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Identity Resilience Within the Coloured South African

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Identity Resilience Within the Coloured South African IDENTITY RESILIENCE WITHIN THE COLOURED SOUTH AFRICAN COMMUN CANADA ITY IN ; EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF SETTLER COLONIALISM, RACIALIZATION AND DIASPORIC MOVEMENT ON RACIAL/SELF IDENTIFICATION GILLIAN VON LANGSDORFF A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ARTS GRADUATE PROGRAM IN INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO NOVEMBER 2018 (c) GILLIAN VON LANGSDORFF, 2018 Abstract This thesis is an interdisciplinary examination of the resilience of Coloured South African racial identity/self identification. I assert that the dark legacy of settler colonialism, and its concomitant racialization and diasporic movement resulted in the persistence of many identity/traits within immigrant Coloureds living in the Toronto area, long after their departure from South Africa. Coloured identity remains complex and often contradictory while continuing to impact the lives of these immigrants. Existing research and my personal knowledge supplements the life narratives of three Coloured South African interlocutors who emigrated to Canada in the late 1960s, during the tightening of apartheid legislation and heightened violence against non-whites. Only scanty information exists on this sizeable exodus. This study additionally provides a broader understanding of the persistence of settler colonialism, the impact of the associated racialization and diasporic movement, expands existing research on Coloured South Africans and presents the multifaceted and problematic position of being interracial, during apartheid. Key Words: apartheid, South African history, Coloureds, Coloured identity, settler colonialism, diaspora, racialization, racial oppression, racial categorisation, historical/ancestral silencing, racial diversity, racialized immigration, settlement, immigration and ongoing colonialism ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Completing this thesis would not have been imaginable without the assistance of key individuals. Dr. Cheryl van Daalen-Smith (former GPD), must be acknowledged for encouraging me to return to university after a 32-year gap, recognizing the legitimacy of my intended thesis topic and assisting in securing my Fellowship and Bursary. Thanks, must also go to Fiona Fernandes (GPA) and the successive INST directors Dr. Joe DeSouza (interim) and Dr. Kym Bird who oversaw the program during my time within the department. Without the support of my supervisors Profs Dan Yon, Wenona Giles and Carmela Murdocca, completing thi s thesis would have been impossible. Their guidance, feedback and input during this process was invaluable. I must also thank Kentry D. Jn Pierre for his thorough editing and interest in this research. My friend Sam remained a constant support during my many ups and downs over these past few years always reminding me of the merit this thesis and the need to have it heard. Where would I be without family? My family has endured a great deal without me being “fully present” in the past few years as I continued to overwork throughout this academic journey. To my husband Harald, a ‘thank you’ is clearly not enough. You, Tanisha, Sebastian and Tristan have been very supportive regardless of my absences, at often critical times, throughout my return to academics. Tanisha, its hard to put into words how wonderful it was to have you take such a vested interest in my return to university, my subject matter and our monumental “return home”. Words can never express how touched I am that we shared iii and fulfilled this dream together, through thick and thin. Finally, acknowledgment must go to my parents who persevered and struggled during their lives in South Africa and had the foresight to recognize the window of opportunity to emigrate especially at such a perilous time in South African history. Their unselfishness in leaving their beloved homeland, families and friends to save us from the cycle of ill-treatment experienced by generations of Coloureds and the brutality of apartheid cannot be measured in words. After completing this thesis, I am now more acutely aware of the full extent of what it has meant to be Coloured historically and clearly understand that our departure from South Africa was not merely an emigration but rather a consequence of the harsh legacy of colonialism. This confounding reality motivates me to research further about our people and to shed light on other underacknowledged communities who also suffer from colonialism’s hold. However, now that I have finally completed this thesis I am more at peace given that: There is no greater agony than bearing an untold story inside you. (Maya Angelou) vi Table of Contents Abstract..............................