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Tacoma, Washington 1990 DEPARTMENT of the INTERIOR
SUMMARY OF WATER-RESOURCES ACTIVITIES OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN WASHINGTON: FISCAL YEAR 1989 Compiled by Judith A. Wayenberg U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report 90-180 Tacoma, Washington 1990 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MANUEL LUJAN, JR., Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director COVER PHOTOGRAPH: Columbia River Gorge near Washougal, Washington; view is upstream to the east. For additional information Copies of this report can be write to: purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Books ^ind Open-File Reports Section 1201 Pacific Avenue, Suite 600 Builditig 810, Federal Center Tacoma, Washington 98402 Box 25^25 Denver!, Colorado 80225 ii CONTENTS Page Introduction------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Mission of the U.S. Geological Survey------------------------------------ 2 Mission of the Water Resources Division---------------------------------- 3 Cooperating agencies----------------------------------------------------- 5 Collection of water-resources quantity and quality data------------------ 7 Surface-water data--------------------------------------------------- 7 Ground-water data---------------------------------------------------- 9 Meteorological data-------------------------------------------------- 9 Interpretive hydrologic investigations----------------------------------- 9 WA-007 Washington water-use program---------------------------------- 10 WA-232 Ground-water availability and predicted water-level declines within the basalt aquifers -
The Recession of Glaciers in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington
THE RECESSION OF GLACIERS IN MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL PARK, WASHINGTON C. FRANK BROCKMAN Mount Rainier National Park FOREWORD One of the most outstanding features of interest in Mount Rainier National Park is the extensive glacier system which lies, almost entirely, upon the broad flanks of Mount Rainier, the summit of which is 14,408 feet above sea-level. This glacier system, numbering 28 glaciers and aggregating approximately 40-45 square miles of ice, is recognized as the most extensive single peak glacier system in continental United States.' Recession data taken annually over a period of years at the termini of six representative glaciers of varying type and size which are located on different sides of Mount Rainier are indicative of the rela- tive rate of retreat of the entire glacier system here. At the present time the glaciers included in this study are retreating at an average rate of from 22.1 to 70.4 feet per year.2 HISTORY OF INVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED ON THE GLACIERS OF MOUNT RAINIER Previous to 1900 glacial investigation in this area was combined with general geological reconnaissance surveys on the part of the United States Geological Survey. Thus, the activities of S. F. Em- mons and A. D. Wilson, of the Fortieth Parallel Corps, under Clarence King, was productive of a brief publication dealing in part with the glaciers of Mount Rainier.3 Twenty-six years later, in 1896, another United States Geological Survey party, which included Bailey Willis, I. C. Russell, and George Otis Smith, made additional SCircular of General Information, Mount Rainier National Park (U.S. -
Eric Simonson's Expedition 8000
Mt. Rainier: 4 ½ Day Summit Climb Ingraham Glacier / Disappointment Cleaver Route © 2009 International Mountain Guides Why Choose This Program? Our 4 ½ Day Ingraham Glacier/Disappointment Cleaver summit program is the most relaxed approach offered to climb Mt. Rainier. The four-day program increases our opportunity for success on the mountain. There is time incorporated into this program for resting and recovery after each day’s activities. We climb as light and efficiently as possible and rely on the shelter at Camp Muir to avoid carrying extra gear or tents. The extra day spent at Camp Muir allows for better acclimatization to the altitude prior to the summit day, and more time to enjoy the majestic glacier environment with your climbing team. We maximize training by adding a half day pre-climb orientation and instructional meeting at IMG’s Headquarters in Ashford, just outside the park. We incorporate training en route during the trip to Camp Muir and utilize the following day at Muir to rest, conduct the bulk of our training and acclimatize. By spending two nights at Camp Muir prior to the summit day, we avoid carrying heavier packs up to a higher camp. There is a tradeoff in doing this, but we feel the extra time spent at Muir and the lighter overall pack weight fairly evenly offsets the advantages of departing on summit day from a higher camp. This is especially suited for those who would prefer to go as light as possible. IMG employs a light and efficient philosophy for climbing. To minimize the weight on your backs we provide shelter, stoves, cook gear and group climbing gear for you at Camp Muir. -
