DOCSLIB.ORG

Brassicaceae Mustards: Traditional and Agronomic Uses in Australia and New Zealand

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Brassicaceae Mustards: Traditional and Agronomic Uses in Australia and New Zealand molecules Review Brassicaceae Mustards: Traditional and Agronomic Uses in Australia and New Zealand Mahmudur Rahman ID , Amina Khatun ID , Lei Liu ID and Bronwyn J. Barkla * ID Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW-2480, Australia; [email protected] (M.R.); [email protected] (A.K.); [email protected] (L.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-2-6620-3159 Received: 20 November 2017; Accepted: 18 January 2018; Published: 21 January 2018 Abstract: Commonly cultivated Brassicaceae mustards, namely garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), white mustard (Brassica alba), Ethiopian mustard (B. carinata), Asian mustard (B. juncea), oilseed rape (B. napus), black mustard (B. nigra), rapeseed (B. rapa), white ball mustard (Calepina irregularis), ball mustard (Neslia paniculata), treacle mustard (Erysimum repandum), hedge mustard (Sisymbrium officinale), Asian hedge mustard (S. orientale), smooth mustard (S. erysimoides) and canola are the major economically important oilseed crops in many countries. Mustards were naturalized to Australia and New Zealand and Australia is currently the second largest exporter of Brassicaceae oilseeds to meet the global demand for a healthy plant-derived oil, high in polyunsaturated fats. Apart from providing edible oil, various parts of these plants and many of their phytochemicals have been used traditionally for both agronomic as well as medicinal purposes, with evidence of their use by early Australian and New Zealand settlers and also the indigenous population. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of traditional and agronomic uses of Brassicaceae oilseeds and mustards with a focus on their importance in Australia and New Zealand. Keywords: Brassicaceae oilseeds; bioactive constituents; canola; mustard; glucosinolates; agronomic importance; Australia and New Zealand traditional medicine 1. Introduction Brassicaceae comprise a diverse family of plants and provide one of the most extensive and varied range of end products used by man from a single plant genus. Mustards are members of the Brassicaceae family, and are among the earliest cultivated plants. Their seeds are one of the oldest recorded spices with use and cultivation dating back over 5000 years [1–3]. Literature suggests that, within the history of human settlement in Australia and New Zealand, different types of Brassicaceae mustards, namely Alliaria petiolata, Brassica alba, B. carinata, B. juncea, B. napus, B. nigra, B. rapa, Calepina irregularis, Erysimum repandum, Neslia paniculata, Sisymbrium officinale, S. orientale and S. erysimoides have been naturalized (Figure1), and adapted for use as food, incorporated into traditional medicine and play an important role in the agriculture of the two countries [4–15]. Molecules 2018, 23, 231; doi:10.3390/molecules23010231 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Molecules 2018, 23, 231 2 of 18 Molecules 2018, 23, 231 2 of 18 Figure 1. DistributionDistribution of ofmustards mustards in inAustralia Australia and and New New Zealand. Zealand. A. pe A.= Alliaria pe = Alliaria petiolata petiolata, B. al =, B.Brassica al = albaBrassica, B. ju alba= B., junceaB. ju, B.= naB. = junceaB. napus, B., B. na ni = B.B. nigra napus, B., raB. = niB. rapa= B., C. nigra ir = ,CalepinaB. ra =irregularisB. rapa, C.E. irre= =Calepina Erysimum irregularis repandum, E., reN.= paErysimum = Neslia repandumpaniculata,,N. S. paof == NesliaSisymbrium paniculata officinale, S. of, =S.Sisymbrium or = S. orientale officinale and, S.S. er or == S.S. erysimoides orientale and. BoxS. represents er = S. erysimoides in which .state Box or represents region the in species which are state distributed. or region The the figure species is areadapted distributed. from [16–19], The figure Atlas isof adapted Living Australia, from [16– 19Australia’s], Atlas of Virtual Living Herbarium, Australia, Australia’sFlora of Australia Virtual Herbarium,Online, Flora Floraof New of Zealand, Australia Plants Online, for the Flora Future of NewDatabase, Zealand, National Plants Library for theof New Future Zealand, Database, New NationalZealand LibraryPlant Conservation of New Zealand, Network, New ZealandAuckland Plant Museum Conservation (http://www.aucklandmuseum.com/ Network, Auckland Museum (collection/object/)http://www.aucklandmuseum.com/collection/object/ and http://www.herbiguide.com.au. ) and http://www.herbiguide.com.au. Mustards havehave been been consumed consumed for centuriesfor centuries as vegetables, as vegetables, and their and products their usedproducts as condiments used as andcondiments as edible and and as industrial edible and oils industrial [2,20]. The oils oil [2,2 is commonly0]. The oil used is commonly for cooking used and for to cooking add a hot and and to spicy add flavora hot and to food spicy [7 ].flavor As a crop,to food they [7]. are