The Politics of Vaccination SOCIAL HISTORIES of MEDICINE
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The politics of vaccination SOCIAL HISTORIES OF MEDICINE Series editors: David Cantor and Keir Waddington Social Histories of Medicine is concerned with all aspects of health, illness and medicine, from prehistory to the present, in every part of the world. The series covers the circumstances that promote health or illness, the ways in which people experience and explain such conditions and what, practically, they do about them. Practitioners of all approaches to health and healing come within its scope, as do their ideas, beliefs and practices, and the social, economic and cultural contexts in which they operate. Methodologically, the series welcomes relevant studies in social, economic, cultural and intellectual history, as well as approaches derived from other disciplines in the arts, sciences, social sciences and humanities. The series is a collaboration between Manchester University Press and the Society for the Social History of Medicine. Previously published The metamorphosis of autism: A history of child development in Britain Bonnie Evans Payment and philanthropy in British healthcare, 1918–48 George Campbell Gosling The politics of vaccination A global history Edited by Christine Holmberg, Stuart Blume and Paul Greenough Manchester University Press Copyright © Manchester University Press 2017 While copyright in the volume as a whole is vested in Manchester University Press, copyright in individual chapters belongs to their respective authors, and no chapter may be reproduced wholly or in part without the express permission in writing of both author and publisher. Published by Manchester University Press Altrincham Street, Manchester M1 7JA www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for ISBN 978 1 5261 1088 6 hardback ISBN 978 1 5261 1090 9 paperback First published 2017 The publisher has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for any external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Typeset in 11 on 12 pt Arno Pro Regular by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited Contents List of figures and tables page vii List of contributors ix Acknowledgements xiv Introduction 1 Paul Greenough, Stuart Blume and Christine Holmberg Part I: Vaccination and national identity 17 1 The uneasy politics of epidemic aid: the CDC’s mission to Cold War East Pakistan, 1958 19 Paul Greenough 2 Fallacy, sacrilege, betrayal and conspiracy: the cultural construction of opposition to immunisation in India 51 Niels Brimnes 3 Vaccination and the communist state: polio in Eastern Europe 77 Dora Vargha 4 ‘A vaccine for the nation’: South Korea’s development of a hepatitis B vaccine and national prevention strategy focused on newborns 99 Eun Kyung Choi and Young-Gyung Paik Part II: Nationality, vaccine production and the end of sovereign manufacture 119 5 Vaccine production, national security anxieties and the unstable state in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Mexico 121 Ana María Carrillo vi Contents 6 The erosion of public sector vaccine production: the case of the Netherlands 148 Stuart Blume 7 Yellow fever vaccine in Brazil: fighting a tropical scourge, modernising the nation 174 Jaime Benchimol 8 A distinctive nation: vaccine policy and production in Japan 209 Julia Yongue Part III: Vaccination, the individual and society 237 9 The MMR debate in the United Kingdom: vaccine scares, statesmanship and the media 239 Andrea Stöckl and Anna Smajdor 10 Pandemic flus and vaccination policies in Sweden 260 Britta Lundgren and Martin Holmberg 11 Polio vaccination, political authority and the Nigerian state 288 Elisha P. Renne Afterword 319 12 The power of individuals and the dependency of nations in global eradication and immunisation campaigns 321 William Muraskin Index 337 Figures and tables Figures 1.1 Fragmentary news reports of smallpox outbreaks from EP districts of smallpox, Pakistan Observer, 23 February 1958. News reports were a source of outbreak intelligence that travelled faster than the EP Health Department’s passive surveillance. page 21 1.2 Dr Alexander D. Langmuir, Chief Epidemiologist, Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta GA, c.1955. Source: National Library of Medicine. 25 1.3 Dr T. Aidan Cockburn, East Pakistan Provincial Health Adviser, vaccinating an infant in Barisal district. Source: Markin Parikrama (‘American Survey’), May 1958. 28 1.4 Professional methods of vaccination. WHO, Handbook for Smallpox Eradication Programmes in Endemic Areas WHO/SE/67.5 (Geneva 1967), pp. III–10. 32 4.1 The graph in Kim (1985), showing the importance of changing the target population. 111 11.1 T-shirt produced for the polio vaccination team members. 290 11.2 Cover of DVD, Polio: Cuta ko Kariya? 302 Tables 1.1 Major donors of smallpox vaccine to East Pakistan, spring 1958. page 23 8.1 Vaccine schedules in Japan and the United States, 2011. 210 viii List of figures and tables 8.2 Approvals of Japan’s first combination vaccine with a polio component. 219 8.3 Adverse events following the introduction of MMR in 1989. 