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The End Justifies the Means: Examining the Nigerian Society in the Light of Machiavellianism

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The End Justifies the Means: Examining the Nigerian Society in the Light of Machiavellianism The End Justifies The Means: Examining The Nigerian Society in The Light of Machiavellianism By Edozie Chukwujindu Onwunyi (215074885) THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE SCHOOL OF RELIGION, PHILOSOPHY AND CLASSICS, COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES, UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL, PIETERMARITZBURG Supervisor: Dr Heidi Matisonn 1 DECLARATION I, Edozie Chukwujindu Onwunyi, declare that: 1. The research reported in this thesis, except where otherwise indicated is my original research. 2. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. 3. This thesis does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons. 4. This thesis does not contain other persons’ writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: a. Their words have been re-written but the general information attributed to them has been referenced b. Where their exact words have been used, then their writing has been placed in quotation marks and referenced. 5. This thesis does not contain text, graphics or tables copied and pasted from the Internet, unless specifically acknowledged, and the source being detailed in the thesis and in the references sections. _____________________________________ Edozie Chukwujindu Onwunyi 11 February 2019 2 DEDICATION This research work is dedicated to the glory of God, who made it possible. By His grace and mercies the entire study was conceived, begun and successfully completed. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENT I am profoundly grateful to you, Dr. Heidi Matisonn, for your humility, commitment and diligence in supervising this research work. Your assistance and encouragement to me throughout the duration of this research cannot be quantified or measured. Your critical engagement and direction enabled and inspired me to develop and think through difficult issues that arose in the course of this research work. Thank you very much indeed. I am also grateful to my bishop, Rt. Rev. Dr. Samuel Ezeofor (JP), Bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Ogbaru, Church of Nigeria (now translated to the Anglican Diocese of Aguata) who allowed me to pursue this PhD study abroad and reabsorbed me immediately I returned to Nigeria. I cannot thank enough all those who contributed financially and otherwise to the success of this study, from the beginning to the end. Worthy of mention are Comrade Chinedu Ekwealor (PhD), without whose support this study wouldn’t have been started, continued and completed, and Sir Japhet Udoji who has been an unrelenting benefactor to me. My deepest gratitude goes to my wife, Ukamaka, and our children, Ifunanya, Uzochukwu, Chisom, Chibuike and Akachukwu, who manifested great love and made tremendous sacrifices to make sure that I realize this dream. 4 ABSTRACT From the sentiments espoused by Machiavelli in The Prince, it is is clear that he believed that politics and conventional morality cannot go together. For him, acquiring power and retaining power is the objective of politics, and should as such be the uppermost or ultimate concern of anyone engaging in politics. Being that since Nigeria gained its political independence in 1960, Nigerian politicians have consciously and overtly pursued the business of politics as if the primary goal of politics is the acquisition and sustenance of power by any necessary means, many scholars and observers of the Nigerian society have described the Nigerian political scene as a classic case of Machiavelli’s political philosophy as articulated in The Prince. This thesis then focuses on the proposition that the Nigerian political scene presents a classic case of Machiavelli’s political philosophy as articulated in The Prince. The choice of this area of research is informed by the need to provide a co-ordinated response to the myriad of challenges confronting Nigeria as a nation, as many believe that the seeming playing of politics in the Machiavellian way by Nigerian political elites is partly responsible for the socio-political and economic problems in the country. Consequently, the underlying argument of this thesis is that Nigerian politics can be seen to be characterized by the guiding principle “the end justifies the means” articulated by Machiavelli in The Prince. Key to the argument is the examination of the Nigerian political scene, Machiavelli’s ideas in The Prince, the Italian society of his time, the circumstances surrounding his writing of The Prince, as well as the various interpretations of the book. Notwithstanding that Machiavelli and the ideas he expressed in The Prince are interpreted in various ways by various scholars, it is generally believed that the ideas cannot be isolated from the political situation of his city-state, Florence, and Italy back then. Though Florence or Italy of Machiavelli’s era is quite different in culture and civilization from contemporary Nigeria, findings from the thesis indicate that the two political situations are similar in terms of human nature, lack of national cohesion, and application of violence and cruelty in socio-political activities. Also, many Nigerian politicians and even citizens at large consciously or unconsciously practicalize Machiavelli’s views in The Prince and there exists some form of connection between practising such ideas and the present political problems confronting Nigeria as a nation. 