As also a crop, one ofthey the are highest also one oil yielding of the highest and high oil proteinyielding containing and high oilseedprotein species.containing Economically oilseed species. important Economically members ofimportant this family members include vegetablesof this family like broccoli,include cabbage,vegetables Chinese like broccoli, cabbage, cabbage, turnip, andChinese cauliflower, cabbage, and turnip, the seed and oil cauliflower, crop canola and [18 ,21the]. seed Canola oil iscrop the secondcanola [18,21]. most economically Canola is the important second most edible econom oilseedically crop worldwide,important edible with annualoilseed world crop worldwide, production inwith excess annual of 73 world million production tons. It is in the excess third-most of 73 importantmillion tons. crop It tois Australianthe third-most agriculture important after crop wheat to andAustralian barley, agriculture and second after most wheat cultivated and barley, oilseed and after second soybean, most cultivated with an annual oilseed production after soybean, of about with 3.5an millionannual tonsproduction [2,22]. Accordingof about 3.5 to themillion crop reportstons [2,22]. of Australian According Oilseeds to the Federationcrop reports and of first Australian quarter reportOilseeds of AgriculturalFederation and commodities first quarte byr report Australian of Agricultural Bureau of Agriculturalcommodities andby Australian Resource Economics Bureau of andAgricultural Sciences and in 2017, Resource less than Economics 20% of theand rapeseed Sciences (largelyin 2017, canola)less than oil 20% produced of the inrapeseed Australia (largely stays incanola) the country. oil produced Over 80% in Australia of this commodity stays in the is exportedcountry. Over to Europe 80% of of this which commodity almost all is is exported directed toto bio-fuelEurope of production which almost [23]. Australiaall is directed supplies to bio-fuel about 20% production of the global [23]. demandAustralia for supplies edible canolaabout oil20% [24 of]. Thethe global edible demand oil contains for lowedible pungency, canola oil low [24]. erucic The acidedible (less oil than contains 2%) andlow lowpungency, aliphatic low glucosinolate erucic acid (less(less thanthan 30 2%)µmol/g). and low These aliphatic low levels glucosinolate have been (le obtainedss than from 30 µmol/g). designed These breeding low of levels several have cultivars been ofobtainedB. juncea from, B. designed napus, B. rapabreedingand S.of albaseveral[25, 26cultivars]. Australian of B. juncea canola, B. gradenapus, oilseed B. rapa cropsand S. consistently alba [25,26]. showAustralian on average canola a 2%grade higher oilseed oil yieldcrops than consistently worldwide show averages on average (41.8% compareda 2% higher to 40% oil oilyield per than dry seedworldwide weight) averages [27] and (41.8% yields morecompared oil per to unit 40% of oil land per area dry comparedseed weight) to any [27] other and oilseedyields more crop [oil21 ,28per]. Canolaunit of oilland is onearea of compared the most popularto any other edible oilseed and healthy crop [21,28]. cooking Canola oils due oil to is its one low of saturated the most fatty popular acid content,edible and high healthy mono-unsaturated cooking oils fattydue to acids, its low and saturated balanced contentfatty acid of omega-3content, high fatty mono-unsaturated acids. Canola oil is alsofatty used acids, to and manufacture balanced condiments, content of omega-3 as a preservative, fatty acids. and Canola as taste oil and is flavoralso used enhancers to manufacture in pickles, chutneycondiments, and otheras a processedpreservative, foods and [29 as]. Australiataste and exports flavor theenhancers surplus seedin pickles, meal after chutney oil extraction and other as aprocessed source of foods animal [29]. protein Australia [30]. exports Canada the is the surplus largest seed producer meal after and oil exporter extraction of canola as a source grade of rapeseed animal protein [30]. Canada is the largest producer and exporter of canola grade rapeseed which mainly Molecules 2018, 23, 231 3 of 18 which mainly grows genetically modified canola (GM) whereas the canola grade rapeseed grown in Australia is non-GM [23]. Like Australia, oilseed rape is the most important oilseed crop in New Zealand where it is the most popular food grade cooking oil and used to manufacture spreads, dressings and for biofuel production. The oil content is similar to the global average at about 40%. According to the United States Department of Agriculture statistics, about 55,000 metric tons of rapeseed oil was consumed in New Zealand
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Research Team Led by NYBG Scientist Identifies the Likely Original Relative of Many Food Crops, a Resource That Could Make Them More Environmentally Resilient
