sangs rgyas) Buddha. ’BA’ In ch. 5 of Mdzod, for Tib. Sgra 125. ZB. Clearly a Sanskri- ’bum, “100,000.” tic form, even a slight over- Sanskritization, I would say. ’BA’ PRA (’bum phrag) one hundred thousand. LZ 174. Oc- BHO DHA (sangs rgyas) Buddha. curs once in Mdzod with ZZ ZZH. Zhu, twice. ZB. Sgra 125. vars. ’ba’ bra, ’ba’ phra. Clearly a Sanskritic form. Mu sangs is the only ZZ equiv. to Zhangzhung Dictionary 155

’BA’ RA =bha ra, q.v. Humm1 519. misreading of this line in OZZ 38. In Mdzod, with var. Mdzod. This spelling not in ZZ ’bar ra, this seems to be Zhu. [3] (chu gnas sbal pa) wa- equiv. to Tib. bar, ‘intermediate ter dwelling frog. LZ 176. YN [world].’ Not in Zhu. 134, 136 & no. 58. ’BA’ RI Equiv. to ’ba’ pra, q.v., that RBA CI (bdud) delusionary spirit. occurs in Mdzod. LZ 176. This comes from the same line of Mdzod as ZZ rba, *’BAR See spros ’bar. ZZH. q.v., only parsing the words ’BAR (shar) rise [of the sun], shine. differently. ZZH. Zhu, once only. ZB. See RBANG A frequent spelling for bar. rwang in Mdzod. ’BAR RA (’od zer) light ray. LZ 174. RBAD [1] as a verb. (bcad, chod, This spelling does occur once snun, ’bug, sod) beat, prick in Mdzod, but with Tib. equiv. into, bore, pierce, cut, cut off, bar, ‘intermediate [world].’ kill {but these should all be in *’BAL See sha ’bal. the imperative}. ZZH. YN nos. 188, 200.2. ZB gives in one ’BO LA (ri bong) rabbit, hare. LZ place the Tib. equiv., bcad, 174. See bho la, which would ‘cut,’ and in another the Tib. seem to be the less correct spel- equiv. gsod, ‘kill.’ Humm1 501. ling. (chod) Cut! Chop! OZZ 6, 7, 15, ’BO LA STI rabbit. See Dagkar Ge- 65 n.30, 71, 77. Humm2 13. [2] she Namgyal Nyima’s com- This occurs only for ‘mountain’ ment in Tibet Journal, vol. 23, — i.e., as a var. of ZZ rwang — no. 4 (1998), p. 16. See also the in Mdzod. Aside from this, it entry in his dictionary. See bho seems not to be ZZ necessarily, la. but rather a syllable often encountered in ‘Tibetanized’ ver- ’BYUNG See ting ’byung. sions of Indic mantras. The ’BRUG (’bab) fall [the verb]. source of Zhu would most like- Humm1 498. OZZ 12. In the ly have been a Phur-pa work. single occurrence in Zhu, ZZ Stein 236. (gsod pa’i brda) sign ’brum is corrected to ’brug. As of slaying, exclamation mean- such, this is not in Mdzod, and ing ‘Kill.’ LZ 176. seems somehow doubtful, RBING =rang. Humm1 519. OZZ since it is not well attested. Not 38. This is just a var. reading found as a ZZ word in Mdzod, for ZZ rang, rbang & rwang in although of course it is found Mdzod. This spelling not in as a Tib. word meaning ‘thun- Zhu. der.’ LBANG (pho ba) the stomach. LZ RBA [1] (bdud) deluding spirit. 176. This is based on the Humm1 515. OZZ 33. ZZ rba, comm. vocab. var. rwang, does occur once in Mdzod, but its Tib. equiv. is SBAD (sil bur gtub pa) to chop to problematic. [2] It seems to cor- pieces. LZ 177. Compare rbad. resp. rather to Tib. ri, moun- SBU (snod) vessel. Compare tain; therefore the equiv. with Matisoff 172, with the unreli- Tib. bdud seems to stem from a able spelling/reading snu. 156 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

SBU GUNG (mdzod) store[house], SBRON PA [1] (rjes gcod gtong ba treasury. ZZH. Mdzod. This / dper na ra mda’ sbron) to exact spelling occurs only once chase after, for example [of its in Zhu, where it corresp. to usage], pursue helpers. LZ 177. Tib. snod mdzod, snod kyi [2] (’gug pa, ’bod pa) call, sum- mdzod. Mu gung is the ZZ mon. LZ 178. [3] (rogs byed pa) equiv. of Tib. mdzod in some to do something to help. LZ passages in Mdzod. Sbu gung, 178. var. sna gung, appears several times there as equiv. to Tib. snod, ‘vessel.’ (snod) vessel. OZZ 45. The spellings ZZ spu **MA** gung & mu gung also occur in Zhu. SBU GUNG SMAR (snod du *MA See tog tig ma, pad ma, pra bzang) good vessel. Sgra 127. ma, bring ma, sma ma, ya ma, Zhu. These are two separate e ma hi sa. ZZH. words. This and ZZ sbu gung MA Negative particle, see ZZH 24. du smar, also, occurs in To judge from evidence in Mdzod. Zhu, it would be dangerous to SBU TSAM (gtsug rgyan) head always see, following Tibetani- ornament. ZZH. This seems to zing ideas, the initial syllable be based on the ZZ pu tsam, ma- as a negation, since it may var. dbu tshangs, that occurs as be an integral part of the word. equiv. of Tib. gtsug phud in The negative verb ma min is, Mdzod. In Zhu, it would seem however, quite common in that the correct way of reading Zhu. should be spu tsam — and MA KUNG (mi ’gag) not stopping. note that ZZ pu is a word for Sgra 135. Occurs once, with ‘head.’ var. mu kud, in Mdzod. The SBO (mtsher pa) spleen (?), or a ZZ reads mi kung in Zhu. (’gag depression and lack of pa med pa) unobstructed. LZ enthusiasm for one’s job. ZB. 178. Compare lbo ka in the comm. MA KHYI BI (bdag med pa) with- vocab., which means spleen. out self, without owner. LZ Spelled sbo ka, Tib. mtsher pa, 178. Not in Mdzod with this in LZ 177. Byangsi for ‘spleen’ spelling. See ma gyi, below. is bāruv, in Nepali phiyo. GSB MA GAL (shing khar, shing kha’i) 84. on [or of] a tree limb [or in the SBYIB (mid pa) gullet, food tube, upper branches of the tree?]. oesophagus. ZZH. ZB. Sgra Mdzod, ch. 9, once only. 132. LZ 177. See sgyib, which is MA GYI (bdag med) lacking self, evidently only Hummel’s un- no self. Sgra 135. Occurs once, reliable reading. Does not ap- with var. ma min, in Mdzod. pear in Mdzod. In Zhu, Tib. One line in Mdzod, ZZ a kye rmig pa, ‘hoof,’ is corrected to mi kye, seems to corresp. to Tib. mid pa, ‘gullet.’ (myid pa) Tib. bdag dang bdag gi, ‘me ‘oesophagus.’ Bru II 291, line 5. and mine,’ but the latter would Matisoff 174. Nishi 18. Zhangzhung Dictionary 157

have to be mistaken for bdag MA DRA (ma rgyud) Mother dang bdag med, ‘lacking I and Tantra. ZZH. ZB. Not in mine.’ Not in Zhu. ZZ la shu is Mdzod. The reading in Zhu is the word corresp. to Tib. bdag ma tra. The ultimate source for med in Zhu. this is the title at the beginning MA TANG [1] (’bad rtsol med pa’i of the Three Basic Mother ’phrin las) effortless activity. Tantras, which was discussed LZ 178. [2] Name of a place. LZ in my master’s thesis. 178. MA NI (ming) name. OZZ 45. See MA TI [1] (ma bcos) artless, unaf- ma ning. fected, genuine. ZZH. Occurs MA NIG (mi ’gags) not stopped, four times in Zhu, once spelled incessant. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, once mi ti, q.v. Occurs once, but only. This spelling appears in with spelling ma hi, in Mdzod. Mdzod, but with the Tib. [2] (blo gros) intellect. Sgra 123, equiv. ma rtogs, not under- 132. ZB. This latter equiv. does stood, not realized. Ma ning, not appear in Mdzod, and nei- q.v., seems to be the actual ther is it in Zhu. It is an evident spelling for the ZZ word cor- Sanskritism for Skt. mati, gene- resp. to Tib. mi ’gag. rally translated into Tib. as blo gros, ‘intellect’. MA NING [1] (ming) word, name. ZZH. Zhu, once. Matisoff 159. MA TING (ming) name, word. ZB Discussed in ZZQ 5. [2] (mi gives alternative spelling ma ’gag) not stopping up. Sgra ning. 125. LZ 179. [3] (mi bde) MA TONG See under mi stong. unhappy. Zhu. ZB gives Tib. MA TRA (ma rgyud) Mother Tan- equiv. as mi bden, ‘not true,’ or tra. Ma 212. ZB also has variant mi ’gag pa, ‘not stopping up.’ spelling ma dra. LZ 178. OZZ 45. All three of these Tib. equivs. are to be found in MA THAR (mthar phyin pa) Mdzod. See ma ming. actualized, carried to the finish. LZ 179. MA NING ZHI (mi bde gzhi) basis for unhappiness. ZZH. Zhu, MA THUN (sha) flesh, meat. Sgra once only. (mi bde ba’i gzhi) 132. This spelling does not ap- basis of discomfort. LZ 179. pear in Mdzod. It occurs twice The reading of the Tib. in ZB, in Zhu, but with the spelling in which the Tib. appears to be mang thun, q.v. a victim of Zhangzhungization MA DOD (mi skye) not reborn, not but nonetheless intelligible as produced. ZZH. Zhu, once Tibetan, is mi bde zhi, ‘unhap- only. Mi dod and mi ’dod, the piness assuaged.’ This does latter a victim of Tibetaniza- occur in Mdzod, ch. 8, along tion, are the spellings that oc- with var. ma ni zhi. Tib. mi cur in Mdzod. ZB gives also bde[’i] gzhi occurs elsewhere the alternative spelling mi dod, in Mdzod, but with no ZZ and the Tibetan as either mi equiv. given. skye or ma skyes. See dod, mi MA NE YE (skar ma skag) the dod. constellation named skag. LZ 179. 158 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

MA PANG See LZ 179, where it is YN no. 46. Mdzod gives Tib. not marked as ZZ, although equiv. as ming, ‘name,’ with perhaps it should be. Of course var. ZZ spellings ma min, ma it is part of the western Tibetan mig. Byangsi mhin, ‘name.’ lake name Ma pang, which has GSB 91. We do not find this a number of other spellings, spelling in Zhu. See ma ning. including Ma ’phang, Ma MA MIN [1] (med pa) there is no, pham, etc. without. Negation {or rather, a MA MA (sman mo) the female verb of negation}. See ZZH 24. sman mo spirit. Humm1 515. ZZH. Zhu, several times. LZ OZZ 33. This equiv. not in 180. [2] (mi ’byung) does not Mdzod, and seems doubtful. It happen, does not occur. Sgra seems to be based on a very 134. Zhu, once only. [3] (bdag problematic line in Zhu, where med) non-self. In a passage in ma ma is corrected to sa ma, Mdzod, ch. 6, ZZ ma min, var. sma ma. (mi ma yin gyi rigs ma gyi, stands for Tib. bdag shig) a class of non-human med, ‘non-self.’ [4] (mi ldan) being. LZ 179. not having. ZB gives Tib. equiv. as mi ldan, ‘not having MA MIG [1] (dmigs med) [something].’ Compare OZZ independent {without object or 45. [5] (ma nges) uncertain. objective, without focus, with- Med pa, mi ldan, ma yin & mi out preference, impartial}. ’byung, ma nges, ‘uncertain,’ ZZH. ZB. Ma lig is the spelling are given as Tib. equivs. in in Zhu that has this meaning. Mdzod. ZB gives Tib. equiv. as [2] (mu med) without limit. med pa or mi ’byung. See ma Sgra 134. LZ 179. OZZ 45. Nu ming. ci is the ZZ corresp. to Tib. mu med in Zhu. [3] (mig med) eye- MA MUG (mu khyud ’dzin) hol- less, blind. Zhu, once only, ding the circumference, rim, where ZZD reads ma lig. [4] name of a mountain range. (mig dbang) eye faculty. Mdzod, ch. 5. In Abhi- Mdzod, ch. 11. LZ 179. Mdzod dharmakośa cosmology, Mu gives Tib. equivs. mu med (fre- khyud ’dzin is one of the seven quently); rtse mo, ‘peak’; long golden mountain chains that ma, ‘blind woman’; mig dbang; circle Mount Meru, and the mig, ‘eye’; ring po, ‘long’; ma Sanskrit for this is Nimindhara. dmigs, unobjectified.’ [5] (mig MA MUNG (ma mo) a group of shes) eye perception. LZ 179. goddesses or demonesses, [6] A name of a place in Zhang- grandmother, matrix, a kind of zhung. LZ 179. spirit. ZZH. Zhu, once. MA MIG GYIN (mig long) blind Humm1 498. Humm1 515. eye[s]. LZ 179. We find this in Humm2 13. ZB. OZZ 6, 12, 33, one passage in Mdzod, but in 65 n.30, 78. We do not find this another we find it corresp. to equiv. in Mdzod. See mi Tib. rtse mo na[s], ‘upon [from] sngum. the peak,’ but with ZZ var. ma MA MEN (’phel ’grib) flourish & mig ci. become obscure, increase and MA MING (ming dang) name and. become shadowed; as for Sgra 135. (ming) name. LZ 180. example in the waxing and Zhangzhung Dictionary 159

waning of the moon… LZ 180. MA LA (gser) gold. LZ 180. YN no. This does occur in Mdzod, 95.1. once only, with ZZ vars. no min, ma min. MA LA NA (skar ma mon gru) the constellation mon gru. LZ 180. MA RMYI (ra gan dang zangs ma) brass and copper. LZ 180. Not MA LIG (bla med) supreme. ZZH. found in Mdzod. {This does very much resemble malik, Arabic for ‘king,’ which MA TSA (mtshan ma) mark, token, has proto-Semitic roots.} We symptom {sign}. ZZH. ZB. do not find this equivalence in Zhu, three times. Sgra 134. This Mdzod. Darma language word equivalence is found once in malik, meaning ‘master,’ is Mdzod. (dge mtshan) mark of attested. TH1 33. See under virtue. OZZ 40. khri ce ma lig. MA TSUG (’gyur med) un- MA LIG MIN (mig med pa) changing. ZB. This spelling not without eyes, blind. ZZH. ZB. found in Mdzod. We do not find this in Mdzod. MA TSE (mi bslu) not steering I believe this is just a bad wrong, not misleading. Sgra reading of the ZZ phrase in 134. This is found twice in Zhu, which actually reads ma Mdzod, ch. 4, once with ZZ mig min, q.v. Ma lig min is the var. mi cer. Not in Zhu. (mi reading in ZZD. bslu, bslu ba med pa) not mis- MA SANG (ser po) yellow. ZZH. leading, authoritative, without Zhu. Matisoff 162. Nishi 26. misleading. LZ 180. The spellings mar sang & ma MA TSO (mtshon pa) leader, sign sang occur once each in Zhu. {indication, signification}. Zhu, See mar sang. once. ZB. This does occur once, MA SANGS [1] (don rtogs) realize with ZZ var. reading ma co, in the significance. =ye sangs, Mdzod. which means stong zhing. MA YE (dbyings) space, sphere. Humm1 519. OZZ 38. But note Zhu, once. This spelling not in Ma 212, which has na sangs Mdzod. See mu ye. kyin, q.v., for Tib. ye sangs MA RA MA TOG (’khrul med rtog rgyas, ‘primordially buddha- pa) perception without mis- ized.’ [2] (blo gsal) clear mind. take. ZZH. Stein 243. The Sgra 123. ZB. One Mdzod phrase in Zhu reads ma ra mu passage has three different ZZ tog gi, with corresp. Tib. ’khrul readings: ye sangs, ma sangs med rtag pa’i, which in ZZD and yi sad, all corresp. to Tib. reads as ’khrul med rtog pa’i. It don rtogs. Not in Zhu. is part of the colophon com- MA SU TI (skar ma bre) the posed by Zhu himself, so it is constellation bre. LZ 180. not surprising that we do not MA GSUM (mngar gsum) three find this in Mdzod. sweet [foods]. ZB. Not in MA RANG (sgo ra) corral, pen for Mdzod. animals. ZB. This is based on MA HA SWA (skar ma mchu) the the comm. vocab. constellation called, in Tib., mchu. LZ 180. 160 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

MA HI (ma bcos) unconstructed, ldem ought to be read instead uncontrived. This spelling not as skya ldan, ‘pale white, gray, in Zhu, although it occurs once layperson.’ See mang wer, in Mdzod, ch. 4. Spelled ma ha below. [2] (gung mdzub) mid- in ZB. Equiv. to ZZ ma a, q.v., dle finger. LZ 181. YN no. 27. which is the form found in MANG TSA (rlan pa) wetness, Mdzod, ch. 3. LZ 180. See moisture. Sgra 130. ZZ var. ma under ma ti, mi ti. tsa. Humm1 519. OZZ 38. I MA A (ma bcos) without artifice. guess that this must be equiv. Sgra 125, 126. Occurs once in to Tib. khrag, ‘blood,’ based on Mdzod, ch. 3. (ma bcos pa, a Mdzod passage. The ZZ bcos pa med pa) not construc- syllable mang suggests ‘red’ ting, not contriving, without and ‘flesh.’ Not in Zhu. contrivance. LZ 181. See ma ti. MANG TSE (lus ngan pa’i sems MANG [1] (dmar) red. ZZH. can) creature with an awful Occurs a few times in Mdzod. body. LZ 181. Zhu, once. ZB. YN no. 163. MANG WER [1] (skya ldan) pale (dmar po) red. LZ 181. YN 136. white, grey, layman. ZZH. YN See OZL 56, with the so-called no. 169. OZZ 78, 93. Zhu, once, “Old Zhangzhung” equivalent but it is not clear from the given as mar. Darma mangnu, context which of the above ‘red,’ noting that the -nu ele- meanings would be appro- ment here is an adjective-for- priate; it would seem rather to ming suffix. Darma mung, ‘to be a body part. Compare mang be red.’ DGD. Byangsi māṅdai, ber, q.v. [2] (mo gdon) female ‘red.’ GSB, also spelled mang- spirit {perhaps a spirit that de. [2] (chu snying) literally possesses women?}. Humm1 meaning ‘water heart,’ as a 513, 515. OZZ 31, 33. Humm2 ‘seed syllable,’ the heart man- 14. Occurs twice, with Tib. tra of water. Sgra 136. [3] (sha) equiv. mo gdon, in Mdzod, meat, flesh. LZ 181. OZZ 45, 54, and ZZ var. reading ma wer. with Tib. equivs. sha, ‘meat,’ & See mang ber. [3] (thugs ka, zan, ‘[animal or human] feed, brang) region of the heart, edibles.’ chest. LZ 181. YN no. 14. MANG KHAR (dmar po) red. LZ MANG RUM (g.yon rtsa) left 181. channel [of the body]. LZ 181. MANG THUN (sha) flesh. ZZH. MANG LI (rlung dmar) red wind. ZB. Zhu, twice. Bru II 290, line Mdzod. Not in Zhu. This is one 2. Stein 243. Matisoff 168. Has of many examples, but an Tib. equivs. sha & sha ’dzin, especially clear one, of the ‘meat holder [fork],’ in Mdzod. reverse order of syllables in ZZ LZ 181. Discussion in ZZQ 5. and Tib. In ZZ, unmarked OZZ 12. See ma thun. adjectives may precede the MANG BER [1] (skyang ldem; nouns they modify. rkyang ldem?) ? Bru II 291, line MANG SA [1] (sha) meat, flesh. LZ 3. We do not find this in 181. YN no. 52. An evident Mdzod. This spelling not in Sanskritism, the Skt. being Zhu. It is likely that skyang māṃsa, pronounced exactly Zhangzhung Dictionary 161

like the ZZ. [2] (mtsher pa) MAR MAR (gser) gold. LZ 181. YN spleen. LZ 181. For different no. 95.1. This spelling not in ZZ words with this meaning, Mdzod. see lang rko & lbo ka. [3] (khrag) blood. LZ 181. This MAR MU (’khrul med) unbewilde- spelling not in Mdzod. red, without confusion. ZB. Not in Mdzod. MAN Negation. See ZZH 24. This is justifiable in Zhu only in the MAR TSA (gser nya) golden fish. ZZ word sad man for Tib. lha Sgra 126. Zhu. ZB. Matisoff min. This entry should proba- 162. Did not find this in bly be removed, since no other Mdzod. evidence could be found for it. MAR ZHI [1] (gser gyi) of gold, MAN DZI a ritual tripod. I really golden. ZZH. Zhu, twice. Nishi have no idea what language 25. (gser) gold. LZ 182. OZZ 15. this ought to be. Nine Ways [2] (gser zlum) golden orb. 305. ZZH. Zhu, once. Sgra 124. ZB has both meanings 1 and 2. ZZ *MAR See kha mar, dbyig mar. mar zhi occurs in Mdzod, but ZZH. not with these meanings. [3] MAR (gser) gold. Sgra 124. This ZZ Occurs in Mdzod, ch. 5, as word may explain how Mar name of a lesser continent. yul might be equivalent to the (nub gling gi g.yas kyi gling fabled Gold Country. See phran) the minor continent lo- Humm1 491. Stein 254. OZZ 3, cated to the right of the 15. PSD 162. For an extended western continent. LZ 182. discussion, see Honda 103-104. MAR RWANG (gser ri) golden Mar yul is an infrequent and mountain. ZB. LZ 182. rather old name for the valley of the Indus as it flows through MAR SANG (ser po) yellow. ZZH. Ladakh. Or, we could just say Zhu, once. ZB spells it mar that it is an old name for srang. See ma sang. Ladakh. But it is often confu- *MI See tshul mi. ZZH. sed in the Tibetan-language sources with, or ‘corrected’ to, MI [1] (ma) prefix of negation, not. Mang yul, which is far to the ZZH 24. ZB. [2] Possible a east of Ladakh. genitive ending, but apparently only attested as such MAR KHU GE RU (yi ge’i sgra yi in ZZ lig mi rgya, equiv. to Tib. ngo bo’am rang bzhin) the srid pa’i rje, ‘lord of [the] nature or essence of the sound living.’ of a letter. LZ 181. It is very difficult to imagine how these MI KUNG (mi ’gag) not stopped, syllables could go together to incessant. ZZH. Zhu, once. See create this meaning. ma kung. MAR NGOR PRA PHUD Name of MI KHOM (gzhan don) benefit of a learned and accomplished others, altruism. ZZ var. mi one of Zhangzhung. LZ 178. kho. Mdzod, ch. 4. LZ 182. Not in Zhu. MAR PANG GYIN (gser du ’gyur) turning to gold. ZZ var. mang MI GA CI A variant reading in bang gyen. Mdzod, ch. 5. Mdzod for ZZ mig ci, q.v. 162 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

MI RNGAM See mi sdom. belief, lack of trust}. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, once. In Mdzod passage MI SNGA (rten ’brel) interdepen- with ZZ vars. mi sngom & mi dent connection, interdepen- rngam, the Tib. equiv. is ma dence. Sgra 126. Found in nei- dad, 42nd of the 51 mental ther Mdzod nor Zhu. Compare states. [2] Occurs twice in mu snga, mu sngo. ZZ mu Mdzod, once with Tib. equiv. snga is the form frequent in dngos med, ‘non-thing, non- Mdzod. entity.’ [3] (ma cig) unique MI SNGUM (ma mo) grandmother, woman, lady. ZB. matrix, a type of spirit. MI SNUM (a ma) mother. LZ 182. Humm1 515. OZZ 33. Found in This spelling does occur once neither Mdzod [unless mis- in Mdzod, with ZZ vars. mi read] nor Zhu. See rad na mi sum, mi sdum. There it seems sngum, lig mi sngum. See ma to corresp. to the larger Tib. mung. phrase bskyed pa’i yum, ‘wo- MI SNGOM See mi sdom. man who gave birth [to the earth’s surface].’ MI CER See under ma tse. MI MIG (med pa) not be, not have, MI TI (ma bcos) artless, unaffected, be without. LZ 183. Occurs in genuine. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, once, Mdzod with ZZ vars. ma mig, but see under ma ti. Did not ma min. find this spelling in Mdzod. MI G.YOR See under ig yor. MI TIG (rang bzhin) nature. Occurs once in Mdzod. Not in Zhu. MI LING TIL TAL (klu rgyal gtsug na rin chen ming) name of the MI STONG (mi rtogs) not Nāga King Crest Jewel. LZ 182. understanding, not realizing. With ZZ var. ma tong, occurs MI SIM (ma chags) not attached, in Mdzod, ch. 4. Not in Zhu. without lust. Sgra 131. This spelling occurs once in Mdzod. MI DING (ngom du med pa) This spelling not in Zhu. See insatiable. LZ 182. Not in mi som, which is the frequent Mdzod. form. MI DUD See du lod mi dud. MI SOM [1] (ma chags) not atta- MI DOD (mi skye) not reborn {not ched. Occurs in Mdzod with produced}. ZZH. Zhu, once. var. mi sos, and Tib. equiv. ma Sgra 125. LZ 182. See dod, ma chags. It is 12th of the 51 men- dod. tal states. Humm1 519. OZZ 38, 45. ZB also gives alternative MI SDUM [1] (man ngag) esoteric spelling mi sol. (chags pa med instruction. Sgra 126. This pa) without lust, without equiv. occurs once in Mdzod. attachment. LZ 183. [2] (ma LZ 182. The “mi” seems to be a spangs) not renounced. Occurs genitive in lig mi rgya, and in Mdzod, ch. 4, as equiv. to possibly also here. See also Tib. ma spangs. OZZ 45. Stein 234. See under ba sdum. [2] (a ma) mother. LZ 182. MI SOL (ma chags) without attachment. ZZH. In the one occurr- MI SDOM [1] (ma dad, mi dad) not ence in Zhu, ZZ mi som is believing, regardless {lack of equiv. to Tib. mi chags. Ob- Zhangzhung Dictionary 163

viously just a var. spelling for feigned, genuine. Sgra 135. In ZZ mi som, q.v., it does not oc- Mdzod one does find ming tog, cur in Mdzod. The spelling mi var. ma rtog, as ZZ equiv. to som in Zhu is read as mi sol in Tib. ma bcos, but not this par- ZZD. ticular spelling. ZZ ma ti is the *MIG See gyim mig, du mig nig, ma usual spelling in Zhu, although mig, u mig. ZZH. mi ti occurs once. MIG [1] (mig) eye. Sgra 134. [2] MING TOG (ma bcos pa, bcos pa (dmigs) object, focus, aim. OZZ med pa) unconstructed, with- 13, 90. Zhu has twice the equiv. out contrivance. LZ 183. between ZZ mig and Tib. mig, MING NAM (med khams) negative but in another place it equates sphere, realm of nonexistence. ZZ dmig to Tib. mig. This is LZ 183. example of a word identical in MING NI (med khams) negative or both ZZ & Tib. There really are nonexistent sphere. ZZH. not very many. It occurs in Humm2 14. OZZ 78. See ming Mdzod, ch. 6, for Tib. mthong ning, ming nam. ba, ‘seeing.’ TB cognates in Cobl 76. Matisoff 167. See OZL MING NING [1] (med khams) 55 & PSD 162, with the “Old sphere of nonexistence. ZZH. Zhangzhung” equivalent given ZB gives also the alternative as myig or mig. See dmig, yig. spelling ming ling. Occurs in Mdzod. (med pa, stong pa) MIG CI (mig) eye. LZ 183. YN no. 6. nonexistent, hollow. LZ 183. This does occur with the See under gu mun ming ning. meaning of ‘eye’ in Mdzod, but See ming ni. [2] (mi bde) it has other meanings as well. unhappy, uncomfortable. In Needs further work. one passage in Mdzod, ch. 8, it MIG YOR See under mi g.yor, of does corresp. to Tib. mi bde, which it is a possible reading. ‘unpleasant, unhappy.’ This spelling not in Zhu, and *MIN See kyo min, rkyo min, tshu neither is it in Mdzod. min, dzad min, sra min. ZZH. MIG SOM (dmig) imagination, MIN [1] Negation. See ZZH 24. To thought, idea. ZZH. See the judge from Zhu, when it context in Zhu, where it occurs stands alone, or as the second once, and either simply means element of a word, it is glossed ‘eye,’ or the ‘objects of vision.’ by Tib. med, and so does not This spelling does occur in exactly correspond in its usage Mdzod, but only as a unique with the Tib. form min. See the variant reading in one parti- interesting comment in PSD cular passage. 158. [2] In a few ZZ com- MIG SOL [1] (spyan med) eyeless. pounds such as lo min, she Mdzod, with Tibetanizing ZZ min, sra min, it serves as a se- var. mi gsol. Not in Zhu. [2] cond element, in which it (sha mig, chu sbur gyi mig) seems to mean ‘small,’ and so flesh eye, water blister eye. LZ corresponds with a Darma 183. word for ‘small,’ mino, in MING TIG CI (ma bcos pa) uncon- Changsi, mīde or mīdai. MSB trived, unconstructed, un- 160. [3] (mi) human, man. LZ 164 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

183. Equiv. to ZZ ma min. LZ part of the ZZ name for lag na 183. gzhong thogs. [4] (nam mkha’i MIN ZHI (phyogs med, mtha’ med) ’od) light of the sky. LZ 184. In without direction, without end. one case in Mdzod, ch. 6, mu LZ 183. khir, var. dmu khir, is very clearly equiv. to Tib. nam *MU See kha mu, khar mu, drung mkha’i ’od. mu. ZZH. Matisoff 164. In Dar- ma etc., this is an infinitive- MU KHU (mtshan nyid) forming suffix. characteristic mark, philosophy. Sgra 134. This is a mis- MU [1] (mkha’, gnam, dbyings, take, based on a reading of a gnas) heaven, sky, area, place, passage in Mdzod, for ZZ mu region, space, sphere, universe. khyu, which does not corresp. Humm2 14. In Zhu, this to Tib. mtshan nyid, but rather syllable occurs as an indepen- to Tib. khams gsum ’khor ba, dent word with the meanings ‘the sangsara of the three of Tib. gnam, dbyings, kha, realms.’ Not in Zhu. See mu and mkha’. (nam mkha’) sky. khyu. LZ 184. OZZ 8, 12, 78, 93, finds a cognate in Tangut mo, and MU KHOR (rdza mkhan) potter. discusses it further on p. 9. ZB. Discussion in ZZQ 6. Byangsi MU KHYU (mtshan nyid, ngo bo, mū, ‘sky.’ GSB 92. [2] (kha) mtshon byed) characteristic snow {not ‘face’ or ‘surface’?}. mark, essence, indicator. LZ ZZH. Zhu, once. For a bit of TB 184. To see how this is mis- evidence, see Nishi 23. [3] taken, see mu khu, above. Humm1 498 & OZZ 12, says it MU KHYUNG [1] (nam mkha’) may also be equivalent to heaven, sky. ZZH. Zhu, once. (ngan) ‘bad,’ although I have [2] Occurs only once in Mdzod, not found verification for this. where it seems to corresp. to OZZ 45, says it is equiv. to Tib. Tib. ’gyur med. (’gyur ba med mthar, ‘to the end, ultimately,’ pa) unchanging. LZ 184. OZZ & stong, ‘empty.’ ZB gives Tib. 46. equiv. as klong. YN 136, where it is said to mean ‘snow,’ which MU KHYUNG BRA PHUD (’gyur is very likely mistaken. med sku) immutable body. Sgra 129. This ZZ phrase reads MU KHA PHYE (nam phyed) mid- mu khyung pra phud, this night. LZ 184. Mdzod, once being the preferable reading, in only. It might actually mean Zhu, with corresp. Tib. nam just the ‘night half’ of a full mkha’ lta bu’i sku, ‘sky-like day, and not ‘midnight,’ to jud- body.’ Likewise in ZB. ge from the context in Mdzod. This needs more thought. MU KHRI [1] (nam mkha’) sky. LZ 184. [2] (ngan sems) bad MU KHIR [1] (gsal ba) clear, thought, bad mind. Sgra 125. shining. Sgra 128. OZZ 41. [2] But this is slightly mistaken, (’khor yug) circumference. for the following reasons. In Sgra 133. (’khor yug, mu Mdzod, corresp. to Tib. mngan khyud) circumference. LZ 184. sems, and appears with ZZ [3] (gzhong) wood basin, var. mung khri. In Zhu, cor- trough. Occurs in Mdzod as Zhangzhung Dictionary 165

resp. to Tib. mngan sems, accident that there is an which might also be spelled identically spelled word in Tib. brngan sems, a rather obsolete mu ge, which means ‘hunger, form which seems to mean famine.’ ‘faultfinding thoughts,’ or, MU GRA ZZ var. dmu gral. Occurs ‘thoughts of defamation.’ ZB once in Mdzod without a clear gives the ZZ for Tib. mngan Tib. equiv., but seems to refer sems as mung mu or mung to a kind of weapon. We do not khri. (mngan sems, sems) fault- find this in Zhu. finding mind, mind. LZ 184. [3] Name of the 2nd Tibetan MU RGYANG (smon lam) aspira- Emperor. See khri. tion prayer. Sgra 127. ZZ mu rgyang, var. mu rgyad, occurs MU GI SHI SHIN In Mdzod, ch. 7, in Mdzod as equiv. of Tib. seems to corresp. to shes pa, or smon lam. Once gyer mu ap- to shes pa’i dbang po. pears as equiv. to Tib. smon MU GUNG (bang mdzod, mdzod lam, but this would after all khung) storeroom, treasury. appear to be an inversion of ZZH. ZB. Zhu. Hoff2 193. mu rgyang. See under mor Appears very frequently in lgyum. Mdzod as equiv. to Tib. MU RGYUNG [1] (’jig rten gyi mdzod. Only find this once in khams, stong pa’i khams) the Zhu, where it corresp. to Tib. worldly realm, or a way of bang mdzod, and once where referring to the ‘thousand it corresp. to Tib. mdzod realm.’ LZ 184. [2] (bskal pa khung. (mdzod) treasury. LZ zhig gi ming) name of an aeon. 184. LZ 184. [3] (thugs sems nyid MU GUN (nag po) black. ZZH. ZB. kyi rgyu) mind that forms the YN no. 170. Appears to be a basic stuff, or cause, of Mind mistake, through transposition Proper. LZ 184. [4] Pr. n. of a of the syllables, for ZZ gu mun, god of Zhangzhung. ZZT. which is what appears in MU SNGA YE (rten ’brel dbyings) Mdzod for ‘black.’ Or perhaps realm of interdependent con- Tib. ’thib or mun, but in any nections. Mdzod, ch. 3. case meaning ‘darkness.’ In one place in Zhu, ZZ mu gun is MU SNGO (rten ’brel) dependent corrected to gu mun, with cor- link[s]. LZ 185. resp. Tib. bdun sa [?? perhaps MU CE (chen po) big, large. LZ 185. to be read as mun sa, ‘dark place’ or mun pa, ‘dark- MU CHO (cho rabs) ancestral ness’??]. In another place mu narrative, account of ancestral gun is corrected to gu mun, descent. Humm2 10. OZZ 84 with corresp. Tib. nag po. n.6. Hoffmann derived it from Sogdian. This is problematic, MU GE (mthar gyi) of the final, of being derived from a name, the ultimate. Sgra 130. Has this Mu cho ldem drug, with the and other meanings in Mdzod. two syllables of ZZ mu cho Not in Zhu. In Mdzod, ch. 7, interpreted as meaning cho ZZ mu ge mu tog, var. mu khi rabs by no one other than mu tog, seems to corresp. to Hummel. Not in Zhu. Tib. rtogs pa. It is surely just an 166 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

MU TAL (gnam lcags khol ma) led rmu tog in Zhu. [3] (ngo bo molten meteor metal. LZ 185. nyid) essence. In Mdzod, ch. 7, it seems to corresp. to Tib. ngo MU TI (klu) serpent spirit. bo nyid. Equivalent to ZZ mur ting. Humm1 515. OZZ 33. Mu ti MU TOR (mtho ris) heaven. LZ 185. occurs in Mdzod, but it is not YN no. 85. clear whether it corresponds to MU THAR (mthar phyin) gone to Tib. klu or not. It would seem the limit, maximized, actuali- that this is more correctly mur zed. Sgra 128. Occurs together ti, q.v. Ting mur has the same with ZZ var. spelling ma thar meaning. in Mdzod, ch. 6. We do not MU TI HA (klu yi rgyal po zhig gi find this in Zhu. mtshan) name of a nāga king. MU THUG PA (mtha’ thug pa) to LZ 185. This likely originated reach the ultimate, maximalize, from a ZZ line in Mdzod, ch. 1, actualize. LZ 185. which actually reads mu ti MU DUN (ma rig) ignorance, rkya, var. mur ti rkya. nescience. Sgra 131. Spellings MU TIG (lan gcig) once, one time. mu dum & mu dun both occur ZZH. ZB. (lan cig) once. Zhu, in Mdzod as equiv. to Tib. ma once only. This spelling not in rig. Mdzod. See mur ti. MU DUM [1] (dbyibs) shape, MU TING [1] (nam mkha’) sky. figure, form, dimension. ZZH. Sgra 125. ZB. [2] (ma rig, ma Zhu, once, although slightly rig pa) ignorance, nescience. problematic. Dum alone seems The spelling dmu ting is the to be the equiv. to Tib. dbyibs most frequent in Mdzod. When in Mdzod. [2] In the list of 51 mu ting occurs there, it cor- mental states, in which it is the resp. to Tib. ma rig, or is a var. 17th, it corresp. to Tib. ma rig. spelling for dmu ting, q.v. (ma (ma rig pa) nescience. LZ 185. rig pa) nescience. LZ 185. [3] MU DUR See under mu tur. (mang po) many. LZ 185. Com- pare ti mur, which also means MU DHO Occurs in Mdzod, ch. 6. ‘many.’ Byangsi has mathai, MU NI GYER SHUD (’khrul pa’i ‘much, many.’ GSB 88. This the tsom, i.e., ’khrul pa’i the spelling not in Zhu. tshom) hesitation [on account MU TUR (mi ldog) not reverting, of] mistake. {bewildered not turning back. Mdzod, ch. 4. doubt}. ZZH. Zhu, once. Gyer ZZ mi dud & rmad du are the shud does stand for Tib. the words for Tib. mi ldog in Zhu. tshom, ‘doubt.’ See mu no, mung nom. MU TOG [1] (rtogs pa) perception {understanding, realization}. MU NE [1] (nam mkha’) heaven, ZZH. Zhu, three times, once sky. ZZH. Zhu, once. YN no. spelled dmu tog, q.v. Sgra 128. 85. [2] (mnyam pa nyid) [2] (phrag dog) jealousy. Ap- evenness. LZ 185. pears in Mdzod, and some- MU NE SHE THUN (nam mkha’ lta times stands for a misspelling bu’i thugs) sky-like mind. ZB. (?) of the ZZ word corresp. to Tib. phrag dog. It is twice spel- Zhangzhung Dictionary 167

