Mind Your Colour the 'Coloured'
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Calvinism in the Context of the Afrikaner Nationalist Ideology
ASIAN AND AFRICAN STUDIES, 78, 2009, 2, 305-323 CALVINISM IN THE CONTEXT OF THE AFRIKANER NATIONALIST IDEOLOGY Jela D o bo šo vá Institute of Oriental Studies, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Klemensova 19, 813 64 Bratislava, Slovakia [email protected] Calvinism was a part of the mythic history of Afrikaners; however, it was only a specific interpretation of history that made it a part of the ideology of the Afrikaner nationalists. Calvinism came to South Africa with the first Dutch settlers. There is no historical evidence that indicates that the first settlers were deeply religious, but they were worshippers in the Nederlands Hervormde Kerk (Dutch Reformed Church), which was the only church permitted in the region until 1778. After almost 200 years, Afrikaner nationalism developed and connected itself with Calvinism. This happened due to the theoretical and ideological approach of S. J.du Toit and a man referred to as its ‘creator’, Paul Kruger. The ideology was highly influenced by historical developments in the Netherlands in the late 19th century and by the spread of neo-Calvinism and Christian nationalism there. It is no accident, then, that it was during the 19th century when the mythic history of South Africa itself developed and that Calvinism would play such a prominent role in it. It became the first religion of the Afrikaners, a distinguishing factor in the multicultural and multiethnic society that existed there at the time. It legitimised early thoughts of a segregationist policy and was misused for political intentions. Key words: Afrikaner, Afrikaner nationalism, Calvinism, neo-Calvinism, Christian nationalism, segregation, apartheid, South Africa, Great Trek, mythic history, Nazi regime, racial theories Calvinism came to South Africa in 1652, but there is no historical evidence that the settlers who came there at that time were Calvinists. -
South Africa
CultureGramsTM Republic of World Edition 2014 South Africa provisions station at Cape Town. It supplied ships with fresh BACKGROUND foods as they sailed around the tip of the continent. French Huguenot refugees joined the Dutch colony in 1688 and Land and Climate Germans came later. The colonists became known as Boers Area (sq. mi.): 470,693 (farmers). They clashed at times with indigenous groups but Area (sq. km.): 1,219,090 stayed mainly in coastal areas. Britain gained formal possession of the Cape Colony in 1814. Dissatisfaction with South Africa is about the size of Peru, or slightly larger than British rule led many Boers to migrate to the interior between the U.S. states of Texas, New Mexico, and Oklahoma 1835 and 1848. Their migration, which they call the Great combined. The country's large interior plateau averages about Trek, led to war with the indigenous Zulu, Xhosas, and other 5,000 feet (1,500 meters) above sea level. Primarily savanna Africans. The Boers won most of the battles and took control and semidesert, the plateau is rimmed by a narrow coastal of large tracts of land. belt, which is subtropical along the east coast and has a After the discovery of gold and diamonds in these Boer Mediterranean climate along the southwestern cape. South territories in the late 19th century, Britain annexed parts of Africa's most important rivers are the Orange, Vaal, and the area. Tension erupted into the First Boer War (1880–81) Limpopo. and the Second Boer War (1899–1902), which is also called Snow is confined to the Drakensberg and Maluti the South African War. -
A Look at the Coloured Community
