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Home , Brassicaceae, Erysimum capitatum, Erysimum cheiranthoides, Leavenworthia uniflora, Lepidium campestre, Lepidium densiflorum

(CRUCIFERAE) – MUSTARD

Plant: herbs mostly, annual to perennial, sometimes ; sap sometimes peppery Stem: Root: : mostly simple but sometimes pinnately divided; alternate, rarely opposite or whorled; no : mostly perfect, mostly regular (actinomorphic); 4 , 4 often forming a cross; 6 with usually 2 outer ones shorter than the inner 4; superior, mostly 2 fused carpels, 1 to many , 1 pistil : pods, often used in classification, many are slender and long (Silique), some broad (Silicle) – see morphology slide Other: a large family, many garden such as , , and , also some spices; often termed the Cruciferae family; Dicotyledons Group Genera: 350+ genera; 40+ locally

WARNING – family descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive Morphology in the Brassicaceae (Mustard Family) - flower with 4 sepals, 4 petals (often like a cross, sometimes split or lobed), commonly small, often white or yellow, distinctive fruiting structures often important for ID

2 types of fruiting pods: in addition, may be circular, flattened or angled in cross-section

Silicle - (usually <2.5x long as wide), 2-valved with septum (replum)

Silique - (usually >2.5x long as wide), 2- valved with septum (replum) Flowers, Many Genera BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE) – MUSTARD FAMILY

Sanddune [Western] Wallflower; capitatum (Douglas ex Hook.) Greene var. capitatum Wormseed Wallflower [Mustard]; L. (Introduced) Spreading Wallflower [Treacle Mustard]; L. (Introduced) Dame’s Rocket [Dame’s Violet]; matronalis L. (Introduced) Purple [Violet] Rocket; pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steud. Michaux's Gladecress; uniflora (Michx.) Britton [Cow; Field] Cress [Peppergrass]; campestre L.) Ait. f. (Introduced) Common [Small] Pepperweed [Peppergrass]; Schrad. var. densiflorum Virginia Pepperweed [Common Peppergrass]; L. Limestoneglade Bladderpod; filiformis Rollins Roundleaf Bladderpod; Lesquerella ovalifolia Rydb. ex Britton ssp. alba (Goodman) Rollins & Shaw [Annual] Honesty; annua L. (Introduced) Perfoliate [Claspleaf] Pennycress; Microthlaspi perfoliatum (L.) F.K. Mey. ( perfoliatum L.) (Introduced) ; officinale Ait. f. (Introduced) Cultivated [Garden] Radish; sativus L. (Introduced) Common [Bog] Yellowcress; palustris (L.) Bess. Creeping Yellow Cress; (L.) Besser Modoc Yellowcress; Rorippa tenerrima Greene [Tall] Tumble Mustard; altissimum L. (Introduced) [Common] Hedge Mustard; (L.) Scop. (Introduced) Field Pennycress; L. (Introduced) Sanddune [Western] USDA Wallflower (Douglas ex Hook.) Greene var. capitatum Brassicaceae (Mustard Family) Quartz Mountain State Park, Greer County, Oklahoma Notes: flowers 4-petaled (petals > 12 mm), yellow to orange; leaves mostly linear lanceolate with a few shallow teeth, short branched hairs; fruit pods long, erect to ascending, with branched hairs; Spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2011] Wormseed Wallflower USDA [Mustard] Erysimum cheiranthoides L. (Introduced) Brassicaceae (Mustard Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Notes: 4-petaled flower, yellow, in clusters; leaves lanceolate, tapering to base, entire to slightly toothed; fruit pods ascending to erect, up to 4 cm, glabrous, stalk narrower than fruit; late spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2007] Spreading Wallflower USDA [Treacle Mustard] Erysimum repandum L. (Introduced) Brassicaceae (Mustard Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: flowers 4-petaled, yellow (often bicolor with white); leaves as basal early, stem leaves lanceolate to linear, entire to somewhat coarsely toothed; fruit pods long (up to 12cm), stalk about equal in diameter to fruit; stem stout, angled; Spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2007] Dame’s Rocket [Violet] USDA L. (Introduced) Brassicaceae (Mustard Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 4-petaled large flower (purple, pink or white), stamens and style mostly concealed; stem leaves alternate, sharply toothed, lanceolate to somewhat deltoid; stem hairy; fruit pods long, up to 12+ cm, spreading; late spring through summer [V Max Brown, 2004] Purple [Violet] Rocket USDA Iodanthus pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steud. Brassicaceae (Mustard Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 4-petaled flower, light purple to pinkish-white; leaves alternate, clasping, serrate, lanceolate to somewhat ovate; stem hairy or not, angled; fruit 2-4 cm without a beak, spreading upward; often in wet areas; spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2006] Michaux's Gladecress USDA (Michx.) Britton Brassicaceae (Mustard Family) Busiek State Forest and Wildlife Area, Christian County, Notes: 4-petaled flower, white, tip truncated (not notched) and usually less than 4 mm wide, longer than sepals; basal leaves only, pinnately divided (2-10+ pairs of segments), terminal lobe tends to be largest, hairy above and below; fruit pod not flattened, only slightly constricted or not constricted between ; spring [V Max Brown, 2012] [Cow; Field] Cress [Peppergrass] USDA (L.) Ait. f. (Introduced) Brassicaceae (Mustard Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 4-petaled flower, white, somewhat flat-topped; basal leaves entire to slightly lobed, upper leaves sessile and clasping, toothed or not; stem very hairy; fruit pod flattened, somewhat indented or notched, stalk hairy, 1 seeded; spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2004] Common [Small] Pepperweed USDA [Peppergrass] Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. var. densiflorum Brassicaceae (Mustard Family) Oak Openings Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 4-petaled flower (or no petals), white, very small (1- 2mm), sepals usually longer; leaves sessile but not clasping, linear with a few teeth, basal leaves more deeply lobed; stem very finely hairy; fruit a silicle, one seed per side; spring to fall [V Max Brown, 2009]