MU NER (mnyam nyid) evenness, MU MI (drod ’dzin pa) holding levelness. Sgra 129. In the warmth. LZ 186. Mdzod line on which this is MU MIN (nang du) inside. LZ 186. based, it may be that mu ne, with ZZ var. mu nir, cor- MU MUN (mi ma yin gyi rigs dmu) responds rather to Tib. ’khrul the Dmu spirits. LZ 186. pa. This spelling not in Zhu. MU ME (kun spang) complete See mu ne. renunciation. Sgra 127. This is MU NO (’khrul pa) bewilderment, probably a misreading or error. Sgra 131. The spelling copyist error for gu med, mu nom, var. mung nom, oc- which does occur in Mdzod as curs in Mdzod. Mung nom & equiv. to Tib. kun spangs, mu ni occur in Zhu. ZZ mung ‘completely renounced.’ Not in nom & mung nol occur in ZB. Zhu. This variety of spellings is MU MED (skye ba med pa) unborn, indeed bewildering. See mu ni. unproduced. LZ 186. MU PUR MA MIG (srung du med MU TSAN [1] (rtsal med) unskilful pa’i dam tshig, srung mi dgos {without effort}. ZZH. ZZ mu pa’i dam tshig) a samaya that rtsan, corrected to mu tsan, has no need to be protected, an occurs once in Zhu. [2] (btsal unkeepable promise. LZ 186. med) without searching, not MU SPUNG GSAL TANG Name of seeing. Sgra 134. Mu tsan, var. a Zhangzhung sage. LZ 186. mu rtsan, occurs as equiv. to Tib. brtsal med, ‘without effort, MU PHYA DUM PA Name of a unsought,’ in Mdzod. See mu land of Zhangzhung. LZ 186. rtsan. MU PHYO (mkha’ la lding ba’am MU TSU (nam mkha’) sky. LZ 187. ’phur ba) hovering in the sky Mdzod, once only, with ZZ or flying. LZ 186. var. dmu tsu. MU BUN TSA RI Occurs in Mdzod, MU TSUG [1] (bkra shis) auspi- ch. 7, where ZZ mu bun tsa ri ciousness. Sgra 125. Zhu, three seems to corresp. to Tib. dmigs times. Mdzod. LZ 187. [2] pa ston, ‘indicate the objecti- (’gyur med) unchanging, un- ves.’ changeable. Sgra 123, 130. MU MAR [1] (gser rgod) wild or Mdzod. Zhu, once. (’gyur ba unprocessed gold. Khro 90, med pa) without change. LZ line 2. Gold in the sky?? Occurs 187. ZB gives meanings 1 and 2 in Mdzod, ch. 6, in name of a both. [3] (dmu thag) the hea- group of divine beings, mu venly rope. ZZH. Zhu, once. mar rkyel sad. Not in Zhu. [2] [4] (skye ba) birth, production. (gser) gold. LZ 186. gold used Humm1 513. OZZ 31. Mdzod. in magical practices of Zhang- [5] (srid?) life. Mdzod. This zhung, like the gold ‘bomb’ or word discussed in Stein 247-8. Tib. dzwa. LZ 186. YN no. 95.1. MU TSE [1] (rtsed sa) playground. [3] (thog) lightning. LZ 186. ZB. The Tib. passage in Mdzod MU MAR TSHAL CHIL (gser dzwa actually reads rtse sa, with var. khol ma) molten bomb gold. rtsis, which corresp. to ZZ mu LZ 186. tse, with var. mu rtse. [2] (rtse 168 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

mo) peak. LZ 187. This occurs me. Sgra 130, 136. This mean- once clearly in Mdzod and ing not given in LZ 187. [3] once not so clearly. (nam mkha’, dbyings, mi g.yo MU TSO [1] (rtsed pa) play, game, dbyings) sky, real, unmoving playground. ZZH. Zhu, once. realm. Sgra 125. ZZ mu ye is We do not find this in Mdzod, by far the most common equiv. but compare ZZ mu tse, above. to Tib. dbyings in Mdzod, al- [2] (klong) space, receptive though ZZ mu snga ye, which center. Mdzod. LZ 187. [3] may corresp. to Tib. rten ’brel (’khyil ba) swirl. With ZZ var. dbyings, also occurs. [4] (gsung mu tsa. Mdzod. rang bzhin med pa) speech without nature. LZ 187; but MU RTSAN (rtsal med) without look under mu ye glang chen, energy. ZB. See mu tsan. below. Note: This word is con- MU ZHI [1] (lto phye che) great tained in the famous 8-syllable snake. Humm1 515. OZZ 33. mantra of Bon. Notice the odd (lto phye) snake. Mdzod, ch. 5. discussion of this mantra in Discussion in ZZQ 6. [2] OZZ 62 n.12, where Hummel (snyom ’jug, i.e., snyoms ’jug) parses the mantra differently. [formless] meditative absorp- MU YE KHIR ZHI (mkha’ dbyings tion, sexual union. Sgra 131. [3] gsal ba) clear sky realm. ZB. (’du byed?) composite, comp- Occurs in Mdzod, once only, in ound, imprint; one of the ch. 3. skandhas. Mdzod. MU YE GUNG SANGS Name of MU ZE (gong ma) past master, ear- one of the Lamp Aeons [Tib. lier one, superior one. LZ 187. sgron bskal]. LZ 187. Not in In the one usage in Mdzod, ZZ Mdzod. mu ze corresp. to Tib. gong, ‘superior, above.’ MU YE GLANG CHEN (rang bzhin med gsung) speech without MU YA (gtor ma’i mnyam du nature. Sgra 129. This occurs in bsham rgyu’i mchod rdzas) an Mdzod, once only. In Zhu, it offering substance to be dis- has the translation Tib. nam played together with the tor- mkha’ lta bu’i gsung, ‘sky-like mas. LZ 187. Not found in speech’; likewise in ZB. Mdzod. Compare kha ste mu ya & smu ya. MU YE GYUN TI TIG NI (nam mkha’ lta bu’i ’bras bu gcig) MU YANG KHANG (bsgyur ba) to one sky-like goal. ZB. transform, as for example to translate. LZ 187. Not in MU YE THIN SANGS Name of one Mdzod. of the Lamp Aeons. LZ 187. Not found in Mdzod. MU YE [1] (nam mkha’, mkha’ dbyings, dbyings) heaven, MU YE PHYA SANGS Name of space, sphere, realm, region. In one of the Lamp Aeons. LZ Zhu, it corresp. to Tib. mkha’ 188. This entire expression not dbyings three times [likewise found in Mdzod. in ZB], Tib. dbyings four times, MU YE MU TOG (bla na med par and Tib. nam mkha’ twice. phyin pa, pha rol tu phyin pa) ZZH. Humm1 491. YN no. 85. going to the ultimate, going to See ma ye. [2] (bla med) supre- the far side. LZ 188. Zhangzhung Dictionary 169

MU YE SA Taken as equiv. to Tib. MU LA GRAM Name of one of the g.yung drung, but based on an worlds. LZ 188. This spelling eccentric parsing of the ma tri not in Mdzod. mantra. See OZZ 62 n.12. MU LA CI (dbyings la ’byor) attain MU RA [1] (kun la) to all. Sgra 130. the realm. ZB. This spelling not [2] (rnam pa) aspect. Mdzod. in Mdzod. This spelling not in Zhu, and MU LA TSA MED Name of a neither does it appear in goddess of Zhangzhung. LZ Mdzod. YN 136 & no. 85, 188. This spelling not in where it is said to mean ‘sky.’ Mdzod. MU RI [1] (mkha’ gsal) clear sky, MU LA MA HOS Name of one of bright sky. Sgra 125. ZB, where the siddhas of Zhangzhung. the Tib. equiv. is spelled kha LZ 188. This spelling not in gsal, ‘clear surface’[?]. (mkha’ Mdzod. la) in the sky. Sgra 126. Occurs, with ZZ var. dmu ri, in MU LA ZER THANG Goddess[es] Mdzod, Tib. equiv. mkha’ gsal. of the sky. LZ 188. Do not exactly find it in Zhu. MU LA YE (skar ma chu smad) [2] (drwa gur) tent with lattice- name of the constellation Chu work awnings or hangings. LZ smad. LZ 188. 188. MU LA HA RGYAL Name of a MU RI PHYOD (dbyings su bskyod siddha of Zhangzhung. LZ 189. pa) traversing the realm. LZ 188. This does occur in Mdzod, MU LA HA RA (nam mkha’ ye ch. 4, but there seems to be shes) space full knowledge. some misparsing, and the Tib. This appears to be a personal bskyod pa does not appear name. Sgra 124. Not in Mdzod, there at all. and not in Zhu. MU RIL (sgo nga) egg. LZ 188. YN MU LI (rlung dmar) ‘red wind,’ a no. 5. This does occur in strong gale. LZ 189. Occurs, Mdzod in one of those pas- with ZZ vars. mang li, ma li, in sages that are overall in Tibe- Mdzod, ch. 2. tan, but employing ZZ expres- MU LE [1] (klong du) in the sions. It isn’t certain if the middle, inside, in. ZZH. Zhu, meaning is ‘egg,’ but it does twice. Did not find this occur in a context concerned meaning in Mdzod. [2] (sngon about various modes of birth. mo) blue [adjective with MU LA [1] (mkha’, nam mkha’) feminine ending]. Mdzod has heaven, sky. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, this, but it could be a mistake seven times. Sgra 133. LZ 188. due to the differences in syntax YN no. 85. (gnam) the heavens. between the ZZ and the Tib. — Zhu, once. Mdzod. [2] (drod) the varying meanings might be warm. ZZH. Zhu, once. Sgra ultimately based on different 123. YN no. 165. Seems to oc- interpretations of the very cur in Mdzod. [3] (de bzhin) same Mdzod passage. Did not likewise, like that. Mdzod. find this meaning in Zhu. [3] (mtsho sngon po) blue lake. LZ 189. [4] (g.yang ’gug pa’i brda’) 170 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

an exclamation used in the to the longer phrase in Tib. ritual for the hooking of good bsrung du med pa’i dam tshig, fortune. LZ 189. ‘vows that are not for keeping’ MU RLAB (mkha’ lding) sky [i.e., an ‘ultimate’ vow]. soarer. Hummel thinks it MU HA (mchod rdzas) offering equivalent to rlab rtse {but I substance[s]. LZ 189. Not think this mistaken}. Humm1 found as such in Mdzod. 515. OZZ 33. ZZ mu rlab does MU HAR (stong pa) empty, hollow, occur once in Mdzod as equiv. void. Mdzod. Zhu, once. ZB. to Tib. mkha’ la lding, ‘soaring ZZ var. mu khar. Humm1 519. in space.’ Not in Zhu. OZZ 38. Also spelled dmu har. MU LE DRUM SHUR SHING ZZT. MU HAR TSE (stong pa nyid) MU SA TA (skar ma chu stod) the emptiness, voidness. ZB. constellation called in Tib. Chu MU HAR RTSER (stong pa nyid) stod. LZ 189. emptiness, voidness, non-exis- MU SANGS (sangs rgyas) Buddha. tence. ZZH. Zhu, once. ZZ ZZH. Zhu, once only. Sgra 125. dmu har dmu tse is the spel- LZ 189. OZZ 3. ling that appears in Mdzod, MU SANGS RKYEN (sangs rgyas and it seems to correspond to rje) Buddha Lord. ZB. The Tib. stong pa nyid ni stong pa, syllable rkyen here would the emptiness of emptiness. seem to be a Tibetanization of MU HE [1] (dbyings nyid) the very ZZ skya, q.v. realm. LZ 189. [2] (dkar gsum MU SAD (gnod sbyin) harm- mngar gsum) the three white bringing spirit. Humm1 515. and three sweet foods. LZ 189. OZZ 33. Actually, this corres- This spelling occurs as var. of ponds to Tib. gnam gyi lha, ZZ mu ye in Mdzod. Not in ‘god of the heavens,’ in Zhu. Mdzod, but it also does appear MU UN (’brug) dragon. ZB. LZ 189; twice as possibly correspon- OZZ 46, where it is spelled ZZ ding to Tib. gnod sbyin. Not in mu ur as well as mu un. While Zhu. this particular spelling is not MU SI (so sor) each its own, found there, the readings in individually. ZB. Mdzod are mu ur, mu ud & mu ung. See the discussion of MU SU SKYI (so sor skyes) born words for ‘dragon’ in Beck- differently. ZZH. I find ZZ mu with, OC Loans 181-185. si skyi in Zhu, once. YN no. 128. In Mdzod, one finds dmu MU UN RGYUNG (gnam ’brug se rkyel as equiv. to Tib. so sor klog [i.e., glog]) the heavenly skye. dragon’s lightning. ZZH. Zhu, once. ZZ mu ur rgyung, var. MU SUR MA MIN (bsrung du med mu ud rgyung, in Mdzod, cor- pa) not [necessary] to defend, resp. to Tib. ’brug dang glog. [vow] not [necessary] to keep. See mu un, dmu un. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, once. ZZ mu pur ma mig, var. mu par mi MUG KHOR (rdza mkhan) potter. mig, is what we find in Mdzod, ZZH. (rdzas mkhan) chemist but it apparently corresponds [?], apparently, but in fact this Zhangzhung Dictionary 171

is just a var. for Tib. rdza MUNG NOM (’khrul pa) mistake, mkhan, ‘potter.’ Zhu, once. Oc- error, illusion. ZZH. ZB. LZ curs in Mdzod, ch. 9. LZ 189. 190. In one place ZZ mung MUG CU (btang snyoms) equani- nom of Zhu is mung nol in mity. Sgra 129. In Mdzod ZZ ZZD, but is spelled mung nom mug chu, var. mug cu, surely in three other instances. Oc- refers not to the positive curs, with ZZ variants mung quality of equanimity, to a na, mu nom, in Mdzod, where negative form of apathy — it is 47th of the 51 mental ‘apathy turns into an anchor of states. the vicious circle’ — and this MUNG NOL (’khrul pa) mistake, equiv. only occurs once, in ch. error, illusion. ZZH. ZB, here 8. Not in Zhu. also spelled ZZ mung nom. MUNG [1] (nag) black. Humm1 498 This spelling does not occur in & Humm2 13, says it is equi- Mdzod. This entry should pro- valent to Tib. nag, ‘black.’ See bably be removed, it being a ma mung, re hab kha mung. simple mistaken reading for This same syllable might, it mung nom, q.v. appears, form a part of Darma MUD GI (snod kyi) of the vessel, of dumumung, ‘all night long,’ the environmental world. Sgra and it appears from MSB 162, 127. See under mung gi ji dang. that Darma muṃ, i.e. mung, means ‘night.’ Byangsi mun- *MUN See kun mun, gu mun, du chai, ‘night.’ GSB 91. It does mun, leg mun. resemble Tib. mun pa, ‘dark- MUN (dmu) horizon, sky. ZB. ness.’ DGD 577. [2] (snod) vessel, vessel world. ZB. [3] (mo) MUN TI (bden) truth. ZZ ti may by female. ZB. itself mean ‘truth,’ which suggests this could be a synonym MUNG KHOR (’khor) attendant[s]. compound. Mdzod, ch. 6. Mdzod, ch. 7, in the context of an analysis of sense faculties. It MUN MA (nor ba) mistaken. ZB. might seem to refer to the Not in Mdzod. potter’s wheel if we rely on *MUR See kan mur, kha mur, du OZZ 46. mur. MUNG GI (snod) vessel. LZ 190. MUR [1] (sbrul) snake. For TB See following. cognates, see Humm2 14. OZZ MUNG GI JI DANG (snod kyi ’jig 78, 100 n. 7. Discussion in ZZQ rten) the world of receptacles 6. Burmese for ‘snake’ — {environmental world, envi- mrwe. See discussion in ronment}. ZZH. Zhu. ZZ mung Beckwith, OC Loans 188-189, gi ci tan is spelling that occurs with mention of a recons- in Mdzod, with ZZ var. mud gi tructed Early Old Chinese form ji tan. The authentic spelling of *mer-. Apparently there was a the first syllable would seem to Sumerian word for snake, muš. be mong, which also occurs in Tóth no. 31 [2] Most of the time Mdzod, and seems to be it seems to corresp. to the spirit identical to an OT word. being called in Tib. klu, for Skt. nāga, rather than precisely the animal ‘snake.’ (klu) nāga. ZB. 172 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

LZ 190. [3] (thur) downward MUR NE (gser zhags) golden slope. LZ 190. [4] (’og) below. noose. LZ 190. The meaning OZZ 46. I think it probable that ‘gold’ here suggests the real the most general meaning of spelling ought to be ZZ mar this ZZ word is ‘down, below’ ne. — compare Tib. ma & mar when the latter are used in this MUR MDZE (mdze nad) the sense. disease of leprosy. LZ 190. Not in Mdzod. MUR KHIR (gsal ba) clear, shining. LZ 190. MUR ZHAG [1] (mi kha dog dmar po can) a red colored man. LZ MUR TI [1] (klu, klu rabs, klu 190. [2] (zhags pa) noose, lasso. btsan) a group of gods or LZ 190. This spelling not in demons {the klu and the btsan, Mdzod. spirits of the netherworld and upper world}. ZZH. Zhu, once. MUR ZANG (klu rgyal) nāga king. [2] (sbrul) snake. LZ 190. I can Sgra 133. (klu) nāga. Sgra 134. imagine how this might mean OZZ 46. Occurs many times more specifically ‘water snake.’ with problematic meanings in [3] (kun grub) all attained. See Mdzod. In the discussion of under mur ti slas. [4] (lan cig) Sga 305, they are definitely one time, once. [5] (bden pa) nāga-type beings. See mu truth. LZ 190. [6] (btang zangs. See the discussion in snyoms) equanimity. LZ 190. ZZT 435, where the form hur See under mur ti phyung ngo zangs is also mentioned. cu tig nam. See also mu ti, mur MUR ZANGS (klu) nāga. Zhu, once ting. only. LZ 190. OZZ 33. See Stein MUR TI PHYUNG NGO CU TIG 232, 234, 245. NAM (lan cig phyir ’ong ba) MUR SON (bzod pa) forgiveness, once returner. Sgra 129. pardon {patience, tolerance, Actually, this whole line cor- longsuffering}. ZZH, noting responds to the longer phrase the misleading translations. in Tib., lan cig phyir ’ong ’bras ZB. Zhu, once only. Sgra 124. bu yi, ‘of the fruit [goal] of the Appears with variants dmur once returner.’ Zhu has ZZ mu song and dmur son in Mdzod. tig phya nga with corresp. Tib. See dmur son. lan cig phyir ’ong. MUL ZHI (drod ’dzin) warmth MUR TI SLAS (kun grub sa) bearer. Mdzod, ch. 8, twice. ground of all attainment. (drod) warmth. LZ 190. YN no. Mdzod, with ZZ var. mor ti 165, but misspelled mur zhi. slas. Not in Zhu. MED Negation. See ZZH 24. MUR TING (klu) a group of gods or demons. ZZH. In Zhu, this MED RKANG (med cing) not seems to corresp. to Tib. klu having. ZB. btsan. Stein 234, says it means MEN (med) negation, not having, is ‘animal.’ See also Stein 245. not, lacks. See ZZH 24. This Compare mur ti, which any- equiv. only occurs once in Zhu. way is probably the more *MO See na mo, pra mo pra mo ha, authentic spelling. tsa mo. Zhangzhung Dictionary 173

MO LJI CHEM (nam mkha’ nas MOL LJI GRA MIN (thog dang ser thog ’babs pa) thunderbolt ba) lightning and hail. Mdzod, from the sky. LZ 191. ch. 5. See also ru tog gra jil. MO SME (yod med) being and non- MYI CI (mi chen) great man. Sgra being. existence. LZ 191. This 133. Not in Zhu. Does not seem occurs, once only, in Mdzod, likely. Perhaps ZZ *ne tse or ch. 12. *tse ne would mean Tib. mi MOG CI (ma rig) ignorance. ZZH. chen. ZB. Zhu, twice. Sgra 135. LZ MYUNG ZHI (ro yi) of flavor, of 192. Occurs in Mdzod, but only taste. Sgra 133. This occurs in chaps. 8 & 9; other words once in Mdzod. We do not find corresponding to Tib. ma rig it in Zhu. are used in the other chapters. MYUR RI (ro srid) the life of taste. Chapter 1 reads ZZ mu ting, Sgra 134. ZZ myu ri, var. dmu var. mung ting; ch. 2 reads mu ri, occurs for Tib. ro srid in yung, var. dmu g.yung; ch. 10 Mdzod. Not in Zhu. reads mu dum; ch. 13 reads mi dun, var. mu dun. See log ci. DMIG (mig) eye. ZZH. Zhu. ZB. Sgra 132. Bru II 290, line 6. MONG See under mung gi ji tan. “eye”. Kuijp (1986) 34. This MONG NUNG (mtha’ dag) the exact spelling does not occur in furthest reaches, horizons, all Mdzod. See mig, yig. without exception. Mdzod, ch. DMU [1] (dbyings) area, sphere 5, with ZZ var. mong ning. {realm}. See mu. [2] (nam MOD (yod) is [really]. ZZH. We do mkha’) sky. Equivalent to dmu not find this in Zhu. kha. Humm1 513. OZZ 15, 30. MOR (’grub, grub) accomplish, LZ 192. There is a lengthy complete, attain. ZZH. Could discussion in Stein 246-7. [3] It not exactly find this in Mdzod. also may mean, as LZ 192 says, Occurs once or twice in Zhu. the clan of Lord Shenrab or the ZB gives the Tib. as sgrub, class of non-human beings or ‘strive for, work toward, do the spirits, but I think these are practice.’ Tibetan-language usages, and not necessarily Zhangzhung. MOR LGYUM (smon lam) aspiration prayer. This spelling DMU KHA MU (nam mkha’i does not occur in Mdzod. In dbyings) heavenly sphere {spa- Sgra 124, it seems to be ce realm}. ZZH. Dmu ri mu ye equated in a footnote with ZZ is the form that actually ap- mu rgyang, q.v. ZB spells it pears in Mdzod. mor rgyum. Not in Zhu. In one DMU TAN (rten pa) rely upon. LZ passage in Mdzod, I find the 193. ZZ that corresp. to Tib. smon DMU TIG (rtogs) understand, reali- lam to be mu rgyad, with vars. ze. OZZ 46. mu rgyang, mu brkyad. DMU TING (nam mkha’i g.yu MOR TI SLA See under mur ti sla, mdog) the turquoise color of of which it is a var. reading. sky. LZ 193. See dmu tor. See mu ting. 174 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

DMU TOG [1] (rtogs pa) perception as equiv. to Tib. mkha’ lding in {understanding, realization}. Mdzod, with ZZ variants mu ZZH. Zhu. Stein 235. See mu tshar & dmu tshang. The usual tog. [2] (phrag dog) jealousy. ZZ equiv. of mkha’ lding in Sgra 128. LZ 193. OZZ 46. But Mdzod is dmu zhag. The usual with this meaning, the ZZ Tib. translation for Skt. garuḍa spelling in Zhu is rmu tog. [3] is khyung, or bya khyung. Not (mtho ris) heaven. Sgra 130. in Zhu. The 1st and 2nd meanings are DMU ZHAG (mkha’ lding) the sky- found in Mdzod. soaring one, the garuḍa. ZZH. DMU TOR =dmu ting. Humm1 ZB. Zhu, once only. Humm1 519. OZZ 38. This occurs with a 501. OZZ 4, 33. Stein 250. See number of meanings, and as a dmu tsha. var. for dmu tog, in Mdzod. [1] DMU ZHIR (mtha’ ’das) beyond It is 26th of the 51 mental limits. Sgra 131. Occurs in states. We do not find this Mdzod, with var. dmu nir. Not spelling in Zhu. Phrag dog is in Zhu. one of the meanings in Mdzod. DMU ZAG (’od ’khor, ’od ’khyil See dmu tog, etc. [2] (nam can), light wheel, with swirling mkha’) sky. LZ 193. lights. LZ 194. DMU THUG (dug) poison. LZ 193. DMU YAD Stein 247, identified this YN no. 48. word in both an OT document DMU DUG (dug) poison. Mdzod, and in Mdzod, although he ch. 8, with var. dmu dag. could not explain it. [1] (mar DMU DHO See under gnas, mu khu) ghee. LZ 194. [2] (zas dho. bcud) nutritive essence. LZ 194. [3] (bdud rtsi) elixir. LZ DMU NIR DU TA (mtha’ las ’das 194. [4] (dngos grub) spiritual pa) passed beyond limits. LZ attainment. LZ 194. This word 193. actually occurs twice in a divi- DMU PUN ZZ vars. dmu bun & nation text among the Dun- dmu sun. Humm1 519. OZZ huang documents, P.t. no. 1047 38. (dbang po) sense faculty. (which may be seen on the Mdzod. We do not find any of OTDO website). It seems that these spellings in Zhu. the ZZ glossary makers have all derived their meanings DMU MAR (gser gyi tog) golden from the context of the auto- finial, gold tip. LZ 193. biographical account by DMU MAR RKYEL SAD (’og min Gshen-chen Klu-dga’ (see Mar- gnas kyi lha) god of No tin, Unearthing, p. 59), where Higher. LZ 194. In Tib., ’Og meanings 1, 3 & 4 are all min is name of the Akaniṣṭha indicated. See also ZZT 430 for heaven. reference to Dunhuang document usages, which he believes DMU TSUG (dmu thag) sky rope. to agree with the Bon text ZB. usages, both corresponding to DMU TSHA (garuḍa) the mythic phya g.yang, ‘wealth and garuda bird. =mu char. fortune.’ Humm1 519. OZZ 38. Occurs Zhangzhung Dictionary 175

DMU RA [1] (gshen rab) Lord Mdzod, ch. 1, although I am Shenrab, the founder of Bon not sure if the line was parsed religion. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, three correctly. See the entry for times. Sgra 123, 125. See the ’greng bu in Nine Ways 294: argument in Humm1 490. OZZ “‘upright creature,’ viz. man, 2. Gyer dod seems to be the ape, etc.” This word is familiar standard ZZ term corresp. to to more people as a name for Tib. Gshen rab in Mdzod. ZZ the Tibetan script’s vowel ‘e’, dmu ra does occur in Mdzod, which stands at an oblique but only as a var. for the word angle, and not exactly upright. for ‘sky.’ However, in one DMU HAR (stong pa) empty. LZ passage the ZZ phrase tri shen 195. OZZ 46. mu ra corresp. to Tib. shes rab DMU HING NING (nam mkha’i rnam pa, ‘aspects of insight,’ in lha mo) goddess of the sky. LZ which case the Tib. shes rab 195. could have been confounded, as it sometimes is, with Tib. DMU HENG ? Sgra 131, where the gshen rab… LZ 195. [2] (nam ZZ word dmu heng is defined mkha’) sky. Sgra 125. (mkha’, as dmu heng (!). See the dbyings) sky, realm. LZ 195. following. DMU RA TA HAN (gshen rab mi DMU HER (dngos med) unreal. bo) Lord Shenrab. LZ 195. I One occurrence in Mdzod, ch. think this is likely a misreading 13. Not in Zhu. (dngos po med of dmu ra ha tan. pa) without reality. LZ 196. DMU RI [1] (ro srid) the life of DMU UN [1] (mkha’ ’brug, mkha’i taste. Mdzod, ch. 11, with var. ’brug, ’brug mo) the heavenly myur ri. (ro) taste. LZ 195. [2] dragon, dragoness. ZZH. Zhu, (mkha’) sky. LZ 195. [3] (gzha’ where it occurs twice with this tshon) rainbow. Mdzod. See spelling. (’brug) dragon. LZ dmu ru rgyud, below. 196. [2] (nam mkha’) sky. ZB. Mu ur & mu ud are the spel- DMU RI PHYOD (sems nyid kyi lings actually found in Mdzod. rang bzhin la sgrib pa med pa) It’s possible the two syllables nature of Mind Proper without are to be interpreted to mean obscurations. LZ 195. Doesn’t ‘sky conch,’ which would be a occur in Mdzod with exactly poetic metaphor for thunder, this spelling. ’brug sgra, the ‘dragon’s cry.’ DMU RU (’khor lo) wheel. LZ 195. All speculation, really. There are several words for DMUR SONG (bzod pa) patience. ‘wheel’ in Mdzod, but this is Sgra 135. LZ 196. See mur son. not among them. DMUR SON (bzod pa) patience. DMU RU RGYUD (gzha’ tshon) Sgra 131. See mur son. rainbow. LZ 195. ZZ dmu ri rgyud is the spelling in Mdzod. DMYI BYIL (ngo tsha med) shameless. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, once DMU SLAS (srid pa ’greng bu / only. YN no. 146. ZZ dil byil & dper na mi lta bu) an erect dim byil are the spellings [walking] being as, for ins- actually found in Mdzod. tance, a human. LZ 195. This does come from a line in 176 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

RMA [1] (ya mchu) upper lip. ZZH. corresponding Tib. would ZB. Zhu, once only. Sgra 132. seem to be the entire phrase mi Matisoff 174. Lower lip called ’da’i dam tshig, ‘inviolate ZZ rme, q.v. [2] See LZ 196, vow.’ In another passage is the where it is also given as name reading ZZ rma du, var. rmad of a clan, although I do not du. [2] (mi ldog) not turning believe this is really Zhang- back. Zhu, once. See under rdo zhung in its origins, since yi, and see also under sma du. anyway it is much used in RMAN TANG ZAL LHA For this Tibetan language contexts; per- phrase, of doubtful Zhang- haps it preserves Chinese fami- zhung nature, see ZZT 435. ly name Ma, and/or Syriac RMI NI (rma mi) Rma man? Mar? We do not find this in {Wound man? Person of the Mdzod. Rma clan?} ZZH. Zhu, once RMA CI (’thib pa, ’thoms pa) to only. ZZ rmi ni, with vars. rma thicken [clouds], to confuse. LZ ni, rmha ni, occurs in the cor- 196. This occurs in Mdzod with responding passage in Mdzod. ZZ var. rmha ci. This line might be translated, RMA ’DANGS (me) fire. LZ 196. ‘seven villages of wound men YN no. 73. I doubt this entirely. live there.’ See under rma ni, I think the word is Tibetan rme ni. where it has a different RMU OZZ 63 n.16. meaning. I think it is used of a RMU TOG (phra dog, phrag dog) fierce storm, perhaps one with envy, jealousy. ZZH. Zhu. hail, which ‘raises wounds.’ Stein 235. See under dmu tog, There is a similar Tib. word the most frequent spelling in skyi ’dang. Mdzod, but mu tog does occur RMA NI (rma mi) wound[making] there once. Perhaps the present men. Mdzod, ch. 5. See OZL 56 spelling should be preserved, & PSD 162, with the so-called however, since it could dif- “Old Zhangzhung” equivalent ferentiate this from other of ZZ rma given as rma; Tib. meanings falling under the rma, meaning ‘wound.’ In spelling dmu tog. other words, according to this, RMU TOG TSE (phrag dog che) all three languages share the great jealousy. Sgra 133. This same word rma. does not occur in Mdzod. RMA LIG =mi ga. Humm1 519. RME (ma mchu) lower lip. ZZH. OZZ 38. Also, ma mig. These ZB. Zhu, once only. Sgra 132. are var. readings in Mdzod Did not find this in Mdzod. See passage where they appear to rmha. corresp. to Tib. med pa. Not in Zhu. RME’U (rme’u) horoscope? ZZH. Did not find this spelling in *RMAD See ti ka rmad du. Mdzod. OZZ 15. This is RMAD DU [1] (mi ’da’) not passing Haarh’s mistaken reading of beyond, not violating. Sgra the word, which is in fact 131. Sma du & smad ca are simply a family name. Name of readings in Mdzod, as 21st of a very important family in Bon the 51 mental states, where the history. Dr. Samten G. Karmay Zhangzhung Dictionary 177

of Paris, for example, belongs zhung gi yul zhig) a land of to it. Zhangzhung. [5] (gsal) clear. In RME NI (rma mi) ? wound man? or Mdzod it appears to corres- perhaps mistake for rma mig, pond with Tib. smin, mtho, opening of a wound? ZB. See gsal, ston, bzang. rmi ni. SMAR ZHI [1] (bzang po) good, RME’U TSHANG RUS Humm1 beautiful. Sgra 123. Spelled 501. This is not really ZZ, and rmar zhi in ZB. LZ 198. [2] should be removed. (mdzes) beautiful. OZZ 40. RMHA [1] (ma mchu) lower lip. SMAR RO [1] (bzang po) good. Bru II 290. [2] This ZZ syllable Humm1 501. OZZ 15. (bzang does occur in Mdzod, but shog) the best [?]. Sgra 125. [2] corresp. with Tib. ’thibs, ‘to get (dge’o) it is virtuous. Sgra 132. thick, become gloomy.’ See rme. We do not find this spelling in Mdzod. Appears, but only in SMA DU (dam tshig) vow, commit- the final colophon, in Zhu. ment. LZ 197. See under rmad du, smad du, etc. SMAR LA (sku) body. Mnyam 15. SMA MA (me lha) the god of fire. *SMU See pa de smu ya. ZZH. ZB. Zhu. Actually as Hoff2 194, argues, this must stand for Tib. gshin rje, and is a corrupt reading for “ya ma.” **TSA** Stein thinks it is the goddess Māmaki. Stein 243. One might argue against these ideas by *TSA See ge tsa, ma tsa. ZZH. pointing out that various forms TSA [1] (nya) fish. ZZH. Zhu. similar to sma, with meaning Humm1 513. OZZ 31, 78, 93. ‘fire,’ are in fact deducible in Humm2 14. Matisoff 162. YN TB; Cobl 79. Could not find no. 55. This seems not to fit this equiv. in Mdzod, and Tib. well with either Chinese or me lha occurs there only as a Tibeto-Burman words for ‘fish’ misreading. ... in fact, it would seem to fit SMAD DU (mi ldog) not turning better with Indic matsya, ‘fish.’ back. ZB. This spelling not in See Tamot 16. See tsa mo. [2] Mdzod. See under sma du, Derivative suffix. See ZZH 16. rmad du. OZZ 65 n.26, 81, gives the alternative endings tsa, tsu & SMAR [1] (bkra, bzang, bzang ba) tse, and says that they stand good, happy, beautiful. ZZH. for either Tib. nyid or ldan. [3] Zhu, many times. Hoff2, inter- (btsan) powerful, mighty, a prets ZZ smar to mean ‘lower kind of spirit. ZB. [4] Hummel Zhangzhung.’ (bzang) good. finds correspondences with Sgra 127. ZB. (bzang po) good. this syllable as it occurs in LZ 198. [2] (mtho po) high. LZ longer words that have to do 198. [3] (smin pa) ripe, mature. with human beings… OZZ 78, LZ 198. YN no. 167. OZZ 46. 93. See OZL 56, with the so-called “Old Zhangzhung” equivalent TSA KA [1] (rten ’brel bcu gnyis kyi given as rmin. [4] (zhang brgyad pa srid pa) life or 178 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

becoming, the eighth of the 12 TSA GE (sred pa) thirst, addiction. interdependent links. LZ 201. Mdzod. ZZ var. tsa ka. To judge from Mdzod, Tib. srid Humm1 519. OZZ 38. pa, ‘life,’ has here been confounded with Tib. sred pa, TSA NA (klad pa) brain. LZ 201. ‘thirst, addiction,’ which is the YN no. 31. correct meaning here. [2] (’khor TSA MA RA (g.yag, ’brong) yak or lo) wheel. OZZ 46. [3] (srid pa) wild yak. LZ 201. An obvious life. OZZ 46. This originates in Sanskritism for Skt. camara. I a mistaken reading of sred pa, strongly doubt if anyone in the ‘thirst, addiction.’ See tsa ga. past considered it to be ZZ. See TSA KA SHA RA (sram mam phag under yag. gi snying) heart of otter or pig. TSA MUN TA (khrag) blood. LZ LZ 201. 201. YN no. 2. Is this a Sanskri- TSAKRA (ral gri) knife, dagger. tism? It appears as if it were ZZH. Zhu. We do not find this one. spelling in Mdzod. Seems to be TSA MED [1] (bu med, i.e. bud a Sanskritism, deriving from med, bu mo) woman, girl. the cakra, or ‘throw star.’ ZZH. ZB. (bu mo) girl. LZ 201. TSA KHRI (’khor lo) wheel. Sgra (bu mo) daughter. Bru II 290, 135. OZZ 46. This spelling line 5. (bud med) woman. Sgra found once in Mdzod, ch. 5, 132. This is frequently paired with var. co khri; in another with the word hri tsa, ‘boy’ or passage, in ch. 16, with spelling ‘male.’ Hummel, in Humm2 tsag kor. This is one of the rare 14, thinks the “tsa” in this examples of clear Sanskritisms word means ‘man’ with an ad- — the Skt. is cakra — that may ded negative, ‘not man’ there- be identified in Mdzod. In ch. 1 fore ‘woman.’ I cannot and do of Mdzod the ZZ is du phud, not follow this argument, since as equiv. of Tib. ’khor lo, seve- there is no other evidence that ral times. Note that rtsa ’khor, ZZ tsa means ‘man.’ NN gives although a shortened form of literary evidence that this rtsa’i ’khor lo, ‘wheel of chan- means any woman age 13 and nels,’ may be a Tib. equiv. up. This has close cognates in meant to sound similar to Skt. Kinnauri, Bunan and Tinan. cakra. See Nishi 15. In Darma language, tsemê; DGD spells it TSA GA [1] (srid pa) life. {correct to ceme. In Byangsi, cheme, ‘wife sred pa, ‘thirst’ [for sensual of elder brother.’ GSB 50. MSB enjoyments]?} Sgra 135. Occurs 60 spells the Darma cameṃ in Mdzod with spellings tsa ka, and defines it with Hindi tsa ge. (srid pa, sred pa) life, laḍakī, ‘girl.’ There is at least thirst. Mdzod. It is very likely one occurrence in a Dunhuang that the equiv. with Tib. srid pa document; see ZZT. [2] (srin, is just mistaken, but this needs srin mo) sister. Humm1 515. study. [2] See OZL 55 & PSD OZZ 34 & PSD 163, although 163, with the “Old Zhang- there seems to be a slight mis- zhung” equivalent given as pelling making it conform to skams, Tib. skams pa, meaning the so-called ‘Old Tibetan’ ‘dry.’ See tsa ka, tsa ge. form tsha med. (sring, lcam Zhangzhung Dictionary 179