NOT FOR PUBLICATION INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS JCB-10- A Look at the 16 Dan Pienaaz Road Coloued Commun_ ty Duzban, Nat al Republic of South Africa June 1st, 1962 Ir. Richard Nolte Institute of Current World Affairs 66 ladison Avenue New York 17, Iew York Dear ir. Nolte: There are many interesting parallels between the South African Coloured people and the Nnerican Negro. Each is a group today only because colour singles them out for dis- crimination. They each have developed a culture that has little in common with that of the tribal African. And perhaps their most striking s iw.ilarity'lies in their mutual desire for full cit.zenship in their respective countries. However, while the position of the Negro ]as improved considerably in the last fifteen years the opposite has been true in South Africa. e Coloured population has not yet reached tle toint where they have a strong group consciousness, nor do they have the hope of a national government implementing a consti- tution in which their rights are fully guaranteed. They lack what ot-er South African racial groups have and that is a distinct cultural identity of their own. Their culture is that of the White South African, especially the Afrikaner. Even the Cape Malays, who with trei: loslem faith are about the most 'foreign' of the Coloureds, speak Afrikaans. Because there is so little difference in culture, light skins have made possible easy entry into the hite community. One social worker estimates that in recent years 25,000 have left the Cape to establish White identities in the Transvaal. -
Verby Komatipoort? Rasseproblematiek in Die Portugees-Afrikaanse Reisverhale Van Elsa Joubert
VERBY KOMATIPOORT? RASSEPROBLEMATIEK IN DIE PORTUGEES-AFRIKAANSE REISVERHALE VAN ELSA JOUBERT. LIZETTE GROBLER Tesis ingelewer ter gedeeltelike voldoening aan die vereistes vir die graad van Magister in die Lettere en Wysbegeerte aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch. Studieleier Prof. Siegfried Huigen Desember 2005 Ek, die ondergetekende, verklaar hiermee dat die werk in hierdie tesis vervat, my eie oorspronklike werk is en dat ek dit nie vantevore in die geheel of gedeeltelik by enige universiteit ter verkryging van ’n graad voorgelê het nie. Handtekening: Datum: 1 September 2005 Bedankings My opregte dank aan: • My promotor, professor Siegfried Huigen, vir sy lankmoedigheid en skerpsinnige kommentaar • My eksaminatore, professor Louise Viljoen en professor Ena Jansen, vir hul insiggewende terugvoer • My eggenoot, Kobus Grobler, vir sy geduld, liefde, aanmoediging en ondersteuning • My ouers Albé en Suzie Bakker, vir hul gebede, taktvolle onderskraging en liefde • My skoonouers, Kobus en Jessie Grobler, my familie en ander pleitbesorgers vir hul ondersteuning, liefde en gebede • My vriendinne Retha Schoeman, Naomi Bruwer en Jihie Moon vir hul inspirasie en aanmoediging • My oupa, Freddie Bakker, wat my voorgraadse studie moontlik gemaak het • Al die dosente van die Departement Afrikaans en Nederlands, veral dr. Ronel Foster, vir hul hulp en belangstelling. • Mev. Hannie van der Merwe en mnr. Trevor Crowley wat gehelp het met die manuskrip se voorbereiding • My Hemelse Vader vir sy ruim oorskulp en groot genade. Erkennings Hiermee word -
Coloured’ Schools in Cape Town, South Africa
Constructing Ambiguous Identities: Negotiating Race, Respect, and Social Change in ‘Coloured’ Schools in Cape Town, South Africa Daniel Patrick Hammett Ph.D. The University of Edinburgh 2007 1 Declaration This thesis has been composed by myself from the results of my own work, except where otherwise acknowledged. It has not been submitted in any previous application for a degree. i Abstract South African social relations in the second decade of democracy remain framed by race. Spatial and social lived realities, the continued importance of belonging – to feel part of a community, mean that identifying as ‘coloured’ in South Africa continues to be contested, fluid and often ambiguous. This thesis considers the changing social location of ‘coloured’ teachers through the narratives of former and current teachers and students. Education is used as a site through which to explore the wider social impacts of social and spatial engineering during and subsequent to apartheid. Two key themes are examined in the space of education, those of racial identity and of respect. These are brought together in an interwoven narrative to consider whether or not ‘coloured’ teachers in the post-apartheid period are respected and the historical trajectories leading to the contemporary situation. Two main concerns are addressed. The first considers the question of racial identification to constructions of self-identity. Working with post-colonial theory and notions of mimicry and ambivalence, the relationship between teachers and the identifier ‘coloured’ is shown to be problematic and contested. Second, and connected to teachers’ engagement with racialised identities, is the notion of respect. As with claims to identity and racial categorisation, the concept of respect is considered as mutable and dynamic and rendered with contextually subjective meanings that are often contested and ambivalent. -
