1 the Use of Nuclear Propulsion, Power and “In-Situ”

Home , Lunar orbit rendezvous

The Use of Nuclear Propulsion, Power and “In-Situ” Resources for Routine Lunar Space Transportation and Commercial Base Development

Dr. Stanley K. Borowski NASA Glenn Research Center Cleveland, Ohio, USA e-mail: Stanley.K.Borowski@grc.nasa.gov

presented at the

International Lunar Conference 2003 Waikoloa Marriott Beach Hotel Waikoloa, Hawaii November 16-22, 2003

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A Vision of the Future on the Moon “2100: A Space Odyssey?”

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1 Index Map Showing the Apollo 17 Landing Site and Major Geographic Features of Taurus-Littrow Region

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Volcanic Glass from the Apollo 17 Mission to Taurus-Littrow is Attractive for LUNOX Production

The best lunar oxygen ore found during the Apollo Program is the volcanic glass, Oxygen yield is directly related to iron abundance for the full range of (“orange soil”) found at Taurus-Littrow. The glass beads are ~40 µm in diameter. soil compositions. Highest yields are from “ FeO-rich” volcanic glass. The orange beads are clear glass, while the black beads cooled at bit more slowly and had a chance to crystallize. • Oxygen production from “FeO-rich” volcanic glass is a 2 step process:

FeO + H2 ------> Fe + H2O 2 H2O ------> 2H2 + O2 (LUNOX) (Hydrogen Reduction & Water Formation) (Water Electrolysis & Hydrogen Recycling)

Ref: Carlton Allen, “Prospecting for Oxygen on the Moon”, Ad Astra, Nov. / Dec. 1996, pg. 34 Exploration Transportation

2 Rover / NERVA* Program Summary (1959-1972)

• 20 Rocket/reactors designed, built and tested at cost of ~$1.4 billion

• Engine sizes tested

– 50-250 klbf

• H2 exit temperatures achieved – 2,350-2,550 K (Graphite fuel)

• Isp capability – 825-850 sec (hot bleed cycle)

• Burn duration – 62 min (NRX-A6 - single burn) – > 4 hrs (NRX-XE - 28 burns / accumulated burn time) • Engine thrust-to-weight

– ~3 for 75 klbf NERVA

• “Open Air” testing at Nevada Test Site

* NERVA: Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle NERVA program experimental engine (XE) Applications demonstrated 28 startup / shutdown cycles during tests in 1969. Exploration Transportation

Nuclear Thermal Rocket (NTR) Propulsion What’s New?

Then (Rover/NERVA:1959–72) Now

• Engine sizes tested • “Current” focus is on smaller NTR sizes – 50–250 klbf – 5–15 klbf (Code S science–humans) Smaller, Higher Performance • H2 exit temps achieved • Higher temp. fuels being developed – 2,350–2,550K (Graphite) – 2,700K (Composite), 2,900K (Cermet) and ~3,100K (Ternary Carbides)

• Isp capability Easier to test • Isp capability – 825–850 sec (hot bleed) – 915–1005 sec (expander cycle)

• Engine thrust-to-weight • Advances in chemical rockets/materials – ~3 for 75 klbf NERVA – ~3–6 for small NTR designs

Environmentally “Green” • Testing (Rover/NERVA) • Small NTR allows full power testing in – “Open Air” exhaust at For Public – “Contained Test Facility” at INEL with Nevada test site Acceptance “scrubbed” H2 exhaust

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3 Nuclear Thermal Rocket (NTR) Propulsion -- Key Technology / Mission Features --

• NTR engines have negligible radioactivity at launch / simplifies handling and stage processing activities at KSC - < 10 Curies / 3 NTR Mars stage vs ~400,000 Curies in Cassini’s 3 RTGs

• High thrust / Isp NTR uses same technologies as chemical rockets

• Short burn durations (~25-50 mins) and rapid LEO departure

• Less propellant mass than all chemical implies fewer ETO launches 3.24m • NTR engines can be configured for both propulsive thrust and electric power generation -- “bimodal” operation

• Fewest mission elements and much simpler space operations

• Engine size aimed at maximizing mission versatility -- robotic science, Moon, Mars and NEA missions

• NTR technology is evolvable to reusability and “in-situ” resource utilization (e.g., LANTR -- NTR with LOX “afterburner” nozzle) 1.56m

15 klbf NTR Exploration Transportation

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4 “LOX-Augmented” NTR (LANTR) Concept --Engine, Vehicle and Mission Benefits--

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“LOX-Augmented” Nuclear Thermal Rocket (LANTR) “Afterburner” Nozzle Concept Demonstration