mo, srin mo) sister. Mdzod. of being, is karoṭapāṇi, some- Stein 251-2, 254. times understood to mean TSA MO (nya mo, nya) fish. See tsa. ‘Pitcher in [their] Hand[s],’ or Zhu, twice. Sgra 126. ZB. We the like. do not find this in Mdzod. (nya TSA RI [1] (ma nges) indefinite, not yi rigs shig) a species of fish. reliable {uncertainty}. ZZH. LZ 201. Similar words for ‘fish’ Zhu, once. [2] (dmigs pa) objec- are found in Shina languages: tive, intention, focus. Sgra 128. chumu, chubo, chimi, chumo, Mdzod. But see under mu bun chimo. See S&K 270 no. 138. tsa ri. OZZ 8, finds a cognate in Mi- TSA LA (lus kyi rtsa) bodily chan- nyag zö. Byangsi word for nel[s]. LZ 201. Not marked as ‘fish’ is nyā. GSB 73. The same being Zhangzhung. holds for Darma and Chau- dangsi. MSB 109. Although it TSAG [1] (skyed) give rise to, grow. may not be directly relevant, Sgra 135. Appears to stand for note that Tib. nya ma was often Tib. bskyed, ‘generate’ in one used to mean ‘female disciple’ place in Mdzod. [2] Corres- in the Songs of Milarepa, and ponds to Tib. tsha, ‘fever’ in other early Bka’ brgyud pa another place in Mdzod. Not in literature Even if not entirely Zhu. See OZL 55 & PSD 163, obsolete; it seems to be from with the “Old Zhangzhung” some local southern or western equivalent given as tshad; Tib. dialect. tshad, ‘fever.’ [3] (phyed ka) half. LZ 201. TSA RA [1] (lag ngar) forearm. Bru II 291, line 4. [2] (btsan) a type TSAG KOR (’khor lo) wheel, circle. of spirit. LZ 201. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, once. LZ 202. This spelling occurs once in TSA RANG [1] (lag pa, lag ngar) Mdzod. Stein 242. Matisoff 156. hand, arm, forearm. ZZH. Zhu. CT 65. See under tsa khri. In ZB. LZ 201. (lag ngar) forearm. “Zhang-zhung Skad Yig-gi Sgra 132. PSD 162. Darma rāṅ, Grub-cha’i Rang-bzhin Skor” ‘arm.’ Byangsi roṅ, ‘[fore]arm,’ zhes-par Dpyad-pa, Bon-sgo, or, rauṅ, ‘shoulder.’ GSB 98, vol. 12 (1999), pp. 67-86, at p. 163, 216. Persian word for 77, a Newar word for ‘wheel,’ ‘hand’ is dasta. [2] (khru) cubit. there spelled in Tibetan letters OZZ 46. Tsa rang, variant rtsa as tsag kol, is brought forward. rang, occurs in Mdzod as Robert Bauer, Sino-Tibetan equiv. of Tib. lag, khru (?), as a *kolo ‘Wheel,’ Sino-Platonic unit of measure, a cubit. Nishi Papers, no. 47 (1994). Proto-S-T 16. See OZL 56, with the “Old for ‘wheel’ is *kolo, which is in Zhangzhung” equivalent given turn a loan from Indo- as la; Tib. lag, meaning ‘hand.’ European — Greek kirkos, Skt. TSA RANG MU KHIR (lag na cakra & gola etc. OZZ 71, gzhong thogs) name of a being brings forward Sumerian dwelling on first level of the kurkur, ‘circle.’ cosmic mountain, ‘Holding *TSANG See kyo tsang ma min. Basin in Hand.’ ZZ var. rtsa rang mu khir. Mdzod, ch. 5. TSANG ZHI (sregs pa) burnt, in- The Skt. for this being, or type cinerated. Sgra 130. Seems to 180 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

corresp. to Tib. drod, ‘warm,’ ZZH. ZB. LZ 202. YN no. 14. In in Mdzod. Zhu, once, spelled tsitta. An TSANG RI (rtsa) vein, root {but in obvious Sanskritism — in Skt. the context in Zhu, it is a body citta. We do not find this in part, and so must mean ‘veins, Mdzod. Stein 242. Nishi 19. channels, nerves,’ not ‘root’}. TSI TSI DZA LA (mdze nad) ZZH. ZB. Zhu, once. Matisoff leprosy. LZ 202. 172. Occurs once in Mdzod, TSI SING (ma g.yos) unbudged. ZB. but apparently with no Tib. equiv. supplied. (klad pa’i rtsa TSU [1] (khrus) bath, ablution. zhig gi ming) name of a chan- ZZH. Zhu. Nishi 30 gives pos- nel of the brain. LZ 202. YN no. sible TB cognates. Tib. khrus 83, mistakenly taken to mean does occur once in Mdzod, but ‘root.’ its ZZ equiv. is problematic, perhaps tshu, var. tshul. See TSANG RI PUR LANG (mig dbang, under tshu. [2] Derivative mig gi dbang snod) eye faculty, particle. ZZH 16. vessel of the eye faculty. LZ 202. Mdzod. TSU CI See under snyug khro tsu ci. TSANG RI TSA NA (klad pa) brain. LZ 202. TSU CI KHYIL (khrus kyi rdzing bu) bathing pond. ZB. *TSAN See khi tsan, khri tsan, tha tsan, mu tsan. In the ZZ words *TSUG See mu tsug, u tsug, u tsug ti tsan and rko tsan, the syl- ma min. lable tsan seems to mean ‘mea- TSUG NO (’dod chags) passion, sure.’ lust. ZZH. In Zhu, it is actually *TSAM See sbu tsam, i tsam spre. spelled cug ni and cug no, q.v. We do not find this exact spel- *TSAR See khri tsar, ti tsar, thar tsar ling in Mdzod, but rather cug ne. no, vars. cu ga nod [?] & ci TSAR CI (brtson ’grus) industrious- snog. Cug no does seem to be ness, perseverence, diligence. the better attested spelling. ZZH. This particular spelling is TSUG TSE (’phrul ’khor bsgyur ba) apparently based on a misrea- to perform yantras, ’khrul ding of Zhu found in ZZD. ’khor type yoga. LZ 202. This This particular spelling does spelling not in Mdzod. not occur in Mdzod. See under tshar ci, which must be consi- *TSUM See hri tsum. dered the more authentic spel- *TSUR See thad tsur. ling, as well as char ci. TSUR NI Stein 242, where he ar- TSAR RI (brtson ’grus) industry, gues that it is Sanskrit. This diligence. ZB. See tsar ci. spelling not in Mdzod. ~TSAL (rgya mtshal) vermillion. *TSE Derivative suffix. See ZZH 16. LZ 202. Suggested meanings include: *TSI See ku shu tsi sing. great, time, period, collective, little, body. ZZH. Humm2 14. *TSI COD See has ti tsi cod. Hummel thinks it is a dimi- TSI TA (snying, i.e. snying po) nutive like Chinese tzu. OZZ 5, heart, mind, quintessence. 58. I think that, as a second Zhangzhung Dictionary 181

syllable of a two-syllable word, not certain, that this is based it most often corresponds to on a misreading of Mdzod. See Tib. -po and -nyid (in the same rtse ze. position in the word). See rtse, TSEG [1] (nyi shu) twenty. ZZH. and see also under gyer tse, This particular spelling does dun tse. In PSD 159-160 we not occur in Mdzod. It seems to find a rather convincing argu- be based on a misreading of ment that it, with var. tshe, Zhu. [2] (tsheg) the punctua- ought to be an ablative ending tion mark in the form of a dot in so-called ‘Old Zhangzhung.’ used to divide syllables. LZ ~TSE [1] (tshe) life span, time. LZ 203. 202. [2] (gna’ ba) Tibetan blue *TSEN See khri tsen. sheep. LZ 202. [3] (rtse) peak. Old Newar co, ‘peak.’ Old TSEN TSEN (gdod ma, ye srid) Newar ce, ‘roof.’ Tamot 172. primordial, since beginningless time. LZ 203. Not in Mdzod. TSE TA (rtse nas) from the peak. Mdzod, ch. 5. *TSO See tha tso, du tso, de tso, ma tso, mu tso. As an alternative TSE BRAN (sor gang) one full spelling for dzwa, q.v. LZ 203. finger-measure. LZ 202. TSO DO (kha dog) colour. ZZH. TSE ZE (mna’ ba) oath [?]. ZB. (rna We do not find this in Mdzod. ba) ear, Tibetan blue sheep [the Seems to be based on a mis- latter more correctly spelled reading of Zhu, where we find gna’ ba]. OZZ 46, 78. Probably ZZ kher, corrected to ZZ tso, mna’ ba is just a misspelling corresp. to Tib. kha dog. for rna ba [generally, ‘ear’], which is in its turn a common TSO MEN GYER CHEN Name of a spelling for gna’ ba, ‘Tibetan siddha of Zhangzhung in 8th blue sheep.’ Sga identifies the century CE. LZ 203. ZZ tse ze in Mdzod to mean TSO SHEN (rnam shes) conscious- the rna ba sheep. (ri dwags rna ness. Sgra 134. Occurs in ba) the wild Tibetan blue Mdzod with spellings tse shan, sheep. See under tse & rtse ze. tse shen, lke shin, lko shi, shi TSE SHAN (rna) ear. OZZ 30. shen, she tse, she tsen, te shen, Mdzod. See tse shen. ti shen, ti shan, ti shin. The spellings ting shin & ti shin are TSE SHEN (rna yi rnam shes) ear found in Zhu. consciousness. Sgra 133. Appears in Mdzod, with var. *TSOG See yu tsog. ZZH. tse shan. This seems to refer to TSOG [1] (sog, sog pa) shoulder- the sense of hearing, while the blade, scapular bone. ZZH. ear, Tib. rna, is usually repre- Zhu. [2] (phyogs) direction. sented by ZZ ra & ra tse. With var. pogs. Humm1 519. TSE SWE (rna ba) ear, antelope. OZZ 38. Matisoff 171. These ZZH. LZ 202, here spelled tse meanings appear to be based se, with cross-reference to tse on Mdzod, but the passages ze. In Zhu, ZZ rtse se is correc- are rather unclear; in one place ted to rtse ze, while in another it corresp. to Tib. steng, place it is spelled tse swe. Sgra ‘zenith,’ rather than Tib. 126. Stein 248. Possible, though phyogs, direction. “Toksa:” is 182 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

‘direction’ in Byangsi. [3] RTSA GSUM (srin mdzub) the ring (mngar) sweet. ZB. finger, fourth finger. LZ 205. TSOG MU (sog pa) shoulderbone. Doubtful. Not in Mdzod. ZB. *RTSAL See khod rtsal, she khod TSOG MU DUM (sog pa’i dbyibs) rtsal. ZZH. shape of a shoulderbone. ZB. RTSAL [1] (mtshal) forest {Haarh’s TSOD (rtsod) argument. ZB. mistake that must be corrected *TSON See ting tson, tha tson. to ‘vermillion’; ‘forest’ is rather Tib. tshal}. Zhu, once. Occurs TSON [1] (sgra) sound, language, twice in Mdzod, in the name word. Sgra 132. We do not find ‘Vermillion Mountain.’ [2] this equiv. in Mdzod, where (tshal) forest. Zhu, once. rlang is the usual ZZ corres- Mdzod. [3] (rtsal) energy, ath- ponding to Tib. sgra. [2] (skra) letic vigor, energy manifesta- hair. I find the reading ZZ con tion. Mdzod. [4] (dngul) silver. in Zhu, but here the Tib. sgra, In the comm. vocab., it seems may actually be intended to be to corresp. to Tib. dngul, skra, ‘hair.’ See con. Cobl 90 ‘silver.’ ZB. [5] (skye tshal [i.e., finds S.-T. root to be **sram. skyed tshal]) park. [6] Hum- Old Newar, ca-saṃ, ‘hair.’ mel, and probably he alone, Tamot 172. believes it is an instrumental RTSA [1] (khru) a cubit, the case suffix meaning ‘with the distance from the elbow to the power of,’ and corresponding tip of the middle finger. ZZH. to a Chinese ending. OZZ 5. Matisoff 173. Ti khru is the ZZ RTSAL NE (mthu chen) great for Tib. khru in Mdzod, but ZZ powers and abilities. See she tsa, var. rtsa, does occur once, khod rtsal. ZZH. Zhu, several and so does ZZ tsa ring (evid. times. Sgra 124. We do not find = rtsa rang). See rtsa rang. [2] this in Mdzod. Stein 237. Acc. (dka’, var. rka) is difficult. to ZB, dpon gsas rtsal ne is ZZ Mdzod. for Tib. stong rgyung mthu RTSA KRAD (’khor lo) wheel, chen, the proper name. circle. ZZH. Zhu, once only. RTSAL RANG (mtshal ri) vermil- ZB. Stein 242. See under tsa lion mountain. Mdzod, ch. 5. In kra. ZB spelled rtsal rwang. RTSA KRAD KHYU WER (’khor lo RTSAL GSUM (srin lag) the ring bsgyur rgyal) wheel turning finger. ZZH. YN no. 27. Zhu, king. ZB. once only. ZB. Bru II 291, line RTSA RKYA Mdo-phran 2, line 1. 3. Matisoff 173. This appears We do not find this spelling in doubtful, since rtsal gsum does Mdzod. Not in Zhu. occur in the Tibetan text of Mdzod, but in a context where RTSA NE (mthu chen) great the meaning Tib. srin lag is [magical] power. ZB. hardly possible. RTSA RANG (khru) a cubit. ZZH. RTSI See OZL 55 & PSD 163, with ZB. See rtsa, tsa rang. the “Old Zhangzhung” equiva- RTSA RANG MU KHIR See tsa lent given as tsis; Tib. rtsi, as in rang mu khir. Zhangzhung Dictionary 183

rtsi ba, meaning counting, or doubtful. However, it is an medicine [?]. interesting example for sho- RTSI RI (ma nges) uncertain, wing the existence of ZZ verbs. unestablished. ZB. RTSU NGA DRUG (bcu drug) sixteen. ZZH. ZB. This looks **TSHA** like a ‘mistake’ for ZZ cu nga drug, sixteen. The latter is in fact the spelling in Zhu. TSHA (mkhris pa) bile, gall. ZB. LZ RTSE [1] (rtsal) powerful. Zhu, 203. This actually must mean once. ZB. [2] (che) is great, the gall bladder, in a list of greater. Zhu. [3] Derivative internal organs in the comm. particle or ending — see ZZH vocab. 16 — with meanings of great, TSHA TSIL (tsha grang) tempera- little [?]. [4] (dbal) sharp point. ture. LZ 207. OZZ 46. ZZ rtse, var. rtsi, corresp. with Tib. dbal, ‘sharp TSHA ZHI (byams pa) love, loving point,’ in Mdzod, ch. 1. kindness. ZZH. Zhu, once. Sgra 131. With variant readings RTSE TEL See ne sum cu rtse tel tsha zhing, tshad zheng, it is sum. Zhu. We do not find this 19th of the 51 mental states in spelling in Mdzod. Mdzod. Occurs in Mdzod with RTSE ’DU HED (drag po’i gar) a ZZ vars. tsha zhing, tshad fierce or wrathful dance. LZ zheng. See de ded, de nged. 206. TSHA ZHI TSE (byams pa che) RTSE ZE (rna ba) antelope. ZZH. great love, loving kindness. ZB. OZZ 78. My suspicion is that TSHA LA RGYUNG Name of a this is from a misreading of siddha of Zhangzhung. LZ 207. Mdzod, in a passage where Tib. rna ba means ‘hearing,’ TSHA LA RGYUNG NE Name of a not ‘antelope’; but this may in deity of Zhangzhung. LZ 207. turn be mistaken, since in Sga TSHANG (me) fire. Sgra 127. We 325, it clearly refers to an do not find this in Zhu. animal. Needs closer study. TSHANG SLA (zla ba) moon, This point discussed in Nam- month. Mdzod. Not in Zhu. gyal Nyima’s dictionary under “ra tse se.” See tse ze, tse swe. TSHANGS TING (sa yi go la ’dzin pa’i rlung) the wind that holds *RTSER See mu har rtser, ag rtser. the orb of the earth. LZ 208. RTSO (steng) above. Humm1 498. TSHANGS STANG ZZ for ‘fire,’ OZZ 12. This is a doubtful acc. to A-khrid 291. Humm1 entry. It is based on a reading 504. It does occur once in a list of Zhu, where ZZ de tse — in of elements in Mdzod, al- ZZD spelled de tso — corresp. though no Tib. equiv. is given, to Tib. de steng, ‘above that.’ although from context it surely RTSOD (gcod) cut, cut off, define [a must mean ‘fire.’ It occurs verb]. ZZH. YN no. 200.2. ZB. again in Mdzod with Tib. Zhu, once only. We do not find equiv. gsal byed, ‘clarifying, this in Mdzod, and it seems making visible.’ Not in Zhu. 184 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

(me) fire. LZ 207. YN no. 73, this syllable is interesting and spelled tshang stang. problematic, which means it TSHANGS STANG NE RAM (me ought to be studied more. yi lha) god of fire. LZ 208. See TSHAR CI [1] (brtson ’grus) ne ram. industry, diligence. ZZH. Zhu, TSHANGS STANG RING MO (gsal twice. Sgra 124. Occurs once in byed ’bar ma) that which bla- Mdzod with variants char ci & zes and makes visible, an tshar tsir. [2] (mtshan ma) epithet or description of fire or mark. ZB. LZ 209. This corresp. of bodily heat. Mdzod. Not in does occur once in Mdzod, Zhu. with var. ZZ tshwar ci. See the following entry. TSHANGS STANG SAD WER (me lha’i rgyal po) king of the fire TSHAR CI MA MIN (mtshan ma gods. LZ 208. med pa) without defining mark, without [any] characte- TSHANGS PA GTSUG PHUD ristic trait. See also tsar ci. Name of a disciple of Lord ZZH. Zhu, once. Occurs once Shenrab. LZ 208. in Mdzod, with ZZ var. tshwar TSHAD MIN (rtsal med) without ci ma min. energy, or without pushing or TSHAR CIR (brtson ’grus) effort, striving. Sgra 128. Occurs once, assiduity. Sgra 136. See tshar with ZZ var. dzad min, as ci. equiv. to Tib. brtsal med, in Mdzod. ZZ mu [r]tsan also TSHAR TSI (brtson ’grus) exertion, occurs in same work as equiv. diligence. ZB. to Tib. brtsal med. Not in Zhu. TSHAR ZHI (bya ba) work, action, TSHAN T.N. says it is ZZ for ‘pure deed. Sgra 127. Occurs in water.’ In Bon texts it seems Mdzod with an evidently mis- usually to mean a kind of taken var. wer zhi. Not in Zhu. specially prepared water for TSHWAR ZHI (brtson ’grus) effort, ritual use, which might contain exertion. Sgra 131. See tshar ci. herbs, saffron, etc. Namkhai TSHAR SHIN (tshe) life, life span, Norbu, Drung Deu & Bon, p. time. LZ 209. Not marked as 262, n. 57. Tib. chu tshan, ‘hot Zhangzhung, although I guess water’ does occur in the Tib. it should be. text of Mdzod, but not in the ZZ, where tshan only occurs as TSHAL (tsi lu) fat, grease. LZ 209. 2nd syllable of ZZ tha tshan, YN no. 7. See the following. q.v. Not in Zhu. I am not TSHAS (tshil) fat. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, certain this not a Tibetan word. once only. Sgra 132. Appears as There is indeed a Tib. word ZZ tshos in the comm. vocab. tshan, but as far as I know it (tshil bu) fatty tissues. Bru II mainly has meaning of an 292, line 1 . Matisoff 167. Nishi administrative unit in the time 19. (sha yi tshi lu) animal fat. LZ of the empire. 209. YN 134 & no. 155. TSHAR (reg bya) touchable object. TSHAS PHRU (rkang pa) foot, leg. LZ 209. ZZ tshar corresp. to ZZH. YN no. 8. Zhu, once. Tib. reg, ‘touch,’ in the comm. Occurs in with variant ZZ vocab. In general in Mdzod Zhangzhung Dictionary 185

forms tshas phrum & tshas bru TSHUL MIN (tshul khrims) moral in Mdzod. Stein 237. Matisoff discipline. LZ 209. 173. Nishi 17, with close cognates given. See tshas brub, chas TSHUL SHAG (reg bya’i lha mo) phru. goddess of touch. LZ 209. TSHAS PHRUM (rdzu ’phrul) TSHEL RKYA (mkhal ma) kidneys. miraculous power. LZ 209, but LZ 210. here obviously the context was *TSHON See tha tshon. the “feet of miraculous power,” Tib. rdzu ’phrul rkang TSHOS [1] (tshil) fat, fatty tissue. pa, which resulted in some- ZB. LZ 210. YN no. 7. [2] See times taking the “feet” and under tshas. sometimes the “miraculous MTSHO RO (g.yu) turquoise. LZ power” to be the correspon- 211. I am not convinced that ding meaning… This sort of we ought to regard this word confusion is not at all uncom- as ZZ. If read as Tib., it would mon… In Mdzod this corresp. mean ‘lake corpse,’ I suppose. occurs only once, in the larger

ZZ phrase zhan ze tshas phrum, in Tib. rdzu ’phrul rkang pa. **DZA** TSHAS BRUB (rkang pa) leg. Sgra 129. This exact spelling not in Mdzod, although we do find *DZA See rko dza. the ZZ spelling tshas bru as a DZA (gza’) planet, eclipse. OZZ 46. one-time variant. See tshas DZWA Bönpo ‘bomb.’ I am not phru. sure how we are supposed to TSHU [1] (tshe) life span. ZB. [2] know if it is Zhangzhung or (khrus) bathing. OZZ 46. Al- not. It is spelled in many diffe- though these meanings are de- rent ways, and treated as a Tib. rived from Mdzod, they are word. See LZ 213, where it is problematic. See under tsu. not marked as being ZZ. TSHU MI (tshul khrims) moral dis- DZA GAD (chang phud) first cipline. Sgra 124. ZZ variants offering of chang beer. LZ 211. tshul min, tshu min, appear in It seems conceivable that Dar- one line of Mdzod. This spel- ma cekti or mar'cekti, ‘beer,’ is ling not in Zhu. See the fol- somehow connected. DGD 578. lowing entries. It may also appear in the TSHU MIN (tshul khrims) beha- Byangsi word jagāt, which viour, moral law, monastic would anyway be pronounced law. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, once only. ‘dzagat,’ and means ‘a [type of] Sgra 131. See tshul mi. tax.’ GSB 52. However, this might be considered as a Tibe- *TSHU MU See sa de tshu mu. tan form, sometimes spelled TSHUL MI (tshul khrims) beha- dza ga ta, as well as dza gad, viour, moral law, monastic with very similar meaning. law. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, once only. DZA GE (gza’ bdud) eclipse See tshu min, tshul min. demon. LZ 211. 186 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

DZA CI (bla ma sprul pa’i sku) a context not holding anything reincarnate spiritual teacher. in thought. LZ 212. Mdzod, LZ 211. once only, has ZZ dzag men, var. dzag min, as corresp. to DZA TANG TA MIN (gza’ gtad Tib. ’dzin med, ‘not holding.’ med pa) without give and take. With ZZ vars. ’dza’ dad ta min DZAD (zad pa) exhausted, used & ’dza tang ta min, occurs in up, extinguished. LZ 212. Mdzod, ch. 4. DZAD MIN [1] (btang snyoms) DZA DUR (lhag ma) leftovers. ZZ equanimity, impartiality, neu- var. ’jo tur. In ch. 5 of Mdzod, tral — neither pleasant nor un- corresp. to Tib. lhag ma, ‘left- pleasant. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, once. over part, remainder.’ (lhag [2] (zad med) not consumed, ma) leftovers. LZ 212. inexhausted. ZZH. Zhu, once. Mdzod. [3] (btsal du med pa) DZA NAM DA DOD (rdzu ’phrul unsearchable. [4] (dpag tu med ldan) with miraculous dis- pa) immeasurable. LZ 212. plays. OZZ 46. OZZ 46. In Mdzod it seems in a DZA YE (brjed par byed pa’i gdon) few places to corresp. to Tib. a spirit that makes you forget dpag med, but with the clear things. LZ 212. contextual meaning of Tib. btang snyoms, while the other DZA RA (mkha’ ’gro) sky goer. ZB. Tib. equivs., btang snyoms & See hri ho dza ra. zad med, are found there as DZA LA (thar bar byed pa’am gcod well, the latter with greater par byed pa’i brda) an excla- frequency. mation that causes liberation or DZAN [1] (rdzun) falsehood, lie. that cuts. LZ 212. Mdzod, once in ch. 8. LZ 212. DZAG [1] (zhag) a [calender] day. [2] (tshad gzhi) measure, stan- ZZH. ZB. Zhu, once only. This dard for measure. LZ 212. Dzin equivalence appears once in is the spelling in Zhu. [3] (rims) Mdzod. This is lacking in Nishi contagion, epidemic. Mdzod, 24. Darma jya, ‘day.’ Darma ch. 2. jyala, ‘date.’ Darma, jyar'i, DZAN KYI DA DOD (rdzu ’phrul) ‘daily.’ DGD 579. Spelled jyā, miraculous display. OZZ 46. for all three languages, in MSB Occurs in Mdzod with ZZ var. 74. Old Newar cā, ‘night.’ dzan ci da dod. Tamot 16. [2] (zag pa) outflow, defilement. OZZ 46. DZAN CI (rdzu ’phrul) miraculous power. Sgra 128. Spelled DZAG CI (zag pa’i) of the outflows. dzwan ci in ZB. Occurs with Mdzod, ch. 8. (zag pa) outflow, variants dzi ci, dzan kyi in defilement. LZ 212. ZZ zag ci Mdzod, chaps. 5 & 6. or zad ci seem more common in correspondence with Tib. DZWAN CI (rdzu ’phrul) miracle, zag pa in Mdzod, although delusion {miraculous ability}. dzag ci does occur there. ZZH. Zhu, once only. This particular spelling not in DZAG MED (’dzin med / sgom gyi Mdzod. See zham ze. skabs su blo la ’dzin pa med pa) not holding, in meditation DZAN SLIG [1] (sprul ba) emanation. Sgra 128. Occurs in Zhangzhung Dictionary 187

Mdzod; in one passage are the leading, likely based on a mis- ZZ readings sa slig, za slig and reading of a passage in Mdzod zla slig; in still another passage — where ZZ dzun, with vars. slig tso; slig ci also occurs. rdu & ju corresp. to Tib. (sprul pa) manifested, emana- gzungs — along with a mis- ted. LZ 212. [2] (rdzu ’phrul) translation of Tib. gzungs, miraculous display. OZZ 46. dhāraṇī. *DZAM OZZ 46 thinks it means DZUN (’dzug) set down, plant, ins- Tib. chags, ‘attachment.’ See ci titute. ZZH. Zhu, twice. Tib. dzam. equiv. spelled ’dzugs [the verb] DZAR (gza’) planet. The ZZ vars. in ZB. ZZ var. dzu. Humm1 jar, dzar & dzwa occur in 519. OZZ 38. Occurs once in Mdzod. It appears as ZZ ja in Mdzod. This is an excellent ins- the comm. vocab. tance of a ZZ verb. (’dzug pa) instituting. LZ 212. See ta ca DZWAR WAG (gza’ skar) planets dzun. and stars. ZZH. Zhu, once only. YN no. 87. In Mdzod are DZE (tshe) life, lifespan. OZZ 46. found the variants jar wag & LZ 213, says it is the same as dzwa ra weg, while the comm. ZZ tse. See tse. vocab. reads ja weg. See ’dzar DZO MEN GYER CHEN Name of a wag. siddha of Zhangzhung. LZ 213. DZI NA (rdzun) lie. ZB. DZNYA See pra dznya. DZI RA (rig ’dzin) comprehension, DZNYA NA (ye shes) perfect wis- clever {tantric sage, ‘know- dom, Skt. jñāna. Occurs only ledge holder’}. ZZH. Spelled once in Zhu, whereas the usual dzī ra in ZB. Zhu, twice. Sgra ZZ ha ra occurs several times. 124. This particular spelling ZB spells it dznyan. This entry not found in Mdzod, and al- appears to be quite Sanskrit in though rig ’dzin does occur nature, and probably should be once in the Tib. text, it seems to removed, especially since the have another meaning. One genuinely ZZ word, ha ra, is so line does have the variants ji well established. It does not ra, dzar, but the Tib. equiv. is occur at all in Mdzod. not clear. See hri to. See also DZRAD MIN (zad med) not ex- hri ho dza ra, a yu dzi ra rkya. hausted, not used up, endless. DZIN ZAD CI (rdzun ser sna) ZB. Mdzod very many times falsehood and avarice. ZZH. reads ZZ dzad min, so the Zhu, once. There is really no spelling here seems unneces- reason to have the two dif- sarily eccentric. ferent words together here in BDZAR (gza’) planet. ZB. one entry. Could not find this combination in Mdzod, al- *’DZA See slas ’dza. though zang ci, for Tib. ser sna, *’DZWA See slas ’dzwa. ‘miserliness’, does occur. Like- wise, separately, ZZ dzan for ’DZAR (gza’) planet. Sgra 126. See Tib. rdzun, ‘lying.’ dzar DZUNG (gzungs) instruction. OZZ ’DZAR WAG (gza’ skar) planets 90. I see this as entirely mis- and stars. ZZH. We do not find 188 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

this spelling in Zhu, neither is Tib. ye shes sku, although it in Mdzod. See dzar, dzwar once, probably mistakenly, Tib. wag. ye shes bcud. RDZWA CI (rdzu ’phrul) miracu- WANG KAR The female of a type lous power. Also spelled of bird. LZ 214. dzwan ci. OZZ 54, 55. WANG NI (dbang gi) of power. RDZA CI LDE RMI (’phrul gyi lde Sgra 136. Burmese: ang; Cobl mig) miraculous key. ZB. 89. This is not in Mdzod, and is Evidently, lde rmi is ZZ for not in Zhu, and seems doubt- ‘key’ here, identical to Tib. lde ful, as do the following 2 en- mig, a word that ought to, but tries. does not, yield a clear etymo- WANG WER (dbang rgyal) power- logy through analyzing the ful king. Sgra 136. Not in Zhu. two syllables. Perhaps distant- Not in Mdzod. ly related to Darma tarom, ‘key,’ and to Byangsi taram, WANG YA (dbang ldan) mighty, which is found in early Tibetan powerful. ZZH. Zhu, once. Not texts, and especially in Bon in Mdzod. Spelled wang yā in texts, in the form of Tib. tha ZB. Sgra 130. OZZ 15. rams, ‘lock’ or ‘binding chain, WANGS (sku) hon. body. Sgra 125. restraint,’ etc. OZZ 46. This spelling not in Zhu, although it is found in Mdzod. See under wang.

WAD KYA Said to be ZZ. Mdo- **WA** phran 2, line 1. We do not find this in Mdzod. Not in Zhu. WA (ra) goat. ZB. Nota bene: In WI TIG See wi to. Tibetan, wa means ‘fox.’ Note, WI TO (gzhu ’dom) a span, the too, that Darma wa means length of a bow, a standard ‘lion’ (’tiger’ in DGD). The Dar- unit of measurement. ZZH. ZB. ma word for ‘wild goat,’ is ya- Occurs in Zhu, with spelling pho. I know of no source that wi tog, in ZZD with spelling would verify this word, so it wi to. Occurs once in Mdzod, probably ought to be removed. only with variants weg ti & wi WAG (skar) star. Also spelled ZZ tig, which may corresp. to Tib. weg, which may be the more gzhu gang, ‘one span.’ But note correct spelling(?). (skar ma) that in Chaudangsi, wi means star. Sgra 126. OZZ 46. See ‘bow.’ YN no. 106. In Darma, dzwar wag, ’dzar wag. bini means ‘bow,’ as does yi. WANG [1] (sku) body. ZZH. ZB. There seems to be something Zhu, several times. Sgra 128. akin to what the TB linguists LZ 214. OZZ 46. [2] (dbang) call ‘genital flipflop’ in the power. OZZ 13. This seems switching around of such con- doubtful. [3] (bcud) nutritive cepts as bow and arrow, or essence. OZZ 46. Occurs in lock and key, although I am Mdzod, with ZZ var. wangs. not sure of it. Occurs there in the ZZ phrase ha ra wang, which is usually Zhangzhung Dictionary 189

WI SIM (’khrigs chags) sexual lust. part, reads rather confusingly Sgra 132. Mdzod, with var. “skar dang weg,” which we spellings wer som & wi som. would have to translate ‘[Tib. word] star and [ZZ word] star.’ WI SOM [1] (sbyor log) wrong ap- ZZ weg also occurs in the plication, connection or analo- comm. vocab. (skar ma) star. gy {unethical sexual relations}. LZ 215. OZZ 54. See wag. ZZH. Zhu, once only. ZZ var. tso som. Humm1 519. OZZ 38, WEG TI (’dom pa) a measure of a 46. See wer sol. [2] (’dod chags) span. LZ 215. (gzhu ’dom) bow lust. Mdzod, with ZZ var. khri span. OZZ 46. See wi to. som. [3] (log par g.yem) wrong WEG SHING (skar ma chung ngu) sexual activity. Mdzod, with small star. LZ 215. YN no. 87, ZZ var. tso som. LZ 214. [4] but misspelled wak shing. (’khrigs chags) desire for sex, *WER See tha wer, the wer, mang sexual lust. Mdzod, ch. 9. LZ wer. ZZH. 214. ZZ wi som seems to be the best spelling. WER [1] (rgyal, rgyal ba, rgyal po, rgyal mo) conqueror, victor, WIG ZHI (skar ma) star. LZ 214. king, queen, ruler. ZZH. Zhu, See under weg. several times. See Humm1 498, WIG YA LZ 215. See under weg. 501. Humm2 14. OZZ 4, 71, 79, WIR ZHI (gsal ba) clear, shining, where it is linked to Canarian, visible. Sgra 126. Is this my etc. Hummel’s etymology is misreading for khir zhi? The rejected in ZZQ 2. LZ 215. This particular spelling was not syllable stands for the Tib. found in Mdzod. syllable rgyal, in all its several usages. See under wer ro. [2] WIR SOM [1] (’dod log) wrong (mda’) arrow. Zhu, once, but desire or wish. ZZH. ZB. [2] see also wer hri. OZZ 54. YN (pho mo) male and female, no. 103. See OZL 55, with the gender. Sgra 132, but this is “Old Zhangzhung” equivalent mistake based on a reading of given as ma. Old Newar barā, Mdzod. In a Mdzod passage, it ‘arrow.’ Tamot 178. This has a corresponds to ’khrigs chags, possible Iranic connection with ‘sexual lust,’ but here it is hwar as in hwarna and/or To- spelled wer som. This would kharian walo, ‘king,’ which in seem to bear a resemblance to turn is related to IE root wal-, Tokharian A wrasom, although as also found in Latin valere, this latter means ‘person, crea- English valiant, valor, value… ture.’ See wi som. WER GYER (gshen rgyal) Shen WIL KHYOM (khyim) house, king, priest king. LZ 215. household. ZB. WER THANG (gar gyi rigs shig) a WEG (skar) star. This would seem type of dance. LZ 215. to be the correct ZZ form with Evidently a ‘royal dance’ or the the meaning ‘star.’ ZB gives an like. Perhaps the thang element alternative spelling wag. One is connected to Byangsi tham- occurrence in Mdzod has ZZ mo, or Darma rthung [?], both weg, var. wag. Another Mdzod meaning ‘to dance.’ Actually, passage, in a Tibetan-language MSB 181 has Darma ṛ-thoṅ 190 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

defined by Hindi kathā kahānī. Zhangzhung). This spelling not The Byangsi is spelled ṭhimmo in Mdzod. in GSB 58, a spelling seemingly WER YA (rgyal ba) the Victorious confirmed in MSB 86. One. ZZH. Zhu, three times. WER MA Humm1 491. This does Sgra 124, 136. We do not find not appear in Mdzod, and I this in Mdzod. think it might rather be regar- WER RO [1] (rgyal po) king. Sgra ded as Tibetan. Not in Zhu. LZ 123, 136. ZB. Zhu, twice. LZ 215, not marked as Zhang- 216. [2] (rgyal mtshan) royal zhung. Nine Ways 307. banner. ZZH. Zhu, twice. Oc- WER ZHI [1] (skar ma) star; but curs only once in Mdzod, as presumably the constellation part of a deity name. The puṣyā, skar ma rgyal. ZZH. YN Tokharian B word for ‘king’ is no. 87. The correct spelling for walo, the Tokharian A, wäl. the ZZ word for ‘star’ would See Alexander Lubotsky, The appear to be weg, q.v. [2] Original Paradigm of the (rgyal po) king. Humm1 514. Tocharian Word for ‘King,’ Zhu, twice. Mdzod, ch. 5. LZ contained in: B. Schlerath, ed., 215. [3] (rgyal chen) great Tocharisch. Akten der Fachtagung king[s]. Zhu, once. Sgra 134, der Indogermanischen Gesel- 135. [4] (bya ba) deed, action. lschaft, Berlin September 1990, Sgra 135. Although this ap- Tocharian and Indo-European pears in Mdzod, the other Studies, Supplementary Series reading, ZZ tshar zhi, is pro- no. 4 (Reykjavik 1994), pp. 66- bably preferable. [5] (rgyal 72. mtshan) victory banner. Sgra WER RO NYI PANG Divine being 123. LZ 215. Sgra 136. This dwelling in the southeast of the equivalence does not appear in cosmic mountain. Mdzod, ch. Mdzod. [6] (rgyal mo) queen. 5. Zhu, once. [7] (zhi) peace. ZB. In Mdzod, it occurs in one pla- WER LANG Occurs in Mdzod, ch. ce for Tib. rgyal po, ‘king,’ but 8, with var. wa lang. Seems to with ZZ var. spellings ber zhi corresp. to Tib. gdung ba. & ler zhi; in other lines it WER SUNG (rgyal ’gong) a group stands for Tib. rgyal mo, of gods or demons. ZZH. ZB. ‘queen’; a ZZ var. weg zhi ap- Zhu, once only. We do not find pears; several times standing this in Mdzod. for rgyal chen, ‘great kings,’ the deity-kings of the four WER SOM See wer sol, wir som, wi quarters. See wag. som. WER ZHI SKYA (rgyal po rje) the WER SOL (’dod log) wrong appli- king, the lord. ZZH. Zhu. We cation, connection or analogy do not find this in Mdzod. {wrong desire, sexual depravi- ty}. ZZH. OZZ 46, spelled wer WER ZE RA TSA (srog la dbang som. This particular spelling byed pa’i rgyal po) king who does not appear in Mdzod. Oc- has power over life. LZ 215. curs twice in Zhu, but I read it This spelling not in Mdzod. as wer som, or possibly wir WER ZER A type of non-human som, lbir som. See wi som. spirit. LZ 215 (not marked as Zhangzhung Dictionary 191

WER HRI (mda’ kha) arrow {arrow this is valid, since it seems to notch}. ZZH. Zhu, once. We do derive from a Mdzod passage not find this in Mdzod. YN no. that includes the word for 103. ‘rainbow,’ in Tib. gzha’ tshon. [2] (reg) touch. ZB. There are WER HRI SKYE (mda’ kha skyen) other usages of this syllable in fast [?] arrow notch. ZB. Mdzod that ought to be stu- WER HRIM (mda’ gzhu) arrow and died more closely. One cor- bow. ZZH. ZB. YN no. 103. resp. is to Tib. gzhan, ‘other.’ Zhu, once only. (mda’ dang ZHAM GE (ngo bo, mtshan nyid) gzhu) arrow and bow. LZ 216. nature, defining characteristic. YN no. 106. Appears in the LZ 218. comm. vocab. as dwi hrim, spelled da'wi hrim. The hrim ZHAM ’DU (reg pa) touch. Ap- might somehow appear remi- pears as 4th of the 51 mental niscent, assuming metathesis, states in Mdzod. of written Burmese hmrā — ZHAM ZU [1] (reg bya’i) of tactile Old Burmese mlāḥ. See TB objects. Sgra 133. (re bya, i.e., words for bow & arrow in reg bya) touchable. Sgra 134. Nishi 25. Quite remarkably, Mdzod, one occurrence. [2] Chaudangsi wi means ‘bow,’ (rang bzhin) nature. Mdzod, while Chaudangsi rim means one occurrence. LZ 218. ZZ arrow, which would mean that zhal ze is the spelling in Zhu. the meanings are switched The ZZ var. zham zur occurs in around. Mdzod, ch. 11. ZHAM ZE [1] (rdzu ’phrul) miracle, delusion. See dzwan ci, zhang ze, dzan ci. ZZH. Zhu, **ZHA** once only. Sgra 123. The ‘ze’ and ‘ci’ both seem to act as diminutives (??). [2] Occurs in *ZHAG See dmu zhag, zhung zhag. Mdzod as equiv. to Tib. reg ZHANG ZHAG (bya khyung) the bya, ‘touchable.’ See zham zu. bird khyung. This bird is cus- (reg bya) tactile object, tangi- tomarily identified with the In- ble. ZB. LZ 218. [3] (rkang pa) dic garuḍa. Sgra 126. (khyung foot. LZ 218. YN no. 8, but chen) great khyung bird. misspelled. See zhang ze. Mdzod, where this spelling oc- ZHAM ZE CHAS PHRU (rdzu curs once, with var. zhung ’phrul rkang pa) miraculous zhag. This spelling not in Zhu. feet. ZB. OZZ 34. See zhung zhag. ZHAM ZER (reg) touch. Sgra 131. ZHANG ZE (rdzu ’phrul) miracu- Occurs once in Mdzod with lous ability. Sgra 129. Occurs in var. zhal ze. This spelling not Mdzod, with var. zham ze. in Zhu. This spelling not in Zhu. See zham ze, dzan ci. *ZHAL See bri zhal, zhil zhal. *ZHAM See sri zham. ZHAL ’DU (thub pa, reg pa) reach, touch. LZ 218. ZHAM [1] (tshon) paint, pigment, index finger. ZB. But I doubt 192 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

