DOCSLIB.ORG

(FSW) on Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Similar and Dissimilar Materials – an Overview

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(FSW) on Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Similar and Dissimilar Materials – an Overview International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 4 Issue 03, March-2015 Influence of Green Joining Technique (FSW) on Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Similar and Dissimilar Materials – An Overview Prashant S. H.¹, Dr. M S Ganesha Prasad² ¹Assistant Professor, ²Professor& Head, Dept. ofMechanical Engg., Sir M VIT, Dept. ofMechanical Engg., Bangalore – 562157 NHCE, Bangalore PiyushM³, Abhijit B³, Ashlesh³ and K H Amar³ ³UG Scholars, Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Sir M VIT, Bangalore – 562157 Abstract - Friction stir welding (FSW) is a relatively new solid- In late 1991, a very novel and potentially world beating state joining process which offers various advantages like low welding method was conceived and the process was duly distortion, absence of melt-related defects, high joint strength, named friction stir welding (FSW). Friction Stir Welding is etc. as compared to other conventional fusion welding the only solid state welding processes which do not have techniques. This joining technique is energy efficient, environment friendly and versatile.Joining of similar and drawbacks as other solid state welding processes and can dissimilar materials is a very important aspect of industrial be employed for butt welding and sheet welding of application. Especially joining of dissimilar materials is plates.The main advantage of FSW is that the original considered as a gateway for the implementation of lightweight material characteristic remains unchanged. materials in automobile and aerospace industries.In FSW, the FSW uses a rotating (non-consumable) cylindrical tool that technology diffusion has significantly outpaced the consists of a shoulder and a probe (Fig). The shoulder is fundamental understanding of microstructural evolution and pressed against the surface of the materials being welded, microstructure property relationships In this article, we are while the probe is forced between the two components by a going to study about different heat zones developed during downward force. The rotation of the tool under this force FSW process and its affect on microstructure and mechanical generates a frictional heat that decreases the resistance to properties on similar and dissimilar materials. plastic deformation of the material. The softened material Keywords – Dissimilar material, Process parameters, then easily moves behind the tool and forms a solid state Microstructure. weld as the stirred material is consolidated. FSW can be regarded as an autogenous keyhole joining technique I. INTRODUCTION Weldingis a process in which two metal pieces, similar or dissimilar may be joined by heating them to a temperature high enough to fuse the metal, with or without the application of pressure and with or without the aid of the filler materials. Welding is generally classified into two broadly categories: Fusion welding is achieved with a help of an intense heat source which leads to local melting and solidification removing the interface between the two base metals. Solid-state welding is achieved without exceeding the solidus temperature of the base metal. Hence the base metal Fig. 1.Friction Stir Welding remains in solid state. The manufacturers are under increasing pressure to produce In solid state welding, the cohesive force between the metal high strength and lighter products at the same time using atoms is utilized to join two metals. Solid state welding less energy, less environmentally harmful materials, at processes, like pressure welding, forge welding, ultrasonic lower cost in short time. FSW, being a solid-state, low- welding, role bonding and diffusion welding are time energy-input, repeatable mechanical process capable of consuming processes and require special surface producing very high-strength welds in a wide range of preparation. materials, offers a potentially lower-cost, environmentally safe solution to these challenges. IJERTV4IS030419 www.ijert.org 438 (This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.) International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 4 Issue 03, March-2015 The weld-able materials using FSW are Aluminium (all Engine and chassis cradles alloys), Copper, Brass, Magnesium, Titanium, Steel Alloys, Stainless Steel, Tool Steel, Nickel, and Lead. Wheel rims FSW is emerging as a very effective solid-state Attachments to hydro formed tubes joining/processing technique. In a relatively short duration Space frames, e.g. welding extruded tubes to cast after invention, quite a few successful applications of FSW nodes have been demonstrated below. Truck bodies & tail lifts for lorries Shipbuilding and Marine Construction: The shipbuilding and marine industries are two of the first sectors that have Mobile cranes adopted the process for commercial applications. Armour plate vehicles The process is suitable for the following applications: Fuel tankers Panels for decks, sides, bulkheads and floors Caravans Hulls and superstructures Buses and airfield transportation vehicles Helicopter landing platforms II. STEPS INVOLVED IN FSW PROCESS Marine and transport structures The steps involved in process FSW are as follows: Masts and booms, e.g. for