Fuel-rich H/O Engine Used to Simulate NTR • LANTR Concept and Benefits: - “Afterburner” nozzle increases thrust by injecting & GO2 combusting GO2 downstream of the NTR throat GH - Enables NTR with variable thrust and Isp capability 2 by varying the nozzle O/H mixture ratio (MR) - Operation at modest MRs (<1.0) helps increase bulk 3 GO2 Supersonic Supersonic Combustion Cascade Injectors & Thrust Augmentation propellant density for packaging in smaller volume Goal: >30% or more launch vehicles - LANTR’s bipropellant operation enables smaller, faster Moon / Mars vehicles when using extraterrestrial sources of H2 and O2 • LANTR Test Program Objectives: (Aerojet & GRC) - Measure thrust augmentation from oxygen injection Cascade Injectors (2 of 3) and supersonic combustion using small, fuel-rich H/O engine with two different area ratio nozzles (@ 25:1 and 50:1) as “non-nuclear” NTR simulator. - Use results to calibrate reactive CFD assessment of bimodal LANTR engine

• Status: LANTR afterburner nozzle demonstrated - Oxygen injection into hot supersonic flow - Supersonic combustion in the nozzle - Elevated nozzle pressures measured - Benign nozzle wall environment observed - Increase O2 consumption rate with nozzle length

Baseline H/O Thrust: 2100 lbf at 1000 psia and MR = 1.5. With GO2 - Thrust augmentation >50% measured injection into nozzle, measured thrust due to supersonic combustion

is 3200 lbf (~52% thrust augmentation achieved at 50:1 and MRL~3.0 )

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5 Implementation Approach for “LANTR-Based” Lunar Space Transportation System Architecture

• Objectives:

• Reduce “up-front” investment costs for “in-space” assembly infrastructure • Eliminate need for developing new ~130 t “Saturn V”-class HLLV -- major cost element of a lunar transportation system (LTS) • Maximize delivered payload to the surface on each lunar landing mission • Minimize LTS “recurring costs” so that commercialization and human settlement of the Moon can become practical

• Strategy:

• Utilize “all LH2” NTR-powered LTV operating initially in an “expendable mode” • Expendable approach reduces support infrastructure, IMLEO / allows use of Shuttle-C or “Shuttle-derived” heavy lift vehicle (SDHLV) for Earth-to-orbit launch • Cargo missions precede piloted with surface payloads “dedicated” primarily to LUNOX production and habitation requirements • LUNOX used for refueling LLVs initially, then LANTR-powered LTVs • Transitioning to “reusable” LTS architecture at the earliest possible date improves life cycle costs • Accumulated cost savings reinvested “gradually” in support infrastructure

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“Shuttle-Derived” Heavy Lift Vehicle (SDHLV) Options for Future Human Lunar Mission

Ref: S. K. Borowski, et al., “2001: A Space Odyssey” Revisited – The Feasibility of 24 Hour Commuter Flights to the Moon Using NTR Propulsion with LUNOX Afterburners,” NASA/TM—1998-208830 (December 1998) Exploration Transportation

6 Reference “Lunar Orbit Rendezvous” (LOR) Mission Ground Rules and Assumptions

• Payload Outbound:

• Payload Inbound:

• Parking Orbits:

• Trans-lunar injection ²V assumed to be 3100 m/s + g-losses • Lunar orbit capture/trans-Earth injection ² V’s assumed to be 915 m/s • Earth return: Direct capsule entry • Earth gravity assist disposal ² V assumed to be 194 m/s (for NTR missions) • Mission duration: 54 days* (2 in LEO, 7 in transit, 45 days at Moon) • ETO type/payload capability: Shuttle-C or SDHLV / 66 t to 407 km circular • LTV assembly scenario: 2 ETO launches with EOR&D (IMLEO < 132 t)

*Chemical TLI and NTR “core” stages in LEO for 30 days prior to second ETO launch.

Lunar NTR / LANTR Space Transportation System Assumptions

• NTR / LANTR = 15 klbf/4904 lbm (LH2 NTR) Systems: = 15 klbf/5797 lbm (LANTR @ MR=0.0)

= Tricarbide/Cryogenic LH2 and LOX

= 940 s (@ O/F MR = 0.0/LH2 only) = 647 s (@ O/F MR = 3.0) = 514 s (@ O/F MR = 7.0) = 2.84 kg/MWt of reactor power = 1% of total tank capacity = 1.5% of total tank capacity

= 3% of usable LH2 propellant

• RCS System: =N2O4/MMH =320 s = 5% of total RCS propellants

• Cryogenic = “Weldalite” Al/Li alloy Tankage: = 4.6 - 7.6 m = Cylindrical tanks with ¦ 2/2 domes = 2 inches MLI + micrometeoroid debris shield = 1.31/2.44 kg/m2/month (LEO @ ~ 240 K) = 0.56/0.90 kg/m2/month (in-space @ ~ 172 K) = 1.91/3.68 kg/m2/month (LLO @ ~ 272 K)

• Contingency Engines, shields and stage dry mass = 15%

kheed Eqn” heat flux estimates for MLI ² t ~ 2 inches

7 Evolution of NTR-Based Lunar Transportation System With LUNOX Development & Utilization

Required LUNOX Levels: b) "84 hr" a) "84 hr" Expendable NTR ~20 t ~80 t ~210 t Expendable LH2 Only e) "24 hr" Shuttle Chemical Reusable LANTR LOX/LH2 c) "84 hr" With LUNOX Reusable NTR LH2 Only 15 t "Commuter" d) "84 hr" Reusable Module 8.8 t Cargo/ LANTR LTV 9 t With LUNOX Cargo No Lander 5 t Cargo 24 t cargo/ 4.6 m 4.6 m 14 t 4.6 m LOX LH2 LH2 LH2 LOX LOX LH2 4.6 m ~44 m