ZHAL ZE (reg) feeling, sensation ZHI NI (bzhugs so) herein lies. Sgra {touch}. ZZH. Zhu, once only. 132. Ignore this entry, it is sim- Sgra 132. Occurs only once in ply confusing without leading Mdzod, with var. zham zer. anywhere. Not in Zhu. ZHI [1] (bzhi) four. Zhu. OZZ 57, ZHI NE (bzhugs so) herein lies. with discussion on why this Sgra 132. Not in Zhu. Ignore ‘Tibetan’ (and Chinese and this, too. These two entries Japanese) form is used in place should be removed. of the usual ZZ bi. I suspect it’s ZHI SNI (dpag med) im- just another example of Tibeta- measurable. LZ 218. While ba- nization. [2] (bzhin) like, as. sed in a passage in Mdzod, this Zhu. OZZ 12. [3] (gzhi) basis, is not a word, but a product of foundation. Zhu. (rten gzhi) misparsing. This entry should ground that provides basis. LZ be removed. 218. OZZ 12. [4] (gnas) place. LZ 218. [5] (bzung) held, ZHI WER (spyi yi rgyal po kun gyi grasped. Zhu. [6] (bar) interval, rgyal po) king in general, king intervening space. Sgra 129. [7] of all. LZ 218. This form does (lo) year, harvest. Sgra 136. occur once in Mdzod with Tib. Darma r'ee xir', ‘harvest,’ but corresp. spyi rgyal, with its noting that the first syllable meaning not immediately clear r'ee means ‘field.’ DGD 583. In from the context. GSB 97, the Byangsi word for ZHI RI See zhing ri. ‘farm’ is spelled riha, but trans- cribed as “hri” and defined by ZHI LA [1] (mnyam nyid) even- Nepali/Hindi kheta, ‘farm, ness, equality. Sgra 127. Not in field.’ [8] (nyid) the reflexive Zhu. [2] (myang ’das, mya marker. ZB. This syllable most ngan las ’das pa) passed frequently appears as a more- beyond suffering. LZ 218. This or-less inseparable second entry ought to be removed, component of two-syllable since it probably is a ms. cor- words. On its use as a nominal ruption of nye lo. suffix, see ZZH 23. Humm1 ZHING (gnas) place. Sgra 134. Zhi 498 & OZZ 12, says it is equi- rngu?? This entry should not valent to Tib. gzhi, ‘basis’; be taken too seriously. bzhin, ‘like’; & zlum, ‘circular.’ ZHING RI (zlum po) round, There is discussion in ZZQ 6, circular. ZZH. Zhu, once. Oc- where we find the idea that it curs in Mdzod, ch. 5, with var. corresponds to Tib. chen, zhi ri. LZ 219. YN no. 166. OZZ ‘great,’ although I doubt this is 15. valid. ZHING RI GYIN (zlum bu yin) is ZHI KHUD (’khor ba) cycling, cir- circular, is round. ZB. The Tib. culating, sangsara, the ‘vicious spelling zlum bu doesn’t seem circle.’ Sgra 134. Occurs once in likely, and I assume the inten- Mdzod with var. zhi khang, ded form is zlum po. but here it may corresp. to Tib. mtshan nyid (?). Not found in ZHIN [1] (’dzin) take, seize, fasten. Zhu. See ti khor. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, four times. Humm1 501. OZZ 15. ZB 50. Zhangzhung Dictionary 193

Occurs with Tib. equiv. ’dzin var. in a Mdzod passage. [2] in Mdzod. (’dzin pa) holding. (’jam) soft. OZZ 46. LZ 219. [2] (bzung) held, gras- ZHU [1] (zhu) request, address. ped. ZB. [3] (bzhin) like, as. ZZH. This is a mistake. In Zhu, ZZH. Zhu, once. OZZ 13. this is clearly the family name *ZHIM See ti zhim. Zhu, an important family in ZHIM TSE (dri srid) sense of smell Bon history. Naturally we do [smelling potential, smelling not find this equiv. at all in possibility?]. ZZ vars. zhim ri Mdzod. [2] (’og) below. OZZ & shim tse. Humm1 519. OZZ 54. 38. Occurs in Mdzod with ZHU KLANG (sgra) sound, variants zhim ri & shim tse, language, grammar. Sgra 130. with Tib. dri srid. This spelling The second syllable should not in Zhu. (dri) smell. LZ 219. probably be spelled glang OZZ 46. (q.v.). This spelling does occur ZHIM TSHE (rtsi mar) ‘essence once, with var. zhu klud, in butter,’ meaning butter from Mdzod. Not in Zhu. Spelled the ’bri, the female counterpart zhu klung in OZZ 47. of the g.yag or yak, that graze *ZHUG See bsngal zhug. in meadows. See LZ 219. ZHUNG [1] (nub) setting [of the ZHIM ZHA (tshor ba) sensing, sun, etc.]. ZZ var. nung. feeling. Sgra 131. Occurs once Humm1 519. OZZ 38. There in Mdzod as var. for zhil zhal. are variant readings in a pas- This spelling not in Zhu. Nishi sage in Mdzod, where it cor- 28 (’to hear’). See zhil zhal. resp. to Tib. nub, setting [of ZHIM ZHAN (gzhan pa, pha rol sun, etc.], and still another pro- po) other, opposing side. See blematic passage which has LZ 219. nung, var. nu nga. Not in Zhu. [2] (khyung) garuḍa bird. ZB. ZHIM ZHAL [1] (bde sdug) hap- See LZ 220. piness and sorrow. Sgra 130. [2] (tshor ba, lus kyi tshor ba) ZHUNG ZHAG (bya khyung, feeling, bodily sensation. See khyung chen) the bird garuḍa, LZ 219. OZZ 46. Var. reading great garuḍa. ZZH. Zhu. See for ZZ zhum zhal in Mdzod, Namdak, History 37. Humm1 with corresp. Tib. tshor ba. [3] 491. Humm1 501. OZZ 15. OZZ (gzhal ba) measuring. See LZ 4. Stein 250. ZB gives Tib. 219. OZZ 46. This spelling not equiv. as khyung chen. See LZ in Zhu. This is based on mis- 220, which gives Tib. equiv. as reading of Mdzod, and should simply khyung. See also ting be removed. See zhil zhal, etc. zhung, zhang zhag. ZHIM ZHAL STO (gzhal med ZHUN [1] (zhum) to shrink back, khang) divine palace. ZZ var. shirk (?). Mdzod, once only. [2] zhib zhal stong. Mdzod, ch. 5. (rmog) helmet. [3] (rus pa’i nang du yod pa’i rkang) bone ZHIL ZHAL [1] (tshor ba) perce- marrow. Tib. rkang, although ption, hearing {feeling, sensa- it generally means ‘leg, foot,’ tion}. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, once only. may also be short for rkang See zhim zha, of which it is a mar, which means ‘bone 194 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

marrow.’ See LZ 220 & YN no. ZHUR MIN [1] (’jig med) without 38, but really, I think this may destruction. Zhu. [2] (’jigs be a Tibetan meaning. Not in med) without fear, fearless. Zhu. ZZD. ZB. The first meaning is ZHUM [1] (khams) realm, element. very likely the correct one. Sgra 133 {but perhaps this ZHOG Bellezza, in ZZFC 241, word should be read khum}. believes this is a ZZ word, [2] (rkang) foot. ZB. See LZ although on what basis I do 220, but Tib. rkang is here not know. He goes on to find defined as bone marrow. ZZ an Iranian etymology for it in khum appears in Mdzod a various Iranic language words number of times with var. spel- meaning ‘helmet,’ which ling khams, but the latter may would be, in Tib., rmog. be simply a mistaken Tibetani- zation of the ZZ. YN no. 38, BZHU (’og) below, nadir. Zhu, once ‘marrow.’ Not in Zhu. This only. ZZ zhu is the spelling entry should probably be igno- found in the the comm. vocab., red or deleted. although the equivalence does not seem to occur in the text ZHUM ZHAL (khrag ’dzin) blood proper. holding. Sgra 128. This is a mistake, and ZZ zhum zhal *BZHUG See bsngal bzhug. must rather corresp. to Tib. tshor ba, ‘feeling.’ Var. ZZ zhim zhal, in Mdzod. Not in Zhu. This entry should not be **ZA** taken too seriously.

ZHUM ZHI (zhen pa’i) of attach- ZA [1] “Locative” ending. See ZZH ment. Mdzod, ch. 8. 20. OZZ 81. [2] Humm1 499 & ZHUR (’jig[s], ’dzigs) fear, OZZ 12, says it is equivalent to apprehension. ZZH. YN no. Tib. ’du, but I cannot find any 144, ‘fear.’ Zhu, twice, though justification for this in the text one occurrence is questionable. of Zhu. A Mdzod passage, the The correct translation is ‘des- one upon which this is likely truction.’ ZB gives Tib. equiv. based, in fact reads ZZ zu, not as ’jig, ‘destruction.’ (’jig pa) za, corresp. to Tib. ’du. See destruction. See LZ 220. But under zu. OZZ 47 finds the equiv. in Tib. ZA ’GRAM (seg brdar) metal file. chag. The explanation for all See LZ 222. this confusion is to be known by looking under the entry lig ZA ZI (zla gam gyi dbyibs) half zhur, below. Darma has jer, ‘to moon shape, semi-circle. See be afraid.’ Darma jernu, ‘co- LZ 223. See the following. ward.’ DGD 579. ZA ZI KHAM See za ra kham. ZHUR STONG (’jig stong) empty ZA RA (rdzas nor) possessions, destruction. Sgra 133. This is wealth. Mdzod, ch. 9. See LZ based on mistaken reading of 223. Mdzod, and should be ignored. ZA RA KHAM (zla gam) semicircle, semicircular shape. Zhangzhung Dictionary 195

ZZ var. za zi kham. Humm1 zangs of course means ‘cop- 519. OZZ 39. This is in Mdzod, per.’ Occurs in Mdzod in conch. 5, with vars. za zi kham text of measurement terms, in and zhwa ri kham, corresp. to still another place, as well as in Tib. zla gam. The corresp. the comm. vocab., in a list of passage in Zhu reads ZZ zla ri metals. Humm2 14. [3] (lcam) gam, equiv. to Tib. zla gam lady. ZB. khams. The syllable khams in ZANGS YAG (byi ru) coral. ZZH. this last phrase is added un- Zhu, once. Not in Mdzod. necessarily. Spelled ZZ zang yag in ZB. ZA RU (zhal du btab pa, mchod pa) Darma jir'u, ‘coral,’ corres- to offer or place at the mouth ponds to the sound of the Tib. [of the deity]. See LZ 223. I word. doubt this one, since it looks so *ZAD See dzin zad ci, drung zad. Tibetan. ZZH. ZA SLIG (sprul) emanate. OZZ 47. ZAD (nas) barley. Zhu, once very See under ju slig. clearly. Spelled ZZ zag in ZAG [1] (zag pa, zag pa’i) impure, Mdzod, ch. 6. Matisoff 161. of impure. Mdzod. [2] (--) Nishi 25. ZZ var. zag. ZB. YN multiply? ZZH. This last no. 51.31. Byangsi jai, pronoun- meaning may be mistaken. ced ‘dze’ meaning ‘barley.’ Problematic in Zhu. [3] (nas) GSB 55. barley. In this case, a variant ZAD CI (ser sna) avarice. ZB. spelling of zad. ZB. Frequent in Mdzod, with ZZ ZAG CI (zag pa) outflow, defile- var. zang ci. ment. In Mdzod, with var. zad ZAD TI (ser sna) avarice, stinginess. ci. See LZ 223. (zag pa’i) of See LZ 223. This spelling not defilement. ZB. Once in Zhu found in Mdzod. seems to refer to Tib. nas, ‘barley corn,’ a standard unit of ZAD DRA (sa bon) seed. ZZH. ZB. measurement. Spelled zag tsi Zhu, once only. Occurs in in Mdzod, ch. 6. Mdzod, with var. zad tra, this same var. recorded in OZZ 47. ZAG TSI (nas ’bru) barleycorn. See For other ZZ words for ‘seed,’ LZ 223. See preceding entries. see zla zur, sla zur, sa zug. ZANG CI (ser sna) miserliness. ZAD DRUNG (’bru rigs) type of Mdzod, ch. 8, with ZZ var. zad grain. ZB. OZZ 54. In the ci. comm. vocab., this seems to *ZANGS See ting zangs wer. ZZH. corresp. to Tib. ’bru tshogs, ZANGS [1] (klu) a group of gods or ‘groups of grains.’ demons {nāga}, but the full ZAD SMAR SRUNG (nas bzang word would seem to be mur ’khrungs) birth of good barley. zangs, q.v. ZB. [2] (lcags) iron, ZB. metal. Humm1 513. OZZ 30, ZAR NAM (mchod pa) offering, 79, 93. ZB. YN no. 101. Zhu, worship. Sgra 136. We do not once. Matisoff 163. Nishi 26. find this in Mdzod, and not in OZZ 8, finds a cognate in Zhu. Tangut shang. As a Tib. word, 196 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

ZI Here said to be the perfect form tsen [spirit]}. ZZH. Zhu, once. of zin, which is Tib. ’dzin. OZZ Did not find this in Mdzod. 7. I don’t find the justification ZUR KLUNG (dbang po) the [five] for this, and doubt it very organs of sense. ZZH. ZB, with much. variant spelling zur rlung, q.v. ZIN TSU (mu ge) famine. See LZ Zhu, twice. Sgra 129. OZZ 47. 224. This is by far the most common spelling in Mdzod, but see also *ZU See de zu. zur rlung. ZU (’du) unite, assemble. ZZH. ZUR NAM (dbang po) faculty, Zhu, once very clearly. See sense organ. See LZ 225. under za. Although irrelevant here, the so-called ‘Old Zhang- ZUR RLUNG (dbang po) the [five] zhung’ word for ‘earth’ is zu. organs of sense; power, po- PSD 163. werful, ruler. ZZH. Zhu, eight times. Sgra 124. OZZ 15. ZU TSE [1] (rdzu ’phrul) mira- General name for the five sense culous ability. Sgra 126. organs. See LZ 224. See zur Mdzod. [2] (zang zang, with klung. variants Tib. ze ze, zer zer, zong zang) ? Mdzod. Ap- *ZE Derivative particle. See ZZH parently this is part of a proper 17. See especially under bram name of a female spirit being. ze. This spelling not in Zhu. See ZE GYER (bon) Bon. ZB. I doubt discussion of the name this. Khyung po Spung sad zu tse, ZOM SHANG (lcags) iron, metal. in ZZT. See LZ 225. YN no. 101. YN ZU ZU (’du byed) composite, 134. This spelling not in compound, imprint; one of the Mdzod. skandhas. Mdzod, ch. 8, with ZOR TIR (sngon po) blue. See LZ var. zu us. ZZ var. zu zus. OZZ 225. YN no. 163.1. See 47. Namgyal Nyima’s dictionary. ZU RA Occurs in Mdzod, ch. 6, ZLA ZUR (sa bon) seed. ZZH. Sla with no corresp. Tib. Evidently zur is the spelling in Zhu, and name of a divine being. In ch. this latter spelling seems more 9, it corresp. to Tib. gzugs, reliable. We do not find this ‘form.’ particular spelling in Mdzod. *ZUG See nyung zug. See zad dra, sla zur. *ZUR See zla zur, sla zur. ZLA RI (zla, zla ba) moon, month. ZUR (brag) rock. Zhu, four times ZZH. Zhu. ZB. Sgra 123, 126. quite clearly. ZB. See LZ 224. Stein 254. Matisoff 163. OZZ Occurs in the comm. vocab., 15. See LZ 226. YN no. 78. and in Mdzod itself. This form Occurs several times in seems alien to TB. Mdzod, once with var. reading sla ri. Compare the “ri” elment ZUR KYA (brag btsan) rock tsen in ZZ nyi ri, ‘sun.’ Compare sli. spirit. ZB. ZLA RI GAM (zla ba’i khams) ZUR KYA RA GA (brag btsan dmar realm of the moon. ZB. po) a god or demon {red rock Zhangzhung Dictionary 197

ZLA RI THU ZHI (zla ba nya gang) ’I Genitive suffix. See ZZH 20. Since full moon. See LZ 226. this is a Tib. genitive suffix, ZLA SLIG (rdzogs pa) completion, and isn’t frequently encounte- perfection. Sgra 135. See LZ red in ZZ, it provokes suspi- 226. Appears in one place in cion it might be a product of Mdzod with var. spellings sa Tibetanization. slig & za slig, and with Tib. ’I CU (yi dwags kyi rigs shig) a type equiv. apparently yongs su of hungry ghost. See LZ 228. sprul, ‘emanate entirely.’ In an- ’IG GAR (grangs med) without other place, ZZ ti ye zla slig number. ZZH. ZB. This is a stands for Tib. yongs su rdzogs misreading of Zhu by both Ha- pa. This spelling not in Zhu. arh and ZB, evidently. ’Gi gar ZLI with meaning ‘moon.’ I sup- seems the correct spelling in pose it could be a contracted Mdzod, where it occurs once. form of ZZ zla ri? OZZ 54. This entry probably should be ZLI LTA (bkam bzhi [dbyibs]) ?? removed. See ’gi gar, ghi gar. ZB. ’U “Terminative-locative” suffix. See ZZH 21. This is not reliable, since it is based on a single passage, in Mdzod, where ZZ **’A** spre’u lgyu is equiv. to Tib. gling du lam.

’U KLUNG (sgra [yi]) [of] sound, ’A MO ’a mo nyid occurs some- word. Mdzod, occurring once. times in Tibetan texts as a See LZ 228. This spelling not in supposed equivalent of Tib. Zhu. Spelled ’u glung in OZZ stong pa nyid, ‘emptiness.’ I 47. doubt this is really Zhang- zhung, but it is at least notable ’U GLANG (rgyang grag) the reach that Byangsi has hemo, ‘to of hearing, a standard measu- make empty.’ GSB 113. LZ has rement equal to about 2 miles. ’a mo nyid, meaning gzhi’i ZZH. ZB. Zhu, twice. Occurs gnas lug, ‘the manner of twice in Mdzod, once with ZZ abiding of the basis.’ It is not var. ur glang, and once in ch. 6. there marked as being Zhang- ZB spells it bu glang. Spelled zhung. I’ve noted the occur- ’ur glang in OZZ 47. See under rence of this term very few glang. times, in Thu’u-bkwan’s fa- ’U SANGS Name of a locality in mous grub mtha’ text, and in Zhangzhung. See LZ 228. the Gal mdo. ’UNG (sgra) sound. Sgra 132. Not ’AR SHI (ye shes spyan) eye of full in Mdzod with this spelling. knowledge. Sgra 126. Actually, See the following. in Mdzod, this is ZZ ’ar zhi mi, with var. rang she mig, which ’UNG GLANG (sgra) sound, voice. may correspond to Tib. ye shes ZZH. ZB. Zhu, once only. Not spyan, but needs more think- in Mdzod with this spelling. ing. This spelling not in Zhu. ’UD (khur ba, i.e., mkhur ba) cheek. ZZH. Zhu, once only. (mkhur 198 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

ba) cheek. ZB. See LZ 228. Not YA BA (rlung lha) wind god. See in Mdzod with this spelling. LZ 231. (’khur pa) cheek. Bru 290, line 6. (mkhur) cheek. Sgra 132. YA BA HO (mtshar) beautiful. Matisoff 173. Nishi 18. Not in ZZH. Zhu, once only. The “ho” Mdzod. stands for Tib. mtshar, or Tib. mdzod [impv. of mdzad], as ’UB SHA This word occurs in shown in Hoff2 194, where he Mdzod, ch. 6, but in a place also believes that ZZ ya ba is where the ZZ & the Tib. do not Tib. rlung lha. This does not correspond. exist in Mdzod. ZB gives the ’UR GLANG (rgyang grags) “a Tib. equiv. as rlung lha mtshar. furlong.” See LZ 228. See ’u YA BAG SHA RA Name of Mount glang. Ti-se before Lord Shenrab went ’OL MO Place name. Humm1 501. there. Not certain if this is OZZ 15. Not in Mdzod. Not in supposed to be Zhangzhung or Zhu. I believe this is more not. See Namgyal Nyima’s likely to be a Tib. word, as part dictionary. of the place name ’Ol mo lung YA MA (g.yas g.yon) right and left. ring. Mdzod, ch. 5, several times. CT 49. It might very possibly be a Sanskritism; cf. Skt. yama, Yama. It does not seem to have **YA** TB cognates. ZB gives the Tib. equivs. as gshin rje, ‘lord of death,’ and g.yas g.yon, ‘right *YA Derivative suffix. See ZZH 23. and left.’ Both these possi- See ya ma, ka ya, ka ya bag, gu bilities could be accounted for lu ya tog. ZZH. OZZ 6. OZZ through the translation of Skt. 81, says it means ‘so being,’ yama. See under sma ma. and is a “present and participle perfect” verbal auxiliary. YA MA YI (g.yas g.yon) right and left. See LZ 231. YA [1] (yang) also. Zhu, once, where yar is corrected to ya. [2] YA MIG (yams nad) epidemic. See (’bug) [the verb] perforate, bur- LZ 231. row out a hollow in something. YA MIN (log par) wrongly. Mdzod, [3] (zor) [the verb] ?? ZB. ch. 8. (log ’khrul) wrong confu- Humm1 499 & OZZ 12, says it sion. ZB. (log pa) backward, is equivalent to Tib. zor, but wrong, reversed. See LZ 231. this does not occur in Mdzod, This may be connected to Dar- and is based on a misreading ma yanu, ‘bad, dirty, wrong,’ of Zhu. in which the element -nu is YA GUNG (mdzod sgo) treasury used to form adjectives. DGD door. ZB. This is from the ZZ 588. Byangsi has a word or title of the Mdzod phug. Compa- word element yā, meaning re sbu gung, mu gung, gung. ‘bad,’ as in yāmī, ‘bad man,’ although perhaps more accurate- YA TIG (dogs med) without doubt. ly meaning ‘poor man.’ See With alternative spelling ya GSB 94, which also has the tog. ZB. See yar tog. word yālvu, ‘bad man.’ Zhangzhung Dictionary 199

YA ME (sman) medicine, herb. YANG YE (yengs pa) distracted, Also, yar me, q.v. Humm1 515. wandering [attention]. See LZ OZZ 34. Occurs in Mdzod with 233. See the following. ZZ vars. ma ma & ya ma, but YANG YENG (yengs pa) wavering. the spelling yar me does not Mdzod, ch. 6, with var. ya yid. occur there. Not in Zhu. YANG YONG (yongs su) comple- YA TSA [1] (ral gri) sword. See LZ tely, entirely. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, 231. [2] (mdung) spear. See LZ once only. This spelling does 231. See ZZFC 242. not occur in Mdzod, although YA YID See yang yeng. OZZ 47 records the ZZ spelling YA YONG See yang yong. ya yong. *YAG See zangs yag. *YAR See ni yar. YAG (g.yag) yak. ZB. OZZ 13, 54. YAR TOG (dog po med pa) without The Tibetan word g.yag is pro- crowding, not squeezed in, bably of Indo-European origins without confinement. See LZ — Tokharian for ‘horse’ is [A] 233. This might actually mean yuk or [B] yakwe — and rather Tib. dogs med, ‘without distantly related to Latin doubt.’ In the context in equus. Mdzod, I think it would be more meaningful to translate Tib. YAG GYAD (g.yag) yak. ZZH. Zhu, dog med, var. dogs med, as once only. Sgra 126. This form ‘No strictures on…’ See ya tig. occurs in the comm. vocab., but not in Mdzod. See LZ 232. YAR RNI (mi ’am ci) ‘human or what,’ a type of spirit being. YANG ZZH. We do not find this in Compare ni yar. OZZ 47. Zhu. As a ‘seed syllable,’ this is the heart mantra of air. (rlung YAR SNE (tshad med pa) without snying) heart mantra of wind. measure. See LZ 234. Also, yar Sgra 136. (phyi rlung) outer snem. In Mdzod, ch. 6. wind. See LZ 232. See pho YAR ME [1] (sman) herb, medicine. yang & ’phang. Also, ya me, q.v. Humm1 515. YANG RGYU (’khor yug) circum- OZZ 34. This spelling not in ference, surroundings. ZZ var. Mdzod & not in Zhu. I wonder yang lkyu. Mdzod, ch. 5. See to myself if this might be a LZ 232. Tibetan (!) contraction of something like Tib. *yar gyi me YANG CI (spyod pa, spyad pa) tog, ‘highland flowers.’ [2] As a action, activity, conduct. See Tibetan proper name, this is a LZ 232. This appears once in common abbreviation of the Mdzod as equiv. to Tib. spyad name of the early Bon teacher pa, but with ZZ vars. lcar ci, Yar-’brog Me-ston Shes-rab- sngar ci. ’od-zer (1058-1132 CE). This YANG NI LI (nang rlung, dbugs) entry may not belong here, inner wind, breath. See LZ 233. since I believe it could be based on an unnecessarily assumed YANG NE (’du shes) conception, ZZ etymology of a Tib. proper imprint, concept, idea; one of name. This requires more the skandhas. See LZ 233. thought. 200 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

YAR LANG (dbang chen) great another. ZZ yi yor is the only power. Sgra 133. Occurs in spelling for this in Zhu. (yongs Mdzod, with ZZ var. yar lung, rdzogs) all entirely. LZ 234. corresp. to Tib. dbang chen, YI YOR (yongs su) entirely. Sgra but in next verse it seems to 134. Zhu, twice. Appears in corresp. to Tib. rkyen, or dbang Mdzod, with ZZ var. yi yod. po’i rkyen. Not in Zhu. This is (yongs kyi) of all. Zhu, once. interesting for supplying a YIG (mig) eye. ZZH. Zhu, only possible ZZ etymology for the once. This does not occur in Yarlung Valley. Mdzod. See mig. YI (g.yon) left. YN 136, but YIN (yin) to be. ZZH. Cannot find doubtful, based on misreading any justification for this equi- the syllable ya of ZZ ya ma as valence in either Mdzod or yi. Zhu, and generally if yin does YI KUN (kun ’byung) font of all. occur in a ZZ text it should be Mdzod, with ZZ var. yi gun. treated with some suspicion of Not in Zhu. (kun ’byung ba) being a Tibetanization. source of all. See LZ 234. *YU See a yu, a yu dzi ra, a yu si ti. YI MU [1] (yaksha, gnod sbyin) YU COG (ro) taste. OZZ 47. injury giving spirits. Humm1 515. OZZ 34. In another place it YU TI (chang) wine, barley beer. LZ stands for “Tib.” yag sha, 235. This often appears in Bon which is of course Skt. yakṣa. ritual literature. Many exam- [2] (’bras bu) fruit, result, goal. ples are given in Namgyal In one place in Mdzod, ZZ yi Nyima’s dictionary. The sylla- mu, with var. pi mu, corresp. ble yu may be explained by the to Tib. ’bras bu. [3] (yon tan) Shina languages’ word for quality, talent. See LZ 234. In ‘barley,’ which is yoo. See S&K another place in Mdzod, it has 271 no. 156. Following this ZZ var. ye mu, and appears to logic, ZZ yu ti would just mean corresp. to Tib. yon tan. [4] ‘barley liquid,’ a fair way to (yod pa) existent. LZ 234. [5] In characterize Tibetan barley ch. 5 of Mdzod, Tib. ’khor yug beer. Nine Ways 308. (?), ‘environs.’ This spelling not YU TSEG (ro) taste. Sgra 131. Did in Zhu. See also ye mu. not find this particular spelling YI MU GYIN (yod par ston) teach in Mdzod. This spelling not in to exist. ZZ var. yi yu gyin. Zhu. Compare yu tsog. Mdzod, ch. 5, but on another YU TSOG [1] (ro, ro mngar) taste, line we read ZZ yo ci gyin, agreeable taste {sweet flavor}. with var. yo ba gyin, for Tib. ZZH. ZB. Zhu. Sgra 132 yod par ston. This spelling not (myang bya’i ro) tastable taste. in Zhu. See yu cog. [2] (ro mchog) YI YONG (yongs kyi) of all, supreme taste. Mdzod, once entirely. Sgra 127. ZB. OZZ 27. only. Not this spelling, but the var. YU YE (mi g.yo) unwavering, ZZ spellings yo yong & yi yod immovable. Sgra 135. ZZ mu appear in one Mdzod passage; he, var. mu ye, occurs in ZZ ya yong & ya yod occur in Mdzod, mu ye in yet another Zhangzhung Dictionary 201

passage, and yu ye does occur diately after vowels may be once, with var. mu ye. The valid for Zhangzhung also. better attested spelling there- YE [1] (yas) without, from {from fore seems to be mu ye. This above, from before [in time]}. spelling not in Zhu. Zhu, once clearly, perhaps YUG [1] (mgyogs) quick, quickly. twice. [2] (sangs) awake or ZZH. Zhu, five times. OZZ 13, awakened. ZB. [3] (dbyings) 89. [2] In the phrase ti la du realm. ZB. This is not an yug it would seem to corresp. independent word in Mdzod. to Tib. legs pa, ‘good.’ ZZH. LZ 235, but not marked as We do not find these equivs. in Zhangzhung. OZZ 47, 97, with Mdzod. ZB has the Tib. equiv. the suggestion that it is a pos- mgyogs, ‘quick,’ & ’phyo, sible emphatic corresponding ‘surging, soaring.’ to Tib. rgyas (?). It does appear YUNG See its use in the ZZ phrase that the interpretation of the thung yung, q.v., where it evi- ZZ syllable has in the past dently means ‘stone,’ because relied heavily on an understan- (1) it does seem to corresp. to ding of the Tib. syllable, which Tib. rdo, ‘stone,’ and (2) there certainly confuses matters. are TB cognates. I suggest that YE SNGA See under ye sangs. ZZ zur, q.v., might be a ma- YE SNGA LA SHU (stong zhing nuscript corruption of this bdag med pa) empty and void word, although this word itself of self. LZ 236. may have to be read as ZZ ung. YE THUN (nyon mongs ’joms pa) overcome kleṣas. LZ 236. *YUD See tha yud, da yud. YE THUM (shangs) nose [hon.]. YUD [1] (yin) to be. ZZH. This (sna) nose [non-hon.]. LZ 236. seems to be based on a mis- YN no. 19. This doesn’t occur reading of a single passage in in Mdzod, and even the ZZ Zhu. We do not find this equiv. syllable thum only occurs there in Mdzod. [2] (yud) the dura- as part of a proper name. Not tion of a breath. ZB. [3] (yid) in Zhu. mind. OZZ 47. YE DHA (mnga’ ba) own, possess, YUN (’dod) consider {want, desire}. have. ZZH. Zhu, once, where it ZZH. Zhu, once only. Does might be read as ZZ ye dhu. occur in Mdzod, though a bit We do not find this in Mdzod. problematic. There, da yun ci, var. nga yun ci, corresp. to Tib. YE DHU (mang ba) more. ZB. This yin par ’dod. equiv. surely results from a misreading of Tib. mnga’ ba in *YE Derivative particle. See ZZH the single occurrence in Zhu. 23. See mu ye, u ye. ZZH. See See ye dha. This entry is also PSD 159, where the eligible for removal, except as a comment about this being a var. for ZZ ye dha. form of final ‘e’ — in so-called ‘Old Zhangzhung’ used not YE MIG (ye shes, gsal mthong?) full only as instrumental marker, knowledge, clear seeing. but to mark ends of sub- Mdzod. Not in Zhu. OZZ 47, ordinate clauses — used imme- spelled ye dmigs. 202 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

YE MU [1] (yaksa) injuring- See yo se, yog ze, which are the bringing spirit. Skt. yakṣa. spellings found in Zhu. Humm1 515. OZZ 34. See ~YO YONG (yongs kyi) of all, under yi mu. [2] (yon tan) good entire. With ZZ var. yi yod in quality, talent. Sgra 125. ZB. Mdzod. This spelling not in Not in Zhu. Zhu. OZZ 27, where it is YE SANGS [1] (stong) empty, void. spelled yo yongs. OZZ 47, ZZH. Zhu, twice. (stong pa) spelled yo yongs. See yi yor. empty, void. ZB. [2] (don YO SA RU TRA (pho sri) male rtogs) realizing the meaning. vampire spirit. LZ 238. Rea- Sgra 125. Occurs in Mdzod ding this as Sanskritic, which it with ZZ vars. ma sangs & yi surely is, it really must mean sad, corresp. to Tib. don rtogs. Tib. mo sri, female vampire This same spelling ye sangs is spirit. also frequent in the Tibetan text YO SE [1] (rgan mo) old woman. of Mdzod. However, in one ZZH. Zhu, twice. This spelling passage that corresponds to does not appear in Mdzod. [2] one in Zhu, Mdzod reads ZZ (bud med) woman. LZ 238. ye snga. This does appear to be a YE A (yang dag) perfect, correct. borrowed version of a Sanskrit Sgra 125, 127. Occurs once in word for young girl, or females Mdzod, ch. 4. LZ 237. Not in in general, yoṣit. See yo ze, yog Zhu. ze. YEL MO (gnam yol) canopy. LZ YOG ZE (rgan mo) old woman. 238. I am doubting this is really ZZH. Zhu, once. Acc. to comm. Zhangzhung. vocab., ‘old woman’ (rgan mo) YO (yongs) entire. Humm1 513 & should be shang mo in ZZ. ZB OZZ 13, 31, but do not rely on has the Tib. equiv. skye sman, this. Nine Ways 309, says it i.e. skye dman, and rgan mo. means ‘all.’ See yo yong. OZZ 5. Discussion in Honda 107. YN no. 152. See yo se. YO CI GYIN (yod par ston) teach to exist. Occurs with var. yo ba *YONG See yang yong, yi yong. gyin in Mdzod. OZZ 90. YO NING (yod khams) positive *YOD See rgyu yod. sphere. ZZH. Zhu, once only. YOD LING (yod khams) positive Not in Mdzod, where the only sphere. ZZH. Zhu, once. See yo occurrence of Tib. yod khams ning. is in ch. 1, where the ZZ is sang ~YOR (yongs su) completely. ZZH. rgyung, var. sangs rkyung. See This is a misreading of Zhu. yod ling. ZZ yi yor, q.v., is the form in YO ZE [1] (rgan mo) old woman. Mdzod. Sgra 132. [2] Occurs as equiv. YOR RDO (yongs su bdal) comple- to Tib. bu mo, ‘girl,’ in the tely scattered, spread all over. comm. vocab. OZZ 54. The ZZH. This results from a “yo” element could correspond misreading of Zhu. See yi yor. to TB words for ‘old’; Nishi 27. Zhangzhung Dictionary 203

YOS SE (bud med) woman. Surely because the sunset is red? or connected with Skt. yoṣit, with because the west direction of like meaning. Bru II 290, line 4. the mandala is red?}. Found in The Tib. word bud med does the comm. vocab. It also seems not occur in Mdzod, and it is to occur in Mdzod, ch. 5. OZZ somewhat more likely this word 54. Darma r'ee, ‘set sun.’ DGD means ‘girl’ rather than ‘wo- 583. Byangsi rhenam, ‘west.’ man.’ This spelling not in Zhu. GSB 96. [4] (lag) arm. Found in See yo ze, yo se. the comm. vocab. (lag pa) arm. ZB. LZ 243. YN no. 12. Darma G.YA (g.yas) right-hand. OZZ 90. I la, ‘hand, arm.’ DGD 580. [5] do not know the evidence for (rna) nose. Found in the comm. this. vocab. OZZ 54. See ra tse. [6] G.YU ’BRANG (bdud rtsi) elixir. LZ (mang) many [?]. Humm1 501 240. In this source marked as & also OZZ 15; but this is Zhangzhung, although I very mistaken, since ZZ mang is strongly doubt this. Not every equiv. to Tib. dmar, acc. to the unusual word used in Bon comm. vocab., and I could not texts is necessarily Zhang- find any equivalence of ZZ ra zhung. with Tib. mang in Mdzod. RA KHUG Khro 92, line 3. Could not find this spelling in Mdzod. Not in Zhu. **RA** RA GA (dmar po) red. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, once. YN no. 163. Note that Khotanese words for ‘red’ *RA Derivative particle or part of are rrvana and rrūna. This does loanwords. See ZZH 15. In not appear in Mdzod. It could second syllable position, it is well be a Sanskritism, since discussed in OZZ 6. Skt. rāga often means ‘redness.’ RA [1] (dmar) red. Zhu, once. ZB. See ra. Stein 242. Nishi 26. OZZ 54. YN no. 163. RA CUD [1] (dka’ thabs) difficulty See ra ga. [2] (brgya) a hun- [?]. ZZH. This is very evidently dred. Zhu, four times. ZB. LZ based in Haarh’s miscopying 243. This form seems close to of the word in Zhu. [2] (dka’ Burmese a-ra [inscriptional thub) endurance of hardship, rya]. Cobl 96. Darma rā, ‘hun- asceticism. Zhu, once only. ZB. dred.’ Kinnauri word for ‘hun- Could not justify this in dred’ is also ra. Byangsi word Mdzod, and it seems doubtful, for ‘three hundred’ is sumarā. although there is one place, in GSB 108. See also Stein 253 for ch. 6, where ZZ cud does seem more cognates. For whatever to corresp. to Tib. thub. the reason, ZZ ra may be imagined as a reduction of Tib. RA TRA Very apparently a mis- brgya or rgya. OZZ 98, equates reading for ru tra, q.v. OZZ 16. to Tib. rgya or rgyas. Note Old RA NI NUB (nub dmar) red west Newar sara, ‘hundred.’ Note [sunset?]. ZB. also Pyu hra, ‘eight,’ which would corresp. to Tib. brgyad. RA NI KHIR (pad ’khor) lotus [3] (nub) west {would this be circle, lotus wheel. ZB. 204 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