Basal Leaves Virginia Pepperweed USDA [Common Peppergrass] Lepidium virginicum L. Brassicaceae (Mustard Family) University of Toledo Campus, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 4-petaled flower, white, very small, petals longer than sepals; basal leaves coarsely and sharply toothed and hairy, stem leaves lanceolate and toothed, not clasping; stem mostly smooth; fruit pod flattened, narrowly winged, with notch at tip; spring to fall (winter) [V Max Brown, 2007]

Basal Leaves Limestoneglade USDA Bladderpod Lesquerella filiformis Rollins Brassicaceae (Mustard Family) Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield, Greene County, Missouri Notes: 4-petaled flower, yellow, small; cauline leaves narrow, most basal leaves on long petioles, all leaves entire, leaves and stem covered with silvery hair; fruit an inflated pod attached to ; small ; limestone glades; spring (rare) [V Max Brown, 2011] Roundleaf Bladderpod USDA Lesquerella ovalifolia Rydb. ex Britton ssp. alba (Goodman) Rollins & Shaw Brassicaceae (Mustard Family) Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, Comanche County, Oklahoma Notes: 4-petaled flower, white; cauline leaves narrow to slightly spatulate, most basal leaves spatulate with thickened petioles, all leaves entire, leaves and stem covered with silvery stellate hairs; fruit an inflated pod, stalks mostly straight; spring [V Max Brown, 2011] [Annual] Honesty [Money Plant] USDA L. (Introduced) Brassicaceae (Mustard Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 4-petaled flower, purple; leaves mostly alternate, cordate sharply toothed, mostly with petioles; seed-pod shape distinctive - flattened, somewhat elliptical or oblong with rounded ends; spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2004]

