Rainier Fact Sheet for Guides
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Mount Rainier National Park, WASHINGTON TEP~RJ\ ~EF's ' in Mount Rainier National Park
PUMICE AND OTHER PYROCLASTIC DEPOSITS IN Mount Rainier National Park, WASHINGTON TEP~RJ\ ~EF's ' in Mount Rainier National Park. Pumice and scoria layers from Mount Rainier volcano (note layers R, L, D, and C) typically are stained to fairly strong brown or reddish brown; interbedded lithic ash deposits have relatively neutral but somewhat darker brownish-gray colors. Ash beds from other volcanoes (note beds marked 0, set Y, set P, and WI characteristically are lighter in color than the locally derived deposits that enclose them. S1te is in an alpine meadow near Williwakas Glacier on the southeast flank of Mount Ramier . PUMICE AND OTHER PYROCLASTIC DEPOSITS IN Mount Rainier National Park, WASHINGTON By Donal R. Mullineaux 254924 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1326 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. 74-600110 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE -1974 For sale by the Superintendent of· Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402- Price $1.35 (paper cover) Stock Number 2401-02550 Contents Page Abstract.................................................. 1 Introduction . 2 Previous work and acknowledgments . 4 Terminology . 6 General setting . 8 Brief description of tephra deposits . 8 Postglacial activity of Mount Rainier . 15 Eruptive history ........................ c............. 15 Volume............................................... 18 Kinds of eruptions . 18 Hazards from future eruptions of tephra . 21 Kinds of hazards . 21 Location . 22 Warning.............................................. 23 Ages of tephra layers and their use as marker beds . 23 Tephra from distant volcanoes . 27 Tephra layer 0 (Mazama ash) . 27 Distribution, thickness, and grain size . 29 Source and age . -
Outline for Thesis
THESIS APPROVAL The abstract and thesis of Thomas H. Nylen for the Master of Science in Geology presented October 25, 2001, and accepted by the thesis committee and the department. COMMITTEE APPROVALS: _______________________________________ Andrew G. Fountain, Chair _______________________________________ Scott F. Burns _______________________________________ Christina L. Hulbe _______________________________________ Keith S. Hadley Representative of the Office of Graduate Studies DEPARTMENTAL APPROVAL: _______________________________________ Michael L. Cummings, Chair Department of Geology ABSTRACT An abstract of the thesis of Thomas H. Nylen for the Master of Science in Geology presented October 25, 2001. Title: Spatial and Temporal Variations of Glaciers (1913-1994) on Mt. Rainier and the Relation with Climate Databases have been constructed for the purpose of studying glacier changes at Mt. Rainier. Glacier cover on Mt. Rainier decreased 18.5% (112.3 km2 to 88.1 km2) between 1913 and 1971 at a rate of about -0.36 km2 a-1. The total area in 1994 was 87.4 km2, which equates to a rate of -0.03 km2 a-1 since 1971. Glaciers with southerly aspect lost significantly more area than those with a northerly aspect, 26.5% and 17.5% of the total area, respectively. Measured and estimated total volumes for Mt. Rainier glaciers also decreased. From 1913 to 1971 the total volume decreased 22.7% from 5.62 km3 to 4.34 km3 and from 1971 to 1994 decreased 3.1% to 4.21 km3. Nisqually Glacier shows three cycles of retreat and advance but an overall loss of 0.44 km2 since 1931. Cross-correlation with snowfall suggests about a decade response time for the glaciers. -
TREATY with the NISQUALLI, PUYALLUP, ETC., 1854. Dec
TREATY WITH THE NISQUALLI, PUYALLUP, ETC., 1854. Dec. 26, 1854. | 10 Stat., 1132. | Ratified Mar. 3, 1855. | Proclaimed Apr. 10, 1855. Articles of agreement and convention made and concluded on the She-nah-nam, or Medicine Creek, in the Territory of Washington, this twenty-sixth day of December, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, by Isaac I. Stevens, governor and superintendent of Indian affairs of the said Territory, on the part of the United States, and the undersigned chiefs, head-men, and delegates of the Nisqually, Puyallup, Steilacoom, Squawskin, S’’Homamish, Stehchass, T’’ Peek-sin, Squi-aitl, and Sa-heh-wamish tribes and bands of Indians, occupying the lands lying round the head of Puget’’s Sound and the adjacent inlets, who, for the purpose of this treaty, are to be regarded as one nation, on behalf of said tribes and bands, and duly authorized by them. ARTICLE 1. The said tribes and bands of Indians hereby cede, relinquish, and convey to the United States, all their right, title, and interest in and to the lands and country occupied by them, bounded and described as follows, to wit: Commencing at the point on the eastern side of Admiralty Inlet, known as Point Pully, about midway between Commencement and Elliott Bays; thence running in a southeasterly [*662] direction, following the divide between the waters of the Puyallup and Dwamish, or White Rivers, to the summit of the Cascade Mountains; thence southerly, along the summit of said range, to a point opposite the main source of the Skookum Chuck Creek; thence to and down said creek, to the coal mine; thence northwesterly, to the summit of the Black Hills; thence northerly, to the upper forks of the Satsop River; thence northeasterly, through the portage known as Wilkes’’s Portage, to Point Southworth, on the western side of Admiralty Inlet; thence around the foot of Vashon’’s Island, easterly and southeasterly, to the place of beginning. -