sailing boats A rotating FSW tool plunges into the joint line of the Refrigeration plant base material and moves forward. Aerospace Industry: At present the aerospace industry is When the rotating pin contacts the work surface, it welding prototype and production parts by friction stir rapidly friction heats the material at the point of welding. Opportunities exist to weld skins to spars, ribs, contact, thus lowering the materials mechanical and stringers for use in military and civilian aircraft. This strength. Under an applied force the pin forges and offers significant advantages compared to riveting and extrudes the material in its path, until the shoulder of machining from solid, such as reduced manufacturing costs the pin is in intimate contact with the work surface. and weight savings. Longitudinal butt welds in Al alloy Frictional heat caused by the rotating pin creates a fuel tanks for space vehicles have been friction stir welded plasticised region around the pin. and successfully used. The process could also be used to Pressure provided by the weld tool forces the increase the size of commercially available sheets by plasticised material behind the pin, cooling and welding them before forming. consolidating the weld. Stirring action takes place during a weld along the The friction stir welding process can be considered for: joint line of the plates. Wings, fuselages, empennages At the junction the friction heating, produced by the Cryogenic fuel tanks for space vehicles rotating shoulder and pin, produce a substantial plasticised layer of metal beneath the tool shoulder and about the pin. Aviation fuel tanks When the work-piece is moved against the pin or vice- versa, the plasticised material is mashed by the leading face External throw away tanks for military aircraft due to mechanical stirring and forging action imparted by Military and scientific rockets the pin profile and its direction of rotation. Repair of faulty MIG welds Consequently, as the stir welding tool proceeds down the joint line, it friction heats the abutting joint faces just ahead Railway Industry: The commercial production of high of the tool to a soft plastic state. It subsequently mashes the speed trains made from aluminium extrusions, which may joint line, breaking up the oxide film and stirs and be joined by friction stir welding, has been established. recombines the mashed material on the trailing side of the Applications include: tool where the material cools to form a solid phase weld. High speed trains III. PROCESS PARAMETERS In friction stir welding process, a number of process Rolling stock of railways, underground carriages, parameters have to be defined to get good, defect free trams joints. The important process parameters are: Railway tankers and goods wagons Tool geometry Container bodies Tool axial force Road Transportation: The friction stir welding process is Spindle speed currently being used commercially and is also being Tool transverse speed assessed by several automotive companies and suppliers. Tool tilt angle Feed rate Existing and potential applications include: Depth penetration IJERTV4IS030419 www.ijert.org 439 (This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.) International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 4 Issue 03, March-2015 Tool geometryplays a very important role in obtaining good quality weld with sound mechanical properties. The tool comprises of shank, shoulder, and probe. The shoulder compresses the surface of the work piece and prevents the plasticize material from being expelled. The probe is to ensure sufficient working of material at the weld line and the control flow of the material around the tool to form weld of satisfactory quality as the weld progresses. Tool axial force is the force or load which is applied along Fig.2. Different Zones formation during FSW the tool axis and acts normal to the welding direction. Tool axial force is provided to initially plunge the probe and to The parent material(or base material) is the region which plasticize the material under the tool shoulder in the weld does not undergo deformation and the microstructure in region. this region is not affected by the heat produced during
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ASTM-B-211 Aluminum
    This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. Designation: B211/B211M − 19 Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Rolled or Cold Finished Bar, Rod, and Wire1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation B211/B211M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense. 1. Scope* 2.2 ASTM Standards:3 B221 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Ex- 1.1 This specification2 covers rolled or cold-finished bar, truded Bars, Rods, Wire, Profiles, and Tubes rod, and wire in alloys (Note 1) and tempers as shown in Table B221M Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy 2 [Table 3]. Extruded Bars, Rods, Wire, Profiles, and Tubes (Metric) NOTE 1—Throughout this specification use of the term alloy in the B316/B316M Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum- general sense includes aluminum as well as aluminum alloy. Alloy Rivet and Cold-Heading Wire and Rods NOTE 2—The term cold finished is used to indicate the type of surface B557 Test Methods for Tension Testing Wrought and Cast finish, sharpness of angles, and dimensional tolerances produced by Aluminum- and Magnesium-Alloy Products drawing through a die.