Evidence of a Changing Climate Impacting the Fluvial Geomorphology of the Kautz Creek on Mt
EVIDENCE OF A CHANGING CLIMATE IMPACTING THE FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE KAUTZ CREEK ON MT. RAINIER by Melanie R. Graeff A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Environmental Studies The Evergreen State College June, 2017 ©2017 by Melanie R. Graeff. All rights reserved. This Thesis for the Master of Environmental Studies Degree by Melanie R. Graeff has been approved for The Evergreen State College by ________________________ Michael Ruth, M.Sc Member of the Faculty ________________________ Date ABSTRACT Evidence of a Changing Climate Impacting the Fluvial Geomorphology of the Kautz Creek on Mt. Rainier Melanie Graeff Carbon dioxide emissions have stimulated the warming of air and ocean temperatures worldwide. These conditions have fueled the intensity of El Nino-Southern Oscillation and Atmospheric River events by supplying increased water vapor into the atmosphere. These precipitation events have impacted the fluvial geomorphology of a creek on the southwestern flank of the Kautz Creek on Mt. Rainier, Washington. Using GIS software was the primary means of obtaining data due to the lack of publications published on the Kautz Creek. Time periods of study were set up from a 2012 publication written by Jonathan Czuba and others, that mentioned observations of the creek that dated from 1960 to 2008. In combining those observations of the Kautz and weather data from the weather station in Longmire, Washington, this allowed for a further understanding of how climate change has affected the fluvial geomorphology of the Kautz Creek over time. GIS software mapping showed numerous changes on the creek since 2008. -
1 Trip Report; Mt. Rainier Via Kautz Glacier. on July 25 , 2010, Mick
Trip report; Mt. Rainier via Kautz Glacier. On July 25th, 2010, Mick Pearson, Nasa Koski and I began a three-day trip up Mt. Rainier, which included an ascent up the Nisqually, Wilson and Kautz Glaciers, and then a descent via the traditional, Disappointment Cleaver (DC) Route. During my eleven year mountaineering “career”, I never had the urge to climb Mt. Rainier, mostly because of trip reports that spoke of endless ropes of climbers ascending (read: clogging) the traditional route. I had experienced such crowds on Mt. Shasta in California and on the Nadelhorn in Switzerland and simply had no desire to be a part of another endless train of climbers up a mountain. My interests changed during a flight to the Northwest in 2008. I was visiting Seattle on my way to Mt. Baker when I caught a glimpse of Mt. Rainier from about 15,000 feet from the jet’s window. Although I was well aware of the often crowded situation on Rainier, the view of the mountain was fascinating and initiated thoughts of potentially ascending a less popular route, one with far fewer climbers and more challenge than the traditional route. In spring of 2010, I contacted Mick Pearson of Kaf Adventures, to inquire about the possibility of climbing Mt. Rainier together. Mick is an accomplished mountain/rock guide with experiences on many of the world’s famous mountain ranges. More importantly, he also was willing to establish a climbing partnership that included as much education and willingness to teach as it did desire to touch the top. -
What Can We Learn from Mount Rainier Meltwater? Claire Todd Pacific Lutheran University
What can we learn from Mount Rainier meltwater? Claire Todd Pacific Lutheran University Emmons Glacier, White River What can we learn from Mount Rainier meltwater? Claire Todd Pacific Lutheran University Luke Weinbrecht, Elyssa Tappero, David Horne, Bryan Donahue, Matt Schmitz, Matthew Hegland, Michael Vermeulen, Trevor Perkins, Nick Lorax, Kristiana Lapo, Greg Pickard, Cameron Wiemerslage, Ryan Ransavage, Allie Jo Koester, Nathan Page, Taylor Christensen, Isaac Moening-Swanson, Riley Swanson, Reed Gunstone, Aaron Steelquist, Emily Knutsen, Christina Gray, Samantha Harrison, Kyle Bennett, Victoria Benson, Adriana Cranston, Connal Boyd, Sam Altenberger, Rainey Aberle, Alex Yannello, Logan Krehbiel, Hannah Bortel, Aerin Basehart Emmons Glacier, White River Why meltwater? • Provides a window into the subglacial environment • Water storage and drainage • Sediment generation, storage and evacuation • Interaction with the hydrothermal system Geologic Hazards Emmons Glacier, • Outburst floods and debris flows White River Volcanic hazards • (e.g., Brown, 2002; Lawler et al., 1996; Collins, 1990) Field Sites - criteria • As close to the terminus as possible, to avoid • Contribution to discharge from non-glacial streams (snowmelt) • Impact of atmospheric mixing on water chemistry • Deposition or entrainment of sediment outside of the Emmons Glacier, subglacial environment White River • Single channel, to achieve • Complete (as possible) representation of the subglacial environment Carbon Emmons Glacier, White River Glacier Field Sites – Channel -