Tacoma, Washington 1990 DEPARTMENT of the INTERIOR
SUMMARY OF WATER-RESOURCES ACTIVITIES OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN WASHINGTON: FISCAL YEAR 1989 Compiled by Judith A. Wayenberg U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report 90-180 Tacoma, Washington 1990 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MANUEL LUJAN, JR., Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director COVER PHOTOGRAPH: Columbia River Gorge near Washougal, Washington; view is upstream to the east. For additional information Copies of this report can be write to: purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Books ^ind Open-File Reports Section 1201 Pacific Avenue, Suite 600 Builditig 810, Federal Center Tacoma, Washington 98402 Box 25^25 Denver!, Colorado 80225 ii CONTENTS Page Introduction------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Mission of the U.S. Geological Survey------------------------------------ 2 Mission of the Water Resources Division---------------------------------- 3 Cooperating agencies----------------------------------------------------- 5 Collection of water-resources quantity and quality data------------------ 7 Surface-water data--------------------------------------------------- 7 Ground-water data---------------------------------------------------- 9 Meteorological data-------------------------------------------------- 9 Interpretive hydrologic investigations----------------------------------- 9 WA-007 Washington water-use program---------------------------------- 10 WA-232 Ground-water availability and predicted water-level declines within the basalt aquifers -
The Recession of Glaciers in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington
THE RECESSION OF GLACIERS IN MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL PARK, WASHINGTON C. FRANK BROCKMAN Mount Rainier National Park FOREWORD One of the most outstanding features of interest in Mount Rainier National Park is the extensive glacier system which lies, almost entirely, upon the broad flanks of Mount Rainier, the summit of which is 14,408 feet above sea-level. This glacier system, numbering 28 glaciers and aggregating approximately 40-45 square miles of ice, is recognized as the most extensive single peak glacier system in continental United States.' Recession data taken annually over a period of years at the termini of six representative glaciers of varying type and size which are located on different sides of Mount Rainier are indicative of the rela- tive rate of retreat of the entire glacier system here. At the present time the glaciers included in this study are retreating at an average rate of from 22.1 to 70.4 feet per year.2 HISTORY OF INVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED ON THE GLACIERS OF MOUNT RAINIER Previous to 1900 glacial investigation in this area was combined with general geological reconnaissance surveys on the part of the United States Geological Survey. Thus, the activities of S. F. Em- mons and A. D. Wilson, of the Fortieth Parallel Corps, under Clarence King, was productive of a brief publication dealing in part with the glaciers of Mount Rainier.3 Twenty-six years later, in 1896, another United States Geological Survey party, which included Bailey Willis, I. C. Russell, and George Otis Smith, made additional SCircular of General Information, Mount Rainier National Park (U.S. -
Eric Simonson's Expedition 8000
Mt. Rainier: 4 ½ Day Summit Climb Ingraham Glacier / Disappointment Cleaver Route © 2009 International Mountain Guides Why Choose This Program? Our 4 ½ Day Ingraham Glacier/Disappointment Cleaver summit program is the most relaxed approach offered to climb Mt. Rainier. The four-day program increases our opportunity for success on the mountain. There is time incorporated into this program for resting and recovery after each day’s activities. We climb as light and efficiently as possible and rely on the shelter at Camp Muir to avoid carrying extra gear or tents. The extra day spent at Camp Muir allows for better acclimatization to the altitude prior to the summit day, and more time to enjoy the majestic glacier environment with your climbing team. We maximize training by adding a half day pre-climb orientation and instructional meeting at IMG’s Headquarters in Ashford, just outside the park. We incorporate training en route during the trip to Camp Muir and utilize the following day at Muir to rest, conduct the bulk of our training and acclimatize. By spending two nights at Camp Muir prior to the summit day, we avoid carrying heavier packs up to a higher camp. There is a tradeoff in doing this, but we feel the extra time spent at Muir and the lighter overall pack weight fairly evenly offsets the advantages of departing on summit day from a higher camp. This is especially suited for those who would prefer to go as light as possible. IMG employs a light and efficient philosophy for climbing. To minimize the weight on your backs we provide shelter, stoves, cook gear and group climbing gear for you at Camp Muir. -