    [Show full text]
  • Review Article Friction Welding of Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys with Steel
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Materials Science and Engineering Volume 2014, Article ID 981653, 15 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/981653 Review Article Friction Welding of Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys with Steel Andrzej Ambroziak, Marcin Korzeniowski, PaweB KustroN, Marcin Winnicki, PaweB SokoBowski, and Ewa HarapiNska Welding Technology Department, Institute of Production Engineering and Automation, Wroclaw University of Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland Correspondence should be addressed to Andrzej Ambroziak; [email protected] Received 10 December 2013; Revised 12 February 2014; Accepted 11 March 2014; Published 28 April 2014 Academic Editor: Achilles Vairis Copyright © 2014 Andrzej Ambroziak et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The paper presents our actual knowledge and experience in joining dissimilar materials with the use of friction welding method. The joints of aluminium and aluminium alloys with the different types of steel were studied. The structural effects occurring during the welding process were described. The mechanical properties using, for example, (i) microhardness measurements, (ii) tensile tests, (iii) bending tests, and (iv) shearing tests were determined. In order to obtain high-quality joints the influence of different configurations of the process such as (i) changing the geometry of bonding surface, (ii) using the interlayer, or (iii) heat treatment was analyzed. Finally, the issues related to the selection of optimal parameters of friction welding process were also investigated. 1. Introduction often very difficult. To obtain high-quality joint it is necessary toknowandanalyzephasediagramofthetwowelded The family of friction welding processes includes several materials.
    [Show full text]
  • Machining of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys / 763
    ASM Handbook, Volume 16: Machining Copyright © 1989 ASM International® ASM Handbook Committee, p 761-804 All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1361/asmhba0002184 www.asminternational.org MachJning of Aluminum and AlumJnum Alloys ALUMINUM ALLOYS can be ma- -r.. _ . lul Tools with small rake angles can normally chined rapidly and economically. Because be used with little danger of burring the part ," ,' ,,'7.,','_ ' , '~: £,~ " ~ ! f / "' " of their complex metallurgical structure, or of developing buildup on the cutting their machining characteristics are superior ,, A edges of tools. Alloys having silicon as the to those of pure aluminum. major alloying element require tools with The microconstituents present in alumi- larger rake angles, and they are more eco- num alloys have important effects on ma- nomically machined at lower speeds and chining characteristics. Nonabrasive con- feeds. stituents have a beneficial effect, and ,o IIR Wrought Alloys. Most wrought alumi- insoluble abrasive constituents exert a det- num alloys have excellent machining char- rimental effect on tool life and surface qual- acteristics; several are well suited to multi- ity. Constituents that are insoluble but soft B pie-operation machining. A thorough and nonabrasive are beneficial because they e,,{' , understanding of tool designs and machin- assist in chip breakage; such constituents s,~ ,.t ing practices is essential for full utilization are purposely added in formulating high- of the free-machining qualities of aluminum strength free-cutting alloys for processing in alloys. high-speed automatic bar and chucking ma- Strain-hardenable alloys (including chines. " ~ ~p /"~ commercially pure aluminum) contain no In general, the softer ailoys~and, to a alloying elements that would render them lesser extent, some of the harder al- c • o c hardenable by solution heat treatment and ,p loys--are likely to form a built-up edge on precipitation, but they can be strengthened the cutting lip of the tool.
    [Show full text]
  • Aluminium Alloys Chemical Composition Pdf
    Aluminium alloys chemical composition pdf Continue Alloy in which aluminum is the predominant lye frame of aluminum welded aluminium alloy, manufactured in 1990. Aluminum alloys (or aluminium alloys; see spelling differences) are alloys in which aluminium (Al) is the predominant metal. Typical alloy elements are copper, magnesium, manganese, silicon, tin and zinc. There are two main classifications, namely casting alloys and forged alloys, both further subdivided into heat-treatable and heat-free categories. Approximately 85% of aluminium is used for forged products, e.g. laminated plates, foils and extrusions. Aluminum cast alloys produce cost-effective products due to their low melting point, although they generally have lower tensile strength than forged alloys. The most important cast aluminium alloy system is Al–Si, where high silicon levels (4.0–13%) contributes to giving good casting features. Aluminum alloys are widely used in engineering structures and components where a low weight or corrosion resistance is required. [1] Alloys composed mostly of aluminium have been very important in aerospace production since the introduction of metal leather aircraft. Aluminum-magnesium alloys are both lighter than other aluminium alloys and much less flammable than other alloys containing a very high percentage of magnesium. [2] Aluminum alloy surfaces will develop a white layer, protective of aluminum oxide, if not protected by proper anodization and/or dyeing procedures. In a wet environment, galvanic corrosion can occur when an aluminum alloy is placed in electrical contact with other metals with a more positive corrosion potential than aluminum, and an electrolyte is present that allows the exchange of ions.