MAATSKAPPY, STATE, and EMPIRE: a PRO-BOER REVISION Joseph R
MAATSKAPPY, STATE, AND EMPIRE: A PRO-BOER REVISION Joseph R. Stromberg* As we approach the centennial of the Second Anglo–Boer War (Tweede Vryheidsoorlog, or “Second War for Freedom”), reassessment of the South African experience seems in order. Whether the recent surrender by Afrikaner political leaders of their “central theme” and the dismantling of their grandiose Apartheid state will lead to heaven on earth (as some of the Soweto “comrades” expected), or even to a merely tolerable multiracial polity, remains in doubt. Historians have tended to look for the origins of South Africa’s “very strange society” in the interaction of various peoples and political forces on a rapidly changing frontier, especially in the 19th century. APPROACHES TO SOUTH AFRICAN FRONTIER HISTORY At least two major schools of interpretation developed around these issues. The first, Cape Liberals, viewed the frontier Boers largely as rustic ruffians who abused the natives and disrupted or- derly economic progress only to be restrained, at last, by humani- tarian and legalistic British paternalists. Afrikaner excesses, therefore, were the proximate cause and justification of the Boer War and the consolidation of British power over a united South Africa. The “imperial factor” on this view was liberal and pro- gressive in intent if not in outcome. The opposing school were essentially Afrikaner nationalists who viewed the Boers as a uniquely religious people thrust into a dangerous environment where they necessarily resorted to force to overcome hostile African tribes and periodic British harassment. The two traditions largely agreed on the centrality of the frontier, but differed radically on the villains and heroes.1 Beginning in the 1960s and ’70s, a third position was heard, that of younger “South Africanists” driven to distraction (and some *Joseph R. -
Afrikaans Literature and Other Themes
ISSUE NUMBffl THRE & FOUR • 1998 • Afrikaans Literature and Other Themes Dapo Adeniyi and felicit'ous headlines; all seemingly mea- sured or sparing, and sufficiently serious to Robert Kriger and Ethel Kriger keep in the frame of dignified intellectual pub- (Issue eds.) AFRICANS LITERA- lications. TURE: RECOLLECTION. REDEFINI- Three more recent volumes, but account- ing for five issues (two double issue, one single) TION, RESTITUTION (Matatu 15- on Afrikaans Literature: Recollection, Redefi- 16), Rodopi, Amsterdam & Atlanta, nition and Restitution (Matatu 15-16); Preserv- G.A., 1996, 336pp. ing the Landscape of Imagination: Children's Literature in Africa (Matatu 17-18) and With Open Eyes: Women and African Cinema Raoul Granqvist and Jurgen Mar- (Matatu 19) have clear indications of current interests by the journal with possible glimpses tini (Issue eds.) PRESERVING THE into the near future when the present is con- LANDSCAPE of IMAGINATION: trasted with the past. CHILDREN'S LITERATURE IN And Matatu grows text heavier; matters AFRICA (Matatu 17-18). 1997, 361 which it throws up implicate vast regional as well as cross-regional African landscapes. Or- pp. dinarily the broad spectrum of African national literatures in English ought to assure a cease- less flow of matter and - barring other limita- Kenneth W. Harrow (Issue ed.) tions - regularity of publication. This unfortu- WITH OPEN EYES: WOMEN AND nately is hardly always the case, and the AFRICAN CINEMA (Matatu 19), present writer should know! - conversations with editors of African literature -
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report: Volume 2