5 In response to the findings, the thesis concludes with some practical suggestions on how Nigeria may get over its political problems, which among others include the need for change of structure of the Nigerian federation and mentality on the part of all Nigerian citizens. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………………………... 1 DECLARATION ………………………………………………………………………. 2 DEDICATION …………………………………………………………………………. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENT ………………………………………………………………. 4 ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………… 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………………… 7 CHAPTER ONE ……………………………………………………………………….. 10 GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY 1.1. Background of the Study ………………………………………………………….. 10 1.2. Objective of the Study ……………………………………………………………….17 1.3. Theoretical Framework of the Study ……………………………………………….. 18 1.4. Research Methodology ………………………………………………………………19 1.5. Structure of the Study ………………………………………………………………..21 CHAPTER TWO …………………………………………………………………………23 EXPLANATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE PRINCE 2.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….. 23 2.2. Overview of The Prince …………………………………………………………… 23 2.3. Analysis of Various Interpretations of The Prince ………………………………… 27 2.4. Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………..63 CHAPTER THREE …………………………………………………………………….. 64 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MACHIAVELLIAN PERIOD WITH THE PRESENT-DAY NIGERIAN POLITICAL SITUATION 3.1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………… 64 3.2. Comparative Analysis of the Machiavellian Period with the Present-day Nigerian Political Situation …………………………………………………………………… 64 7 3.3. Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………. 80 CHAPTER FOUR ………………………………………………………………..……... 81 CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE MAJOR IDEAS OF MACHIAVELLI IN THE PRINCE AND THEIR APPLICATION TO THE STATE OF AFFAIRS IN NIGERIA 4.1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………... 81 4.2.1. Ends and Means …………………………………………………………………. 81 4.2.2. Virtue ……………………………………………………………………………. 91 4.2.3. Fortune ………………………………………………………………………….. 100 4.2.4. Necessity ………………………………………………………………………….109 4.2.5. Human Nature …………………………………………………………………….116 4.3. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………….124 CHAPTER FIVE ………………………………………………………………………..125 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROPOSITION OF THE STUDY WITH THE EVENTS IN THE POST-INDEPENDENT NIGERIAN SOCIETY (1960 – 1999) 5.1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………. 125 5.2. Events in the First Republic (1960 to the First Military Coup, 1966) ...…………. 125 5.3. First Military Coup and Regime in Nigeria (1966) ………………………………. 131 5.4. Second Military Coup and Regime in Nigeria (1966 – 1975) …………………….135 5.5. Third Military Coup and Regime in Nigeria (1975 – 1976) ………………………140 5.6. Obasanjo’s Military Regime (1976 – 1979) ……………………………………….142 5.7. The Second Republic (1979 – 1983) ………………………………………………144 5.8. The Buhari Military Regime (1983 – 1985) …………………………………….... 146 5.9. The Babangida Military Regime (1985 – 1993) ………………………………….. 150 5.10. The Ernest Shonekan Administration (1993) …………………………………… 154 5.11. The Abacha Regime (1994 – 1998) ……………………………………………… 157 8 5.12. The Abubakar Military Regime (9th June 1998 – 29th May 1999) …………….. 166 5.13. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………..169 CHAPTER SIX ………………………………………………………………………… 170 REBIRTH OF DEMOCRACY IN NIGERIA (THE FOURTH REPUBLIC): JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROPOSITION OF THE STUDY WITH THE EVENTS IN THE PRESENT DEMOCRATIC DISPENSATION (1999 TILL DATE) 6.1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………………170 6.2. The Obasanjo Civilian Administration (1999 – 2007) ……………………………..170 6.3. The Yar’Adua Administration (2007 – 2010) ………………………………………180 6.4. Goodluck Jonathan Administration (2010 – 2015) ………………………………….182 6.5. Muhammadu Buhari Administration (2015 – Date) …………………………………185 6.6. Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………227 CHAPTER SEVEN ……………………………………………………………………….228 EVALUATION AND CONCLUSION 7.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………228 7.2. Evaluation …………………………………………………………………………….228 7.3. Conclusioon …………………………………………………………………………..238 BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………………………244 9 CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION
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