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements...........................................................................................................iii Table of Contents...............................................................................................................v Chapter 1 Introduction……………………………………………………………….1 Choosing a Methodology ………………………………………………...9 Chapter 2 Literature Review Coloureds and Apartheid Background………………………………….18 Settler Colonialism……………………………………………………...31 Racialization……………………………………………………….……37 Migration and Diasporic Movement……………………………………43 Chapter 3 Life Stories Gavin……………………………………………………………………52 Eve………………………………………………………………………78 Pieter…………………………………………………………………...104 Chapter 4 Reflections, Conclusion, Summary Reflections and Conclusion……………………………………………130 Summary…………………………………………………………………...….154 Postscript………………………………………………………………………156 Bibliography v CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In Canada, the racialized and historical classification “Coloured”, legalized in apartheid South Africa from 1948-1994, continues to hold sway in contradictory ways in the lives of some “Coloured” South African immigrants after more then 50 years. My thesis explores the persistence of these contradictions and their origins through interviews with three long-time immigrants to Canada who shared their various life journeys from childhood to departure from South Africa, to arrival and resettlement in Canada many years ago. All three interviewees, Gavin, Eve and Pieter,1 explore conflicting identities imbued by their own historical “Coloured” classification. To better comprehend the complicated story and identity construction of Coloureds requires an understanding of South Africa’s equally complex history as the two are intimately entwined. Although expanded in the literature review (Chapter Two), I give a brief synopsis to assist. Unique to South Africa, Coloured was the formal, legal term given to the mixed-race population2 in the twentieth century who held a dubious position within this largely racialized society, resulting from their diverse ethnoracial ancestry. South Africa’s colonial history and the associated aspects of racialization and diasporic movement continue to bear down on this population. 1 These are pseudonyms. 2 The Coloured category was made up of multiracial groups which included Cape Malay, Indians and “other Coloureds” such as Griqua, Nama, those of Khoisan or Bantu speaking ancestry, other Asians (Chinese) and all others not easily classified as either White or Black. 1 The Cape colony was not considered a sought- after location until the mid 1600s when quite accidentally, the Dutch landed on these shores. Soon, the Cape was found to be a particularly strategic location for the much- needed rest, medical care and replenishment required by traders, explorers and settlers. Located at the half way point between Europe and the eastern trade route, this southern most location became an integral part of seventeenth to nineteenth century European expansionism. The Cape colony supplied vast amounts of ships filled with peoples from all corners of the globe, many of whom settled there. South Africa not only offered a wealth of natural resources but the unexpected discovery of vast reserves of precious minerals, in the nineteenth century quickly changed its economic focus and importance, rapidly making it an international player. The Cape colony was quickly populated by Europeans and colonized by both the Dutch and British over four centuries. During this colonial period (1652-1910), land was considered open for the taking (terra nullius, as defined in Chapter Two). The local Indigenous and African populations suffered greatly at the hands of these invasive settlers determined to permanently claim these lands and resources as their own (Maylam, 2001; Wolfe, 2006; Verancini, 2011). Regardless, each local group was affected differently. Africans were needed as exploitable labour while the Indigenous were simply regarded as hindering access to the much- desired land (Wolfe, 2001, 2006). Emphasizing the “structural complexity of settler colonialism” (Wolfe, 2006, p. 388), Wolfe contends that access to land, not race was the primary motivation for the extermination of the Indigenous (p. 388). Many scholars (Wolfe, 2001, 2006; Verancini, 2010; LeFevre, 2015; Kauanui, 2016) attest to the agenda of settler colonialism being the eradication of the native 2 populations (discussed later). Kauanui (2016) agrees with Wolfe (2006) that settler colonialism destroys to replace and that fundamentally it is “eliminatory however not invariably genocidal” (Kauanui, 2016, p. 2). Relevant to this thesis is “biocultural assimilation” (Coombes, 2006, p. 1), a recognized method of eradication. The existence
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