221 8.4 Vaccines approved for use in Japan and the United States (1985–2006). 224 8.5 US–Japan comparison of vaccine approvals (2007–11). 227 11.1 Cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and confirmed cases of wild poliovirus and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus, Nigeria, 1999–2015. 299 Contributors Christine Holmberg is the director of a research group on ‘health services research’ with a particular focus on risk, health decision-making, illness experience and science and technology studies at the Institute of Public Health, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany. She holds a doc- torate from the Humboldt-University Berlin in Anthropology and a Master of Public Health in Epidemiology from the University of Illinois at Chicago. Her most recent publications include ‘Gaining Control over Breast Cancer Risk: Transforming vulnerability, uncertainty, and the future through clinical trial participation – a qualitative study’, pub- lished in Sociology of Health and Illness (2015). Stuart Blume is Emeritus Professor of Science & Technology Studies at the University of Amsterdam and a member of the Department of Anthropology. He worked previously at the University of Sussex, the OECD in Paris, the London School of Economics, and in various British government departments, including the Cabinet Office (1975–77), and from 1977 to 1980 as Research Secretary of the Committee on Social Inequalities in Health (the ‘Black Committee’). From 2009 to 2012 he was ‘Professor 2’ at SUM, University of Oslo, Norway; and in 2013–14 Prometeo fellow at the University of Cuenca, Ecuador. Publications include Insight and Industry: The Dynamics of Technological Change in Medicine (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1992) and (with Sidsel Roalk- vam, Desmond McNeill et al.) Protecting the World’s Children. Immunisa- tion Policies and Practices (Oxford University Press, 2013). x List of contributors Paul Greenough is Emeritus Professor of South Asian history at the University of Iowa and also has an appointment in the Department of Community and Behavioral Health. He has published numerous chap- ters and articles on the social history of disease, welfare and environ- ment in Bengal and India. He is the founding director of his university’s Global Health Studies Program and the author or co-editor of four books, including Nature in the Global South: Environmental Projects in South and Southeast Asia (Duke University Press, 2004) and Against Stigma: Global Studies in Caste and Race Since Durban (Orient Black- Swan, 2009). Niels Brimnes is Associate Professor in history and South Asian studies at Aarhus University, Denmark. He is currently head of the Department of History. He has written a number of articles on the introduction of western medicine in early colonial India and on the history of tuberculosis control in the twentieth century, both in India and on a global scale. He has recently published Languished Hopes. Tuberculosis, the State and International Assistance in Twentieth-century India (Orient BlackSwan, 2016). Dora Vargha is lecturer in medical humanities at the Department of History and Centre for Medical History at the University of Exeter. Her work explores global health history from an Eastern European perspec- tive. She has published work on the Cold War politics of polio in Hungary, the history of internationalism and disability history. She is founding editor of Central and Eastern European History of Medicine Network. Eun Kyung Choi is a Research Professor at the Institute of Medical History and Culture at Seoul National University Hospital. She gradu- ated from Seoul National University College of Medicine and received a PhD in History of Medicine. She also teaches History of Medicine and Medical Humanities in Seoul National University and Kangwon National University. Her recent publications are (with Young A. Lee), ‘The Body Image and Medical Knowledge of the Korean Public in the 1930s through the Medical Advice Column ‘Jisang byeongwon (Hospital on Paper) ’, Journal of the Korean History of Science Society, 37(1) (2015), pp. 235–64; and ‘Mobilization of Medical Profes- sionals and Establishment of Physical Standards for Conscription in 1950s–1960s South Korea’, The Journal of Humanities, 36(4) (2015), pp. 231–58. List of contributors xi Young-Gyung Paik is an Associate Professor at Korea National Open University and has an appointment also in the Science, Technology and Policy Program at Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Tech- nology. She has published widely on the development of medical technologies and its gendered implications in South Korea. She has contributed chapters to New Millennium South Korea: Neoliberal Capi- talism and Transnational Movements (Routledge, 2010) and Reconfigur- ing Reproduction: Feminist Health Perspectives on Assisted Reproductive Technologies (Zubaan Books, 2015). Ana María Carrillo is a historian of medicine at the Department of Public Health of the Faculty of Medicine of the National Autonomous University of Mexico.