    [Show full text]
  • 85 Fabrication And
    [Verma*, 4.(9): September, 2015] ISSN: 2277-9655 (I2OR), Publication Impact Factor: 3.785 IJESRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FRICTION STIR WELDING USING AL 3105 Smriti Verma*, Amit Tanwar, Bhagwan Das * M Tech Scholar, Mechanical Dept., Roorkee Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India Professors, Mechanical Engg. Dept, Roorkee Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India ABSTRACT In this research study, the characterization of the microstructure evolution of friction stir lap welds (FSLW) of Aluminium incorporated with Titanium Carbide powder to form Aluminium based composites is presented. The Titanium Carbide powder was infused at the weld interface to produce a composite. The FSLW were conducted on an Intelligent Stir Welding for Industry and Research (I-STIR) Process Development System (PDS). Different welding parameters were used for the welding process. Rotational speeds of 1600 rpm and 2000 rpm and transverse speeds of 100 mm/min, 200 mm/min and 300 mm/min were employed. The process parameters were carefully selected to represent a low, medium and high setting for the feed rates. The microstructural evolution of the samples were studied. Optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were used to investigate the particle distribution of the welded samples. The results obtained revealed the influence of the welding parameters on the particle distribution of the welded samples. A homogenous mixture of the materials was observed at higher rotational speed of 2000 rpm. KEYWORDS: aluminium, friction stir welding, microstructure, Titanium Carbide (TiC) INTRODUCTION In recent years, demands for light weight and high strength sheets such as aluminium alloys have increased steadily in aerospace, aircraft and automotive applications due to their extra-ordinary strength to weight ratio with their resistance properties in adverse environments.
    [Show full text]
  • International Alloy Designations and Chemical Composition Limits for Wrought Aluminum and Wrought Aluminum Alloys
    International Alloy Designations and Chemical Composition Limits for Wrought Aluminum and Wrought Aluminum Alloys 1525 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22209 www.aluminum.org With Support for On-line Access From: Aluminum Extruders Council Australian Aluminium Council Ltd. European Aluminium Association Japan Aluminium Association Alro S.A, R omania Revised: January 2015 Supersedes: February 2009 © Copyright 2015, The Aluminum Association, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction and sale by photocopy or any other method is illegal . Use of the Information The Aluminum Association has used its best efforts in compiling the information contained in this publication. Although the Association believes that its compilation procedures are reliable, it does not warrant, either expressly or impliedly, the accuracy or completeness of this information. The Aluminum Association assumes no responsibility or liability for the use of the information herein. All Aluminum Association published standards, data, specifications and other material are reviewed at least every five years and revised, reaffirmed or withdrawn. Users are advised to contact The Aluminum Association to ascertain whether the information in this publication has been superseded in the interim between publication and proposed use. CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ........................................................................................................... i SIGNATORIES TO THE DECLARATION OF ACCORD ..................................... ii-iii REGISTERED DESIGNATIONS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Friction Stir Welding Process Parameters on Tensile Strength of Dissimilar Welded Joint
    International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2016): 79.57 | Impact Factor (2017): 7.296 Effect of Friction Stir Welding Process Parameters on Tensile strength of Dissimilar Welded Joint Nilesh V. Desai1, Dr. K. H. Inamdar2 1P.G. Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli, Maharashtra, India 2Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli, Maharashtra, India Abstract: In the present work, the effect friction stir welding (FSW) process parameters on the mechanical properties of dissimilar friction stir butt welded aluminium (Al) alloy, AA6061-T6 and stainless steel, 304L were investigated. FSW tools having fixed shoulder diameter, pin tip diameter and pin length with tapered cylindrical (TC) pin profile was used for experimental work. The FSW parameters used were; tool rotational speed (rpm), welding speed (mm/min), plunge depth (mm) and tool offset (mm). The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the joint is considered as the main criterion of the joint performance. Taguchi method of optimization was used to determine optimum level of parameter and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is done in order to determine significance of each parameter. The results showed that the rotational speed has more contribution among all other parameter followed by welding speed. Keywords: Friction Stir Welding, Dissimilar Metals, Tensile Strength, Analysis of Variance 1. Introduction alloys used in the aerospace industry could be joined with a minor loss in strength [2]. Fast depletion of primary fossil fuel reserves, hike and fluctuation in fuel prices and environmental degradation and 1.1 Friction Stir welding process its after effects as a result of burning of fossil fuel are looming problems the world is facing today.