Korean Direct
AAC Publications Korean Direct The First Ascent Of Gasherbrum V Insignificant against the blinding white backdrop of Gasherbrum V’s south face, we stood like silhouettes atop a moraine, the wall before us in full view. The complex glacier leading up to the face reminded me of scaly dragon’s tail. We had spotted a snaking line that would lead us to the jagged bergschrund at the foot of the wall. Once on the face, we would have to keep left to avoid a menacing serac, then move right in the upper mixed section before finishing with a direct line to the top. Seong Nak-jong and I had never really considered a route on the south side of unclimbed Gasherbrum V until we were denied passage up the northeast face. We had started our first attempt on the 7,147- meter peak from Camp 1 on the South Gasherbrum Glacier, along the normal routes to Gasherbrums I and II. We trudged through thigh-deep snow to reach the northeast face, which was covered in loose ice and snow, and was nearly impossible to protect. Falling ice and spindrift poured down from above. We finally had no choice but to evacuate from our high point of 6,400 meters. This unsuccessful attempt quashed our desire to climb. As the leader of our small team, the quandaries of a second attempt weighed heavily on my mind. Not only were we physically weakened and our confidence shot, it was already mid-July and more snow was laying siege to the camps. We had been away from home for more than a month. -
APNW-50 Tr' ORTH (4 -66
low AMC U. S. FOREST SERVICE tr ORTH (4 -66 EST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE • PORTLAND, OREGON APNW-50 March 1967 C PRIMARY MICROBIOLOGICAL SUCCESSION ON A LANDSLIDE cL OF ALPINE ORIGIN AT MOUNT RAINIER CD O by W. B. Bollen, Principal Soil Microbiologist CD a= K. C. Lu, Microbiologist 1--- CD J. M. Trappe, Principal Mycologist 77 R. F. Tarrant, Principal Soil Scientist CD 4 J. F. Franklin, Plant Ecologist In December 1963, immense masses of rock and debris broke loose from the north face of Little Tahoma Peak on the shoulder of Mount Rainier (Crandell and Fahnestock 1965).1/ Originating from a zone roughly 9,000 to 11,000 feet above sea level, the resulting series of avalanches swept down Emmons Glacier to deposit an estimated 14 million cubic yards of debris over 2 square miles of the glacier and the sparsely vegetated outwash valley below (fig. 1). Deposits reach thicknesses of about 100 feet in the valley, whose original elevation ranged from about 4,500 to 5,500 feet. Figure 1.--Northeast slope of Mount Rainier with Little Tahoma Peak on left-center skyline and avalanche de- posit in valley. 1/ — Names and dates in parentheses refer to Litera- ture Cited, p. 7. This nearly virgin, alpine "soil," laid in a valley surrounded by montane forest, presents superb opportunity for studies of soil development, plant succession, and distribution of pesticides and other environmental pollutants, especially when coupled with concur- rent observations of nearby terminal moraines left from recent recession of Emmons Glacier. -
Civil War Fought for the Union Which Represent 52% of the Sons of Harvard Killed in Action During This Conflict
Advocates for Harvard ROTC . H CRIMSON UNION ARMY VETERANS Total served Died in service Killed in action Died by disease Harvard College grads 475 73 69 26 Harvard College- non grads 114 22 Harvard Graduate schools 349 22 NA NA Total 938 117 69 26 The above total of Harvard alumni who died in the service of the Union included 5 major generals, 3 Brigadier Generals, 6 colonels, 19 LT Colonels and majors, 17 junior officers in the Army, 3 sergeants plus 3 Naval officers, including 2 Medical doctors. 72% of all Harvard alumni who served in the Civil War fought for the Union which represent 52% of the sons of Harvard killed in action during this conflict. As result among Harvard alumni, Union military losses were 10% compared with a 21% casualty rate for the Confederate Army. The battle of Gettysburg (PA) had the highest amount of Harvard alumni serving in the Union Army who were killed in action (i.e. 11), in addition 3 Harvard alumni Confederates also died in this battle. Secondly, seven Crimson warriors made the supreme sacrifice for the Union at Antietam (MD) with 5 more were killed in the battles of Cedar Mountain (VA) and Fredericksburg (VA). As expected, most of the Harvard alumni who died in the service of the Union were born and raised in the Northeastern states (e.g. 74% from Massachusetts). However, 9 Harvard alumni Union casualties were from the Mid West including one from the border state of Missouri. None of these Harvard men were from southern states. The below men who made the supreme sacrifice for their country to preserve the union which also resulted in the abolition of slavery. -
Messages of the Governors of the Territory of Washington to the Legislative Assembly, 1854-1889