    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: May 24, 2021 Research Team Led by NYBG Scientist Identifies the Likely Original Relative of Many Food Crops, a Resource That Could Make Them More Environmentally Resilient Turnips, Broccoli Rabe, Bok Choy, and Others Might Benefit from the Genetic Diversity of Their Ancestor, Wild Brassica rapa, Probably First Domesticated More Than 3,000 Years Ago Wild Brassica rapa has been domesticated into a wide variety of related food crops, including turnips, broccoli rabe, bok choy, and oilseeds such as turnip rape and sarson. Illustration by Alex McAlvay, Ph.D. Bronx, NY—In a peer-reviewed article published online by the journal Molecular Biology and Evolution, a research team led by a New York Botanical Garden (NYBG) scientist identifies the likely wild, original relative of a group of important domesticated food plants, including turnips, broccoli rabe, bok choy, napa cabbage, and mizuna, a finding that could help improve the productivity and resilience of these crops and prioritize conservation efforts. Alex McAlvay, Ph.D., the Kate E. Tode Assistant Curator in NYBG’s Institute of Economic Botany, and his collaborators traced the ancestry of these plants, all of which are members of the same species, Brassica rapa, to the mountains of Central Asia, where they believe the species might have been originally domesticated more than 3,000 years ago. nybg.org “The wild relatives of crops harbor diversity that has been lost through generations of breeding and crop selection,” Dr. McAlvay said. “Identifying the center of origin of the individual crop plant is important as it often indicates where most of the crop diversity is present.” Thousands of years of selective breeding by humans for various desirable traits have led to the diversification of B.
    [Show full text]
  • Brassica Rapa Domestication: Untangling Wild and Feral Forms and Convergence of Crop Morphotypes Alex C
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.05.438488; this version posted April 6, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Brassica rapa domestication: untangling wild and feral forms and convergence of crop morphotypes Alex C. McAlvay, Aaron P. Ragsdale, Makenzie E. Mabry, Xinshuai Qi, Kevin A. Bird, Pablo Velasco, Hong An, J. Chris Pires, Eve Emshwiller Abstract The study of domestication contributes to our knowledge of evolution and crop genetic resources. Human selection has shaped wild Brassica rapa into diverse turnip, leafy, and oilseed crops. Despite its worldwide economic importance and potential as a model for understanding diversification under domestication, insights into the number of domestication events and initial crop(s) domesticated in B. rapa have been limited due to a lack of clarity about the wild or feral status of conspecific non-crop relatives. To address this gap and reconstruct the domestication history of B. rapa, we analyzed 68,468 genotyping-by-sequencing-derived SNPs for 416 samples in the largest diversity panel of domesticated and weedy B. rapa to date. To further understand the center of origin, we modeled the potential range of wild B. rapa during the mid-Holocene. Our analyses of genetic diversity across B. rapa morphotypes suggest that non-crop samples from the Caucasus, Siberia, and Italy may be truly wild, while those occurring in the Americas and much of Europe are feral.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Mapping Between Arabidopsis Thaliana and Brassica Nigra Indicates That Brassica Genomes Have Evolved Through Extensi
    Copyright 1998 by the Genetics Society of America Comparative Mapping Between Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica nigra Indicates That Brassica Genomes Have Evolved Through Extensive Genome Replication Accompanied by Chromosome Fusions and Frequent Rearrangements Ulf Lagercrantz Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden Manuscript received March 27, 1998 Accepted for publication July 24, 1998 ABSTRACT Chromosome organization and evolution in the Brassicaceae family was studied using comparative linkage mapping. A total of 160 mapped Arabidopsis thaliana DNA fragments identi®ed 284 homologous loci covering 751 cM in Brassica nigra. The data support that modern diploid Brassica species are descended from a hexaploid ancestor, and that the A. thaliana genome is similar in structure and complexity to those of each of the hypothetical diploid progenitors of the proposed hexaploid. Thus, the Brassica lineage probably went through a triplication after the divergence of the lineages leading to A. thaliana and B. nigra. These duplications were also accompanied by an exceptionally high rate of chromosomal rearrangements. The average length of conserved segments between A. thaliana and B. nigra was estimated at 8 cM. This estimate corresponds to z90 rearrangements since the divergence of the two species. The estimated rate of chromosomal rearrangements is higher than any previously reported data based on comparative mapping. Despite the large number of rearrangements, ®ne-scale comparative mapping between model plant A. thal- iana and Brassica crops is likely to result in the identi®cation of a large number of genes that affect important traits in Brassica crops. NE important aspect of genome evolution is polyploid (Masterson 1994).