1 New Chronologic and Geomorphic Analyses of Debris Flows on Mount
New Chronologic and Geomorphic Analyses of Debris Flows on Mount Rainier, Washington By Ian Delaney Abstract Debris flows on Mount Rainier are thought to be increasing in frequency and magnitude in recent years, possibly due to retreating glaciers. These debris flows are caused by precipitation events or glacial outburst floods. Furthermore, as glaciers recede they leave steep unstable slopes of till providing the material needed for mass-wasting events. Little is known about the more distant history and downstream effects of these events. Field observations and/or aerial photograph of the Carbon River, Tahoma Creek, and White River drainages provide evidence of historic debris flow activity. The width and gradient of the channel on reaches of streams affected by debris flows is compared with reaches not affected by debris flows. In all reaches with field evidence of debris flows the average channel width is greater than in places not directly affected by debris flows. Furthermore, trends in width relate to the condition of the glacier. The stable Carbon Glacier with lots of drift at the terminus feeds the Carbon River, which has a gentle gradient and whose width remains relatively consistent over the period from 1952 to 2006. Conversely, the rapidly retreating Tahoma and South Tahoma Glaciers have lots of stagnant ice and feed the steep Tahoma Creek. Tahoma Creek’s width greatly increased, especially in the zone affect by debris flow activity. The rock-covered, yet relatively stable Emmons Glacier feeds White River, which shows relatively -
Debris Properties and Mass-Balance Impacts on Adjacent Debris-Covered Glaciers, Mount Rainier, USA
Natural Resource Ecology and Management Publications Natural Resource Ecology and Management 4-8-2019 Debris properties and mass-balance impacts on adjacent debris- covered glaciers, Mount Rainier, USA Peter L. Moore Iowa State University, [email protected] Leah I. Nelson Carleton College Theresa M. D. Groth Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/nrem_pubs Part of the Environmental Monitoring Commons, Glaciology Commons, Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons, and the Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology Commons The complete bibliographic information for this item can be found at https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ nrem_pubs/335. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Natural Resource Ecology and Management at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Natural Resource Ecology and Management Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Debris properties and mass-balance impacts on adjacent debris-covered glaciers, Mount Rainier, USA Abstract The north and east slopes of Mount Rainier, Washington, are host to three of the largest glaciers in the contiguous United States: Carbon Glacier, Winthrop Glacier, and Emmons Glacier. Each has an extensive blanket of supraglacial debris on its terminus, but recent work indicates that each has responded to late twentieth- and early twenty-first-century climate changes in a different way. While Carbon Glacier has thinned and retreated since 1970, Winthrop Glacier has remained steady and Emmons Glacier has thickened and advanced. -
Mt. Rainier Where & Why Accidents Happen the Majestic, 14,410-Foot Volcano of Mt
AAC Publications Danger Zones: Mt. Rainier Where & Why Accidents Happen The majestic, 14,410-foot volcano of Mt. Rainier, just 55 miles from Seattle, is one of the most popular mountaineering destinations in North America. Lined by massive glaciers on all sides, the mountain is attempted by about 10,000 people a year. It’s also the site of numerous accidents and close calls. More than 95 mountaineers have died on Rainier’s slopes, including the tragic loss of six climbers in late May 2014 after an avalanche high on Liberty Ridge. This article aims to prevent future tragedies by analyzing the accident history of popular routes. We reviewed more than 110 reports from Mt. Rainier in Accidents in North American Mountaineering over the past 20 years. In addition, we examined the causes of climbing fatalities from 1984 through 2013, as tracked by Mountrainierclimbing.us. The data reveal accident trends on specific routes, suggesting how climbers might best prepare to avoid future incidents. Geologically, Mt. Rainier sits on the Ring of Fire around the Pacific Ocean basin. Geologists consider Mt. Rainier to be an active, potentially dangerous volcano. More immediately, heavy snowfall and highly active glaciers shape the challenging terrain of the mountain. Although there are more than 40 routes and variations up Mt. Rainier, the vast majority of climbers follow two lines: 1) up the Muir Snowfield to Camp Muir, followed by a summit attempt via the Ingraham Glacier or Disappointment Cleaver, or 2) the Emmons/Winthrop Glaciers route above Camp Schurman. With one prominent exception—Liberty Ridge—most accidents occur along these routes. -