7.6 m LOX 7.6 m 7.6 m LH2 LH2 7.6 m LH2 LH2

LH2

IMLEO (t) = 132 132 98 152 196

Ref: Borowski et al., NASA/TM--1998-208830 Exploration Transportation ∆V ( TLI + LOI ) ~ 4.1 km / s ~ 6.9 km / s

LUNOX Production Requirements

• 24 Hour “1-way” Transits (15 t / 20 Passenger Transport Module):

• LTV: (94.0 t LUNOX / mission*) x 52 weeks / year = 4888 t / year • LLV: (28.8 t LUNOX / flight+) x (1 flight / LLV / week) x 4 LLVs x 52 weeks / year = 5990 t / year

Annual LUNOX Production Rate =10878 t / year ------*Assumes LUNOX Usage on “Moon-to-Earth” Transit only +Assumes LLV Transports ~25 t of LUNOX to LLO and Returns to Lunar Surface with Empty 5 t “Mobile” LUNOX Tanker Vehicle

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8 Lunar Mining Concept Comparisons

Comp arison of Differe nt Lun ar Mi ning Con cepts —P lant Mass, Po wer and Regolith Th roughput—

• Hydrogen R edu ction of “Iron- rich” V olcanic Glass: (LUNO X Produc tion @ 100 0 t/yr)

• Plant Mass (Mining, “limi ted” B eneficiation, Processing and Power) = 167 t • Power Req uirements (Mining, “limi ted” Be neficiation and P rocessing) = 2.4 MWe • Regolith T hrough put ( “limited” beneficiation, direct pro cessing of “iron -rich” 4 volcan ic glass (“orange soil”) with 4% O 2 yield and MM R = 25 to 1) = 2.5x10 t/yr

* • Lun ar He lium-3 Extraction : (50 00 kg (5 t ) He3/year)

• Mobile Mi ners (15 0 miners re quired each we ighing 18 t/ = 2700 t each miner pr oduc es 33 kg H e3 per year) • Power Req uirements (200 kW d irect solar power/mi ner) = 30.0 MW • Regolith T hrough out ( processing and capture o f Solar W ind Implanted (SW I) volatiles occurs aboa rd the mi ner ) = 7.1x108 t/yr

*NOTE: The processing of lunar regolith for solar wind implanted He3 for terrestrial fusion power also produces large quantities 3 of volatile by-product. For each metric ton (1000 kg) of He mined, ~6100 t of H2 and ~3300 t of H2O are also produced! This activity would therefore provide very large supplies of LH2 and LOX for LANTR, NEP/MPD and chemical engines.

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Mining Area & LUNOX Production Rates to Support “24 Hour” Lunar Commuter Flight

At the S.E. edge of the “Sea of Serenity” (Latitude: ~ 21o North / Longitude: ~29o East) lies a vast deposit of iron-rich volcanic glass beads tens of meters thick (one of many sites on Moon)

Could supply enough LUNOX for daily 24 hour commuter flights to Moon for next 9000 yrs.!

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9 Future Artificial Gravity Station (AGS)

Using 500 kWe Fission Power System

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Passenger Transport Module (PTM) Departing LEO Station for Docking with LANTR-powered Lunar Transfer Vehicle (LTV)

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10 “24 Hours” to the Moon Using LANTR -- Leaving Orbit: “Aloha Earth” --

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LANTR “Afterburner” Nozzles in Operation During the LTV Earth Departure Phase

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11 “24 Hours” to the Moon Using LANTR -- The Outbound Leg --

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Approaching the Western Rim Destination: SE Edge of the “Sea of Serenity” (Latitude: ~ 21o North / Longitude: ~29o East)

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12 PTM Transfer from “Sikorsky-style” Lunar Landing Vehicle (LLV) to “Flat-bed” Electric Surface Transport

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“Commercial” LUNOX Production Facility & Supporting Hardware

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13 LUNOX Tanker LLV on Route to the Orbiting NEP Propellant Depot

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Human-tended NEP “Tanker/Propellant Depot”

Supporting 24 Hour Lunar Commuter Flights

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14 Significant Technology Development is Underway To Support Design Definition for Future Bimodal NTR Robotic and Human Missions

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Human Exploration Possibilities Using NTR

High thrust and Isp, power generation and ISRU allow significant downstream growth capability--"Revolution through Evolution"

Earth Mars Asteroids Moon H2O Callisto LUNOX H O /Polar Ice 2 LH2 and LOX H2O Deimos Jupiter Phobos Europa Ganymede

■ Mission possibilities: - Reusable Lunar and Mars Transfer Vehicles - "24 Hour" Commuter Flights to the Moon - Reusable Mars Ascent/Descent Vehicles Exploration Transportation