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLICATIONS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES Volume 12,pp. 5-298 August, 1940 MESSAGES OF THE GOVERNORS OF THE TERRITORY OF WASHINGTON TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, 1854-1889 Edited by CHARLESi\'l.GATES UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON PRESS SEATTLE, WASHINGTON 1940 FOREWORD American history in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries is in large part the story of the successive occupation of new areas by people of European antecedents, the planting therein of the Western type of civilization, and the interaction of the various strains of that civilization upon each other and with the environment. The story differs from area to area because of differences not only in the cultural heritage of the settlers and in the physical environment but also in the scientific and technological knowledge available dur- ing the period of occupation. The history of the settlement and de- velopment of each of these areas is an essential component of the history of the American Nation and a contribution toward an under- standing of that Nation as it is today. The publication of the documents contained in this volume serves at least two purposes: it facilitates their use by scholars, who will weave the data contained in them into their fabrics of exposition and interpretation, and it makes available to the general reader a fas- cinating panorama of the early stages in the development of an Amer- ican community. For those with special interest in the State of Washington, whether historians or laymen, the value of this work is obvious; but no one concerned with the social, economic, or diplomatic history of the United States in the second half of the nineteenth century can afford to ignore it. -
Reconciling Drivers of Seasonal Terminus Advance and Retreat at 13
Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface RESEARCH ARTICLE Reconciling Drivers of Seasonal Terminus Advance 10.1029/2018JF004628 and Retreat at 13 Central West Greenland Key Points: Tidewater Glaciers • We evaluate the correlation of seasonal terminus advance/retreat to M. J. Fried1,2 , G. A. Catania1,2 , L. A. Stearns3 , D. A. Sutherland4 , T. C. Bartholomaus5 , glacial runoff, ice mélange, and 6 6 ocean temperature E. Shroyer , and J. Nash • Runoff is the strongest predictor at 1 2 glaciers that calve via serac failures Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA, Department of Geosciences, University of Texas at where subglacial melt plumes locally Austin, Austin, TX, USA, 3Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA, 4Department of Earth Sciences, enhance retreat University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA, 5Department of Geology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA, 6College of Earth, • Glaciers with sporadic, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA buoyancy-induced full-thickness calving and the largest ice fluxes are less sensitive to environmental forcings Abstract The majority of Greenland tidewater glaciers undergo a seasonal cycle in terminus position, characterized by wintertime advance and summertime retreat. Understanding mechanisms that control seasonal cycles can help elucidate how tidewater glaciers regulate dynamic ice loss on longer timescales. Supporting Information: • Supporting Information S1 However, controls on terminus position are numerous and complex. To address this, we compare time series • Movie S1 of satellite-derived terminus positions for tidewater glaciers in central west Greenland with observations of • Movie S2 environmental forcings, including runoff at the grounding line, mélange presence, and, where available, • Movie S3 ocean temperature in the proglacial fjord. -
Longmire Historic District Walking Tour
Mount Rainier National Park National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Longmire Historic District Walking Tour “In any area in which At Mount Rainier, designers selected massive logs and glacial boulders the preservation of as the building materials best suited for integrating new structures the beauty of Nature with their natural settings. Entrance stations, administration buildings, employee residences, bridges...even comfort stations were all built to is a primary purpose, express the unifying characteristics of what is now known as National always design buildings Park Service Rustic architecture. For many people, this impressive that are not only architectural style contributes to the special sense-of-place quality which attractive to look upon, makes national parks a distinctive part of the American landscape. but also appear to By taking the self-guided walking tour through Longmire, you will see belong to, and be part one significant part of the Mount Rainier National Historic Landmark of, their settings...” District. The district, designated in 1997, includes all the developed areas at Nisqually, Longmire, Paradise, Camp Muir, Sunrise, and White Such was the guiding River; all the roads, bridges, and associated features; the Wonderland principle of park Trail; and the park’s wilderness structures. development promoted by Stephen T. Mather, The Historic Longmire Walking Tour covers 1.25 miles round-trip first director of the of gentle ups and downs over sidewalks and along road edges. It takes National Park Service about an hour to complete. As you follow the map, you will encounter (1917-1929). interpretive signs in front of each point of interest.