    [Show full text]
  • Conventional and Innovative Aerospace Joining
    UNIVERSITÀ DI PISA FACOLTÀ DI INGEGNERIA DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA AEROSPAZIALE DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN INGEGNERIA AEROSPAZIALE XVIII CICLO TESI DI DOTTORATO CCONVENTIONAL AND IINNOVATIVE AAEROSPACE JJOINING TTECHNOLOGIES CURRICULUM COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TUTORE PROF. ING. AGOSTINO LANCIOTTI PRESIDENTE DEL CORSO DI DOTTORATO PROF. ING. GUIDO BURESTI DOTTORANDA ING. CLAUDIA POLESE ANNO ACCADEMICO 2005 – 2006 ABSTRACT I ABSTRACT The present PhD Thesis was developed in the framework of several Research Programs in which the Department of Aerospace Engineering at University of Pisa was directly involved, with the general aim to characterized the fatigue behavior of conventional and innovative joints typically employed in the production of aeronautical and aerospace structures. Correct predictions could obviously improve design of optimized structures, maintaining or increasing actual safety levels: but the separate or synergic effects of several parameters must be considered to correctly reproduce structure in-service behavior. The logic-flow adopted for each aspect analyzed in the present research had his origin on a consistent database of experimental data, ranging from general mechanical properties material characterization to strain gauge evaluations of associated stress fields, moving toward a more comprehensive description of the faced problem by means of Finite Elements simulations, to finally reach, by fracture mechanics codes, a generalized model. Attention was mainly focused on parameters characterized by a lack of information in literature or unsatisfactory prediction models. Among others aspects, the effect of Secondary Bending on conventional longitudinal fuselage joints was deeply investigated, bringing to a clear improvement of fracture mechanics software. Furthermore were analyzed different technologies capable of decidedly improve joint performance in a standard architecture.
    [Show full text]
  • Lim2015 Advance Program, Monday, 22.6.2015 Registration
    LiM2015 Advance Program, Monday, 22.6.2015 08:00 - 09:00 Registration ICM Ground Floor/1st Floor, Room 1 WoP Opening and Plenary Session 09:00 - WoP-Opening Ceremony and Plenary WoP 11:00 Session Coffee break ICM 1st Floor, Room 13b LiM Plenary Session and WLT ceremony, Chair A. Ostendorf & T. Graf 11:15 - Andreas Ostendorf Welcome to LiM 11:30 Thomas Graf 11:30 - The Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI) Wolfgang Sandner 12:00 12:00 - Laser-sintering: laser-based industrial Tobias Abeln 12:30 3D printing 12:30 - WLT Award Ceremony Andreas Ostendorf 12:45 12:45 - Price Winning Topic Price Winner 13:15 Lunch Program subject to change without notice Update 02.06.2015 LiM2015 Advance Program, Monday, 22.6.2015 LiM2015 Advance Program, Monday, 22.6.2015 LiM2015 Advance Program, Monday, 22.6.2015 Room "Edison", 1st Floor, Exhibition Hall A2 (A21/A22) Room "Newton 2", 1st Floor, Exhibition Hall A3 (A32) Room "Newton 1", 1st Floor, Exhibition Hall A3 (A31) Macro Processing: Joining (Welding, Brazing) (Mo_A2_1), Chair U. Reisgen Micro Processing: Surface Functionalization (Mo_A32_1), Chair A. Conzelmann Micro Processing: Micro Joining (Welding and Brazing) (Mo_A31_1), Chair M. Kogel-Hollacher Suck-Joo Na Flow and bead formation characteristics in high Laser based surface structuring for Max Kahmann Sputter-free and Reproducible Laser Welding of Elke Kaiser 14:30 - Sang-Woo Han, Sohail Muhammad, Linjie power laser welding at different welding positions lightweight design Ulf Quentin, Marc Kirchhoff, Rüdiger Electric or Electronic Copper Contacts
    [Show full text]
  • Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Materials: a Review Nilesh V
    Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Materials: A Review Nilesh V. Desai1, Dr. K. H. Inamdar2 1PG Student, 2Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli, (India) ABSTRACT Friction stir Welding is a solid-state joining process used for joining of different alloys of aluminium, magnesium etc. and also for hard materials like steels. The common defects observed in conventional welding are eliminated in this type of welding. The reality that joining of alloys could be usually faced problems in many sectors that includes automotive, aerospace, ship building industries, electronics etc. where fusion welding is not possible due to large difference in physical and the chemical properties of the components to be joined. In conventional welding processes defects like porosity formation, solidification cracking, and chemical reaction may arise during welding of dissimilar materials although sound welds may be obtained in some restricted cases