Early Stem Perfoliate [Claspleaf] USDA Pennycress Microthlaspi perfoliatum (L.) F.K. Mey. (Thlaspi perfoliatum L.) (Introduced) Brassicaceae (Mustard Family) Busiek State Forest and Wildlife Area, Christian County, Missouri Notes: 4-petaled flower, white, very small, petals longer than sepals; basal leaves finely toothed and petiolate, stem leaves clasping (auricles rounded) and entire or slightly toothed; stem mostly smooth; fruit pod flattened with wide wing and notched at tip; spring to fall (winter) [V Max Brown, 2010] Watercress USDA Nasturtium officinale Ait. f. (Introduced) Brassicaceae (Mustard Family) Alley Springs, Ozark National Riverways, Shannon County, Missouri Notes: aquatic herb; 4 petaled flower, white; leaves alternate, somewht clasping, pinnate - mostly entire in 3-9+ leaflets; fruits slender, 1- 2+ cm, somewhat round in cross-section with a small beak; spring to early fall [V Max Brown, 2006] Cultivated [Garden] Radish USDA Raphanus sativus L. (Introduced) Brassicaceae (Mustard Family) Close Memorial Park, Springfield, Greene County, Missouri Notes: 4-petal flower, pink, light purple to white with purple veins; leaves coarsely toothed (irregularly lobed or divided), all with petioles but quite variable; fruit pods up to 1 cm+ thick, only slightly narrowed between seeds; large plant with fleshy root; summer to fall (many ) [V Max Brown, 2011] Common [Bog] USDA Yellowcress (L.) Besser ssp. fernaldiana (Butters & Abbe) Jonsell Brassicaceae (Mustard Family) Lake Charles State Park, Lawrence County, Notes: 4-petaled flower, yellow, petals about equal in length to sepals; basal and alternate stem leaves, lobed or toothed, some with clasping bases; fruit pods mostly ovoid, smooth, often with a slight narrowing at middle, fairly long pedicel; plant erect or strongly ascending; late spring to fall [V Max Brown, 2007] Creeping Yellow Cress USDA [Yellow Fieldcress] Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser (Introduced) Brassicaceae (Mustard Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: plant sprawling or partially erect; 4-petaled flower, yellow, petals longer than sepals; leaves deeply divided into segments, toothed, stem leaves not clasping; fruit pods about 1-2+ cm with a beak, spreading; often prevalent along wet borders; late spring to early fall [V Max Brown, 2006] Modoc Yellowcress USDA Rorippa tenerrima Greene Brassicaceae (Mustard Family) Duck Creek Conservation Area, Stoddard County, Missouri Notes: 4-petaled flower, yellow, petals slightly shorter than sepals, petal length less than 1 mm; basal and alternate stem leaves, lobed or toothed (pinnately divided), short petiolate, without clasping bases; fruit pods mostly ovoid, up to 7+ mm long, somewhat restricted at midpoint, surface with very tiny bumps (need magnification); plant spreading to ascending, tap root; late spring to fall [V Max Brown, 2014] [Tall] Tumble Mustard USDA L. (Introduced) Brassicaceae (Mustard Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 4-petaled flower, yellow; pinnate leaves, upper leaves with very thin, linear leaflets, lower leaves less so, but hairy; pods long (5-12+ cm) and erect or spreading with stiff pedicels, pedicel about same thickness as fruit pod; spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2006] Hedge Mustard USDA Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. (Introduced) Brassicaceae (Mustard Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 4-petaled flower, yellow; leaves deeply lobed in lower half, leaves smaller and incised ascending; fruit pods to 2 cm on short pedicel, closely appressed to axis of inflorescence, glabrous or not; stem branched at right-angles, hairy near base or not; late spring to fall [V Max Brown, 2012] Field Pennycress [Stinkweed] USDA Thlaspi arvense L. (Introduced) Brassicaceae (Mustard Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 4-petaled flower, white; stem leaves clasping, usually toothed, ascending, basal leaves or not at flowering; stem glabrous; fruit pod oval, fairly large, flattened, deeply notched and winged, 4+ seeds on each side; spring to fall [V Max Brown, 2005]