VOLUME TWO Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report The report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was presented to President Nelson Mandela on 29 October 1998. Archbishop Desmond Tutu Ms Hlengiwe Mkhize Chairperson Dr Alex Boraine Mr Dumisa Ntsebeza Vice-Chairperson Ms Mary Burton Dr Wendy Orr Revd Bongani Finca Adv Denzil Potgieter Ms Sisi Khampepe Dr Fazel Randera Mr Richard Lyster Ms Yasmin Sooka Mr Wynand Malan* Ms Glenda Wildschut Dr Khoza Mgojo * Subject to minority position. See volume 5. Chief Executive Officer: Dr Biki Minyuku I CONTENTS Chapter 1 Chapter 6 National Overview .......................................... 1 Special Investigation The Death of President Samora Machel ................................................ 488 Chapter 2 The State outside Special Investigation South Africa (1960-1990).......................... 42 Helderberg Crash ........................................... 497 Special Investigation Chemical and Biological Warfare........ 504 Chapter 3 The State inside South Africa (1960-1990).......................... 165 Special Investigation Appendix: State Security Forces: Directory Secret State Funding................................... 518 of Organisations and Structures........................ 313 Special Investigation Exhumations....................................................... 537 Chapter 4 The Liberation Movements from 1960 to 1990 ..................................................... 325 Special Investigation Appendix: Organisational structures and The Mandela United -
The Poetic Utilization of Dialectal Varieties of the Afrikaans Language for Strategic Purposes in the Southern African Context
Bernard J. Odendaal The Poetic Utilization of Dialectal Varieties of the Afrikaans Language for Strategic Purposes in the Southern African Context Abstract: Afrikaans is a southern African language named after the continent on which it has evolved from seventeenth-century Dutch in a complex contact situa- tion between European settlers, their imported slaves, and indigenous peoples. It was standardized in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries for literary purposes, among others. The poetic utilization of dialectal or colloquial varieties of Afrikaans, however, has been an important trend in its literary history, espe- cially since the advent of the so-called Movement of the 1960s. The relevant vari- eties include geolects like Karoo Afrikaans, but also sociolects like “Loslitafri- kaans” (informal Afrikaans, characterized by being mixed with English), Cape Afrikaans, and Griqua Afrikaans. As a stylistic device, the use of dialectal Afri- kaans has served both literary-strategic purposes (literary renewal) and socio-po- litical aims (as actuality literature or socio-politically engaged poetry). As a whole, it transpires that the pressing socio-political and broader cultural condi- tions that have dictated past developments, or are driving present ones, in South and southern Africa (resistance to nineteenth-century efforts at anglicizing south- ern Africa, the advent and decline of Apartheid, the increasingly hegemonic posi- tion of English in the post-Apartheid dispensation) loom large behind the relative importance of this trend in Afrikaans poetry. Keywords: actuality, Afrikaans geolects and sociolects, socio-political and cultur- al conditions, socio-political engagement, strategic poetic utilization, stylistic re- newal 1 Introductory notes on the origins of the Afrikaans language and literature Afrikaans is a southern African language, named after the continent on which it originated. -
Forced Removal of Population the Apartheid Regime Has Sought to Enforce Strict Territorial Segregation of the Different ‘Population Groups’