with special aids to the joint design and preparation, process factors and filler metals. Keywords: Friction Stir Welding, Microstructure, Rotational Speed, Tensile Strength, Welding Speed I. INTRODUCTION Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is invented by The Welding Institute (TWI), England, U. K. for joining of light metals in 1991. It allows considerable weight savings in lightweight construction compared to conventional joining technologies along with high strength. The process of friction stir welding has numerous advantages over the conventional welding technologies. FSW process is carried out in the solid phase below the melting point of the metals and is able to weld numerous materials including aluminium, bronze, copper, titanium, steel, magnesium, and plastic. It also yields significantly less distortion than the fusion welding processes, allowing for high cost reductions in many applications.
    [Show full text]
  • International Conference on Aluminium Alloys (ICAA)
    Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Aluminium Alloys (2004) 832 Edited by J.F. Nie, A.J. Morton and B.C. Muddle © Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd Laser Beam Welded T-Joints of 6013 Aluminium Alloy Sheet R. Braun1, G. Roth2 1 German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Materials Research, D-51170 Cologne, Germany 2 German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Technical Physics, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany Keywords: Laser beam welding, AA6013, filler powders, heat treatment, microstructure, hardness, tensile strength, corrosion behaviour Abstract T-joints of 1.6 mm thick 6013 sheet were produced using a 3 kW Nd:YAG laser and different aluminium filler powders. Pores were observed in the fusion zone exhibiting a dendritic microstructure with interdendritic regions rich in silicon and copper. Using highly- alloyed filler powders, microhardness measured in the fusion zone exceeded that of the base alloy 6013-T4. A post-weld heat treatment to the T6 temper increased the hardness, indicating precipitation of strengthening phases in the fusion zone. Tensile strengths of T- joints in the as welded T4 condition were in the range from 65 to 80% of the ultimate tensile strength of the parent sheet 6013-T4. Increase in strength due to post-weld heat treatment was moderate. The corrosion behaviour of welds exposed to an intermittent acidified salt spray fog was similar to that observed for the base material. 1. Introduction Aluminium alloys exhibit a good strength-to-weight ratio, favouring their use for lightweight structures in the transportation industry. Offering high speed and flexibility, laser beam welding is an important joining technology, which is particularly appropriate for heat treatable aluminium alloys [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Friction Welding of Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys with Steel
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Materials Science and Engineering Volume 2014, Article ID 981653, 15 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/981653 Review Article Friction Welding of Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys with Steel Andrzej Ambroziak, Marcin Korzeniowski, PaweB KustroN, Marcin Winnicki, PaweB SokoBowski, and Ewa HarapiNska Welding Technology Department, Institute of Production Engineering and Automation, Wroclaw University of Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland Correspondence should be addressed to Andrzej Ambroziak; [email protected] Received 10 December 2013; Revised 12 February 2014; Accepted 11 March 2014; Published 28 April 2014 Academic Editor: Achilles Vairis Copyright © 2014 Andrzej Ambroziak et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The paper presents our actual knowledge and experience in joining dissimilar materials with the use of friction welding method. The joints of aluminium and aluminium alloys with the different types of steel were studied. The structural effects occurring during the welding process were described. The mechanical properties using, for example, (i) microhardness measurements, (ii) tensile tests, (iii) bending tests, and (iv) shearing tests were determined. In order to obtain high-quality joints the influence of different configurations of the process such as (i) changing the geometry of bonding surface, (ii) using the interlayer, or (iii) heat treatment was analyzed. Finally, the issues related to the selection of optimal parameters of friction welding process were also investigated. 1. Introduction often very difficult. To obtain high-quality joint it is necessary toknowandanalyzephasediagramofthetwowelded The family of friction welding processes includes several materials.
    [Show full text]