RA PI (ma legs) not good, bad. Byangsi race, and the Chau- ZZH. Zhu, twice. Occurs in dangsi rajai. See the listing of Mdzod as var. for ZZ ra bing, western Tibetan words in YT 22. but not with the meaning of RA TSE DE RKU (rtogs pa chen po) Tib. ma legs. It also seems to great realization. ZB. This occur once for Tib. ’du byed, spelling not in Mdzod. ‘composite, compound, im- RA TSE DZA (rna ba la gzer ba) print’ — one of the skandhas. nail in the ear. LZ 243. This Note the alternative reading spelling not in Mdzod. A ZZ ra si. Byangsi word for ‘nail’ is jar, RA MIG (gnam lcags zhun ma) pronounced, ‘dzar.’ GSB 53. smelted meteoric iron. LZ 243. RWA TSHAR =cha tshar {rather, ca Not found in Zhu & Mdzod. tshar}. Humm1 519. OZZ 39. RA TSA (rgyal po) rāja, king. One Mdzod passage has Humm1 501. OZZ 16. This variants ca tshar, ra tshar & occurs in the Tibetan, and not rwang tsha ra, and they seem in the ZZ, text of Mdzod. Not to corresp. to Tib. gdung ba, in Zhu. LZ 243. Quite doubtful, ‘getting beaten, afflicted,’ or and in any case seems to be a perhaps byung tshor, ‘observer Tibetanized form of the Sans- of mental events’? For this last krit word, with nothing to sug- term, see under ti pa, above. gest its usage in ZZ. This entry This spelling not in Zhu. This ought to be removed. needs more study. RA TSUG (’on pa) deaf person. LZ RA YAN (me tog cig) a kind of 243. This occurs in Mdzod, but flower. LZ 243. with the corresp. Tib. being ’on RA YO (’deng) [a verb] ?? ZB. This can, var. ’on chen. comes from the comm. vocab., RA TSE [1] (rna ba) nose {Haarh’s but there are problems parsing mistake, but not only his; it very the line in which it occurs. Not definitely means ‘ear’ and not located in Zhu & not in Mdzod ‘nose.’ YN 133 states the exact itself. opposite of this, but evidently RA YO DZA (myur du byon pa’i without intending it.}. ZZH. ZB. brda) an exclamation that Zhu, twice. LZ 243. Sgra 132. means Come quick! LZ 243. Bru II 290, line 6. OZZ 54. Byangsi rāmo, the verbal root Occurs in Mdzod with vars. rwa being rā, means ‘to come.’ GSB tse & ra co, although ra tse is by 97. far more frequent. YN nos. 4, 19. [2] (rna dbang) ear faculty. Sgra RA SI (ma legs) not good. ZB. See 134. Mdzod, ch. 11. Stein 253, ra pi, above. gives cognates, as does Matisoff RA SROG (brgya) ‘hundred.’ Khro 167. Nishi 17. The Chaudangsi 89, line 1. This spelling does word for ‘ear’ is ratse; in not occur in Mdzod. Not in Byangsi, hrace; in Darma, reju. Zhu. I think the syllable ra, The Byangsi word is spelled q.v., alone means ‘hundred.’ rachi in GSB 95, and is used to label an ear in a drawing of a RA UN (og mdud) adam’s apple. face in GSB 215. In MSB 171, the LZ 244. Darma is spelled rajo, the Zhangzhung Dictionary 205

*RANG See tsa rang, rtsa rang. which is the correct reading, ZZH. really. RANG (ri) mountain. ZZH. Zhu, RWANG SHOR (ri dwags) large many times. Matisoff 163. game, wild animal. ZB. Nishi 25. YN no. 79. See rwang, RANGS [1] (skyon med) faultless. just below. LZ 245. [2] (dwangs ma) pure RWANG (ri) mountain. ZZH. Zhu, or refined essential form of many times. The reconstructed something, chyme. LZ 245. Proto-TB for ‘high’ is m-rang, RATNA CI (rin po che) precious, in Pai-lang, ran. Beckwith 107. highly valued substance. Sgra Byangsi rung, ‘mound, hillock, 125. We do not find this in peak.’ GSB 98. See rang. Mdzod, and it looks extremely RANG SNEL (ri bdun) seven doubtful. A probable product mountains. ZB. See the fol- of Sanskritizing tendencies in lowing. the manuscript transmission. In Zhu rad na ce, corrected to RANG SNIS (ri bdun) seven moun- rad na ci, equiv. to Tib. rin po tains. Sgra 133. Spelled rwang che, occurs once. snis in LZ 250. This particular spelling not in Zhu, where we RATNA TIG (gser gyi) golden. Sgra do find rang snel. 124. We do not find this in Mdzod, and it looks extremely RWANG MAR (gser ri) gold moun- doubtful. See radna tig, below. tain. LZ 250. RAD See tha yud pu rad. RWANG WER (ri rgyal, ri yi rgyal po) king of mountains, Mount RAD (dmar) red. ZB. Meru. LZ 250. RAD NA [1] (rin chen) gem, RANG SHE (ye shes) full know- precious thing. [2] (rin po che) ledge. LZ 245. This occurs in precious, precious substance. A Mdzod, once only, with ZZ definite Sanskritism, from Skt. var. ’ar zhi. ratna. ZZH. ZB. Zhu. LZ 245. Not in Mdzod. Stein 242. RANG SHEL (ri dwags) large game animals, deer and the like. Sgra RADNA TIG (rin chen dang po) the 126. We do not find this spel- first precious substance. Sgra ling in Mdzod. ZZ rwang sher 124. Not in Mdzod. is the spelling found in Zhu & RADNA DE RO (rin chen ’gyur Mdzod. med) unchanging precious RWANG SHER (ri dwags) large substance. Sgra 124. Not in game, wild animal. ZZH. Zhu, Mdzod, except for de ro, q.v. once. Stein 234. OZZ 47, based RAD SLA WER MA As an example on one passage in Mdzod, of a neo-ZZ word that occurs spelled ZZ rang sher, with cor- in a proper name, see Charles resp. ri bdag, which would Ramble, A Nineteenth-Century mean ‘mountain owner, moun- Bonpo Pilgrim in Western tain lord.’ In the passage in Tibet and Nepal: Episodes Mdzod, Tib. ri bdag has the from the Life of dKar ru grub var. ri dags. It isn’t certain dbang bsTan ’dzin rin chen, Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines, vol. 206 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

15 (November 2008), pp. 481- we find the ZZ vars. bra, phra & 502, at p. 486. I suppose it pra. might a Zhangzhung form RI (bstan) teach, indicate, show. made on the basis of Tib. Rin Sgra 135. Hummel, in OZZ 89, chen rgyal ba, or the like. connects ZZ ri to Tib. rig, ‘to *RAN See nam ran. know,’ although I see no RAN (ldan) having, possessing, justification for this. with. ZB. RI TA (skar ma snron) the constel- RAN GA (dngos po) real, object, lation called, in Tib., snron. LZ thing. Sgra 125. ZB. Occurs in 246. Mdzod with var. reading ZZ RI TAN Occurs in Mdzod, ch. 8. rnag, but only once. ZZ rna ga, Seems to corresp. to Tib. ’khor q.v., is the spelling that ap- ba (?). pears in Zhu, and see also sna RI BIL [1] (zhag) clot [of blood]. ga. ZZH. YN no. 2. ZB adds the Tib. RAN BU Occurs in Mdzod, ch. 6, explanation that it is one of the with no Tib. corresp. supplied, lus zungs, ‘bodily constituents.’ but with ZZ var. run bu. Zhu, once. Sgra 132, but here it Evidently name of a divine must mean ‘[small] intestines’… being. see the following. This part of *RAM See la ram. the entry ought to be removed. [2] (bzhag) [small] intestines. RAM As a ‘seed syllable,’ the heart Bru II 291, line 6. Could not find mantra of fire (me snying). this in Mdzod. (bzhag pa ste Sgra 136. rgya gzhung gi sha [I read as: RAM ME (drod) warmth. LZ 246. bzhag pa ste rgyu gzhung gi YN no. 165. sha]) intestine, the flesh of the central part of the intestines. LZ RAM LO (thabs dang) method and. 246. Sgra 124. ZB. Zhu, once only; in other cases Tib. thabs, ‘me- RI RANG [1] (ri rab) the central thod,’ corresp. to ZZ rgyu yod. world mountain. ZZH. Zhu, ZZ rgyu yod corresp. to Tib. once only. Spelled ZZ rwi rang thabs in Mdzod, and ram lo in ZB. Spelled ZZ ri rwang in does not occur there. LZ 247. [2] (ri bdun) the seven mountain chains surrounding RAM LO KA TA (thabs dang shes the central world mountain. rab) means and contemplation ZZH and Zhu, once; but this {method and insight}. ZZH. only works if the number 7 is ZZD. Zhu, once only, where in some way present in the ZZ we read ram lo ki ti. We do not text, even if unexpressed. In find this in Mdzod. Mdzod, ri rang sometimes oc- *RI [1] For use in second syllable curs as a Tib. textual var. with position, see ZZH 15. [2] Tib. ri rab; in these cases the “Genitive” ending. See ZZH 20. ZZ is ri rwang. Since both ri [3] In Mdzod, ch. 5, it seems to and rang may mean ‘moun- stand for Tib. phrag, as used in tain,’ it would seem that this is numbers, but in a following line a synonym compound. See rwi rang, rwi rwang. Zhangzhung Dictionary 207

RI RWANG [1] (ri rgyal) mountain *RIS See ca ris cu phyi. king. Sgra 127. [2] (tshang *RU See gu ru, ’gu ru, ngu ru, dha rgyung) part of a particularly ru. deity’s name. Sgra 127. [3] (ri rab) best mountain, the cosmic RU Note YN no. 15, where it is mountain. Sgra 133. Zhu, once. mistakenly given as ZZ for Nine Ways 306, with the ‘horn.’ It is indeed Tib. for translation ‘universe.’ ‘horn.’ Byangsi also has ru for ‘horn.’ GSB 98. I believe this RWI RANG (ri rab) the central entry ought to be removed. mountain in the cosmology. ZZH. ZZ ri rang is the spelling RU TOG (thog) lightning. ZB. in the corresponding place in RU TOG GRA JIL (thog ser ba) Zhu. Stein 234. See ri rang, rwi lightning [and] hail. ZZH. Zhu, rwang. once only. Tu thog gra jil RWI RWANG (ri rab) the central occurs in Mdzod, where it world mountain. Zhu, twice. corresp. to Tib. thog dang ser See ri rang, rwi rang, etc. ba; but another occurrence in Mdzod, ch. 5, has ZZ mol lji RI SHAN (rnam shes) conscious- gra min for Tib. thog dang ser ness. ZB. ba, ‘lightning and hail.’ Khota- RIG [1] (zhing) field. ZB. Darma nese rrūḍai means ‘flashing’ [of language has the word re, lightning]. ‘field,’ spelled r'ee in DGD 583. RU TRA [1] (srin po) a group of Surely the closest correspon- gods or demons. Zhu, once dence is with Bunan rig, ‘field.’ only. ZB. Discussion in YT 22. See the chart in TH1 16. Humm1 499 & OZZ 12. [2] (log See under zhi, above. [2] lta) wrong view. Humm1 501. Hummel, in OZZ 90, says this [3] (srin rum) ? Occurs with ZZ corresp. to Tib. rigs, ‘way, var. ru dra, in Mdzod. [4] (za manner {caste?},’ although I do byed, srin po) devourer, troll. not know the evidence for it. Stein 243. An evident Sanskri- For more confusion, see OZZ tic word and one of about six 99. examples of such in Mdzod. RIG TIG See under tig tig. This RU DROD [1] (rang bzhin) nature. spelling occurs in Mdzod, ch. Sgra 125, 131. OZZ 47. [2] 2, with ZZ var. ri tig. With Tib. (dbus, dkyil ma) center, central equiv. zhing dang sa, ‘field and one. LZ 248. OZZ 47. This spel- earth.’ OZZ 47. But this results ling occurs many times in from misparsing the passage in Mdzod, but not in Zhu. See du Mdzod. I think ZZ rig tig must drod & da drod. corresp. there to zhing, ‘field,’ alone. *RUD See ne rud. RING (ring) long. Zhu, once only. RUD (’bri ba) to write, draw, paint. ZB. This does not seem to me LZ 249. Note Darma langua- especially likely, but needs ge’s r'i, ‘to write.’ DGD 583. more study. We ought to take Byangsi rihmo or rīmo, ‘to into consideration that it seems write.’ GSB 97, 98. to be a very old and general TB RUN BU See ran bu. form. See Beckwith 107. 208 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

RUR TSE See tur tse. OZZ 34. See under re ’dab, re hab. RE [1] (khra bo) piebald, multi- colored. LZ 249. [2] (ro) taste; REG KUN (khrag) blood. Mdzod, but note that this Tib. syllable ch. 8. may also mean ‘corpse.’ ZB. (ro REG THUN (khrag) blood. ZZH. / dper na ro mngar ba) taste, ZB. Zhu, twice. Sgra 132. Stein for example sweet taste. LZ 243. Matisoff 166. Nishi 20, 249. which misreads: reg thum. ZZ RE ’DAB (lto phye, sri) stomach ting, also meaning ‘water,’ and goer, snake, vampire spirit. thun are words for ‘blood’ in Humm1 515. OZZ 34, 47. This Mdzod, but reg thun is not looks like it could be a corrup- found there. The ZZ syllable tion of ru dra, and corresp. to reg suggests some connection Tib. srin rum, although this is with Skt. rakta. problematic, and it could after REG PU See reg su. all corresp. to Tib. lto phye. REG RDZU (reg pa) touching. Sgra The ZZ also occurs in forms re 135. We do not find this hrab, re dha, etc. See under re spelling in Mdzod, although hab, which is the spelling the spelling re rdza is found found in Zhu. there. Not in Zhu. It seems RE RDZA (reg pa) touch. Mdzod, doubtful. ch. 9. REG SU (khrag mgo) blood head. RE LO (dran pa) recollection, cons- Probably more correctly read cious {memory, thought}. ZZH. as reg pu. ZZH. Zhu, once. Not ZB. Zhu, once only. This is a in Mdzod. mistake, based on a reading of *RO [1] nominal particle. See ZZH Mdzod. See under re long. 16. [2] closing particle of RE LONG =nye lo. Humm1 519. sentence. See ZZH 21. OZZ 39. ZZ re lo & nye lo are ROL (shog) Come! [imperative vars. in Mdzod, where it form]. ZB. corresp. to Tib. ’dzin pa, ‘holding,’ 9th of the 51 mental RLANG (sgra) sound, noise. LZ states. This spelling not in Zhu. 250. This occurs in the comm. vocab. See klang. RE SRI (lto phye, sri) serpent, vampire. Humm1 515. We do RLAB CHE (rgyag pa) fat. With not find this in Mdzod, and not var. reading ZZ glab ce, it in Zhu. Compare re ’dab. stands for Tib. rgyag pa in Mdzod, where it is 37th of the RE HAB (lto phye) serpent. Zhu, 51 mental states. This spelling once. ZB. OZZ 34. YN no. 57. not in Zhu. (rgyags pa) fat, See under re ’dab. inflated, conceited, haughty. RE HAB KHA MUNG GU DUN LZ 250, but here it is not (lto phye mo nag dgu) the nine marked as being ZZ. YN no. black female snakes. ZZH. 155, where it is taken to be ZZ, RE HRAB (lto phye, sri) serpent, & no. 157, where it is defined vampire spirit. Humm1 515. as ‘full.’ OZZ 47, spelled ZZ rlab ce. Zhangzhung Dictionary 209

RLAB RTSE (’tshe ba) damage, **LA** injure, haunt. ZZH. Spelled rlab tse in ZB. Zhu, once. This seems to be a mistake based on *LA See se ki la ya, khe la, ta la, da misreading Mdzod. la, bho la, mu la, su ri ka la. RLU ’KHOR (rnam grol) liberated. LA [1] “Dative” suffix. See ZZH 20. Sgra 128. ZZ rnyu khor, q.v., is (la don gyi phrad) particle of a var. reading in Mdzod. the class of particles with the Spelled ZZ nyu khor in Zhu, meaning of la. ZB. OZZ 65 and rnyu khor in ZZD. n.26, 71, which gives the alternative endings la, lu & le. [2] RLUG (lug) ‘sheep’ in a list of (ra) goat. ZB. standard measurements. ZZH. ZB. In Zhu, rlug is corrected to LA SKYUD MU HI (ku ma ra tsa) lug, with corresp. Tib. lug. Sgra This Tib. definition is in the 126. In the Mdzod list of form of a Sanskritism, which measurements, ZZ lug corresp. would seem to correspond to to Tib. lug. Nishi 21. It seems Kumāra Rāja, which probably more likely that the word is has the meaning of ‘crown shared between the two lan- prince.’ Name of the divine guages, and that the correct ZZ inhabitants of the 3rd level of spelling is lug. the cosmic mountain. Mdzod, ch. 5, with ZZ var. la sgyud mu *RLUNG See zur rlung. ZZH. ti. They are, in the Tib., rtag RLE MIN In Mdzod the ZZ phrase myos, ‘always intoxicated.’ See rle min rle zhur, var. rlhe men the following. rlhe zhur, corresp. to Tib. LA THEB (rtag myos) permanently mnyam med ngang las, ‘out of intoxicated, always drunk. the continuity of the unequal- ZZH. {This is in the name of led.’ This spelling not in Zhu. the inhabitants of one of the RLE ZHUR (ngang las) out of the terraces of the cosmic moun- continuity. Sgra 135. This is tain.} ZB specifies that this is problematic, but it is possible one of the four types of the that rle zhur, var. rlhe zhur, great kings (rgyal chen rigs corresp. to Tib. ngang las in bzhi). Zhu, where the Tib. is Mdzod. This spelling not in actually spelled rtag myo. Tib. Zhu. rtag myos, var. rtag myong, RLE THUR See under dhe tur. does occur in the Tib. text of Mdzod, ch. 5, but it is difficult RLHE ZHUR See rle zhur. to see what the corresponding RLE LUS (le lo) lazy. OZZ 47. ZZ should be. The Skt. would Occurs in Mdzod with ZZ vars. be Sadāmatta. rlhi lus, rmhe lus. See lhe lus, LA BI Occurs in Mdzod, ch. 1, with lhe lung, dhri lu, etc. ZZ var. la be, where it may *RLON See kha rlon. corresp. to Tib. nags tshal, ‘forest,’ although problematic.

LA RAM (stag) tiger. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, where it is actually spelled la ral. Sgra 126. We do 210 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

not find this in Mdzod, where Mdzod, ch. 10. This spelling there does not seem to be any not in Zhu. word at all for ‘tiger.’ OZZ 16, LA SAD (stag) tiger. ZZH. In the 79, 93, 100 n. 7, although single occurrence in Zhu, we Hummel — probably based on can see that ZZ la sad is equiv. the comm. vocab. — takes the to Tib. stag la, as part of the ZZ syllable la alone to mean proper name Stag-la-me-bar. ‘tiger.’ Humm2 14. Matisoff Stein 254 gives cognates. It 165. See Michael Knüppel, Zu seems more likely that only the manegirisch lavu und birare la segment is here meaning lawda ~ lawda “Tiger,” Central ‘tiger,’ while the sad means Asiatic Journal, vol. 50, no. 2 ‘god’ (l[h]a). See la ram. See the (2006), pp. 70-74. I'd say the at following. least partial similarity between the ZZ and these Tungusic LA SAD NE BER (stag la me ’bar) words (from dialects of Blazing Tiger God. Humm1 Evenki) merits further conside- 501. OZZ 16. Also spelled la ration. See now also the discus- sad ne bar. Zhu, once. ZB. Not sion in Beckwith, OC Loans in Mdzod, where ZZ ne ber & 178-181. See la sad, la he. ne bar also are not to be found. LA LONG (lhun gyis) naturally. LA SONG (so sor) each Sgra 127. This spelling not in individually. Sgra 127, 135. Mdzod, but see la lod. Occurs once in Mdzod. Not in Zhu. (so so ba) individual, LA LOD (lo) year. ZZH. Zhu, once. separate. LZ 252. In Mdzod, ch. 6, ZZ la lod, with vars. da lod & ma lod, LA HE [1] (stag) tiger. See la ram. would seem to corresp. to Tib. [2] (g.yag, ’brong) yak, wild lhun gyis, ‘naturally’; in other yak. LZ 252. passages, Tib. lo, ‘year’; de LA A (lugs ’byung?) along with the bzhin, ‘likewise’; dang po, grain, in the usual direction of ‘first’ {but this last equiv. things. Mdzod, ch. 9, once seems mistaken}. only, and problematic. LA SHAN See tha shan. *LANG See ta lang, pur lang. LA SHU (bdag med) emptiness, not LANG [1] (’byung, or, dus kyi[s] absolute {non-self}. ZZH. ZB. ’byung) emerge, happen, occur Zhu, twice. Sgra 126. In one over time. Mdzod, ch. 2, with Mdzod passage that corres- ZZ var. long. [2] (’bab) fall [the ponds to one in Zhu, the ZZ verb]. ZB. Occurs, although phrase ye snga la shu corresp. problematic, in Mdzod, ch. 2. to Tib. stong zhing bdag med, ‘empty and devoid of self.’ LANG RKO [1] (mtshar pa) beautiful {but this is hardly LA SHUG (dpag med) without possible, since it is in a list of limit. OZZ 47. See la shu (the body parts; should remove this same or a separate word?). meaning}. ZZH. [2] (mtsher pa) LA SHUM (mtha’ ma) the final, spleen. Zhu, once. ZB. LZ 252, ultimate. LZ 252. but here spelled lang lko. (’tsher pa) spleen. Bru II 291, line 6. LA SHEN (rnam par shes pa) (mtsher ba) spleen. Sgra 132. ZZ consciousness. Sgra 133. Zhangzhung Dictionary 211

lbo ka seems to be the word for with the spelling ZZ las sang, ‘spleen’ in the comm. vocab. in Mdzod. According to MsB 211, the LI (rlung) wind {air, [nervous or Darma, Byangsi and Chaudang- blood] pressure, one of the five si word for ‘spleen’ is loṃ elements of traditional phy- khoṃ, which appears to be a sics}. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, twice. LZ close match to the ZZ. 253. Sgra 127, 132. Humm2 14. LANG NGE (g.yo rtsol) deceitful PSD 162. OZZ 47, 71, 79, 93, effort {I think it means ‘motion supplying among other things and exertion’}. LZ 252, where it a Sumerian “cognate” lil with is marked as ZZ. Occurs in identical meaning. However, Mdzod, with ZZ vars. lar de, Tóth gives the Sumerian lang de. “cognate” lu (<*lung), ‘to blow LAN BRGYAD (sgrol ma) [of wind],’ but here compared savioress, Tārā. Sgra 127. As to Tib. rlung. Tóth no. 183. Tibetan as this looks, perhaps Matisoff 165. Nishi 23. Discus- meaning ‘eight braids’ or ‘eight sion in ZZQ 6. May also be times’ or ‘eight answers,’ this spelled ling. See under its alter- does occur once in the ZZ of native ZZ spelling le. See OZL Mdzod. Perhaps this could 56, with the so-called “Old have something to do with the Zhangzhung” equiv. given as ‘eight fears’ from which Tārā lang; Tib. rlung, ‘air, pneuma- provides protection? Perhaps it tic force, motility.’ could be interpreted as ‘eight LI KA (’phrul gyi rdzas cha) a responses’ to the eight fears? magical substance. LZ 253. The subsequent two lines in This spelling not in Mdzod. Mdzod do in fact have Tibetan LI GLANG (rlung sgra) wind words at the same correspon- sound. LZ 253. Occurs with ZZ ding locations within the lines, var. li klang in Mdzod, but in so I guess we should take it as this context we would have to Tibetan. Perhaps this entry translate as ‘sound, the essence ought to be removed. I am un- of the element air.’ sure about it. LI LGYUM (rlung gi ’khor lo) LAM ZHI (’gyu ba) move quickly wind-wheel, whirlwind [?]. See to and fro. ZZH. ZB. In the LZ 253. The Tib. expression single occurrence in Zhu, the occurs in Mdzod, but without a reading is ’gyur ba, ‘be- ZZ equiv. This Mdzod passage coming.’ We do not find this might be translated, ‘sun and equivalence in Mdzod. moon are steered by the wheel LAS “Ablative” suffix. See ZZH 20. of pneumatic force.’ (las) from. ZB. The equiv. of LI CI (rlung) wind, air. LZ 253. the ZZ ending las with the Tib. ending las is only attested once LI TA (rlung gi) of air. Mdzod, with in Zhu, and I could not locate ZZ var. li rta. any instance of it in Mdzod. LI TI [1] (byang) north. ZB. [2] LAS SANGS (las) action, work, (ljang) green. ZB. deed, karma. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, LI TI RA (byang byang) north, once only. This occurs once, northern {north of the north?}. 212 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

ZZH. Zhu, once. We do not LI YANG [1] (phyi rlung) external find this in Mdzod. wind. LZ 254. [2] (phying ba) LI THUN (nang rlung) inner wind. felt. LZ 254. Not in Mdzod. LZ 253. LI YU See lig mu, which must be LI SPUNG (rlung) wind. LZ 253. the more correct spelling. This LI PHUD [1] (bye ba) ten millions. spelling does occur as a unique ZZH. ZB. Zhu, twice. [2] In a var. in Mdzod. Mdzod passage this corres- LI LO (longs spyod) attainment, ponds to rlung [gi], ‘of air,’ enjoyment, pleasure. ZZH. ZB. with var. ZZ li phung. (rlung) Zhu, twice. Occurs once in wind. LZ 253. Mdzod. LZ 254. LI PHYA HA RA (lha dbang brgya LI SHAG (gzugs kyi lha mo) god- byin) Indra, master of the gods. dess of form. LZ 254. Not in LZ 253. Mdzod. LI MU [1] (ku ma [‘a ḍākinī’]) a LI SIG Wind, air. Humm1 504. OZZ proper name. Humm1 516. 19. We do not find this spelling OZZ 34. Also, khi mu. =khi in Mdzod, and not in Zhu mu. Humm1 519. OZZ 39. I either. think it corresp. to “Tib.” ku LI SING (ngang nyid) nature, cha- ma re, i.e., kumari, Indic for racter, sphere. ZZH. Zhu, once princess. Not in Zhu. The ori- only. See li seng, si la. ginal context in Mdzod has ZZ var. khi mu, and the reading of LI SENG (ngang nyid) nature, cha- the Tib. is very problematic, racter, sphere. ZZH. ZB but difficult to parse, and part of a also with the alternative spel- proper name in any case. [2] ling ling seng. Zhu, once. In (rkyen) condition, secondary Mdzod we find ZZ si la, var. si cause, incidental cause. LZ 254. lang, for Tib. rang nyid. Obviously there has been some LI MUN (’degs byed) elevator misreading or metathesis here. [something that elevates], an See li sing. epithet of wind. Sgra 126. Also corresp. to Tib. rlung in *LIG See ma lig, ma lig min. ZZH. Mdzod, and appears in a list of LIG [1] (srid, srid pa) existence, to elements without any Tib. sup- be, world, sphere. Corresponds plied. Not in Zhu. (rlung) to Tib. srid in both its nominal wind. LZ 254. and verbal usages. ZZ var. ltag. LI TSAKKRA (byang ’khor lo) Humm1 519. OZZ 12, 39, 105. north wheel. Sgra 136. This is (srid pa) coming into being, not found in Mdzod, and not becoming. LZ 254. Darma lee, in Zhu. ‘to be.’ DGD 581. See leg. [2] (skye dgu) all creatures. OZZ LI ZHI (sna yi rtsa) channel of the 40. [3] (’jig) destruction. See nose. LZ 254. YN no. 19. This Sgra 134, but here the spelling not in Mdzod. meanings of lig and khur have LI WER (rlung gi rgyal po) wind been switched around; lig king. LZ 254. Not in Mdzod in should instead be defined by this form. the Tibetan word chags, ‘for- Zhangzhung Dictionary 213

mation.’ See under lig zhur. [4] well-known equivalent of Tib. (chags pa) formation. LZ 254. srid pa’i rje, and is the title of LIG RKYE BER ZHI (srid pa’i rgyal the kings of Zhangzhung. See po, sangs po ’bum khri) king of LZ 255, where it is spelled lig existence, Sangs po ’bum khri. mi rkya. There is much dis- Humm1 516. OZZ 34. Occurs cussion of this and related in Mdzod, with spelling lig forms that are encountered in rkyel ber zhi, var. lig rkyel ler Dunhuang documents, inclu- zhi, i.e., lig rkyel wer zhi. The ding Leg snya shur, Lig snya spelling that appears in Zhu is shur, Lig myi rya & Lig myi legs skyel wer zhi, corresp. to hya, in ZZT 430-431. Tib. srid skos rgyal po, ‘possi- LIG MI SNGUM (srid pa’i yum) bility allotment king,’ an epi- mother of existence. ZZH. The thet of Sangs po ’bum khri. spelling lig mi sdum is in LIG RKYEL (srid rje, dbang byed) Mdzod, although this could lord of potential, power giver. very easily be read lig mi Mdzod. ZZ vars. lig rgyal & lig sngum. rkya. Humm1 519. OZZ 39. LIG MI SDUM (srid pa’i yum) LIG SKYA SHIM (mi ma yin srid rje mother of existence. Zhu, once. ’brang dkar) the non-human Mdzod, ch. 1. Srid-rje ’Brang-dkar. LZ 254. LIG MIN According to Sga 151, line Mdzod, ch. 1. 6: It seems possible that this LIG KHUR See lig zhur, which is might be the word for ‘win- the preferable reading. dow, latticework’ [Tib. dra mig] (’dra mig yin snang srid). LIG RGYA (dbang byed) power giver. Sgra 134. In the one LIG MIN RKYA (srid pa zhal occurrence of this equivalence phyes) open up [reveal] be- in Mdzod it is spelled lig rkya. coming. Mnyam 15. This is Not in Zhu. taken from the ZZ title of Mdzod. See LZ 255. See under LIG RGYAL See under lig rkyel. lig mi skya. (srid pa) becoming, potential. LZ 254. LIG MU (srid pa, yod pa srid pa) existence, life. Mdzod, with ZZ LIG TUR (snang srid) the pheno- vars. li yu, leg mu. This spel- menal world of becoming, phe- ling not in Zhu, although we nomenal potential. LZ 255. See do find ZZ lig zhi, var. leg zhi, also lig zur, etc. for Tib. srid pa. =li yu. Humm1 LIG MI (srid pa) becoming, evolu- 519. OZZ 39. See LZ 255. tion, existence. ZB. LIG MUN =li yul. Humm1 519. LIG MI SKYA [1] (zhal phye nas) OZZ 39. (srid pa) life, be- after opening the mouth. Sgra coming, potential. Mdzod, 136. This equivalence is based with a number of var. ZZ spel- on a reading of the title of lings including li yul, leg mu, Mdzod, and apart from that it lig mu. This spelling not in makes little sense, and is pro- Zhu. bably itself a result of some LIG MUR (snang srid) phenomenal confusion. [2] (srid pa’i rje) existence. Stein 234, based on lord of existence. ZB. This is a Mdzod. 214 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

LIG ZHI [1] (srid pa) existence, means the caecum}. See LZ becoming. Sgra 129. Zhu, 255. YN no. 9. [3] This occurs twice. Mdzod. ZB. See LZ 255. as a variant reading for ZZ li, [2] (skye mched) [sense] ‘wind, air.’ Mdzod. generator-enhancer. Sgra 134. LING KHRI BING (gru bzhi) four Mdzod, ch. 11, with vars. lig cornered, square. Mdzod, ch. 5, zhis, lig zher, lig zhir & lig with var. wi khri pi. See LZ gzhir. [3] (lte ba, lte rtsa) navel, 255. navel channel. See LZ 255. [4] LING LANG (rlung sgra) wind (bzang po, legs cha) good, sound. See LZ 255. This spel- excellent. See LZ 255. ling not in Mdzod. See the dis- LIG ZHI WER (srid pa’i rgyal) king cussion under li glang. of existence. ZB. LING SENG See li seng. LIG ZHING (chags gnas) formation LIN See OZZ 54. [and] abiding. Sgra 133, but do not rely on this source. ZZ lig *LU [1] “Dative-allative” suffix. See zhing is just a var. reading for ZZH 20. There is not even one lig zhur, q.v., and corresp. to clear occurrence of this in Zhu. Tib. chags pa dang ’jig pa, Well, perhaps one. [2] See nam ‘formation and destruction,’ lu. occurring only once in Mdzod. LU [1] (yul) country, objective This spelling not in Zhu. sphere of a sense organ. ZB. [2] LIG ZHUR (’jig chags) formation Hummel, in OZZ 89, connects [and] destruction. Mdzod. This ZZ lu to Tib. lug, ‘sheep,’ al- phrase does not occur in this though I see no good reason form in Zhu. (chags pa, grub for this. pa) forming, arriving at, LUG (lug) ‘sheep,’ but in a series of coming about. See LZ 255. standard measurements. Mdzod, OZZ 47, spelled leg zhur. ch. 6. ZB. A rare example of LIG ZUR (srid pa) existence, identity between the ZZ and becoming. With ZZ var. leg Tib. vocabulary. zur. Mdzod. See under lig thur, LUG TI (lug) sheep. See LZ 255. a different reading of the same Mdzod. word no doubt. LUNG (glo ba) lungs. ZZH. ZB. LIG SAD (snang srid) phenomenal Zhu, three times. LZ 256. Bru II existence. Sgra 127. This equiv. 291, line 5. Sgra 132. Stein 254. occurs in Mdzod along with Matisoff 170. Nishi 19. An ob- some more problematic occur- vious corresp. with the English rences. Not in Zhu. word ‘lung.’ This occurs in the *LING See spre ling, yod ling. See comm. vocab. as well in li. Mdzod, ch. 5, in the phrase lung dun seg ’dzin, name of a LING [1] (med khams) realm of ‘vessel organ’ connected in nonexistence. ZB. [2] (long) some way with the tongue and blind [?]. ZB. (long kha) sense of taste. Darma longbar', entrails, intestines {but I think ‘lungs.’ DGD 581. Byangsi luṅ- technically speaking this ought bara in GSB 101, spelled luṃ- to be Tib. long ga, which bara in GSB 216. See lung ni. Zhangzhung Dictionary 215

LUNG RGYUNG SAD (glo ba *LE “Dative-allative” particle. See dbugs) respiratory breath {lung ZZH 20, although to judge breath}. ZZH. Zhu. YN no. 39. from the evidence to be found Can not find this in Mdzod. in Zhu, this is not especially LUNG TUR (mchin rtsa) liver chan- clear. Humm1 513. nel. LZ 256. This seems highly LE (rlung) wind. OZZ 8, 31, finds a unlikely given that ZZ lung cognate in Tangut lö. See li. means lungs! Not in Mdzod. LE LO (mthu rtsal che ba) great in LUNG THUN Occurs in Mdzod, magical skills. LZ 256. This is ch. 11, with evident meaning of odd, since the identical spel- ‘lung.’ Looks similar to the ZZ ling in Tib. means ‘lazy.’ Note lung dun in Mdzod, ch. 5. LZ that this word is suspiciously 256. close to ZZ li lo, q.v. LUNG DUN With ZZ vars. lud pu LEG (srid, bsrid) exist, to be. ZZH. & shin tun, it ought to simply Zhu. See lig. mean ‘the lungs,’ although the- LEG MU With ZZ var. li yu. re is no actual Tib. to corresp. Humm1 519. OZZ 39. This with it in the text of Mdzod, ch. spelling occurs once in Mdzod, 5. and not at all in Zhu. See lig LUNG DUN SEG (lce dbang, lce yi mu. dbang po’i snod) the tongue LEG MUN (bka’) word {scripture}. faculty, taste, the vessel for the ZZH. Zhu. ZZ var. li yu. tongue faculty. LZ 256. There is Humm1 519. OZZ 39. Could a careless misparsing here. The not find this particular spelling complete Tib. line in Mdzod in Mdzod; and in fact could translates, ‘Indicated as the not find there any ZZ equiv. to vessel [organ that corresponds Tib. bka’. (gshen rab kyi bka’) to] the tongue [sense-]organ.’ the Word of Lord Shenrab. LZ Here the Tib. doesn’t actually 256. translate the ZZ, which is a problem… This entry should LEG ZHI (srid pa) exist, to be, be removed. existence. ZZH. Zhu, twice. We do not find this spelling in LUNG NI (glo ba) lungs. ZZH. Mdzod. See lig. Zhu, once. We do not find this in Mdzod. See lung. LEG ZHUR See lig zhur. LUNG SEG [1] (rlung) wind. LZ LEG ZUR (ye srid) primordial 256. [2] (lus kyi rtsa) bodily existence. LZ 257. This does channel. LZ 256. To judge from occur in Mdzod, but the more the two syllables, this ought to correct reading there must be mean ‘breath of the lungs.’ lig zur. LUM (zlum) round. ZB. This is *LEN See tur len. based in the comm. vocab. LEN GE (las dang spyod pa) karma LUMS (zhwa) hat. ZB. This is based [or action] and behavior. LZ in the comm. vocab. 257. Mdzod. Compare lon ge. *LUS See lhe lus. *LO As the second part of a compound word, see ZZH 15. Hummel in OZZ 81, says it is 216 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

“used to express characteristics Occurs once in var. spellings lo from verbs.” I have no idea sun, lo sdum, in Mdzod, ch. 8. what this means. See lo sun. LO (sgom) imagination, meditation. LO SNGON See lo sngun. ZZH. ZB spells the Tib. equiv. LO TAR (dus mtha’) end of time, as bsgom. But this equiv. is not i.e., end of the kalpa. Mdzod, found in Mdzod, and would ch. 6. (dus kyi thung mtha’) the seem to stem merely from an smallest division of time (?). attempt at an interpretive ana- LZ 258. lysis of ZZ nye lo, q.v. LO TI (lo re re nas) each and every LO RGYU MA YIN (lung ma bsten) year. LZ 258. This is probably not adhering to the instruction based on a passage in Mdzod, {not prophesied, out of order, ch. 2. disordered, unclassifiable}. ZZH. Zhu. Could not find this in LO PAṆ (mkhas dbang) scholar. Mdzod. Stein 235. The fol- Sgra 124. ZB. This does not lowing is obviously just a dif- appear in Mdzod, and it ferent reading of the same certainly is not ZZ. It is a thing. characteristic Tibetan abbreviation of the two words lo tstshā LO RGYU MA MIN (lung ma ba, ‘[the Tibetan] translator’ bstan) not predicted, not in and pandi ta, ‘[the Indian] order, unclassified. ZB. pundit.’ LO LNGA (dmigs med) without LO MIN [1] (blo chung) small objective. ZB, with the mind, stupidity. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, alternative spelling lo snga. once. Occurs once in Mdzod, LO SNGA [1] (gna’ snga mo, srid ch. 8. See LZ 258. [2] (blo ldan) pa dang po) the ancient past, with mind, with intellect {intel- the first stages of development ligent}. Sgra 136. We do not [of the world]. LZ 257. Mdzod, find this meaning in Mdzod. It where it often serves in sen- is interesting that the two tences where it has to mean meanings we have here are something like ‘primordial, exact opposites. first.’ (sngon) previous. [2] LO SANG (’jug sgo) entry door, (dmigs med) independent way of introduction, access [to {without an object/objective, something]. Sgra 128, 135. without any specific focus}. Occurs once in Mdzod, ch. 4. ZZH. Zhu, once. Sgra 128. OZZ We do not find it in Zhu. See 47, 108 n. 9, supplies the surely long sang. forced meaning “independent lord, prince.” Here Hummel LO SUN (blo rmug) gloomy, benefitted from and developed depressed. LZ 258. OZZ 47. See upon Haarh’s unfortunate lo sngun. choice of translation for Tib. LOG As var. of lod, q.v. dmigs med. See lo lnga. LOG CI (ma rig) ignorance. ZZH. LO SNGUN (blo rmug) stupid, Where Zhu reads mog ci, ZZD stupidity {gloomy, depressed}. reads log ci. This spelling not ZZH. ZB also has the var. in Mdzod. See mog ci. spelling lo sngon. Zhu, once. Zhangzhung Dictionary 217