Glisan, Rodney L. Collection
Glisan, Rodney L. Collection Object ID VM1993.001.003 Scope & Content Series 3: The Outing Committee of the Multnomah Athletic Club sponsored hiking and climbing trips for its members. Rodney Glisan participated as a leader on some of these events. As many as 30 people participated on these hikes. They usually travelled by train to the vicinity of the trailhead, and then took motor coaches or private cars for the remainder of the way. Of the four hikes that are recorded Mount Saint Helens was the first climb undertaken by the Club. On the Beacon Rock hike Lower Hardy Falls on the nearby Hamilton Mountain trail were rechristened Rodney Falls in honor of the "mountaineer" Rodney Glisan. Trips included Mount Saint Helens Climb, July 4 and 5, 1915; Table Mountain Hike, November 14, 1915; Mount Adams Climb, July 1, 1916; and Beacon Rock Hike, November 4, 1917. Date 1915; 1916; 1917 People Allen, Art Blakney, Clem E. English, Nelson Evans, Bill Glisan, Rodney L. Griffin, Margaret Grilley, A.M. Jones, Frank I. Jones, Tom Klepper, Milton Reed Lee, John A. McNeil, Fred Hutchison Newell, Ben W. Ormandy, Jim Sammons, Edward C. Smedley, Georgian E. Stadter, Fred W. Thatcher, Guy Treichel, Chester Wolbers, Harry L. Subjects Adams, Mount (Wash.) Bird Creek Meadows Castle Rock (Wash.) Climbs--Mazamas--Saint Helens, Mount Eyrie Hell Roaring Canyon Mount Saint Helens--Photographs Multnomah Amatuer Athletic Association Spirit Lake (Wash.) Table Mountain--Columbia River Gorge (Wash.) Trout Lake (Wash.) Creator Glisan, Rodney L. Container List 07 05 Mt. St. Helens Climb, July 4-5,1915 News clipping. -
The Road to Paradise Tour
Road to Paradise Experience the grandeur of Mount Rainier. Witness old-growth temperate rainforests, waterfalls, and impressive vistas. Whether you venture and sightsee by car, or choose to get outdoors and enjoy the many stops along the way, it's all pure Rainier. An excellent introduction to the beauty, majesty and mystique of Mt. Rainier National Park. Length: 83 miles | Driving Time: 2 1/2 hours (allow extra time for stops) Open Season: The entire loop is usually drivable and snow-free by mid-June and remains open through late October. The road between Ashford and Paradise remains open year-round. Driving Directions: From Ashford, travel east on State Route (SR) 706, six miles to the entrance of Mt. Rainier National Park. Continue into the park on Paradise Road and travel 17 miles to Paradise where the road becomes Paradise Valley Road. Travel 2.6 miles on Paradise Valley Road to Stevens Canyon Road. Turn left on Stevens Canyon Road and travel south 18.8 miles to Highway 123, Cayuse Pass. Turn right on Highway 123 and travel 5.5 miles to US Highway 12. Turn right on Highway 12 and travel 7.3 miles to Skate Creek Rd. Turn right on Skate Creek Rd. and travel 23 miles to SR 706. Turn left on SR 706 and travel 2.4 miles to Ashford. 2010 Visit Rainier | [email protected] | www.VisitRainier.com Road to Paradise Start: Ashford Begin this mountain adventure in the mountain community of Ashford located on State Route 706. A basecamp for recreation at Mt. Rainier, restaurants, car services, lodging, and campgrounds are available. -
A Comparison of Glacier Fluctuations on Mount Rainier to Regional Glacial Histories
A Comparison of Glacier Fluctuations on Mount Rainier to Regional Glacial Histories Mary A. Samolczyk Dept. of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada [email protected] and Gerald Osborn Dept. of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada and Brian Menounos Dept. of Geography, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada and John Clague Dept. of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada and P. Thompson Davis Dept. of Natural Sciences, Bentley College, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA and Jon Riedel North Cascades National Park, Marblemount, Washington, USA And Joe Koch Dept. of Geography, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada Mount Rainier is a large stratovolcano located in Mount Rainier National Park in south-central Washington, USA. Mount Rainier is the highest peak in the Cascade Range, reaching a height of 4,395 meters (14,410 feet). The volcano is flanked by a greater volume of ice than any other mountain in the conterminous United States and has 26 named glaciers on its flanks. As a result, Mount Rainier provides an exceptional opportunity to study glacier fluctuations. Alpine glaciers are sensitive indicators of environmental change and respond to variations in climate by adjusting their width, length and thickness. A record of glacier fluctuations can be used to infer climate variability at timescales of decades to millennia. Glacial deposits, such as tills that form moraines, provide evidence of fluctuating glaciers since the retreat of the Cordilleran ice sheet in the latest Pleistocene after ca. 16 ka before present (Fulton, 1971) in the Central North American Cordillera (CNAC), which includes the Rocky, Columbia, Coast and Cascade mountain ranges.