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Feeding Brassica Juncea Seeds on Experimentally Induced Hyperlipidemia
    EMAD-UD-DIN ET AL (2014), FUUAST J. BIOL., 4(1): 61-64 EFFECT OF FEEDING BRASSICA JUNCEA SEEDS ON EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED HYPERLIPIDEMIA MUHAMMAD EMAD-UD-DIN, GHAZALA YASMEEN, NAZISH IQBAL KHAN AND LUBNA NAZ Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan. Corresponding Authors e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is major cause of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis is principal underlying mechanism, stimulated by hyperlipidemia. Substantial evidences suggest that atherosclerosis can be prevented or at least retarded by controlling serum lipids, especially cholesterol, at initial stages. The study was aimed to investigate the antihyperlipidemic potential of Brassica juncea seeds in cholesterol-fed rabbits owing to expected lipid lowering effect of B. juncea seeds. Age matched 18 rabbits were randomly divided into three equal groups control, hyperlipidemic and treated. Following one week acclimatization, control group kept on normal animal chow, 5% atherogenic diet was administered to hyperlipidemic group while treated were fed 10% dried Brassica juncea seeds along with atherogenic diet for eight weeks. Blood specimens were obtained and assayed for lipid profile (TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, vLDL, TC/HDL-C). Data was analyzed using t-test at 0.05. High cholesterol diet significantly increased plasma TC (p<0.01, 60.25%), LDL-C (p<0.05, 10.8%), TG (p<0.05, 19.9%) while rise in HDL-C (23.1%) and vLDL (18.4%) remained non-significant as compared with control. Brassica juncea seeds consumption showed significant lipid lowering activity TC (p<0.05, -24.7%), HDL-C (p<0.05, 36.7%), LDL-C (p<0.05, -34%), TG (p<0.01, -41%) and vLDL (p<0.05, -40.7%) in comparison to hyperlipidemic counterparts.