LOG ZHI (sred pa) thirst [for LON GE (nyams len) to survey, sensual enjoyment]. Sgra 135. explore {practice}. ZZH. ZB. This is found once, with var. Zhu, once only. We do not find lig zhi, in Mdzod, ch. 9. We do this in Mdzod. It seems likely, not find it in Zhu. Thirst, despite the different Tib. trans- hankering, desire. LZ 258. lations, this word would be the LOG YEM (phred pa, sred pa?) ? ‘same’ as len ge, q.v. Sgra 135 {in fact, this is a Tibe- *LOS See de los. tan word, even if slightly misspelled, for illegitimate sexual lusts, and very likely not ZZ}. The phrase log par g.yem does **SHA** occur in the Tibetan text of Mdzod. This entry should be removed. SHA [1] (bshags) explain {confess}. LONG See under lang. ZZH. Zhu, twice. (bshags) to extinguish, confess. OZZ 90, al- LONG SANG (’jug sgo) door of though I do not know the evi- entry, access. Sgra 125. ZB. dence for the meaning ‘extin- This spelling not in Mdzod, guish.’ Could not find this in and not in Zhu. See lo sang. Mdzod. See sha ya. [2] (shar) *LOD As a second part of rise, east. OZZ 47. compounds, see Zhu 15. In SHA BHAR See sha ’bal. some usages, it seems to represent the terminative case SHA ’BAL (sta re) axe. ZZH. ZB. LZ ending. Example: ZZ de lod, 259. OZZ 16. Zhu, where the var. de log, equiv. to Tib. de la, Tib. reads sta res. A small axe in Mdzod, ch. 5. or hatchet held in the hands of Spyi spungs deities — oral in- LOD [1] (lho) south. Sgra 132. There formation from Dagkar Geshe is only one possible place in Namgyal Nyima. See now Zhu where this syllable might Namgyal Nyima’s discussion mean ‘south,’ and even there it in Tibet Journal, vol. 23, no. 4 looks more like it means ‘direc- (1998), p. 16. This appears, tion,’ or in Tib., phyogs. This with Tib. equiv. sta gri, in the meaning is likely to be invalid. vocab. comm. Once it occurs in [2] (lo) year, harvest. ZB. OZZ Mdzod itself, with var. ZZ 47. Seems to occur in Mdzod spelling sha bhar, albeit with- only as part of the word di lod, out a clear Tib. equiv., as noted and var. spellings. See la lod. in OZZ 47. Brief discussion in In so-called ‘Old Zhangzhung,’ ZZQ 6. In Byangsi, sāṃbal it has been found that lod is a (Nepali bhampal) means ‘an verb meaning, ‘to speak.’ See iron rod for digging.’ GSB 107. PSD 157. SHA MA HA (skar ma mgo) the LOD GU GE (lo tho) calendar, constellation known in Tib. as almanac. ZB. mgo. LZ 259. LOD RATNA (lho rin chen) SHA ZUR (g.ya’ brag) mountain- southern jewel, jewel in the side and rocks {slate and rock}. south. Sgra 136. Not in Mdzod. ZZH. ZB. Occurs in Mdzod 218 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

with spellings shang zur & SHANG [1] (g.ya’) slate. ZB. [2] shing zur. The ZZ shang cor- (spang, rtsa thang) meadow, resp. to Tib. g.ya’. See shang grassy plateau. LZ 260. zur. SHANG BE (spang g.ya’) meadow SHA YA [1] (bshags) confession. and slate (?). OZZ 54. Humm1 501. OZZ 16. Zhu, once. This is not found in SHANG MO (rgan mo) old woman. Mdzod. (bshags pa) confess. This is found in the comm. LZ 259. See under sha. [2] (dag vocab. OZZ 54. ZB. LZ 260. pa) pure. LZ 259. Shang ze is the spelling in Zhu. Perhaps the syllable shang SHWA YA (bshags pa) confessing, corresp. to the first syllable of confession. ZB. Darma adjectival form xyang- SHA YA GYIN (bshags pa yin) it is nu, ‘being old, rich.’ Byangsi explained {it is confessed}. has the adjective syaṅthai, ZZH. Zhu, once only. ‘old.’ GSB 109. SHA RI (dpal ldan) glorious. SHANG ZUR [1] (g.ya’ brag) Obviously this is the Sanskrit mountainside and rocks {slate word Śrī. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, once and rock, or simply, ‘slate’}. only. Sgra 124. Not found in ZZH. Zhu, twice. Sgra 126. Mdzod. This form occurs in the Mdzod, with var. shing zur. [2] proper name Sha ri bu chen, (nags tshal) forest. LZ 260. See however, where it apparently sha zur. does not have this meaning. SHANG ZE [1] (rgan po, rgan mo) SHA SHAN (dran pa) memory. LZ old person. ZZH. ZB. (rgas po) 260. ‘old person’ Bru II 290. OZZ 5, SHA SHIN (rnam shes, shes pa) 48, 54. To judge from Zhu, there consciousness, knowing. Simi- must be a mistake in glossing it lar to shan, shen, shi shan, shi with Tib. rgan po, ‘old man,’ shen, she shen, shi shin. and the “ze” ending of shang ze Humm1 513. OZZ 30, 31, 47-48, should make it the feminine 98. This should properly cor- form, hence ‘old woman,’ but resp. to Tib. shes pa, and Tib. this is not so sure, except in rnam shes should be ti shan, Mdzod, ch. 9 where it is very ting shin, etc. This particular clear. [2] (rgas pa) old age, the spelling does not appear in aged. Mdzod. [3] (rga shi) old Zhu. age and death. LZ 260. This does occur in Mdzod. For a SHAG [1] (bud med, bza’) woman, similar form with this 3rd wife. LZ 260. [2] (rus rigs shig) meaning, see shing sha. See a clan name. LZ 260. shang se. SHAG SHAG (gshog pa’am dum SHANG ZE GYAG TI (rga shi) old bur gtong ba’i brda’) a word age & death. Mdzod, ch. 9. signifying sawing things up or Evidently, from usage in putting them into pieces. See Mdzod, the ZZ gyag ti alone LZ 260. may mean ‘death’ or some- *SHANG See pa shang. thing similar. SHANG LANG Supposed to be ZZ for a type of sword. ZZFC 242. Zhangzhung Dictionary 219

SHANG SE [1] (rgan po) old person SHI BI (dgun) winter. With ZZ var. ZZH. Zhu, once. [2] (rgas po) shi pi, appears in Mdzod, ch. 5, aged, the aged. Sgra 132. ZZH. but the parsing may be Zhu, once. See shang ze. questionable. See OZL 56 & SHAD PU RA KHUG Name of a PSD 162. with the so-called siddha of Zhangzhung. LZ 261. “Old Zhangzhung” equivalent given as gun kha, Tib. dgun *SHAN OZZ 30. See sha shin. kha. SHAN [1] (rnam shes) conscious- SHI MUN (spre’u) monkey. ness. LZ 261. Based on evi- Mdzod, ch. 9, with var. shi dence in Mdzod, the normal myug. LZ 261. YN no. 62. form of the ZZ word is ti shan, or ti shen, although shan, or SHI ZI (zer) ray. LZ 261. The shen, may appear alone in parsing questionable, this form compounds like tse shan, ‘ear appears in Mdzod with ZZ consciousness,’ or mig shan, vars. ti zi, ti ze. ‘eye consciousness.’ [2] (gru SHI SHAN [1] (shes pa) perception, gzings) ship, boat. LZ 261. cognition, knowledge. Entirely SHAMBHA LA (rtag gzigs ’ol mo equivalent to shi shin, q.v. [2] gling) Shambhala. Humm1 Equiv. to ZZ khir zhi. LZ 261. 502. OZZ 16. Not in Mdzod & This is based on confusion not in Zhu. This entry ought to resulting from a line of the ZZ be removed, since anyway it is dropped from a passage in based on a very recent identifi- Mdzod, ch. 10, and therefore cation made by followers of not valid. ‘new Bon.’ SHI SHIN [1] (shes pa) knowledge, *SHI See kun shi. intelligence. ZZH. YN no. 145. Zhu, twice. Sgra 127, 130. [2] SHI KHON See she khon. This spel- (dran pa) recollection, cons- ling occurs once in Mdzod, ch. ciousness. ZZH. Zhu, once. 5. Sgra 124, 130. LZ 261. Humm1 SHI TING ZZ var. shing. Humm1 503. OZZ 17, 48, spelled shi 520. OZZ 39. ZZ shing & shi ti shen. Stein 237. See she shin. are var. readings in Mdzod, ZZ vars. sha shan, shi shon, Tib. equiv. unclear, although it etc. occur in Mdzod, where it is must contain the notion 8th of the 51 mental states ‘white.’ We do not find this corresp. to Tib. dran pa, and spelling in Zhu. also the 10th, corresp. to Tib. shes pa. Stein 237. [3] (mchog) SHI NIG (shu nig) (?). =bgegs. Bru best. ZB. See also shi shan, shi II 155, line 2. The spelling shu shen, she shin, etc. nig occurs in Zhu. Not found in Mdzod. SHI SHIM (dri zhim) agreeable scent, sweet smell, fragrance. SHI NOM (dkar) white. Mdzod. ZZ ZZH. ZB. YN no. 150. Zhu, shim, var. shim to, is the word once. Cannot find this in for ‘white’ in Zhu. Darma Mdzod. Nishi 29. words for ‘white’ are si-nu, çi- no; DGD spells it xinu. Byangsi SHI SHON [1] (dar ras, na bza’) śīdai, ‘white.’ GSB 105. cotton cloth, clothing. LZ 261. [2] (g.yas rtsa) right channel. 220 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

LZ 261. [3] one of the main vocab. comm. Discussion in variant readings for ZZ shi Stein 237. See shin tun, shin ni. shin, with the meanings of SHIN TUN (mchin pa) liver. ZZH. ‘consciousness’ and ‘memory.’ Zhu, once. Stein 237. Matisoff This spelling isn’t frequent in 170. Nishi 19. Discussion in Mdzod, but it only has this ZZQ 7. This spelling does usage there, and does not have occur in Mdzod, but without meanings 1 & 2. any explicit corresp. in the SHING (shing) tree. This is very Tibetan. See shin, shin ni. likely mistaken. YN 134 & no. SHIN NI (mchin pa) liver. ZZH. 91. ZB. Zhu, once. Stein 237. See SHING ZUR See under shang zur. shin, shin tun. SHING SHA (rga shi) old age and SHIN SNIS (bdun) seven. ZB. death. Sgra 135. This equiv. not Something is wrong with this. found in Mdzod. Dubious Only the 2nd syllable means entry. Did not find it in Zhu. ‘seven.’ Compare shang ze, meaning 3. SHIN SBO (mchin pa) liver. OZZ *SHIN See shi shin, she shin. See 54. under the main entry for shin. SHIN TSA (dri) smell. Sgra 132. SHIN [1] (shes pa) know, perceive. Zhu, once only. YN no. 150. ZZH. Zhu, once very clearly, (dri [yi]) [of] smell, scent. but anyway extremely common Mdzod, with var. ZZ shin rtsa, in compounds. It is used in the shin tse. following words & compounds: SHIN RTSA (dri) smell, fragrance. kun shin (kun shes) omni- ZZ var. shin tse. Humm1 520. science; ti shin, ting shin (rnam OZZ 39, 48. This spelling not in shes) memory, mind, intellect; Zhu, although it does occur dhi shin (nga rgyal) pride, once as a var. in Mdzod. arrogance; nges de shin (rang rig) consciousness, self- SHIN RTSE (tri; i.e. dri) scent, recognition, reflexive aware- smell. Sgra 130. Should read ness. Discussion in ZZQ 6. OZZ Tib. dri rather than Tib. tri. 12. YN no. 145. Old Newar se- *SHIM See shi shim. ZZH. ye [etc.], ‘to know.’ Tamot 183. [2] (mchin pa) liver. ZZH. Zhu, SHIM [1] (dkar) white. Occurs in two or three times. LZ 262. YN this exact form only once in no. 16. Bru II 291, line 5. Sgra Zhu. ZB. YN no. 169. Mdzod. 132. Note that the initial “m” of Compare shim phod (=spos Tib. mchin pa is believed to be a dkar?). Humm1 499 & OZZ 12. ‘body-part prefix’; of the TB For ex. of Tibeto-Burman cognates, the ZZ seems closest words for ‘white,’ which seem to the Kinnauri & Miri. See not to be related to the ZZ, see Beyer, CT Lang 95 & Cobl 44. Beyer, CT Lang 17 and Nishi Old Newar for ‘liver’ is seṃ. 26, but note Bunan shi. In the Tamot 16. MSB 211 gives the vocab. in the comm. to Mdzod, Darma as chiṅgasyā, the Byang- the ZZ word for ‘white’ is she. si and Chaudangsi chinsā, See shi nom, shim to, shim ri. ‘liver.’ This appears in the [2] (zhim) tasty, sweet. ZB. [3] Zhangzhung Dictionary 221

(dri) scent, smell. LZ 262. OZZ ZZ shu, ‘reason for existence,’ 54. to Tib. shug, with no meaning SHIM TO (dkar po) white. ZZH. suggested, although I see no ZB. Zhu, once only. This parti- good reason for this. See ku cular spelling not in Mdzod. shu tsi sing, la shu. See shim, shim ri. SHU NIG (bgegs la) to the geg, a SHIM PHOD (spos mchod) incense group of gods or demons. offering. Sgra 136. This is a ZZH. Zhu. (bgegs) impediment cosmographical place name in [spirits]. ZB. We do not find Mdzod, shim phod ngad ldan. this spelling in Mdzod. (gnod Not in Zhu. (spos dri, spos byed kyi bgegs) impediment ngad) incense scent, incense spirits that are harm bringers. fragrance. LZ 262. Zhim spos is LZ 262. the Tibetan word with same *SHUD See gyer shud. meaning. SHUD KE ZA STSAL THING SHIM PHOD NOM PA (spos ri SHAGS Pr. n. of a consort of ngad ldan) Name of a moun- Lig mi rhya. ZZT 430. tain. Mdzod, ch. 5, where it is SHUN (shing kun) asafoetida. LZ not explained, however. 262. SHIM TSE [1] (dri yi) of smell. Sgra *SHE See kang she, ag she. ZZH. 133. Mdzod, ch. 11. [2] (dri srid) the life of smell. Sgra 134. SHE [1] (snying) heart. Occurs Mdzod, once only, with ZZ independently with this mean- vars. zhim tse, shin tse, zhim ri. ing, but more common in com- This particular spelling not in pounds, where it may also Zhu. stand for Tib. thugs. Bru II 291, line 5. Zhu. ZB. LZ 263. YN no. SHIM RTSE (gshin rje) death lord. 14. Matisoff 169. Darma word See Hoff2 194. Could not find for ‘heart’ is shisho [si sjo]; justification for this in Mdzod. spelled xixyo in DGD, while This spelling not in Zhu. Tib. the Byangsi is śisyav in GSB. gshin rje does occur once in a MSB 211, supplies these spel- problematic passage in Zhu. lings: Darma syīsya, Byangsi LZ 262, but here spelled shim and Chaudangsi syīsyo, all tse. meaning ‘heart.’ OZZ 71, 79, SHIM RI (dkar po) white. ZZH. 90, 93, finds Sumerian & other Zhu, once. Did not find this alleged cognates. [2] (shar) rise, spelling in Mdzod. See shim, east. Sgra 132. Humm2 14. shim to. Zhu. Evidently shortened form SHIS (phyogs, kha phyogs) of she lod, q.v. ZB. [3] (dkar direction, orientation. LZ 262. po) white. LZ 263. (dkar) white. ZB. OZZ 54. SHU (bgegs) impediment, obstacle spirit. Humm1 516. OZZ 34, 54. SHE RKYA (thugs rje) noble mind, This equiv. appears in the generosity, compassion {‘com- vocab. comm., but not in passion’ is the correct transla- Mdzod. This syllable does not tion}. ZZH. Zhu, twice. LZ 263. appear independently in Zhu. We do not find this equiv. in Hummel, in OZZ 89, connects Mdzod. See also she skya. Stein 233. (bka’ drin) kindness. OZZ 222 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

40. Spelled shes rgya, with Tib. See LZ 263. YN no. 14, but thugs rje, compassion, in Ma misspelled she tung. Stein 237. 212. In Zhu, equiv. with Tib. snying SHE SKYA (thugs rje) noble mind, occurs twice, with Tib. snying generosity, compassion {‘com- rtsa, ‘heart channel’ [where the passion’ is the correct transla- pulse for diagnosing heart pro- tion}. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, once. Sgra blems is felt], once, with Tib. 123. (thugs rje che) thank you thugs, ‘mind,’ once. (snying, very much. Humm1 503. OZZ yid) heart, mind. Humm1 50. 17. We do not find this equiv. OZZ 17, 48. [2] (’khrul med in Mdzod. See she rkya. thugs) unbewildered mind, unconfused heart. Sgra 129. SHE SKYA SHIM (rje ring dkar) (snying) heart. Sgra 132. [3] lord long white. Humm1 514. Probably refers to mnyam This is cut out of a line in nyid, ‘evenness, equality,’ in Mdzod, being part only of a one Mdzod passage, but in the divine name. This entry should text generally it is for Tib. yid probably be removed. [kyi]. SHE KHOD (mthu stobs) [magical] SHE THUN RTSA ’DZIN A half-ZZ power. Sgra 123. ZB. We do expression, the first half only not find this equiv. in Mdzod. being ZZ, apparently referring SHE KHOD RTSAL (mthu stobs to the heart organ as connected kyis) through inherent [magic] to thought. Mdzod, ch. 5. abilities and power. ZZH. Zhu, SHE PO (dkar po) white. LZ 263. once only. Not in Mdzod. YN no. 169. Not in Mdzod. SHE KHON (phya bskos) ap- SHE BU (sems) mind, thought. pointed lot or destiny. ZZH. ZZH. ZB. Problematic in its ZB with the Tib. spelling one occurrence in Zhu, it might phywa skos. Zhu, once. OZZ be read she shu. Sgra 132. We 47, spelled ZZ shi khon. This is do not find this in Mdzod. based on a line in Mdzod, with difficult readings. SHE BHYE (bsam gtan) meditative absorption. Sgra 124. ZB. Tib. SHE KHOR (shar) eastern direc- bsam gtan is always repre- tion. Mdzod, ch. 6, with var. sented by ZZ nye lo in Mdzod. she long. LZ 263. See she lod. Does not occur with this SHE TING SHAG (phywa yi mo, spelling in Zhu, neither is there phywa yi bza’) female phywa any other equiv. there for Tib. deity, or the spouse of a phywa bsam gtan. Note that Tib. bhai deity. LZ 263. sometimes occurs in 14th-15th cent. works to stand for Tib. SHE TU (’bras bu) fruit, result, goal. sgom, meditate, meditation. I Sgra 136. This equivalence oc- do not know if this is relevant curs once in Mdzod, but it here. seems the correct reading should be she tum. This parti- SHE MIN (shed med) without cular spelling not in Zhu. See strength, feeble. Mdzod, ch. 8. she ru, shes tshun. SHE TSU [1] (phywa tshe) SHE THUN [1] (snying, snying rtsa, appointed lot of lifetime. We thugs) heart, mind. ZZH. ZB. do not find this meaning in Zhangzhung Dictionary 223

Zhu. ZZH. ZB. LZ 263. [2] ‘southeast,’ was intended}. ZB. (bsod nams) merit. LZ 263. Occurs in Mdzod, where we Zhu, three times. In Mdzod it also find the spelling ZZ she seems that she tsu corresp. khor. only to Tib. phywa, and in one SHE SHIG (dran pa) memory. ZB. other place to Tib. bsod nams. Not in Mdzod. [3] (shes rab) insight. LZ 263. It occurs in ch. 6 with no Tib. SHE SHIN [1] (shes pa) knowledge, corresp. intelligence. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, three times. Sgra 124. [2] (dran SHE TSU DRUNG MU (bsod nams pa) memory. ZB. [3] (shes rig) g.yung drung) unchanging culture. Sgra 124. This spelling merit. Sgra 124. We do not find not in Mdzod. See shi shin. this in Mdzod. This phrase is not in Zhu. It rather looks more SHE SHEN (shes pa, blo) like a personal name than a knowledge, perception, mind. likely expression. LZ 264. This spelling does occur in Mdzod, with ZZ vars. SHE TSE (rnam shes) conscious- like shi shon, shi shin, etc. ness. LZ 263. SHEG SHAG (yid kyi lha mo) mind SHE TSHU [1] (phywa tsha) hot goddess. LZ 264. Not in fate [?], nephew or grandchild Mdzod. of the Phywa [?]. ZB. [2] (khrag) blood. LZ 263. YN no. *SHEN See tri shen, dha shen. 2. Darma xi, ‘blood.’ Darma xi- SHEN (shes pa) cognition, percep- the, ‘exsanguinate.’ DGD. Dar- tion, knowledge. Sgra 134. ma śī, ‘blood.’ GSB 105. Spelled Humm2 15. OZZ 71, 79, sup- syī, ‘blood,’ in Darma, Byangsi plying suspected Sumerian etc. and Chaudangsi. MSB 194. “cognates.” SHE WER (phywa yi rgyal po) king SHEN TSI (rnam shes) conscious- of the phywa. LZ 263. ness. Sgra 133. We do not find SHE RI (mkhyen pa) knowing, this spelling in Mdzod, and not knowledge. Sgra 125. Occurs in Zhu. once, with ZZ var. shes ri, in SHEN TSE (dri) smell. LZ 264. Mdzod. Not in Zhu. (mkhyen pa, shes pa) knowledge, cogni- *SHER See rwang sher. tion. LZ 264. *SHEL See cu shel ni. SHE RU [1] (’bras bu) fruit, result, SHEL [1] (bstan pa) teach, demon- goal. Sgra 130. See she tu. We strate, show. LZ 264. [2] (gsal) do not find this spelling in clear, make clear [here used as Mdzod, and nothing like it in a verb]. OZZ 47. Mdzod. Zhu. [2] (rna ba) ear. LZ 264. SHEL NI (bstan pa) teach, YN no. 4. demonstrate, show. Sgra 127. SHE LE (lug gi snying) heart of the Zhu, twice. ZB. (bstan pa’i) of sheep. LZ 264. the teaching. Sgra 136. (bstan SHE LOD (shar gyi) of the east, pa, gsal) teaching, [making] eastern. ZZH. Zhu, once only. clear. Mdzod. (shar) east. ZB. LZ 264. (shar nyo) ?? {perhaps Tib. shar lho, 224 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

SHEL ZHI (gsal ba) clear, lucid. LZ **SA** 264. This spelling not in Mdzod. *SA See e ma hi sa. SHEL ZHIN (bstan ’dzin) holder of the doctrine. Sgra 123. We do SA RKED (skye rags [i.e., ske rags]) not find this in Mdzod, and not sash, girdle, belt. ZB. This is in Zhu. Common component based on the comm. vocab. in ZZ names. SA CIS [1] (ming po) brother. ZZH. *SHES See rkyan thang kun shes. ZB. Zhu, twice. [2] Occurs with var. ZZ reading pa cis in SHES TSUN (’bras bu) fruit, result, Mdzod, where it seems to goal. Sgra 136. See she tu, she mean brother and sister. (lcam ru. Occurs once with var. she dral) brother and sister. OZZ tum in Mdzod. This spelling 48. See pa cim. not in Zhu. SA TA PA RA (skar ma khrums SHES RI [1] (mkhyen pa) knowing, stod) the constellation called, knowledgable. Sgra 126. in Tib., khrums stod. LZ 269. Mdzod, with ZZ var. she ri. [2] (thugs rje) compassion. Sgra SA TI [1] (dngos grub) the highest 130. Mdzod. Not in Zhu. See perfection and acquisition of under she ri. See ti rgyam shes supernatural powers (i.e., ri. siddhi). ZZH. This spelling does not actually occur in Zhu. *SHO See ting sho, a sho, ag sho. Not in Mdzod. Probably just a OZZ 105. misspelling of si ti, q.v. See si SHON (zhang zhung gi gar rtsed ti, si dhi. [2] (brtan ma) a pro- cig) a traditional dance said to per name, or part of one. ZB. be of Zhangzhung origins. LZ This is evidently the brtan ma 265. of the brtan ma bcu gnyis, a SHRIR (dpal) glory. Sgra 132. Not class of female spirits. [3] (skar likely ZZ, and not in Mdzod. ma nag pa) the constellation This spelling not in Zhu. An known as nag pa. LZ 269. obvious Sanskritism, from Skt. SWA TI (lha mo) a goddess. ZZH. śrī, ‘glory.’ This should be Stein 243. This is highly proble- removed. matic in its single occurrence in GSHEN LA PAN TRI (gshen la the text of Zhu, and it is much mkhas pa) expert in Bon, more probable that it is ZZ sad scholar {in the Gshen family, za, not ZZ swa ti, that corres- the scholar…}. ZZH. Zhu, ponds to Tib. lha mo. In once. In fact, not likely to be Mdzod, we find ZZ sad mu as ZZ at all, but a combination of the ZZ corresp. to Tib. lha mo. Tib. gshen with the Sanskritic We do not find this spelling in pan tri, Skt. paṇḍita. This entry Mdzod. This entry probably should be removed. should be removed. SA TRIG [1] (shes rab) absolute wisdom {insight}. ZZH. ZB. LZ 269. This is the only meaning in Zhu, where it occurs seven times. Sgra 124, 125, 136. OZZ Zhangzhung Dictionary 225

4. [2] (ye shes) full knowledge. SA ZUG TUR (sa bon ’debs) plant Sgra 132. Ti shan is the ZZ for the seed. Mdzod, ch. 8. Tib. shes rab, ‘insight,’ in Mdzod, while the word sa trig SA RA SA SIL MA (me tog gi rigs does not occur there at all. shig) a type of flower. LZ 270. SA TRIG WER ZHI (shes rab rgyal SA RI See su ri. mtshan) Sherab Gyaltsen, a SA LE (gsal ba) clear, lucid. LZ 270, personal name. Sgra 124. This here listed as ZZ, although I combination does not appear think it likely to be just Tib., in Zhu, where ZZ wer zhi even if it is used in the Matri mostly corresp. to Tib. rgyal mantra. This spelling not in po, never to Tib. rgyal mtshan. Mdzod. SA TRIG ER SANGS See LZ 269. SAG MU (dbugs ’dzin) breath SA THA (lha mo) goddess. ZB. This holding, breath holder. Sgra spelling not in Mdzod. 127. Seems to occur once in Mdzod, but the ZZ phrase sag SA DE RMA YA (tshul khrims) mu gung corresponds to Tib. moral discipline. ZB. See the dbugs ’dzin mdzod, and ZZ following. mu gung corresp. to Tib. SA DE SMA YE (tshul khrims mdzod; here there is a ZZ var. nyams pa) decline in moral seg mu gung. Not in Zhu. The discipline. LZ 269. In Mdzod, sag segment is quite close to once only, with ZZ vars. sa de the reconstructed TB *sak, smra ye & sa da sma ye, it ‘breathe,’ on which see Cobl corresp. to Tib. tshul khrims 48. DGD 584 gives Darma nyams zhing. sakt'ee, ‘to breathe,’ but adds SA DE TSHU MU (tshul khrims) that it is derived from an Indo- moral discipline. Sgra 128. See Aryan language. I rather doubt pa de smu ya, which is the that. But still, there is supposed spelling found in Zhu. to be a PIE reconstruction *seuk from which Germanic, SA MA YA (dam tshig, gsang ba’i including English, words brda) a vow or secret expres- meaning ‘suck’ descend. sion. LZ 269. Most obviously Byangsi sak, ‘breath.’ GSB 106. Sanskrit, Skt. samaya, and very See under seg. definitely not Zhangzhung, however much it may be consi- *SANG Seems to mean ‘pleasant, dered by some to be so. clean, pure’ in the following compounds: ka sang, klang SA ME (lhun ’grub) natural, sang, kha sang, phya sang, ma naturally arrived at. Sgra 125. sang, mar sang, yor sang, ang Occurs once in Mdzod, ch. 4. sang. ZZH. Note: Hummel Not in Zhu. finds ZZ sang to be equiv. to SA ZUG (sa bon) seed. LZ 269. Tib. sangs, ‘pure.’ Mdzod, ch. 8, with ZZ var. sa SANG [1] (spang) abandon, zag. This is apparently the renounce, leave. ZZH. Zhu, ‘same’ word as sla zur, q.v., once. YN no. 187. We do not albeit slightly Tibetanized. find this in Mdzod. [2] (ngag) speech. Sgra 135. Mdzod, ch. 5. [3] (dag) pure. Zhu, once, al- 226 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

though the spelling sangs also SANG NGE (dag pa, gtsang ma) occurs once. [4] (dbyangs) pure, correct. LZ 270, where it melody. Zhu, three times. ZB. is marked as ZZ, although I SANG RKO (gya nom pa, phun feel sure it ought to be consi- sum tshogs pa) plenary, per- dered Tib. This entry ought to fect, a pleroma, [dramatic] be removed. unity. LZ 270. We do find the SANG CI (dbyangs can) pleasant equiv. of ZZ sang rko, with {melodious}. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, vars. sang ko & sad kos, with once. Sgra 126. We do not find Tib. gya nom, in Mdzod, ch. 12. this in Mdzod. The Tib. word gya nom pa is rather uncommon, uncommon SANG TI (dbang ba) ?? ZB. enough that one scribe wanted *SANGS May stand in compounds to ‘correct’ it to gyad nom pa. for Tib. stong, ’phags & gsal, SANG GUNG (sangs po) [part of etc. See rko sangs, ti sangs, the] name of a god. ZZH. ZB. sprin phyo sangs ti, phya Zhu, once only. In Mdzod, ZZ sangs, mu sangs, ye sangs, las sangs rgyung, q.v., corresp. to sangs, a kyo sangs. ZZH. Tib. sangs po, var. tshangs sgo. SANGS [1] (dag) purify, purified. We do not find this particular Zhu, once. [2] (’phags) lofty, spelling, however. sublime, saintly. ZB. [3] (ji SANG GO (seng ge) lion. ZZH. ZB. snyed) whatever there is. OZZ LZ 270. Zhu, twice. Sgra 126. 40. Occurs once, with var. sad go, *SAD See klang sad, la sad, lung in Mdzod. An evident Indic rgyung sad, slas zhi sad za swa loan, but then so is the Tib. ti, gso byed sad. ZZH. seng ge. Stein 242. Nishi 21. Byangsi syaṅvā, ‘lion.’ GSB SAD [1] (lha) god. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, a 109. dozen times. LZ 271. OZZ 4, 79, 93, 95 n. 6. Darma se, ‘god.’ SANG RGYUNG [1] (lam) path. LZ DGD 584. In GSB 109, the 270. (’gro ba’i lam) path of Byangsi word is spelled sai. In animate beings, path for going; MSB 204, it is spelled sai in note that here the rgyung Darma, Byangsi and Chau- should probably be lgyum, the dangsi. [2] (dbugs) breath. usual ZZ word for ‘path.’ ZZ Zhu, once; more correct spel- vars. sa rgyu, snga rgyu. ling for this would seem to be Humm1 520. OZZ 39. [2] (yod sag/seg. [3] (pags pa) outer khams, srid pa) realm of skin, fur. Zhu, once. ZB. Nishi existence, world of becoming. 20. When the syllable has this LZ 270. This occurs, with ZZ meaning, it ought to be spelled vars. sa rgyu, sangs rgyung, in pad, q.v. [4] (srog) life. ZB. Mdzod, while in another pas- When this syllable stands alone sage, with ZZ var. sangs it seems to nearly always cor- rkyung, it corresp. to Tib. yod resp. to Tib. lha, but when the khams; in still other passages it 2nd element of compounds it corresp. to Tib. sangs po. may have other meanings, or SANG RGYUD (lam) path. LZ 272. be confused with the ZZ syllables sang, pang, pad. Humm2 15. Zhangzhung Dictionary 227

SAD KHUM (lha khams) divine SAD NE (lha yi gcen po) an elder realm. Sgra 133, 134. Tib. lha yi brother among the gods. LZ khams, frequent in Mdzod. 271. Not in Zhu. (lha yi khams) god SAD NE GA’U A personal name. realm. LZ 271. LZ 271. SAD KHRI (lha sems) god mind. SAD NE GYER A personal name. Sgra 125, 130. ZB. Zhu, once LZ 271. only. This occurs in Mdzod as 18th of the 51 mental states. SAD BAM (rab gnas) consecration. (lha yi sems) a divine mental Occurs in the tantra Thugs kyi disposition[?]. See LZ 271. OZZ yang gab nyi ma’i rgyud. See 65 n.32. Namgyal Nyima’s dictionary. SAD GE (lha ma bdud, lha dang SAD MAN (lha min) group of gods bdud gnyis ka yin pa) every or demons. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, type of being from deity to de- once only. mon, including both god and SAD MAR KAR ZZ name of a demon. LZ 271. Tibetan-born queen of Gu ge. SAD GYER (lha bon) a Bon priest of Analyzed as corresp. to Tib. the gods. LZ 271. Lha gser ’od in OZZ 8, 118. SAD TING SHAG (lha mo, lha yi SAD MIN (lha min) non-god. LZ bza’) female deity or wife of a 272. OZZ 48. Sad min occurs male deity. LZ 271. once in Mdzod with Tib. equiv. lha min. See sad man. SAD DE (lha chen) great god. Sgra 133. Not in Mdzod, and not in SAD MU [1] (lha mo) goddess. Zhu. Humm1 516. OZZ 34. Occurs once in Mdzod with ZZ var. SAD DO (lha) god. LZ 271. sad mur, Tib. equiv. lha mo. SAD DO SPUNGS SO A personal LZ 272, with the spelling sad name. LZ 271. mur. [2] (lha rnams) gods. Sgra SAD NI GYER (lha mi bon) gods, 127. In the occurrence in humans and Bon. ZB. Mdzod, ch. 5, it would seem that ZZ sad mu kad corresp. to SAD NI SPUNGS SO (lha yi ston Tib. lha rnams. We do not find pa) teacher of gods. ZB. this spelling at all in Zhu. SAD NI SAM PAD (lha yi phun SAD ZA (dkyil na) in the center. tshogs) host of gods {but this is ZB. This seems doubtful. a mistake, the Tib. rather means ‘divine perfection, com- SAD WER (lha yi rgyal po) king of pleteness’}. ZZH. Zhu, once. gods. LZ 272. Does not occur in Mdzod. The SAD RU (lha gnas, lha yi zhing segment sam pad certainly khams) divine place, divine looks like a Sanskritism; com- realm. LZ 272. pare Skt. sampad, which may SAD LA (lha la) to the god. Sgra be translated into Tib. phun 128. This spelling occurs once tshogs, or, phun sum tshogs in Zhu, but corresp. to Tib. pa. See under sam pad. lha’i, ‘of the god.’ (lha sras, lha yi bu) divine child, divine prince. LZ 272. 228 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

SAD SLAS (lha sa) divine ground, obvious Sanskritism. Not in the city Lhasa. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, Mdzod. See the following. once. We do not find in SI DHI (dngos grub) the highest Mdzod. This ZZ form is evi- perfection and acquisition of dently a creation of the author supernatural powers. ZZH. of Zhu. Zhu, several times. Sgra 124. SAM [1] (grang) cold. ZB. The An obvious Sanskritism. Not in Darma word for ‘cold’ is senu, Mdzod. See sa ti, si ti. spelled seenu in DGD 584. [2] SI LA (ngang nyid, rang bzhin) the saṃ, spelled with anusvāra way things are, suchness. LZ (skam gyi mchod pa ste zhal 272. Mdzod, with ZZ var. si zas dang tshogs mchod) dry lang, corresp. to Tib. ngang offering, food offering and nyid. See si lang, li seng, etc. gaṇa feast offering. SI LANG See li seng, si la. SAM PAD (phun tshogs) host, mass *SING See ku shu tsi sing, li sing, {Haarh is mistaken here; it ag sing, un sing, e sing. means ‘perfection, perfect unity’}. ZZH. Evidently a Sanskri- SING [1] (snyan) nice sounding. tism. Zhu, once. Sgra 125. Stein ZB. This equiv. not found in 242. Given with alternative Mdzod. [2] There is a Mdzod spelling sam pud in ZB. Spel- passage in which ZZ sing led sam sed in ZB. See under would seem to corresp. to Tib. sad mi sam pad. ’byams, ‘spread out.’ See under ka ma ci sing. SAM PHUD (spyi gtsug) headcrest, top of the head. LZ 272. Not in SING NGE (byams snyom[s]) Mdzod. regulate or arrange uniformly and affectionately. {??} ZZH. SAM WER (sdom pa) vow, oath. LZ ZB. Zhu, three times. Although 272. An obvious Sanskritism, the Tib. term byams snyom, for Skt. samvara, ‘vow,’ al- ‘equal love’ occurs in Mdzod, I though it has been ‘Zhang- could not find any ZZ equi- zhung-ized’ with the ZZ sylla- valent, and the spelling sing ble wer, ‘king,’ which doesn’t, nge does not occur there except however, contribute to the as a var. reading corresp. to meaning. Tib. rnam pa, ‘aspect.’ SI “Genitive” particle. See ZZH 20. SIM See the negative form, mi sim. Cannot really substantiate this from the evidence of Zhu, es- *SU See reg su. pecially since the few words in SU CI (’phrin las) [Buddha] activity. which this syllable does occur, ZB. like ZZ ha si, might better be read ha pi, etc. SU TOG (rmad byung) marvelous, admirable. ZZH. ZB, but with SI TI (dngos grub) the highest per- corresp. Tib. spelled once rmad fection and acquisition of su- phyung and once rmad byung. pernatural powers. ZZH. Zhu. Zhu, once only. Sgra 124. We (dngos grub) feat, accom- find the ZZ spelling bu tog in plishment. ZB. An obvious Mdzod, and in another passage borrowing from Indic siddhi. ZZ pra tog, with var. bra tog, See sa ti, si dhi. ZZH. Zhu. An Zhangzhung Dictionary 229

but the present spelling is not “Terminative-locative” suffix. found there. See pra tag. See ZZH, p. 17. This latter usa- SU PHRO This is the better reading ge is not really justifiable in for pu phro, q.v., and the Zhu. ZZH. spelling that occurs in Zhu. SUR CI (’phrin las) action, work. SU RI (kun gzhi) all basis. Sgra 125, Sgra 124. Zhu, once, where su 126. ZB, with also the alter- ci is corrected to sur ci. Occurs native ZZ spelling sa ri. Found in Mdzod, although in one with var. ZZ spelling pu ri, in passage we find pri ti. See bur Mdzod. The larger ZZ phrase ci, pur ci. is su ri ka la (kun gzhi ma SUR YA (’phrin las) [Buddha] g.yos) the unshakable and un- activity. ZB. See LZ 273, where wavering mind {unmoved it is Tib. for a lung disease. from [never having left] the all SE [1] (dpung pa) upper arm, basis}. ZZH. In Zhu, the Tib. shoulder. LZ 273. [2] Name of equiv. is kun gzhi, twice, and a clan. LZ 273. gzhi ni, ‘the basis is…,’ once. See ta ka li. SWE Derivative suffix. See ZZH 17. Since this occurs only once in SU RI MA TI (gzhi ni ma bcos) the Zhu, one can hardly attempt to genuine basis {the basis is generalize about its usage. unaltered, natural}. ZZH. Zhu, once. We do not find this in SE TANG See se tad. Mdzod. SE TAD (khyim) house. In Mdzod, *SUNG See wer sung. with ZZ vars. se tang, sad tad. SUM (gsum, sum) three. ZZH. LZ SE TAN ZZ vars. se stad, se tad. 273. OZZ 13. Humm1 520. OZZ 39. These are variants in a Mdzod pas- SUM CU (sum cu) thirty. ZZH. sage, where the corresp. Tib. Zhu. seems to be grong, ‘village,’ SUM NI (gsum pa) the third. ZZH. likewise in OZZ 48, although Zhu, once. in another passage we find ZZ SUM NE (sum cu) thirty, possibly se tad, var. se tang, for Tib. an error for ‘of three’ or ‘the khyim, ‘house.’ In still another third.’ ZZH. Occurs once as a passage Tib. grong corresp. to correction in a problematic ZZ se sto, & also, ste sto; com- passage in Zhu. pare ZZ se lto for Tib. rdzong, ‘fort,’ in the comm. vocab. SUM PA [1] (gsum) three. Sgra 128. [2] (gsum pa) third. Sgra 130. SE TO (khang pa) house, building. We do not find this spelling in ZZH. Zhu, three times. Nishi Zhu. 25. OZZ 17, 48. YN no. 105. ZB gives the Tib. equiv. as khang SUM PI three. OZZ 57. The more pa and mkhar rdzong, ‘fort.’ correct spelling would be sum This has a possible relation to bi, since the number ‘four’ is Chaudangsi sethom-beng mean- correctly spelled bi in ZZ. ing ‘place of worship,’ in which SUR [1] (’phrin las) action, work. the “beng” means ‘place.’ See Zhu, once, where su ci is cor- se tan, se sto, se dad. rected to sur ci, q.v. [2] 230 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

