The Pregnant Imagination, Fetal Rights, and Women's Bodies: a Historical Inquiry
The Pregnant Imagination, Fetal Rights, and Women's Bodies: A Historical Inquiry Julia Epstein* Competing historical and cultural understandings of the human body make clear that medicine and the law construe bodily truths from differing knowledge bases. Jurists rely virtually entirely on medical testimony to analyze biological data, and medical profes- sionals are not usually conversant with the legal ramifications of their diagnoses. In early modern Europe, both physicians and jurists recognized that their respective professions were governed by different epistemological standards, a view articulated by F6lix Vicq d'Azyr (1748-1794), anatomist and secretary to the Royal Society of Medicine in France from 1776. Vicq d'Azyr noted that while lawyers were required to make unyielding decisions based on conflicting laws, customs, and decrees, physicians were permitted more latitude for uncertainty.' In the late twentieth century, Western medicine and law have become inextricably entwined as technologies have produced new ethical dilemmas facing medicolegal jurisprudence. The authority of women to voice and explain their experiences of pregnancy and childbirth before and during the eighteenth century contrasts powerfully with the twentieth century's reliance on medicolegal decisions to define these experiences. In early modern Europe, women controlled information, experience, and beliefs concerning reproduction, and women held authority over it. A woman only became officially and publicly pregnant when she felt her * The author would like to thank Robert Kieft, Reference Librarian at Haverford College, and the librarians at the Historical Collections of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia for research assistance. Estelle Cohen, Ruth Colker, Kathryn Kolbert, Linda McClain, Nigel Paneth, Reva Siegel, and M.
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