    [Show full text]
  • (Cruciferae) – Mustard Family
    BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE) – MUSTARD FAMILY Plant: herbs mostly, annual to perennial, sometimes shrubs; sap sometimes peppery Stem: Root: Leaves: mostly simple but sometimes pinnately divided; alternate, rarely opposite or whorled; no stipules Flowers: mostly perfect, mostly regular (actinomorphic); 4 sepals, 4 petals often forming a cross; 6 stamens with usually 2 outer ones shorter than the inner 4; ovary superior, mostly 2 fused carpels, 1 to many ovules, 1 pistil Fruit: seed pods, often used in classification, many are slender and long (Silique), some broad (Silicle) – see morphology slide Other: a large family, many garden plants such as turnip, radish, and cabbage, also some spices; often termed the Cruciferae family; Dicotyledons Group Genera: 350+ genera; 40+ locally WARNING – family descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive Flower Morphology in the Brassicaceae (Mustard Family) - flower with 4 sepals, 4 petals (often like a cross, sometimes split or lobed), commonly small, often white or yellow, distinctive fruiting structures often important for ID 2 types of fruiting pods: in addition, fruits may be circular, flattened or angled in cross-section Silicle - (usually <2.5x long as wide), 2-valved with septum (replum) Silique - (usually >2.5x long as wide), 2- valved with septum (replum) Flowers, Many Genera BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE) – MUSTARD FAMILY Sanddune [Western] Wallflower; Erysimum capitatum (Douglas ex Hook.) Greene var. capitatum Wormseed Wallflower [Mustard]; Erysimum cheiranthoides L. (Introduced) Spreading Wallflower [Treacle Mustard]; Erysimum repandum L. (Introduced) Dame’s Rocket [Dame’s Violet]; Hesperis matronalis L. (Introduced) Purple [Violet] Rocket; Iodanthus pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steud. Michaux's Gladecress; Leavenworthia uniflora (Michx.) Britton [Cow; Field] Cress [Peppergrass]; Lepidium campestre L.) Ait.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomenclatural Notes on Cruciferae Номенклатурные
    Turczaninowia 22 (4): 210–219 (2019) ISSN 1560–7259 (print edition) DOI: 10.14258/turczaninowia.22.4.18 TURCZANINOWIA http://turczaninowia.asu.ru ISSN 1560–7267 (online edition) УДК 582.683.2:581.961 Nomenclatural notes on Cruciferae D. A. German1, 2 1 South-Siberian Botanical Garden, Altai State University, Lenina Ave., 61, Barnaul, 656049, Russian Federation 2 Department of Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345; Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany E-mail: [email protected] Keywords: Arabidopsis, Brassicaceae, Dvorakia, Erophila, Eunomia, new combination, Noccaea, Peltariopsis, Pseu- docamelina, taxonomy, typification, validation. Summary. A generic name Dvorakia and combinations Arabidopsis amurensis, A. media, A. multijuga, A. sep- tentrionalis, Dvorakia alaica, D. alyssifolia, Erophila acutidentata, E. aquisgranensis, E. kohlscheidensis, and E. strigosula are validated. Places of valid publication and (except for the first combination) authorship forErysimum krynitzkii, Eunomia bourgaei, E. rubescens, Pseudocamelina aphragmodes, P. campylopoda, and Thlaspi hastulatum are corrected. For Pseudocamelina and Peltariopsis, information on the types is clarified. Some further minor nomen- clatural items are commented. Номенклатурные заметки о крестоцветных (Cruciferae) Д. А. Герман1, 2 1 Южно-Сибирский ботанический сад, Алтайский государственный университет, просп. Ленина, 61, г. Барнаул, 656049, Россия 2 Кафедра биоразнообразия и систематики растений, Центр исследований организмов, Гейдельбергский университет, Им Нойенхаймер Фельд, 345, Гейдельберг, D-69120, Германия Ключевые слова: действительное обнародование, новая комбинация, систематика, типификация, Arabidopsis, Brassicaceae, Dvorakia, Erophila, Eunomia, Noccaea, Peltariopsis, Pseudocamelina. Аннотация. Обнародовано родовое название Dvorakia, а также комбинации Arabidopsis amurensis, A. media, A. multijuga, A. septentrionalis, Dvorakia alaica, D. alyssifolia, Erophila acutidentata, E. aquisgranensis, E. kohlscheidensis и E.