SE LTO Just a variant spelling for se cognates. (dbugs ’dzin) hol- to, q.v. OZZ 55. ding breath. Mdzod, where var. se ga’i occurs. See seg. [2] SE STO (khang pa) house. LZ 274. (sems) mind. Humm1 503, 513. YN no. 105. OZZ 48. This Mdzod, ch. 8, with var. khri tse occurs several times in Mdzod, {but this is based on a mistake with ZZ vars. sad sto, sad do, in one version of the text; even se to, se stong, here it correctly corresp. to Tib. SE THUN (nang rlung) inner wind. dbugs ’dzin}. [3] (yang zhing) LZ 274. spreading out, free-ranging. Sgra 130. [4] (theg chen) Great SE DAD (khyim) house, home. Vehicle. Sgra 133. But see un- ZZH. YN no. 105. ZB. Zhu, der ha ging. [5] (pags pa) skin. once. See se to, se tan. ZB. See under sog ra. There SE BRAG (srog gcod) cutting off seem to be a number of life, killing. ZB. See under pe meanings in Mdzod, but the brag. most usual and reliable is Tib. dbugs, ‘breath.’ Humm2 15. SE MO (rgan mo) old woman. LZ 274. This spelling not in *SENG See li seng. Mdzod. *SO See spungs so. SEG [1] (dbugs) breath. ZZH. LZ SO TE SLANG BA (kha le stong 274. Zhu, twice. Sgra 132. ’byams) apparently a proper Matisoff 166. Nishi 19. OZZ 55, name, although the parsing is 79. See sag mu. [2] (bcud) unsure. I suppose the Tib. nutritive or life essence. ZB. means ‘dangling spread-out See seg ri, byung seg skye. [3] void,’ or the like. Mdzod, ch. 5, (yid) mind. LZ 274. OZZ 55. [4] with ZZ vars. so de slang ba & (so phyi ru bstan pa’i khong sa di slang ba. The parallel khro’i rnam ’gyur) a dramatic place in the Abhidharmakośa expression of anger in which is the divine playground to the one bares one’s teeth. LZ 274. northeast of the cosmic [5] (gzugs, lus) body. OZZ 48. mountain. It is called in Skt. SEG GI (dpe) example. LZ 274. This Pārijāta, Tib. Yongs ’du, ap- equiv. appears in Mdzod with parently named after the tree ZZ vars. pig gi & sig ke, that grows there, the coral tree. corresp. to Tib. dpe yi, ‘of the ZZ kha le stong ’byam occurs example.’ another time, in Mdzod ch. 1, but here the ZZ is given as ag SEG GE (phung po) heap, pile, sho mu kham, var. ag sho mu aggregate. LZ 274. This occurs lam. See ZZT 425. once only in Mdzod, with ZZ vars. sag ga, seng ge. SO STE (khang bzang, gzhal yas khang) mansion, divine palace. SEG ’DZIN It occurs in the part-ZZ LZ 275. I think this is very phrase lung dun seg ’dzin, q.v. likely just a bad reading of se Its 2nd syllable is Tib., not ZZ. sto, or, se to, q.v. SEG RI [1] (dbugs) breath. ZZH. LZ SOG DZI (khams gsum) three 274. YN no. 39. Zhu, once. realms. Sgra 130. Seems to be (sems, dbugs) mind, breath. based on a misreading, or an OZZ 30, 79, with suggested unavailable variant reading, of Zhangzhung Dictionary 231

Mdzod, in a passage where ZZ SRA MHO (shig) louse. Sgra 126. seg ji mu khyu, var. sog ji mu The ‘mh’ letter combination is khyu, seems to corresp. to Tib. quite unusual, although we do khams gsum ’khor ba. Not in find it in ZZ rmha, q.v. Zhu. In Mdzod we find seg ji mu khyu, with ZZ vars. sog ji SRAN (sor) finger {but here as a mu khyu & seg kha mu khyu, standard unit of corresp. to Tib. khams gsum measurement}. ZZH. YN no. ’khor ba. 27. ZB. Matisoff 168. Nishi 17. In the occurrence in Zhu, it SOG RA In Mdzod corresp. to Tib. might also be read pran. I read gzugs [kyi]), with var. ZZ seg ZZ bran in the same Mdzod ri, the latter most likely mis- passage, on measurements, taken, since it is the usual spel- upon which this is based. The ling for the word equiv. to Tib. readings bran or, better, pran dbugs, or, dbugs ’dzin. Sag ga much better fit the TB evi- and seg ge are variants else- dence. See under pra tse. See where in Mdzod. Not in Zhu. also sran tse. SOG RI See under thun ri. Compare SRAN GA RA (’phreng ba) chain, sog ra. wreath, garland {or rosary}. *SOD See em sod. ZZH. We do not find this in SOD DE (phul du phyin pa) Mdzod, although it may be perfected. LZ 275. based on a corrupted reading (?). It seems that Zhu has been *SON See mur son. misconstrued here; the ZZ *SOM See mig som, wi som, wir corresp. to Tib. ’phreng ba is ga som. Hummel, in OZZ 48, ra, although ZZ bkra ye occurs believes this syllable corresp. for Tib. ’phreng ba in another to Tib. sbyor, ‘to have sex.’ passage. This closely enough resembles Skt. sragdhara — *SOL See mi sol, wer sol. meaning ‘wearing a garland,’ *SRA See ti sra tur. Mdo-phran 2, but also the name of a well- line 1. known poetic metre — that we may consider it to be a Sanskri- SRA MIN (sro ma) small bubble tic form. {‘nit’}. ZZH. Zhu, once only, where it might also be read pra SRAN TSE (sor tshig) an inch. ZZH. min. I read the Mdzod passage Zhu, once, as a standard unit as pra min, variant bra min. of measurement. Occurs once Tib. sro ma, by the way, means in Mdzod, but with ZZ spel- ‘nit’ of a louse, not ‘small lings pra tse & phran tse. Not bubble.’ exactly an ‘inch,’ perhaps, but close enough to serve as a SRA MO I read pra mo, q.v., in ‘cultural’ translation, I suppo- Zhu. se. See also sran. SRA MO HA (shig ste) louse. Khro SRAL (phag) pig. ZB. This is based 90, line 3. See under pra mo ha. in the comm. vocab. I know no For TB relations, which sup- other source for it. port the Tibetan, but not the ZZ, see Cobl 106. SRI TSAN (sems can) sentient being. ZZ sri tsan occurs once 232 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

as var. for khri tsan in Mdzod. ‘earth’ or something ‘firm.’ See We do not find this particular zla ri. spelling in Zhu. See khri tsan, SLA KYAD (mkhregs pa) hard, pri tsan, etc. impenetrable. Sgra 130. The SRI MEN (rtag myong, rtag myos?) spelling ZZ sla gyad occurs in always drunk. Mdzod, ch. 5, Mdzod, ch. 13. Not in Zhu. with ZZ vars. sring men, srid SLA TUR [1] (rdul) dust, particle. men. Mdzod, ch. 6. [2] (dong) pit. SRI ZHAM (’ja’ tshon) rainbow. Mdzod, ch. 6. [3] (gter ’dzin, ZZH. ZB. Zhu, once only. var. gnyer ’dzin) treasure hol- Compare zham ze. Humm1 ding, trust holding or custo- 499. OZZ 12. Nishi 24. See bri dian. Mdzod, ch. 1, with ZZ zhal. var. sla dur. [4] See slas dur. SRI ZHU LZ 275 marks this as ZZ, LZ 276. but really, it is just a relatively SLA DRUNG (nam mkha’) sky, old and somewhat obsolete space. Sgra 127. ZZ sla drung Tibetan word meaning ‘reve- occurs in Mdzod, but to equate rence’ [for elders, for parents]. it with Tib. nam mkha’ in this SRING RGYUD (brang) chest, as passage is a mistake, and the part of the human body whe- same holds for still another ther male or female. Bru II 292, passage. ZZ sla means ‘earth’ line 1. Sgra 132. Matisoff 173, and drung probably means where the reading is pring ‘jewel.’ These appear together rgyud. We do not find this in in the Mother Tantras in a set of Mdzod with this spelling, but elemental correspondences. see under pring rgyud. Pring See Martin, Mandala Cosmo- rgyud is my reading of the oc- gony 57. currence in Zhu, which seems SLA NAN (’og ma) lower, below, not to be attested elsewhere. It younger. LZ 276. could also be possible to read it SLA TSOG (sog pa) scapular bone in a ‘Tibetanizing’ way as srid {used in divination and games}. rgyud, ‘line of existence.’ Dar- ZZ var. sla cog. Mdzod, ch. 5. ma xime, ‘breast.’ DGD 586. LZ 276. See under tsog. Byangsi śimyi. GSB 216. Darma chayokato, Chaudangsi syamai, SLA ZHI [1] (sa bdag) soil owner, and Byangsi syīme. MSB 212. lord of the soil, a class of spirits. Mdzod, with ZZ var. SRUNG (’khrung) be born. ZZH. sni zhi. Sgra 127. [2] (dang po) Zhu, once only. (’khrungs) first. Sgra 130. Mdzod. [3] In born. ZB. Matisoff 166. We do one Mdzod passage, ZZ sla zhi not find this equivalence in seems to corresp. to Tib. sra Mdzod. zhing, ‘being hard [and],’ but *SRO See thu ri sro te. problematically. In another SROG RI See under thun ri. passage it clearly corresp. to Tib. sa dang, ‘earth and.’ In yet SLA (zla) moon. ZZH. ZB. This another, sa gzhi, ‘ground.’ In equiv. occurs only once in Zhu, Zhu, it only occurs once, where where it is surely a mistake. it corresp. to Tib. sa la, ‘on the This syllable ought to mean earth.’ (sa) earth. LZ 277. Zhangzhung Dictionary 233

SLA ZHI KHANG MU (sa yi bdag slad. [5] OT equiv. of classical mo) land lady of the earth. Tibetan btsun mo’i ’khor, Humm1 516. OZZ 34. In a ‘entourage of the queen.’ See Mdzod passage, ZZ sla zhi Sde-srid Sangs-rgyas-rgya- khang mu, var. sla zhi kha mtsho, Blang dor gsal bar ston mung, has Tib. equiv. sa yi nag pa’i drang thig dwangs shel me mo, ‘woman of the earth,’ and long [plus 16 other texts], So- it seems difficult to decide nam Drakpa (Dolanji 1979), p. between nag mo and bdag mo 299. For closely related words as the ‘correct’ reading. We do in Sino-Tibetan, see Benedict in not find this in Zhu. Yoshio Nishi, et al., eds., New Horizons in Tibeto-Burman SLA ZHI KOD (sa la ’khod) dwell Morphosyntax (Osaka 1995), pp. upon the earth {being posited 68-69. or positioned on the ground}. ZZH. Zhu, once only. We do SLAS DUR (sa rdul) earth dust. LZ not find this in Mdzod. 277. This is evidently based on a single occurrence in Mdzod, SLA ZUR (sa bon) seed. Zhu, twice. where it appears as a var. for This particular spelling not in ZZ sla tur. See sla tur. Mdzod. See zad dra, zla zur, sa zug. SLAS DRUNG Sga 320, line 1. This would seem to result from a SLA SAD (sa yi lha) god of the misparsing of passages in earth. LZ 277. Mdzod. SLANG DRUNG (sa bcud las grub SLAS ’DZA (sa ya) one million. pa’i skar ma) star derived from ZZH. ZB, but here spelled slas the earth essence. LZ 277. ’dzā. This spelling occurs once SLAD (brla, brla’) thigh. ZZH. ZB. in Zhu. ZZ slas dza, var. slas Zhu, once only. Sgra 132. ’dza’, is the form in the Mdzod Matisoff 174. Nishi 19. This passage. LZ 277, here spelled syllable does occur in Mdzod, slas dza. See slas ’dzwa. Stein as var. with ZZ slas, but the used this word as a proof of present equivalence does not the constructed nature of the occur there; instead it seems to language as a whole. See Hum- corresp. to Tib. las, ‘from,’ or mel in OZZ 65 n.27, and note Tib. la, ‘to.’ that this does indeed appear in Mdzod, at the very beginning SLAR ZUR TUR (sa bon ’debs) of ch. 5. (One would need to planting seeds. ZB. understand well the etymology *SLAS See du mun slas. ZZH. of Tib. sa ya to be very sure about Stein’s argument, which SLAS [1] (sa) earth, the earth. ZZH. anyway seems to be a good ZB. LZ 277. Zhu, many times. one.) Sgra 132. Humm2 15. OZZ 80, 94, with cognates listed. [2] SLAS ’DZWA (sa ya) one million. (gnas) place. OZZ 48. [3] (zla) ZZH. This spelling occurs once moon Sgra 127. [4] (brla) thigh. in Zhu. See slas ’dza. Stein 234. Bru 291, line 4. (rkang pa’i brla) SLAS ZHI (sa, sa gzhi) earth, the the thigh of the leg. LZ 277. earth. Zhu, several times. ZB. Byangsi laksyā, ‘thigh.’ GSB 99, LZ 277. Occurs in Mdzod. but see also MSB 212. Compare There are a few passages in 234 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

Mdzod where the Tib. equiv. is SLIG SAD Occurs in Mdzod, ch. 6. problematic. Probably translatable into Tib. SLAS ZAG (sa bon) seed. Stein 234. as ’phrul lha, ‘miraculously LZ 277. Mdzod, once only. See exalted deity.’ sla zur, zad tra. SLUNG SE (bu pho) male child, SLAS SAD (sa bla, sa bdag) earth boy, son. ZZH. YN no. 43. ZB, owner, earth spirit. Humm1 but here spelled slungs se. In 516. OZZ 34. Mdzod. Not in the single occurrence in Zhu, Zhu. this actually occurs for Tib. bu SLI (zla ba) moon. LZ 277. There mo, ‘girl, maiden.’ The ZZ are TB cognates for this, spelling slungs se, for Tib. bu, discussed in ZZQ 7. OZZ 48. ‘son, boy,’ occurs in Mdzod The source for this is in the comm. vocab. See under klung comm. vocab., but it also oc- se. curs in Mdzod. Although this SLUNGS SE (pho) male. LZ 278. may be a correct form in com- See slung se. pounded or shortened state- SLE SE (gzhon nu) youth. LZ 278. ments. I think ZZ zla ri is the This spelling not in Mdzod. more authentic form. See sla, zla ri. GSAS See dpon gsas. Humm1 503. OZZ 17. See LZ 279, where it is SLI BLO (lang shor te dred pa) to marked as ZZ, although I do get into a bad habit, indulge, not believe there is sufficient be spoiled, and then become reason to think so. Compare disgusted. LZ 277. The Mdzod the position of Namgyal Nyi- passage upon which this is ma in ZZT. It is notable that based has ZZ vars. gli klo, sli this syllable does not appear in sla, sli slo, and it is a lot more Mdzod, but as a Tibetan word problematic, and needs study. it probably is indeed ‘related’ It actually occurs in a Tib. line to ZZ sad, which is quite com- that forms part of a discussion mon there. Being a Tibetan of negative mental states, and word, it probably should be may not be ZZ at all. removed. *SLIG See ju slig. In most cases *GSUM See rtsal gsum. carries some notion of fullness, completion, perfection, miracu- GSO BYED [1] (drod pa; i.e., grod lousness. It could be related to pa) belly, stomach. ZZH. Zhu, the Bunan verb ‘to do. to once only. Gso byed does oc- make,’ which is lig (infinitive cur in the Tibetan text of form: ligcum). It is surely rela- Mdzod, although the present ted to the ZZ noun lig, ‘life.’ equiv. does not occur, and as a ZZ term it is suspect, to say the SLIG TSO (kun rdzogs) entirely least. In Mdzod, ch. 5, as part completed, perfected. Mdzod, of the phrase gso phyed gog co ch. 6. (rdzogs so) is hereby bang, with vars. g.yo byed gog completed, finis. LZ 277. tse, gso phyed gog co, gso (mngon rdzogs, kun rdzogs, byed kog tse, apparently re- sprul) visibly complete, gene- ferring to the stomach as ha- rally complete, emanated. OZZ ving some connection to the 48. body and its sense of touch. Zhangzhung Dictionary 235

Stein 237. Matisoff 173. [2] var. of ZZ ha ging found in a (dbugs) breath. ZB. Mdzod passage. See ha ging. HA GYAG (skye shing) birth tree (?). Perhaps this means a tree that is planted when a child is **HA** born, a custom in many coun- tries. But then see also the following entry. ZB, with alter- *HA Derivative suffix. See ZZH 22. native spelling ha kyang. OZZ 48. HA GYAG DZUN (skye shing HA With the supposed meaning ’dzug) live and settle {but this ‘ox,’ see OZZ 90. In the set of is not the contextual mea- measurements in Mdzod upon ning… Perhaps it means to which this is no doubt based, plant a growing tree, or a tree the ZZ reads hab, var. hang. to commemorate the birth of a HA KE (rmad du byung ba, mchog child}. ZZH. Zhu, once. In tu gyur pa) amazing, superb, Mdzod, one finds ta gya dzun, supreme. LZ 283. This comes variant ta ca dzun, as equiv. to from misreading, or an unavai- Tib. [b]skyed shing ’dzug, to lable variant reading, of the ZZ generate and establish, but ta rkyo in the phrase pra tog ta from the context, ‘to establish rkyo, Tib. rmad ’byung khyad the generation tree [of hell]’ or par. It corresp. to khyad par, better, ‘to plant the tree of hell ‘especially, exceptionally,’ and birth.’ The same holds true for not to rmad ’byung. the occurrence in Zhu. HA KYANG See ha gyag. HA CI (theg pa’am grub mtha’i blo stobs) the thought power of a HA GING (’degs stobs chen po) a philosophical position or a Ve- great uplifting force. LZ 283. hicle. See LZ 283. Cannot find Mdzod, once only, with ZZ this in Mdzod. var. ha gid, corresp. to Tib. theg chen, which we would be HA ṬA (bud med) woman. See LZ tempted to translate as ‘Great 283. The ‘t’ should have a dot Vehicle,’ but in context, the syl- beneath it here, representing lable theg must, as LZ sug- the reversed Tibetan letter ‘t’ gests, be a form of the Tib. verb used to represent retroflex ‘ṭ’ of ’degs, meaning ‘uplift.’ In Indic languages. As far as I ‘official’ lists of verb forms, know there is no legitimate theg is given only as the usage of it in ZZ, except per- imperative of ’degs pa. In con- haps to represent Sanskrit text, we must understand that words. Did not find this in it is the earth itself that is the Mdzod. ‘great uplifter.’ This is also the HA TAN [1] (ye nyid) wisdom {the conclusion suggested by Nam- very beginning, totality}. ZZH. gyal Nyima. See his dictionary, Zhu, once only, but see also ha p. 429. dan. OZZ 48. [2] (theg chen) HA GID See under ha dan. This great vehicle. Humm1 503. spelling not in Zhu. It is but a OZZ 17. Sgra 125. ZB, with also the alternative spelling ha dan, q.v. (theg pa chen po) Great 236 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

Vehicle. See LZ 283. We may with Tib. theg chen. See ha tan, need to translate this ‘great ele- ha ging. vator.’ See especially ha ging. HA DAM (ye nyid, ye nas stong pa) [3] (thams cad) all, everything. primordial, primordial void. Sgra 128. Mdzod. The few See LZ 283. occurrences of this spelling in Mdzod are problematic, and HA PI (nyams dga’ ba’i) in a happy one may assume a goodly mea- mood. OZZ 48, with alter- sure of confusion with ta tan, native spellings he pi, has pi. q.v. The pi element might be a genitive case suffix. HA TI (glang po) ox, or from the context, rather elephant. Zhu, HA PI RTSAL (dga’ ba’i tshal) once only with this spelling. happy grove. Sgra 135 {would The spelling has ti occurs in the seem to corresp. to English Tib. name of continent ba ‘happy’}. See hi pa, ha si. This glang spyod. The ZZ spelling ti equiv. is found in Mdzod, but hab, var. ti hang, occurs in the in Zhu is spelled like this: has list of standard measurements pi rtsal. in Mdzod. This is evidently HA BROM (zab chen) great depth. derived ‘ultimately’ from Skt. Sgra 128. Occurs once in hastin, ‘elephant.’ See has. In Mdzod, with ZZ vars. da zom Byangsi, ‘elephant’ is ha:thi:. In & zab mo, but the latter var. is Rongpo, hati. a crystal-clear example of a HA TING SHAG (srin mo, srin gyi ‘Tibetanizing’ scribal emenda- bza’) female srinpo, or wife of tion. Not in Zhu. the same. See LZ 283, where it HWA MA [1] (srog ldan nam skye is not marked as being ZZ, ’gro) a living thing, animate although it probably should be. being. LZ 288. [2] (spang This spelling not in Mdzod. bya’am sgrib pa) something to HA DAD (bde ldan) having, or be renounced or cleared away, accompanied by, happiness. or, [an] obscuration. LZ 288. Sgra 127. Occurs once in HA YAS Mdo-phran 273, line 5. We Mdzod, ch. 5, with var. ta han. do not find this in Mdzod, and Not in Zhu. ZZ de los is the ZZ not in Zhu. equiv. of Tib. bde ldan in Zhu. HA RA [1] (ye shes) wisdom {total HA DAN [1] (ye nyid), from the knowledge}. ZZH. See LZ 283. very beginning. Mdzod, once Zhu, thirteen times. Sgra 128. only. [2] (theg chen) the Great Humm1 503. ZB gives the Tib. Vehicle. ZZH. Zhu, once only. equiv. as both ye shes and shes The reading for the ZZ found rab. [2] (gsal) clear. Humm1 for Tib. theg chen in Mdzod is 503, 513. OZZ 30, 48. Sgra 124, du dun, and here the var. Tib. 125. [3] (shes rab) insight. Sgra reading thig chen, ‘great [sin- 124. [4] (mkhyen pa) know- gular] drop,’ would seem to ledge. Sgra 136. In Mdzod, the make better sense here than predominant meaning is Tib. does theg chen, ‘Great Vehicle.’ ye shes, although Tib. gsal In another Mdzod passage, ZZ does occur. YN no. 14, where it ha ging, var. ha gid, corresp. is mistakenly listed among words meaning ‘heart.’ Zhangzhung Dictionary 237

HA RA CI PAR Name of a person. See discussion in the article See LZ 283. “Zhang zhung skad yig gi grub cha’i rang bzhin skor” zhes par HA RA DZNYA NA (ye shes) full dpyad pa, Bon sgo, vol. 12 knowledge. Sgra 124. This is (1999), pp. 67-86, at p. 78. The obviously a synonym com- word for ‘to laugh’ in Brokskat pound of ZZ ha ra with Skt. is haazis. See S&K 274 no. 188. jñāna — ordinary Tib. trans- See ha pi. cription: dznyā na; in OT, gnya’ na. Or perhaps one is an HA SIG (gad mo bgad pa) laugh explanatory gloss on the other, out loud. See LZ 284. YN no. since such things do occur. We 131. Not in Mdzod. do not find this in Zhu and HA HIG (dga’ ba) to be happy, like, neither is it in Mdzod. enjoy. See LZ 284. This occurs HA RA WANG (ye shes sku) full in Mdzod, but as a unique var. knowledge body. Humm1 513. of ZZ he har. Zhu, twice. Sgra 126. Frequent HA HE MA (dbyangs kyi lha) god in Mdzod. of melody. See LZ 284. This HA RI SING NGA Evidently spelling not in Mdzod. corresp. to Tib. byang chub HA LHA (rtogs ldan) realized one, sems, ‘thought of awakening,’ yogi. See LZ 284. Not in in the title given in Jean-Luc Mdzod. This appears to be Achard, Le Tantra des Vingt- unlikely. Deux Perles de l’Esprit de Parfaite *HANG See ti hang. Purete: Un exemple d’inter- textualité entre les traditions *HAB See re hab, ti hab. Bon po et rNying ma pa, HAB (ba glang) ox, cattle. See LZ Cahiers d’Extrême-Asie, vol. 15 284. OZZ 48. See has. (2005), p. 81. *HAR See mu har rtser, he har. HA LA GE (bdud ’dul ba) convert demons, civilize delusions. See *HAS See rko has pi rtsal. ZZH. LZ 284. HAS (glang) ox, cattle. Sgra 126. HA LA RA TSA Name of a very ZB. Zhu, twice. This spelling jealous king who lived in ’Ol occurs in the comm. vocab. See mo lung ring in time of Lord also ha ti, has ti. Shenrab. See LZ 284. HAS TI (klong chen) great receptive HA SI Stein 242. center {but this is a mistaken reading}. Sgra 126. This does HA SI GA (dga’ ba’i stod, corrected not occur in Mdzod, and looks to dga’ bas rgod) laugh of joy very doubtful, probably based {wild with joy; the whole on a misreading of the Tib. sentence translates, ‘People of word glang chen, for ‘ele- broad-minded insight go wild phant.’ In Zhu, this spelling with joy’}. Zhu, once, where it occurs once for Tib. ban glang, might be read ha pi ga. ZZH. ‘ox,’ and twice for Tib. glang YN no. 131. (dga’ ba’i dgod) chen, ‘elephant.’ See under ha laugh of joy. ZB. Although ti as well as the following en- completely plausible, this does try. This is very evidently deri- not occur in Mdzod. Nishi 28. ved from Skt. hastin, ‘ele- 238 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

phant.’ Stein 242. Nishi 21. CT ~HI PHANG (dpag tu [med pa]?) 49. ZB misspells this as has ri. unlimited, immeasurable. Sgra (nub ban glang spyod) the 126. We find the spellings hi western continent in the world pang & ha bing in a Mdzod system. See LZ 284. passage. Hi pang seems more HAS TI TSI COD (ban glang spyod, usual in Mdzod, although the ba glang spyod) the western present spelling, hi phang, world continent. ZZH. ZB. In does occur once. Not in Zhu. Zhu, in the one occurrence, ti ci ~HI BANG (dpag med) unlimited, cod is corrected to has ti tsi immeasurable. Sgra 125. Find cod. Occurs in Mdzod with spellings ti pag, ti bag in spellings has ti ci cod, nyas sti Mdzod. Tib. dpag med has an ci cod, has sti ci tsang. unusual meaning in Mdzod, HAS PI (dga’ ba) happy, delighted. generally, except in the cosmo- ZB. See ha pi. logical passages, meaning so- HAS BI (’dod ’jo) the cosmogonic mething more like ‘neutrality.’ wish-granting cow. Obviously Not in Zhu. related to to the ZZ form has ti. HI MA (mi ’ong) will not come, will Mdzod, ch. 1, with ZZ var. has not be. Sgra 127. Not in Mdzod bing. (ba lang) ox, cattle. See & not in Zhu. LZ 285. HI ZHI Occurs in Mdzod, ch. 6, its *HI See e ma hi sa. meaning unclear, although it HI CO See under te tse. seems to corresp. to Tib. sa de yi, or, de yi. HI PA [1] (nyams dga’) a good time, pleasant experience. Sgra HI ZOG (khyad du) in particular. 127, 135. Compare ha pi. Oc- But here part of a larger phrase curs once in Mdzod, ch. 5, with corresp. to Tib. khyad du gsod, ZZ var. hi pi. The spelling is hi ‘depreciate, disdain, hold in si in Zhu, hi sa in ZZD. [2] contempt.’ Mdzod, ch. 8, with (’phang, dpangs) height, ele- ZZ vars. dog zom & ti zog. vation. See LZ 285. In Mdzod HI SA (nyams dga’) happy feeling, ch. 5, ZZ hi pa occurs for Tib. good experience. ZB. ’phang du, ‘in height, eleva- HI SI See hi pa. tion.’ *HING See ’gyu hing. ~HI PAG (’phags pa) raised up, exalted. Sgra 127. Occurs once HIN CI (ldeng chen, rding chen) ? in Mdzod, with ZZ var. hi ZZ var. rning ci. Mdzod, end pang. We do not find this in of ch. 4, with ZZ var. rning ci, Zhu. and Tib. vars. rding chen & rdeng chen. I suppose from the ~HI PANG (dpag med) unlimited, context that the Tib. ought to limitless. See LZ 285. See under be read as gdengs chen, ‘great hi pag, hi phang, hi pa. confidence.’ Not in Zhu. HI PANG PHYO RI (dpag tu med HUM HRI (lha zer du ’du ba’am pa) unlimited, immeasurable. sdud pa’i brda) a call for Mdzod, ch. 4. Not in Zhu. gathering together or dissol- HI PI See hi pa. ving the deities into rays [of Zhangzhung Dictionary 239

light]. See LZ 285. I do not either this or rle tur or dhe tur, think it is ZZ. Both syllables q.v. are well known mantra sylla- HE TOR (spyin pa [i.e., sbyin pa]) bles from Sanskrit, although gift, present {rather, the act of missing the diacritics: hūṃ giving or ‘generosity’ as a hrīḥ. transcendental virtue}. ZZH. HE [1] (bdal) spread forth, expand, Note Khotanese hadāra, ‘favor,’ scatter. We do not find this hamdār, ‘to favor, support.’ equivalence in Mdzod. Where From Khotanese has/he/hei, Zhu reads rje corrected to he or ‘send, give.’ (sbyin pa) to give, rhe, ZZD reads simply he. It is donate. ZB. LZ 285. YN no. curious to note that an Old 177. Sgra 124 & 135, clearly Tibetan text uses the ethnonym read Tib. sbyin pa. This is not a He-bdal for the Hephthalites, ZZ word with any clear Tibeto- evidently. Of course, this could Burman roots (Old Burmese just be a coincidence, you piy, Old Newar bi). On this, see think? [2] Derivative particle. Beyer, CT Lang 13; Nishi 30; See ZZH 22. There is not Beckwith 106. The proto-TB sufficient evidence of this latter has been reconstructed as *bay, usage in Zhu. See he tur, dhe although Bodo seems to have tur. he & hor with similar meaning. HE KHYAB TE KHYAB (mi g.yo This spelling occurs once in khyab chen) unwavering [and] Mdzod. See under te tor. greatly pervading. Mdzod, ch. HE DU CU (phyi yi gar) outer 5, with ZZ var. ha khyab de dance {or dramatic stance or khyab. ‘attitude’?}. LZ 285. HE BCU (hub kyis ’thung ba’am HE BAG (go phye ba) to open the rngub pa) to glug down [a understanding. LZ 285. Mdzod, drink], to gulp. See LZ 285. Not with ZZ var. he pag. in Mdzod. HE BANG (dpag med) limitless, HE TAN (stong pa, stong pa nyid) immeasurable. ZB. See hi bang. empty, hollow, emptiness, HE MA (yid ’ong) charming, voidness. See LZ 285. enticing. Mdzod, ch. 5. See HE TAR This may be the more under e ma. See hi pa. correct spelling for dhe tar, q.v. HE HAR (dga’ ba) joy, happiness, (btang snyoms) equanimity. rejoice. ZZH. Khotanese hahäls, LZ 285. Mdzod, ch. 10, with ZZ ‘incline to, be struck, rejoice.’ vars. dhe tar, hre tar, but Note that the ls may contain IE without any Tib. equiv., since ‘r’ or ‘l’. Zhu, once. Mdzod has anyway it occurs as part of a it corresp. with both Tib. bde Tib. statement. dga’ & dga’ ba. (bde ba’i dga’ HE TUR (bdal ba) spread forth, ba) enjoyment of comfort, expand. ZZH. ZB. Where Zhu happiness of bliss. LZ 286. has rle tur, corrected to ha tur HE HAR CI (bde dga’ las, bde [?], ZZD has the spelling he dga’?, dga’ ba la, dga’ ba?) joy, tur. We do not find this spel- happiness. Sgra 135. This is just ling in Mdzod. The ‘original’ ZZ he har with an ablative (?) spelling would perhaps be ending. 240 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

HE HAR DOD (dga’ ba skyed) give xhang. Byangsi, rhaṅ, ‘horse.’ rise to joy. Sgra 133. Zhu, once. GSB 183. For a possibly rele- We do not find this exact phra- vant discussion see Walter se in Mdzod. Simon, “Tibetan lh- and hrin Alternation with Other Conso- HE HE PHYOD (rab tu dga’ ba’i nant Clusters…,” Asia Major, brda) exclamation of extreme vol. 17, pt. 2 (1972). happiness. LZ 286. Not in Mdzod. HRANG (rta) horse. ZZH. ZB. See LZ 287. This exact equiv. oc- *HO [1] Derivative particle. See curs twice in Zhu. The ZZ is so ZZH 22. There does not seem much closer to the TB roots — to be enough evidence for this srang / mrang — than the in Zhu. [2] (mdzod dang gsol strange Tibetan word rta. See la ’jug pa’i skul tshig) an Stein 153. The Tib. equivs. cang imperative form of the verbs shes, ‘thoroughbred,’ & rta, [that mean in Tibetan] mdzad, ‘horse,’ occur in Mdzod. The ‘do,’ & gsol, ‘request.’ ZB. [3] comm. vocab. lists names for (bkod) arrange, put in order. the horse and related animals. ZB. Humm2 15. Matisoff 163. Nishi HO PHYI (’khrul pa) error, 21. W. South Coblin, An Early delusion. Mdzod, ch. 8, with Tibetan Word for ‘Horse,’ ZZ var. ho phye. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 94 (1974), pp. 124- *HOR See dho hor. 5. See also Beckwith, OC Loans HOS The reading in Sgra [see the 171-178. Discussion in ZZQ 7. following entry] is interesting, Hummel, in OZZ 48, misreads given the idea that Hos might can shes, ‘thoroughbred,’ as be an ancient and secret name the unintelligible “tsan ses.” for Bon. On this, see the entry See OZZ 80, 94, with lists of in Namgyal Nyima’s dictio- cognates. Old Newar has the nary, and notice hô as a word interesting cognate sarhaṃ. for dharma in Japanese. See LZ HRANG TI [1] (rta) horse. ZZH. 286. ZB. Sgra 126. [2] (rta po) HOS DOD LGYUG ZHI (gshen rab horseback rider. ZZH. ZB. lam) path of Shenrab[s]. Sgra Each of these two Tib. corresp. 129. Something very like this occurs once in Zhu. ZZ variant occurs in Mdzod, but with spelling hrangs sti. OZZ 55. spellings gyer ngor lgyum zhi, HRANG RA Evidently the correct gyer ’ong lgyum zhi, gyer dod reading for what appears in lgyum zhi. We do not find this Mdzod, ch. 5, as dhang ra, with in Zhu. Tib. equiv. rta rna ’dzin, name HR- Note here that the “hr” initial of a mountain in the divine city in ZZ is often written as “dh”, Lta na sdug on Mount Ri rab. but the “hr” must be more In ch. 6, however, dhang ra is authentic. The hr- initial is of- equiv. to Tib. rta brgya, ten encountered, for example, ‘hundred horses.’ In Abhi- in Darma, which even has dharmakośa cosmology, Lta na hrang as a word for ‘horse,’ al- sdug appears in one place as though DGD 586 spells it one of the seven golden moun- Zhangzhung Dictionary 241

tain chains that circle Mount one syllable. Frequent in Meru, while Rta rna is yet an- Mdzod. other of these mountain chains. HRI TSUM (rgyu ma) entrails, HRANGS MIN (drel) mule. ZB. intestines, bowels {from the *HRI See wer hri. context, it more specifically means ‘large intestines’}. Sgra HRI See tri. 132. ZB. LZ 287. YN no. 9. Zhu, HRI TO (rig ’dzin). Sgra 123. We do once. Matisoff 169. Nishi 19. not find this in Mdzod. ZZ dzi We do not find this in Mdzod. ra corresp. to Tib. rig ’dzin in Darma jyama, ‘small intestine,’ Zhu. Not in Mdzod, although goes with the Tibetan. Darma Tib. rig ’dzin occurs once. See word for ‘large intestines’ is hri ho. 7ar'jya. DGD 588. MSB 211, has Darma jyā jyamā, ‘small HRI DO (’phen pa, g.yugs pa) toss, intestines,’ and Darma arjyā, throw away. See LZ 287. This ‘large intestines.’ According to is in neither Zhu nor Mdzod. the same source, the Byangsi HRI TSA (khye’u) baby, child. ZZH. word for ‘large intestines’ is ZB. In Zhu, occurs once with chār choṅg. There is a brief Tib. equiv. khye’u, and once discussion in Honda 108-109. with Tib. equiv. bu tsha, both See under ri bil. meaning ‘child.’ (bu, khye’u) HRI TSE [1] (bu tsha) son, boy. child, boy. See LZ 287. YN 136 ZZH. OZZ 5. [2] (dpal chen) & no. 43. Sgra 132. (ming po) great and glorious, Sanskrit Śrī. brother. OZZ 48. Compare dhi ZZH; see under panta hri tse. tsa. Exact meaning problematic ZB. The spelling only occurs in Mdzod, where it often is not with Tib. equiv. dpal chen in represented by anything di- Zhu. We do not find this rectly in the Tib. It is generally spelling in Mdzod. See hri tsa. paired with ZZ tsa med, ‘girl’ — see the following entry — in HRI SHEN (shes rab) transcendent which cases ZZ hri tsa most insight. OZZ 48. See tri shen. definitely means ‘boy.’ Note HRI HO (rig ’dzin) ancient sage, that Darma has hr- initials on vidyadhāra. ZB. See hri to. some relationship terms like hrin-cya (younger sister, sister HRI HO DZA RA (rig ’dzin) in law), hrithi (husband). DGD comprehension, clever {ancient has Darma xir'i, ‘boy, son’; sage, vidyadhāra}. ZZH. We xir'imang, ‘male’ (the mang ele- do not find this in Mdzod. ment here is probably a plural Zhu, once. ZZ dzi ra is the ending); & r'ithi, ‘husband, ow- word that corresp. to Tib. rig ner, boss.’ GSB 97 has Byangsi ’dzin in Zhu in all other cases. rhinsyā, ‘younger sister.’ GSB HRIG (dul ba, zhi ’jam) civilized, 105 has Byangsi śiri, ‘son.’ gentle and peaceful. See LZ HRI TSA TSA MED (lcam dral, bu 287, where it is marked as ZZ, dang bu mo) brother-sister although I think it is not. Of pair, boy and girl. See LZ 287. course, as a Tibetan word, it is OZZ 48, 55, with the spelling likely to mean something like hri tsa med, evid. dropping ‘clarity’ or ‘close attention.’ 242 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