residence, commercial activities and industry for members of the White, Coloured and Asian groups (each in separate zones). Based on these group areas are segregated local government structures, and a segregated tricameral parliament with separate White, Coloured and Indian chambers, designed to preserve white political power while extending limited participation in central government to small sections of the Indian and Coloured communities. The majority of the population in South Africa is united in rejecting the segregated political structures of apartheid. Forced Removal of Population The apartheid regime has sought to enforce strict territorial segregation of the different ‘population groups’. People are forcibly evicted from their homes if they are in a zone which the government has asigned to another group. The government speaks, not of forced removal or eviction, but of Relocation and Resettlement. The evictions take place in many different kinds of areas and under different laws. In rural areas people are moved on a number of different pretexts. The places in which they live may be designated Black Spots — these are areas of land occupied and owned by Africans which the government has designated for another group, usually white. The occupiers are moved to a bantustan. Others are moved in the course of Consolidation of the bantustans, as the regime attempts to reduce the number of fragments of land which make up the bantustans. Over a million black tenants have been evicted from white owned farms since the 1960s. Tenants who paid cash rent to the farms were called Squatters, implying they had no right to be on the land. -
Johannesburg 197* Inhqudsopgave Blaasy
.DIE 0 N5 VIKKB LI » G V A N 3 IB AfBlKAAMSB DRAMA SEDER® 1 955 Bltton ibete % V>rbAndeling voorgelS aan die Fakulteit Letter# en Vyebegeerte t Univeroiteit van die Vitwaterarand (Eepartenent Afrikaans & Rederlands), ter verkryging van die graad Magister Artixuu Johannesburg 197* inhqudsopgave BlaAsy HOOESTUK It Inlaiding 1 HOOFSTUK II: Tyd en ruiate 1. InleMend 6 2. Die ouor Afrikaanae drama 12 5. "Die beataan as tyd": Bartho Sait se Christine; 14 4. Die tyd aa ruiate: Dolf van Niekerk ae Ewart voor dagbreek 2? . 5 . Kuimtelike aktiverittg van die verlede: Adam Small se Kanna hy k d . hyatoe 55 HOOFSTUK III: ’n Veranderde wSreldbeakouing 1. Inleidend 4 8 2. Die absurde: Bagaaie en Elders mooiweer en warm van Andr6 P. Brink ' 40 Eksposisie en karakter* beeldihg in die ouer Afrikaanae drama ^ 8 Andr6 P. Brink, Bagaaie 57 Elderm mooiweer en warm 77 Chris Barnard, Pa, mask vir my /n vlieBr, pa 6 ^ Bartho Smit, Putaonderwater 95 HOOFSTUK IV: Slotbeskouing 1 0 2 Voetnotaa en verwysings 1 0 8 Bibliogralie 1 1 3 HOOESTUK 1: INLEIDINS In die sestigerjare het daar in dt- Afrikaanse proaa *n vernuwing plaasgevind wat voigens literSre historic! 8008 Antonissen1^net so ingrypend on omvangryk was as die vernuwing wat daar in die dertigerjare op die gebied van die poSsie ervaar is. AndrS P. Brink het ey boek Aspekte van die nuwe prosa^^geheel en al aan hierdie vernuwing gewy en Van Vyk Louw het *n reeks liter$r~teoretiese op^telle* VoT*nuw.lne in die nrosa.^ W die kentering in ons letter- kundet veral dan die prosa, geakryf. -
History 1886
How many bones must you bury before you can call yourself an African? Updated December 2009 A South African Diary: Contested Identity, My Family - Our Story Part D: 1886 - 1909 Compiled by: Dr. Anthony Turton [email protected] Caution in the use and interpretation of these data This document consists of events data presented in chronological order. It is designed to give the reader an insight into the complex drivers at work over time, by showing how many events were occurring simultaneously. It is also designed to guide future research by serious scholars, who would verify all data independently as a matter of sound scholarship and never accept this as being valid in its own right. Read together, they indicate a trend, whereas read in isolation, they become sterile facts devoid of much meaning. Given that they are “facts”, their origin is generally not cited, as a fact belongs to nobody. On occasion where an interpretation is made, then the commentator’s name is cited as appropriate. Where similar information is shown for different dates, it is because some confusion exists on the exact detail of that event, so the reader must use caution when interpreting it, because a “fact” is something over which no alternate interpretation can be given. These events data are considered by the author to be relevant, based on his professional experience as a trained researcher. Own judgement must be used at all times . All users are urged to verify these data independently. The individual selection of data also represents the author’s bias, so the dataset must not be regarded as being complete.