    [Show full text]
  • Brassicaceae Biofumigation for Weeds and Soil-Borne Diseases In
    Brassicaceae Biofumigation for Weeds and Soil-Borne Diseases in Chile Pepper: On-Farm Evaluations of a Mustard Cover Crop Asmita Nagila, MS student in Agricultural Biology; Brian Schutte & Soum Sanogo, NMSU Dept. Entomology, Plant Pathology and Weed Science John Idowu, NMSU Dept. Extension Plant Sciences STUDY SITES COVER CROP BIOMASS AT MUSTARD TERMINATION Cover Crop Mustard Cover Crop Average First Cover Crop Study Site Termination Site-Specific Alternative Frost Date Seeding Date 600 Date Figure 1. Aboveground biomass for mustard cover crop and site-specific alternative cover crops grown at Columbus, NM Nov. 1 – Nov. 10 Nov. 10, 2018 Feb. 14, 2019 commercial farms (Columbus, 400 Deming and Las Uvas) and a Deming, NM Oct. 21 – Oct. 31 Sept. 29, 2018 Feb. 22, 2019 -2 university research farm (Leyendecker) in southern New g m g Las Uvas, NM Oct. 21 – Oct. 31 Oct. 29, 2018 March 5, 2019 Mexico. Bars are means with 200 NMSU standard errors (N = 18). Nov. 1 – Nov. 10 Oct. 11, 2018 March 15, 2019 Leyendecker Aboveground biomass 0 TREATMENTS Columbus Deming Las Uvas Leyendecker • Mustard Cover Crop • Site-Specific Alternative • No Cover Crop Columbus Las Uvas Mustard Cover Crop: Mixture of caliente ‘rojo’ (Brassica juncea cv ‘rojo’) and arugula (Eruca sativa) Site-Specific Alternatives: o Columbus: Barley o Deming: Mustard with wheat Barley Mustard Barley Mustard o Las Uvas: Barley COVER CROP MEASUREMENTS CARRYOVER EFFECTS ON WEED SEEDBANK • Biomass at mustard termination • Weed biomass at mustard termination Mustard Cover Crop 100 No Cover Crop 60 • Glucosinolate content (pesticidal component of A B mustard cover crop) 80 40 CARRYOVER EFFECTS ON WEED SEEDBANKS 60 • Palmer amaranth seed persistence in buried packets 40 • Germination of persistent Palmer amaranth seeds 20 (laboratory) Germination Seed persistence 20 (% of seeds (% of buried) (% of persistent(% seeds) 0 0 Columbus Deming Leyendecker Columbus Deming Leyendecker Figure 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Banana Pepper Mustard
    BANANA PEPPER MUSTARD Miller’s began as a humble experiment — cooking up a few jars in our home kitchen at the request of friends — then selling through local specialty stores. The response was overwhelming, with smiles and empty jars all around. Over ten years later, our unique, award- winning banana pepper mustard is still crafted with the same care and attention to detail. Unlike most pepper sauces, we only use vine-ripened peppers picked at the peak of freshness. All grown up, the mature banana and habanero peppers are processed from scratch and mixed with our special PEPPER FACT blend of mustard seeds and spices to create a sweet While light green at and spicy sauce with superior flavor. first, banana peppers turn from bright yellow to orange and red as they ripen, giving our sauce IT’S NOT THE EASY WAY… IT’S its unique color JUST THE RIGHT WAY. and flavor. MILLER’S 1 THE LINEUP Variety is the spice of life, which is why we offer A tamer version of our original banana The original! Hot delivers a bold heat Looking for some heat? Spice lovers can Miller’s Banana Pepper pepper mustard. Mild packs the same tempered by an underlying sweetness feel the burn with our Habenero variety, sweet and spicy flavor that fans have that’s unique to our vine-ripened banana featuring a blend of banana peppers and Mustard in three flavors grown to love, with a gentle heat profile peppers. Tangy and spicy with a balance fiery habenero chilies. It’s sure to put a to suit every pepper that’s easier on your tongue.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollination of Rapeseed (Brassica Napus) by Africanized Honeybees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on Two Sowing Dates
    Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2014) 86(4): 2087-2100 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) Printed version ISSN 0001-3765 / Online version ISSN 1678-2690 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201420140134 www.scielo.br/aabc Pollination of Rapeseed (Brassica napus) by Africanized Honeybees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on Two Sowing Dates EMERSON D. CHAMBÓ1, NEWTON T.E. DE OLIVEIRA1, REGINA C. GARCIA1, JOSÉ B. DUARTE-JÚNIOR1, MARIA CLAUDIA C. RUVOLO-TAKASUSUKI2 and VAGNER A. TOLEDO3 1Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Campus Universitário de Marechal Cândido Rondon, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Rua Pernambuco, 1777, 85960-000 Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brasil 2Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Av. Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brasil 3Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Av. Colombo, 5790, Bloco J45, Campus Universitário 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brasil Manuscript received on January 21, 2014; accepted for publication on June 23, 2014 ABSTRACT In this study, performed in the western part of the state of Paraná, Brazil, two self-fertile hybrid commercial rapeseed genotypes were evaluated for yield components and physiological quality using three pollination tests and spanning two sowing dates. The treatments consisted of combinations of two rapeseed genotypes (Hyola 61 and Hyola 433), three pollination tests (uncovered area, covered area without insects and covered area containing a single colony of Africanized Apis mellifera honeybees) and two sowing dates (May 25th, 2011 and June 25th, 2011). The presence of Africanized honeybees during flowering time increased the productivity of the rapeseed.