HRING NI MUR TING A name of a rally seems to occur only in the person. See LZ 287. phrase corresp. to Tib. phyag ’tshal lo or to Tib. gus par ’dud. HRID GRED NI (rgod ’dzum See gu dun hrun, dun gu hrun. sdebs) laughing and smiling [3] (sdod) to stay [the verb]. [?]. ZB. ZB. But OZZ 55 reads the Tib. HRIB (rtsib ma, rtsibs ma) rib, ribs. as stod, ‘high, upper.’ ZZH. Zhu, once only. See LZ HRUN ZHI (phyag ’tshal lo) [I] 287. Sgra 132. This is, in the prostrate, pay homage. ZB. truest sense of the word ‘obvious,’ an obvious corres- HRE GRED (rgod ’dzum) laughter, pondence with the English merriment. Sgra 133. Occurs word ‘rib,’ even if Matisoff with ZZ spelling hred gred in thinks it is an ‘accident.’ I think the comm. vocab. Not in Zhu. he may want to rethink what Tib. rgod ’dzum does occur accidents are. Surely it is a once in Mdzod, but without coincidence, in the strongest ZZ equiv. sense of that word. See Matisoff HRO YE [1] (’jig byed) causing des- 171, where it fits well with TB truction. Not in Zhu. Mdzod, evidence — Kinnauri rib, for with ZZ var. dho yi. (’jig byed example, and Darma hrup. We dam stong byed) to cause do not find this in Mdzod. The destruction, or to make empty. Byangsi word is spelled hriba LZ 288. [2] In one passage in in GSB 112. Mdzod, the ZZ is dho ye, with *HRIM See wer hrim. vars. dho yi & hro yi, corresp. to Tib. zhe sdang, ‘hatred.’ HRIM bow, as in bow and arrow. YN no. 106. Byangsi rhim, LHA SME (mtha’ yas pa) limitless. ‘bow’ and ‘tree trunk.’ GSB 97. LZ 289. In Mdzod, once only, Byangsi hrima, ‘bow.’ GSB 112 in a passage difficult to parse, we find ZZ lta sme, vars. lde HRIL PHYOD (gyen du ’gro ba’i sma & lda me, corresp. to Tib. brda) an exclamation while mtha’ yas. going upward, ‘Upward ho!’ (??). See LZ 287. LHAG (lding) float, soar, hover. ZZH, but do not find this HRIS PA GYER MED Name of a spelling in Zhu. ZZ var. lha. person. Marked as ZZ, al- Humm1 520. OZZ 39. In the though I’m not entirely convin- Mdzod passage in ch. 1, the ced. syllable variously reading lha, HRUN [1] (’dud) salute [respect- lhag & lhab, seems obviously fully], bow [the verb]. ZZH. to correspond to Tib. ’phyo, Zhu, three times. Mdo-phran ‘soar up,’ as also noted in OZZ 194, line 4. ZZ var. rgyun. 48. Another passage has ZZ Humm1 520. OZZ 39, 55. [2] rlab corresp. to Tib. lding, (phyag ’tshal) prostrate. Sgra ‘soar.’ Probably identical to the 136. (gus pas ’dud pa, phyag zhag in ZZ dmu zhag, the latter ’tshal ba) bow in veneration, corresponding to Tib. mkha’ prostrate. LZ 288. In the comm. lding. Byangsi lhakśimo, ‘to vocab. it seems to corresp. to climb.’ GSB 102. Tib. sdod. This syllable gene- Zhangzhung Dictionary 243

LHAN (bzhugs so) here is, herein A SGA (sman chang) medicinal lies, there abides, this is. ZB. beer {or beer with added Doubtful entry. herbs}. LZ 291. Most likely this LHAN NE Marked as ZZ in LZ 289, is a slight misspelling for a rga, but this is mistaken. The same which means arak or arrack, a is true of lham me. distilled liquor. In Tib., a rag. See Namgyal Nyima’s dictio- LHAB (lding) hover, soar. ZB. nary under a rga. LHE LUNG (le lo) lazy. LZ 289. A CI (’byung) happen, occur, OZZ 48. This spelling occurs in emerge. Mdzod, ch. 9, once Mdzod, with ZZ vars. lhi lus, only and problematic. lhe lus. See lhe lus. A TI [1] (sangs rgyas) Buddha. LHE LUS (le lo) lazy. ZZH. ZB. ZZH. Zhu, once only. In Zhu, once only. With spellings Mdzod the only ZZ corresp. to lhe lung, q.v., & lhi lus, this is Tib. sangs rgyas is this: mu 43rd of the 51 mental states in sangs. Stein 242. [2] (rdzogs Mdzod. See also dhe lu, dhre chen nam bla med kyi theg pa) lu, and still other odd and Great Completedness or Ulti- interesting spellings. mate Path. LZ 292. [3] (don *LHOD See de lhod. nam snying po) purpose or essence. LZ 292. This spelling not found in Mdzod. I believe **A** it is simply the Skt. prefix ati taken from Atiyoga, both used

to refer to Dzogchen, although A As a ‘seed syllable,’ equiv. to Tib. I could be mistaken. See Nam- mkha’ gsal, ‘shining space.’ gyal Nyima’s dictionary, Sgra 136. In Darma, Byangsi where a number of names and and Chaudangsi, ā means phrases beginning with this a ti ‘mouth.’ MSB 212. are supplied. A KYE With variants a ke, a skye, A TI MU WER (sangs rgyas mkha’ would seem to mean ‘existent rgyal) a deity. Humm1 503. self’ (bdag) in a passage in OZZ 17. Humm1 516. OZZ 34. Mdzod. Not in Zhu. Not in Zhu. LZ 292. In Bon ri- A KYO (gtsang ma) pure. LZ 291. tual texts, he is one of the three main deities associated with A KYO SANGS (sgrib pa dag) Mount Tisé, often known as cleansed of obscuration, dark- Kailash. ness. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, once only. We do not find this in Mdzod. A TI LIG (sangs rgyas bka’) Buddha Word [scripture]. ZB. A DKAR (yid dam sems) mind or mind. LZ 291, here marked as A TU See a ru. ZZ, although this is mistaken. A TO LZ 292, where it says to see a A DKAR SHAG (sdig pa dag ces tho. pa’i brda) an exclamation Ā THA (sangs rgyas) Awakened meaning ‘Cleansed of sin!’ LZ One. LZ 299. This resembles 291. I strongly doubt there is Skt. atha, although the length- any ZZ here. 244 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

mark on the initial ‘a’ tends to A PAR (gsang ba’i dam tshig) ruin this idea. secret vow, commitment. LZ A THUN [1] (bon sku) Bon Body. 293, but not marked as ZZ. LZ 292. [2] (yi dam gtso mchog A PRA (nyams phra) corrupt and gi yig ’bru sa bon) seed syllable small. This is according to of the meditational deity (yi ZZH, but do not rely on it, dam) Gtso mchog. See LZ 292. since it is based on a mistaken Namgyal Nyima’s dictionary reading, due to misparsing, of supplies a source for the first ZZD. ZB, also with the alter- meaning. native spelling a phra. In Zhu, A THO (sna gcig gam gang yang this occurs only once for Tib. rung ba) one type, or, any old phra rgyas, the minute and which one. LZ 292, not here developed seeds of afflictive marked as ZZ, although a to, states. In Mdzod, the one-time q.v., is so marked. Neither occurrence of the ZZ spelling a form is found in Mdzod. pra lgyam, with ZZ var. i bra A DA RA (lhad med pa’am dag pa) lgyam, stands for phra rgyas uncontaminated or pure. LZ dug. The usual spelling of the 292. ZZ is, however, ti pra lgyam, q.v. A DHA RWANG (ri rab kha khyer) the rim of Mount Meru. LZ A PRA LGYAM See under a pra. 292. A BYI (’phrul gyi ngag) magic A ’DAN See under a ’dran rbang. word. LZ 293. See Namgyal Nyima’s dictionary for the A ’DRAN (rab tu) very. OZZ 17. source text. Note the syllable rab in Tib. Ri rab, name of the cosmic moun- A MU YE (nam mkha’) sky. LZ 293. tain. See Namgyal Nyima’s dictionary for the source text. A ’DRAN RBANG (ri rab) Mount Meru, the cosmic mountain. A MO See ’a mo. LZ 293. Humm1 513. OZZ 30. In A ZHING (bstan ’dzin) holder of Mdzod, we find the phrase a the teachings. Humm1 503. We ’dran rbad dmar, variant a ’dan do not find this in Mdzod, and rwang mar, as equiv. to Tib. not in Zhu. gser gyi ri rab. A ZHIN (bstan ’dzin) bearer of the A ’DRAN RWANG (ri rab lhun po) teachings. LZ 293. OZZ 17. Not Kailash. Humm1 503, 514. OZZ in Mdzod and not in Zhu. 17. See LZ 292. See preceding A YA [1] (dge sdig) virtue and sin, entry. morality. Sgra 128. Occurs in A NU [1] (lha’i gcung po) younger one Mdzod passage, with ZZ brother of a god. LZ 292. var. a ye. Neither spelling is Byangsi for ‘younger brother’ found in Zhu. [2] (sdig pa’i is nunu. GSB 72. [2] (rus rigs ’bras bu) result of sin. LZ 293. shig) name of a clan. LZ 292. [3] (’gyod pa’i brda) expression A NU PHRAG THAG Name of a or exclamation of regret. LZ siddha of Zhangzhung. LZ 293. 293. [4] On this as a title or as part of a proper name, like the name of the Bon figure A ya Zhangzhung Dictionary 245

Lha ’bum, see Charles Ramble, ledge Body unconfused by The Aya: Fragments of an virtue and sin.’ Unknown Tibetan Priesthood, A RE (yud tsam) a moment. LZ 294. contained in: B. Kellner, et al., eds., Pramāṇakīrtiḥ: Papers Dedi- A SHO (ngag) word, speech. ZZH. cated to Ernst Steinkellner on the Zhu, once only. We do not find Occasion of his 70th Birthday, this in Mdzod, although it is Arbeitskreis für Tibetische und possibly based on a reading of Buddhistische Studien, Univer- the ZZ ag sho, corresp. to Tib. sität Wien (Vienna 2007), pp. zhal ngad, ‘mouth fragrance’ 683-720. [or perhaps ‘fragrance of fresh greenery’?], var. zhal dang. A YU [1] (tshe) life, lifetime. ZZH. ‘face and.’ Note the apparent Zhu, three times. LZ 294. [2] occurrence of this ZZ word in (tshe dbang) life mastery, the name of the emperor A sho power to prolong life, long life legs. OZZ 107 n. 6. initiation. Sgra 124. Zhu, once. ZB. We do not find this equiv. A SA (sa gzhi) surface of the earth. in Mdzod. A very obvious LZ 294. This is definitely based Sanskritism based on Skt. āyus, on a misparsing of a proble- ‘live, vigour, long life.’ See matic passage in Mdzod, ch. 1. Stein 242. This along with the In this passage, it is ZZ sla zhi following two entries are not that corresp. to Tib. sa gzhi. really and entirely Zhang- A SANG (dbyangs, skad) melody, zhung, and we would argue language. Humm1 503. OZZ for their removal, except that 17. (dbyangs, ngag) melody, they have been regarded as word. LZ 294. This spelling not such… in Zhu. Not in Mdzod, unless A YU DZI RA RKYA (tshe dbang this is a corruption of ka sang, rig ’dzin rje) a proper name {or Tib. gsung dbyangs, hon. ‘me- title}. ZZH. Zhu, once. See hri lody.’ Compare also ang sang, ho dza ra. kha sang. A YU SITI (tshe yi dngos grub) a A SAD (dbyangs) melody. LZ 294. name? {It is not a name, but *AG See ga ag. means the ‘boon of [long] life,’ as a religious aim.} ZZH. Zhu, AG [1] (srin) rākṣasa. Humm1 503. once. It is clearly Sanskritic, for OZZ 17. (sha za, srin) cannibal, Skt. āyuḥsiddhi. rākṣasa. Humm1 516. OZZ 34. We do not find this in Zhu. [2] A YUG (blo gros) intellect. LZ 298. (mgrin pa) neck. LZ 294. YN Not in Zhu, and not in Mdzod, no. 18. [3] (ngag, dbyangs) and it is notable that the Tib. word, melody. LZ 294. OZZ 71 word blo gros is also not to be finds a correspondence in Su- found in them. merian word ag, ‘give orders.’ A YE See a ya. It’s interesting that this ZZ syllable, which likely has the A RU (mi ’chol) not confusing (?). basic meaning of ‘mouth,’ has Sgra 128. This appears in entered into the Written Tibe- Mdzod with spellings a tu, a tan word ag tshom, ‘goatee du. The larger passage would [beard],’ which could be ety- seem to say, ‘the Full Know- mologized as meaning ‘mouth 246 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

cluster’ or the like. This was end of a text that is considered noticed in PSD 161. It is con- to be in some way secret. The ceivable that the Written Tibe- longer phrase ZZ u ya ag tham tan word is a borrowing. We also occurs. find it in Byangsi as akchama. AG NE (rlung lha) the god of the GSB 22. MSB 212. See under ag wind. ZZH. Of course this par, below. looks very much like Sanskrit AG KYO [1] (gtsang dag) Agni, god of fire [not wind]. inhabitants of Gtsang province, Zhu, once only. See Hoff2 194, according to Humm1 503 & where it is argued that it does OZZ 17, but note that in the in fact corresp. to Tib. me lha, one occurrence in Zhu, the cor- ‘fire god.’ Stein 243. We do not resp. Tib. is gtsang gi, ‘of Tsang find any of this in Mdzod, and [Province].’ [2] (gtsang ma) it does indeed seem Sanskritic pure. Sgra 128. LZ 294. Occurs and suspiciously un-ZZ. in Mdzod with var. ag kyod, AG PAR (kha bye) open the mouth. Tib. equiv. gtsang ma’i, al- ZB. LZ 295, here spelled “a though in another passage it is par,” although “ag par” seems clearly spelled ag kyo. See a to have been intended. Darma kyo. See the following entry. 7akpe, ‘lips.’ DGD 588. Byangsi AG KYO NI NAM (gtsang gi mi akpalyā, ‘gossipper.’ GSB 22. rnams) the people of Gtsang Byangsi akcyā, explained as province. ZZH. Zhu, once meaning a weapon, a piece of only. ZB. gold placed in the mouth of a AG KHAR (kha gsal) clear or ex- deceased person. GSB 22. plicit pronouncement. Humm1 Byangsi ākpalhi, ‘lip.’ GSB 215. 503. OZZ 17. We do not find MSB 212 gives the Darma āk this in Mdzod, and not in Zhu. pai, the Chaudangsi akapalī, (kha gsal po, go bde po) clear and the Byangsi akapule, all explanation, easy to under- meaning ‘lips.’ stand. LZ 294. AG TSIR Same as ag rtser, q.v. AG GYAM GYER (zhal gtsang ma Humm1 503. OZZ 17. Namgyal nas gsung ba’i bon) Bon Nyima’s dictionary. [teaching] taught from a pure AG TSE (ngag zhi) peaceful speech, face/mouth. LZ 294. 16th of the 51 mental states in AG CE (ngag zhi) peaceful speech, Mdzod. LZ 295. OZZ 48. See ag calm quiet voice. Sgra 131. This ce, ce ci. de la khos spyan snga spelling does occur once in na ag tser byed nas. ’Jig-rten- Mdzod. Ce ci is the spelling in mgon-po, Bka’ ’bum (2001 edi- Zhu, and the present spelling tion), vol. 5, p. 420, line 5. I am does not appear there. See ag not certain, but this may be an tse. example of a Zhangzhung word used by an early Kagyü AG TOR See under u tsur ag tor. teacher. It needs more study. AG THAM (ngag dam pa’am smra AG TSER See ag rtser. ba bcad pa) reserved or silent. LZ 295. We find this rather AG RTSER (ngag ’khyal) foolish frequently among the ‘sealing’ talk, ravings. ZZH. Zhu, once (Tib. tham) expressions at the only. ZB spells it ag tser. LZ Zhangzhung Dictionary 247

295, with spelling ag tser. may be Indo-European in its (ngag ’chal) confused speech, origins. For nice examples of nonsense, ranting, raving. similar words in Shina langua- Mdzod. This particular spel- ges, see no. 25 in S&K 259: aay, ling not in Mdzod, which has, aazi, aazu, aazo, and in Brok- in ch. 8, ZZ ag tser, var. ag tsir. skat, ’uzi. See a sho. [2] (ngag) See ag tsir. talk, speech. ZB. LZ 295. [3] AG WER (rnam par rgyal ba) all Occurs many times in Mdzod victorious. LZ 295. This is odd, with many different meanings. since the ZZ would seem to In Mdzod, ch. 5, with ZZ var. corresp. rather to Tib. ngag eg sho, it stands for Tib. gnya’ rgyal, ‘victorious speech’ [?]. shing ’dzin, ‘bearing the yoke,’ This spelling not in Mdzod. name of a being on Mount Ri My suspicion is that it re- rab. In Abhidharmakośa, it’s presents a misreading of ZZ ag one of the seven golden moun- rtser along with a misreading tain chains that circle Mount of ngag ’khyal… But see ang Meru. In one place in Mdzod, wer. ch. 1, Tib. sgra, var. smra, has equiv. in ZZ ag sho. AG SHING (ngag snyan) pleasant sound or voice. ZZH. Could AG SHO NE RA (me tog cig gi not locate this in Zhu, how- ming) name of a type of flower. ever. Not found in Mdzod. ZB LZ 295. spells it ag sing. AG SRIN [1] (lkugs pa) dumb, AG SHE [1] (smra bsam) talking mute. LZ 295. This meaning [and] thinking. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, may be a result of misparsing a once only. [2] (smra) talking. line in Mdzod, ch. 2, although Humm1 503. OZZ 17. (smra it is difficult to be sure. [2] (lde ba’am bshad pa) telling or ex- mig) key. LZ 295. This spelling plaining. LZ 295. [3] (kha not in Zhu. khyer) circumvalation. Humm1 ANG (’bab) fall, fall down. ZZH. In 503. LZ 295. In Mdzod, when it Zhu, occurs once, where lang is corresp. to Tib. kha khyer, it corrected to ang. We do not must mean the circumference, find this in Mdzod. or circling wall, of the uni- ANG WER (rnam rgyal) overcome, verse. conquer. Humm1 503. OZZ 18. AG SHO [1] (kha) mouth. ZZH. This spelling is found in Occurs only once in Zhu, with neither Mdzod nor Zhu. (rnam corresp. Tib. kha yi. Tib. par rgyal ba) overcome, con- equivs. ngag, kha, sgra & zhal quer. LZ 295. This spelling, ngad are all supplied in “ang ver,” appears in Namgyal Humm1 503 (also OZZ 17, 49). Nyima’s dictionary, which also Stein 254. Matisoff 171. Nishi supplies a source for the word. 17. YN no. 17. A Chaudangsi See discussion above under ag word for ‘mouth’ is ak. In Dar- wer. ma language, ’a. DGD spells it ANG SANG (skad dbyangs) 7a, with the ‘7’ standing for the pleasant sound or voice. ZZH. glottal stop. MSB 212 gives ā, Zhu, once only. Not found in ‘mouth.’ for Darma, Byangsi Mdzod. See a sang. and Chaudangsi all three. This 248 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

AR (bsregs) burned [the verb]. spelling in Zhu. Mdzod has the ZZH. ZB. Zhu, once only. We ZZ spellings i dza, i jam, i do not find this in Mdzod. tsam, a dzam, i dzam. See un- Matisoff 161. Notice the similar der i tsam spre, i dza spre ling, meaning, and somewhat simi- etc. lar spelling, of ZZ bar. I THA (gsang ba) secret. ZB. AR MO (rdo leb) stone slab. LZ 296. I THI (snying po) heart, essence. LZ For the source of this equiv. see 296. Khro 285. I believe this is a I THI YA (gsang bar bya) make Tibetan deformation of Skt. — clear, explain {keep secret}. see Mahāvyutpatti no. 7127, ZZH. Zhu, once only. Haarh with the spelling ar mo nig — evidently read gsal bar bya, usually encountered in Bon ‘make clear,’ rather than gsang sources in the form ar mo lig. bar bya, ‘keep secret.’ See OZZ This whole question of the 108 n. 6. stone seating cushion of Indra deserves more space than this I TSAM See i cam. context can afford. I suppose ar I TSAM SPRE (’dzam bu gling) the mo lig, and ar mo nig, could southern world continent, really be a ZZ word, which Jambu Island. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, makes it all the more interes- twice. ’dzam spre ling, ting that it would have been (=’dzam pu gling), Sgra 127. included in the Mahāvyutpatti Occurs in Mdzod with spel- in the early 9th century… Note lings i tsam spre leng, i dzam the entry for ar mo’i mdo in spre ling, e tsam spre leng, i Nine Ways 312. tsam spri ling. Stein 234. AR SANGS (smra) speaking. I DZA (’dzam bu) rose-apple, Humm1 503. OZZ 18. (smra Jambu. LZ 296. ba) speaking. LZ 296. We do not find this spelling in I DZA SPRE LING (’dzam bu gling) Mdzod, and neither is it in Jambu Island. LZ 296. Zhu. Compare ang sang. I DZAM (’dzam pu, i.e., ’dzam bu) I [1] (ljang ku) green. LZ 296. Jambu [Island]. Sgra 127. According to the comm. I SHI (dga’ ldan) Joyful, name of a vocab., this is the word for Buddha Field. Sgra 134. In the ‘green,’ although Zhu has ZZ one occurrence in Mdzod, it nel with this meaning. [2] See i seems that i shi de min corresp. ljang in N. Namgyal’s dictiona- to Tib. dga’ ldan. Not in Zhu. ry, where the ‘i’ seems to stand Dga’ ldan is the usual Tib. for ‘north,’ as in ‘the north translation for Skt. Tuṣita, [side] is green.’ (byang) north. which is regarded by Bud- ZB. OZZ 55 takes it to mean dhists in general as the Buddha both ‘green’ — albeit with mis- Field of Maitreya. Mahāvyut- taken Tib. spelling lcang in patti, no. 3081. place of ljang — and ‘south.’ I SHO DA NA Name of a place in I CAM (’dzam pu, i.e., ’jam bu, Zhangzhung. LZ 296. This dzam bu) Jambu [Island]. Sgra source of this place name, 134. This particular spelling not in Mdzod. ZZ i tsam is the Zhangzhung Dictionary 249

actually, a ‘country’ (yul), is U TRA SEG (gsang rgyud srog) very probably in Sgra, ch. 1. secret tantra life. OZZ 18. We I SENG (snying rje) compassion. do not find this in Mdzod & Sgra 131. OZZ 49. Occurs once not in Zhu. ZZ seg more likely with ZZ var. i sing in Mdzod, means ‘breath’ than ‘life.’ The ch. 13. ZZ e sing is the spelling syllable tra looks like a reduc- in Zhu. See Stein 233-4 for a tion of Skt. tantra, which is discussion. See e sing. translated by Tib. rgyud. I HO (mi g.yo) unwavering. U DUG See glang u dug. [1] (sgra Mdzod, ch. 5, once only. mi snyan pa’am skad mi snyan IG YOR (tho yor, var. tho lor) a pa) unpleasant voice, unplea- human-shaped monolith — sant sound. LZ 297. Equivalent one that is naturally occurring? to Tib. mi snyan, ‘unpleasant.’ Or perhaps a scarecrow? Humm1 499, 514. OZZ 12, 31. Mdzod, ch. 2, with ZZ vars. mi Stein 235. Nine Ways 312. [2] g.yor, mig yar. The correct Tib. (sgrib pa’am nyon mongs) ob- spelling is tho yor, or some- scuration or kleśa. LZ 297. [3] times mtho yor. Not in Zhu. (dug) poison. LZ 297. Sume- rian udug, ‘demon,’ is recor- IN TAG (rtog pa) think, cogitate ded in Tóth no. 74. {but perhaps rtogs pa, ‘realize, understand,’ was intended}. U DUG GLANG See glang u dug. Sgra 126. This occurs with ZZ U DUG GLANG RA (byang sgra mi var. in tog in Mdzod, where it snyan gyi gling) the northern corresp. to Tib. ma rtogs, ‘did continent Unpleasant Sound. not understand, did not LZ 297. OZZ 49. realize,’ but note how the Tib. U DUR (rte’u) colt, small horse. variant reading lacks the Mdzod, ch. 6, with var. ud tur. negative. I do not know if I understand the context well U PA (man ngag) esoteric enough — see Namgyal Nyi- instruction. Humm1 503. OZZ ma’s dictionary, p. 239 — but 18. Not in Mdzod, and seems it’s possible that Tib. ma rtog[s] quite doubtful; a very probable ought to be read as ma gtogs, Sanskritization, based on a ‘not included.’ This spelling reduction of the Skt. word upa- not in Zhu. deśa. Tib. man ngag is normally used to translate Skt. upa- IN TING (sgra) sound, language. deśa. Mahāvyutpatti, no. 1366. LZ 296. See Namgyal Nyima’s See Stein 242. dictionary, the only other reference I could find for this. U PA BHYE YE HE (bka’ la rten pa yi) founded on instruction U (blo) mind, thought. LZ 297. {relying on scripture}. ZZH. U CHEN (gsang chen) great secret, Zhu, once only. Not in Mdzod. great and secret, esoteric. ZZH, It looks very Indic. except that dbu chen [‘big U MIG (dmu long) blind, blinded. head’] is the Tib. equiv. that ZZH. ZB. Zhu, once only. actually occurs in Zhu. This is (dmus long) blind. Humm1 not in Mdzod, and it looks 503. OZZ 18. LZ 297. Occurs in suspiciously like a ZZ-Tib. Mdzod with ZZ var. a mig. combination. 250 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

U MU TA a species of flower. LZ and once for Tib. tshad. [4] 297, not here marked as being (dus kyi thang / dper na thang ZZ. Appears to be Indic. gcig) a unit of time, for example, a moment. LZ 297. U MUNG GLANG RA (sgra mi nyan; i.e., sgra mi snyan) the U TSUG MA MIN (tshad med) northern continent in the immeasurable. ZZH. ZB. Zhu, cosmology. Mdzod, ch. 6. once. Occurs once in Mdzod. Usually spelled u dug glang. See u tsag. U MUN (blo rmongs) deluded U TSUR AG TOR (gtar tshan chu thought. Humm1 503. OZZ 18. tig) a drop from a hot phlebo- LZ 297, ‘dull-witted, confused.’ tamy. Mdzod, ch. 9, with ZZ YN no. 171, ‘thick.’ We do not var. ug tsu a gtor. I fail to find this in Mdzod. Not in understand the ZZ syllable by Zhu. Compare gu mun, du syllable. Notice the entry for mun, mu mun. Tib. gdar tshan, ‘hot metal,’ in Nine Ways 299. U TSA TA YA PHAṬ See LZ 297. Appears to be Sanskritic. U YA [1] (gsang ba) secret. Humm1 Apparently the first four syl- 503. OZZ 18. LZ 297. Occurs in lables represent some derived the comm. vocab., as well as form of the Sanskrit root ut + once when it is used in the √caṭ. Its causative form is Tibetan text — which, by the uccāṭaya[ti], meaning ‘to expel, way, does not necessarily exorcise.’ The syllable phaṭ is mean it is not ZZ. Possibly a of course a well known ancient Sanskritic form, based on Skt. Indian mantric syllable. guhya. This possibility was pointed out long ago in Nine U TSAG (tshad med) immeasura- Ways 312. Not in Zhu. (gsang ble, without measure. Sgra 129. ngo) it is secret. ZB. [2] (dngos The ZZ phrase u tsug ma min, grub) siddha. LZ 297. [3] corresp. to Tib. tshad med, (mchod rdzas) offering sub- occurs once in Mdzod, but the stance. LZ 298. present spelling does not appear there. See u tsug, u tsug U YA AG THAM A ‘sealing ma min. expression’ which might be calqued, ‘Secret! Speech seal!’ U TSUG [1] (gso ba) train, bring up, Example in Namgyal Nyima’s repair {nurture, restore, heal}. dictionary. ZZH. Sgra 131. LZ 297. OZZ 18. Eleventh of the 51 mental U YAG AG (ngag gsang ba’am dam states in Mdzod. A Chaudang- pa) secret or restricted speech. si word for ‘medicine’ is wo-so LZ 298. This seems to be a (uso in Byangsi). [2] (gsol ba’i) deformation of u ya ag tham, a of requesting, accepting. ZB. frequent ‘sealing expression’ at This would seem to be a the ends of works regarded as mistaken reading based on the secret. Tib. equiv. in meaning 1. [3] U YUG (blo gros, blo can, dus) (tshad) measure. Sgra 130, intellect, with a mind, time. gives Tib. equiv. tshad med, Humm1 503, 514. OZZ 18, 31. but do not rely on this. In Zhu, (blo can) having mind. Sgra this occurs once for Tib. gso ba, 125. ZB. Occurs in Mdzod with Zhangzhung Dictionary 251

ZZ var. a dug, Tib. equiv. blo only. We do not find this in can; but did not find a way to Mdzod. justify the other meanings in UN GRAG (g.yu ’brug) turquoise text of Mdzod. This spelling dragon. This is a mistake of not in Zhu. LZ 298, with the ZZH. We do not find this in spelling ZZ a yug, although Mdzod. In Zhu, it corresp. apparently u yug was inten- rather to Tib. ’brug sgrogs. See ded. the entry ang drag, “unknown U YE [1] (gsang mchog) esoteric word describing a conch,” in and best {supreme secret}. Nine Ways 312. I would simply ZZH. ZB. Zhu, once only. Sgra translate it as ‘dragon’s roar’ or 125. We do not find this ‘thunderclap.’ spelling in Mdzod. [2] (gsang UN TING (sgra dbyangs) melody. chen) great secret. Ma 212. Humm1 504. OZZ 18. LZ 298. (gsang ba chen po) great secret. We do not find this in Mdzod, LZ 298. See u ya. and not in Zhu. U SING (grags snyan) good fame, UN ZHI [1] (grags pa) wellknown, celebrity. LZ 298. The source renowned, proclaimed. ZZH. for this is supplied in Namgyal ZB. Zhu, once only. Sgra 136. Nyima’s dictionary. See un (grags, dung) proclamation, sing. Compare i sing. conch. Humm1 504. OZZ 18. UG TSU See under u tsur. [2] (dung) conch. LZ 298. We UNG PUD (dung phyur) one do not find this in Mdzod. hundred million. ZZH. ZB. In UN SING [1] (grags snyan) sweet Zhu, ung phyud is corrected to and pleasant sound. ZZH. ZB. ung pud. The spellings ung Zhu, once. (grags pa’am snyan bud & ud bud are found in pa) fame, celebrity. LZ 298. Mdzod. OZZ 18. YN no. 159. [2] (kun UD TUR See u dur. sangs) entirely awake. Sgra 134. Occurs once, with ZZ var. UN [1] (grag, grags) sound. Zhu, yun seng, with corresp. Tib. twice. [2] (’brug, ’brug mo) kun gsang, ‘entirely secret,’ dragon, dragoness. ZZH. Zhu, var. kun sangs, ‘entirely awa- five times. Sgra 126. [3] (dung) ke,’ in Mdzod. See u sing. conch. Zhu, once. ZB. Humm1 504. Occurs in the comm. UR GLANG See under ’u glang. vocab. This syllable does occur This particular spelling not in in Mdzod, but problematic. In Zhu. Giuseppe Tucci’s Tibetan UR MO (gnam lcags) thunderbolt Painted Scrolls, pp. 677, 763, is or meteorite. Humm1 504. an inscription on a conchshell OZZ 18. LZ 298. Not in Mdzod which begins: un hing ’dza & not in Zhu. See Namgyal leng. These are quite apparent- Nyima’s dictionary. ly ZZ words, including the US GRI See dus khri. word for ‘conch.’ This conch shell was kept at Spos-khang E NA YA (sha ba gla ba) musk (see ibid., pp. 202-3). deer. Humm1 504. OZZ 18. A Sanskritic loanword, evidently, UN GI ZLA RI (dung gi zla ba) from some form of Skt. eṇa. conch moon. ZZH. Zhu, once 252 Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines

This is used in Bon works, in- la hi si. Not in Mdzod with this cluding the Khams-brgyad, spelling, but we do find ZZ he when describing the 32 marks ma hi pi, with vars. he ma hi of Lord Shenrab. In the signs of pa & he ma he pi, corresp. to the Buddha, also, the calves of Tib. yid ’ong nyams dga’, his legs are compared to those ‘attractive and charming.’ of the black antelope called Probably the substitution of eṇeya. For a good reference on Mdzod-phug’s yid ’ong with this word, with various spel- ngo mtshar in Zhu is an lings, see Franklin Edgerton, artificial correction to better Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit translate e ma as a Tib. rather Grammar & Dictionary, Motilal than as a ZZ word {and of Banarsidass (Delhi 1977), vol. course the e ma itself could be a 2, p. 155. I discussed the topic Tibetanizing reading of he ma}. of the marks of Lord Shenrab E MA HO Exclamation of astonish- in a still-unpublished part of ment. Humm1 504. OZZ 18. my 1991 doctoral dissertation. Not in Zhu. I think this is Not in Zhu. I do not believe Tibetan, not ZZ. In origins, this belongs in a listing of probably a Tibetanization of Zhangzhung words. the Skt. vocative word aho {to E POD See under e ma. Hummel be more precise about what I says it is alternative spelling think, the originally Tibetan for em sod, with Tib. equiv. yid word, e ma, was used to trans- ’ong, ‘pleasing, attractive.’ See late the ‘a’ of Skt. aho, while the following entry. the ‘ho’ syllable of aho was E MA [1] (ngo mtshar) amazing, simply transliterated}. This astounding. Humm1 499. OZZ entry probably should be 12. Stein 242. ZB. This would removed. But is it not possible seem to be in actuality “Tib.” e that the e ma is a genuinely ZZ ma and e ma ho. In the single word after all? See the exam- occurrence in Zhu, e la is cor- ples of usage in Namgyal Nyi- rected to e ma, with Tib. equiv. ma’s dictionary. ngo mtshar. This spelling not E YU (dgongs pa) mind, thought, in Mdzod [and neither does the intention. Sgra 127, 128. This Tib. word ngo mtshar appear occurs once in Mdzod, with ZZ there], but in the correspon- var. e yud. The only ZZ that ding passage, the spelling is he occurs for Tib. dgongs pa in ma, and the corresp. Tib. is Zhu is nye lo. This and the fol- rather yid ’ong. [2] (yid ’ong) lowing entry are not well attes- attractive, charming. Sgra 133. ted, being ultimately based on For Tib. yid ’ong, we find in a single Mdzod passage. Mdzod ZZ e pod, var. em E YUD (dgongs pa) intention, phod, evidently the source of thought. Sgra 134. LZ 299. Not this reading; it might seem that in Zhu. This spelling occurs em came to be read as e ma. once only in Mdzod as a var. E MA HI SA (ngo mtshar nyams for ZZ e yu, corresp. to Tib. dga’) wonderful and charming. dgongs pa. The final ‘d’ of this ZZH. In the one occurrence in form might belong to the word Zhu, this is a correction from e that comes after it. Zhangzhung Dictionary 253

E LA HI SI See under e ma hi sa. OZZ 18. We do not find this in Mdzod & not in Zhu. ’Phan is E SING (snying rje) kindness, com- Tib. for a silk hanging, but the passion. Zhu, once only. Spel- problem of tracing the error led ee sing in Sgra 124. This goes even deeper than this. particular spelling not in Ong do is in fact Tib. corres- Mdzod. ZB gives three spel- ponding in meaning to Tib. lings, e sing, e sang & ai sing. rkub pa and ’phongs & ong See i seng. sha, all of them words for E SONG See e sor. ‘buttocks.’ This entry should be removed, since there is not any E SOR (gsang ba) secret. LZ 299. particular reason to think it has Occurs in Mdzod as a var. for anything to do with ZZ. Hum- ZZ e song. mel sometimes took Tibetan EM PHOD See under e ma, em sod. words, especially those beginning in vowels, and awarded EM SOD (yid ’ong) handsome, them Zhangzhung status with charming, pleasing. ZZH. ZB. neither comment nor justifi- Zhu, once only. This particular cation. spelling not in Mdzod, where the spelling em phod does OD (glang) ox. Humm1 504. OZZ however occur. See under e 18. We do not find this in ma, he ma. Mdzod, not in Zhu, and have no idea where Hummel got it, ER SANGS (byams ma) loving mo- but see the following entry for ther. LZ 299. Not in Mdzod & a clue. This entry should be not in Zhu. See sa trig er sangs. removed. O LO (ngo mtshar) amazing. OD GLANG (gsung) speech. LZ Humm1 504. OZZ 18. Not in 299. I think the glang, or rather Mdzod. The spelling e la ZZ klang, by itself means occurs in Zhu, e ma in ZZD. ‘speech,’ and have no idea This entry should be removed. where the first syllable came OG (mdud) knot {but do not take from. this seriously}. Humm1 504. OM (song) gone. Humm1 504. OZZ OZZ 18. We do not find it in 18. We do not find this in Mdzod. This looks suspicious- Mdzod, and not in Zhu. This ly like a misreading of Tib. og entry should be removed. mdud, ‘throat knot,’ or ‘Adam’s apple.’ This entry OM SONG (gsung) speech. LZ 299. should probably be removed. OS KO (ma le’i gshang[s]) eso- According to one source, ra un, phagus [see below]. Humm1 q.v., ought to be the actual ZZ 504. OZZ 18. This is not ZZ, word for this. It is interesting but rather Tibetan ol sko, for that Darma has a verb “7ok esophagus or ‘Adam’s apple’ dung,” ‘to choke,’ since this is (compare Tib. ko sko, ‘chin’; something done to the neck, Tib. ol mdud, ‘Adam’s apple’). and it resembles the Tib. word Ma le is Tib., a regional dialect og mdud, esophagus. word equivalent to Tib. ol sko. ONG DO (’phan, ’phang) silk hang- We do not find this in Zhu. ing, buttock [?]. Humm1 504. This entry should definitely be removed. 