    [Show full text]
  • Tolerance of Vegetable Crops to Salinity M.C
    Scientia Horticulturae 78 (1999) 5±38 Tolerance of vegetable crops to salinity M.C. Shannon*, C.M. Grieve U.S. Salinity Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 450 W. Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA 92507, USA Abstract Global constraints on fresh water supplies and the need to dispose of agricultural, municipal, and industrial waste waters have intensified interest in water reuse options. In many instances, the value of the water is decreased solely because of its higher salt concentration. Although quantitative information on crop salt tolerance exists for over 130 crop species, there are many vegetables which lack definitive data. Vegetable crops are defined as herbaceous species grown for human consumption in which the edible portions consist of leaves, roots, hypocotyls, stems, petioles, and flower buds. The salt tolerance of vegetable species is important because the cash value of vegetables is usually high compared to field crops. In this review some general information is presented on how salinity affects plant growth and development and how different measurements of salinity in solution cultures, sand cultures, and field studies can be reconciled to a common basis. The salt tolerance of vegetables has been condensed and reported in a uniform format based on the best available data. Discrepancies and inconsistencies exist in some of the information due to differences in cultivars, environments, and experimental conditions. For a great number of species little or no useful information exists and there is an obvious need for research. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. Keywords: Salt tolerance; Ion composition Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................ 7 1.1.
    [Show full text]
  • 21 CFR Ch. I (4–1–10 Edition) § 582.20
    § 582.20 21 CFR Ch. I (4–1–10 Edition) Common name Botanical name of plant source Marjoram, sweet .......................................................................... Majorana hortensis Moench. Mustard, black or brown .............................................................. Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. Mustard, brown ............................................................................ Brassica juncea (L.) Coss. Mustard, white or yellow .............................................................. Brassica hirta Moench. Nutmeg ........................................................................................ Myristica fragrans Houtt. Oregano (oreganum, Mexican oregano, Mexican sage, origan) Lippia spp. Paprika ......................................................................................... Capsicum annuum L. Parsley ......................................................................................... Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Mansf. Pepper, black ............................................................................... Piper nigrum L. Pepper, cayenne ......................................................................... Capsicum frutescens L. or Capsicum annuum L. Pepper, red .................................................................................. Do. Pepper, white ............................................................................... Piper nigrum L. Peppermint .................................................................................. Mentha piperita L. Poppy seed
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Yield and Plant Traits of Oilseed Rape (Brassica Napus
    Acta Agrobotanica DOI: 10.5586/aa.1696 REVIEW Publication history Received: 2016-05-20 Accepted: 2016-10-30 Analysis of yield and plant traits of oilseed Published: 2016-12-15 rape (Brassica napus L.) cultivated in Handling editor Alina Syp, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, temperate region in light of the possibilities State Research Institute, Poland of sowing in arid areas Authors’ contributions TZ, AKK: study idea and design; TZ, AKK AO, ALK: publication 1 1 1 search; TZ, AKK, AO: analysis Tadeusz Zając , Agnieszka Klimek-Kopyra , Andrzej Oleksy *, and interpretation of results; Anna Lorenc-Kozik1, Karolina Ratajczak2 TZ, AKK, KR: comments on the 1 manuscript; ALK, KR, AO: writing Department of Crop Production, Institute of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture and the manuscript; AKK, AO: Economics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland 2 revision prior to submission Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agronomy and Bioengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 1, 60-632 Poznań, Poland Funding * Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] Research supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland as part of the statutory activities of the Abstract Institute of Plant Production, This work is a review of selected literature on the species of Brassica with the University of Agriculture in Krakow. greatest economic significance. Oilseed rape Brassica( napus ssp. oleifera) cur- rently ranks third worldwide among oilseed crops used for oil production and is Competing interests the most important in the temperate zone. The manifold uses of rape include not No competing interests have been declared.
    [Show full text]