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Baseline Water Chemistry Characterization in an Area of Developing Shale Gas Activity

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Baseline Water Chemistry Characterization in an Area of Developing Shale Gas Activity Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2013 Baseline Water Chemistry Characterization in an Area of Developing Shale Gas Activity Patrick C. Eisenhauer West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Eisenhauer, Patrick C., "Baseline Water Chemistry Characterization in an Area of Developing Shale Gas Activity" (2013). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 4963. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/4963 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Baseline Water Chemistry Characterization in an Area of Developing Shale Gas Activity Patrick C. Eisenhauer Thesis submitted to the Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science ~in~ Forestry Nicolas Zegre, Ph.D., Chair Pamela Edwards, Ph.D. Shikha Sharma, Ph.D. Michael Strager, Ph.D. Division of Forestry and Natural Resources Morgantown, West Virginia 2013 Keywords: Groundwater; West Virginia; Unconventional Gas Development; Isotopes Copyright 2013 Patrick C. Eisenhauer ABSTRACT Baseline Water Chemistry Characterization in an Area of Developing Shale Gas Activity Patrick C. Eisenhauer The recent increase in the development of shale formations for the purpose of natural gas extraction in the mid-Atlantic, namely the Marcellus shale, can be attributed to advances in unconventional extraction methods. This includes horizontal drilling and multistage hydraulic fracturing, a process that uses water to pressurize and fracture relatively impermeable shale layers to release natural gas. In West Virginia, the U.S. Department of Energy estimates 95 to 105 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of expected ultimate recovery (EUR) of natural gas from this formation [ALL Consulting, 2010]. Increased development of unconventional shale gas formations are accompanied by concerns of potential contamination to shallow groundwater resources, which often serve as potable water sources for many rural communities. However, the impacts of this practice on water resources are poorly understood due to lack of controlled pre- versus post-drilling monitoring, a consequence attributed to the rapid development of this resource. To address knowledge gaps associated with the potential impacts of unconventional shale gas development on water resources, a pre-versus post-drilling study has been initiated by the USFS in the Monongahela National Forest. This study consists of three major objectives; (1) a comprehensive literature review examining the current state of understanding about unconventional natural gas extraction and its potential to impact shallow groundwater resources; (2) the development of a sampling protocol that outlines equipment and procedures necessary for the collection of water samples for the purpose of this study; (3) the characterization of surface and groundwater chemistry used for direct and indirect sources of drinking water in the Summit Lake area of the Monongahela National Forest prior to drilling, establishing baseline water chemistry conditions. Pre-drilling water samples were collected and analyzed from two groundwater wells, a shallow spring, a nearby lake, and a river to identify potential end- members. Geochemical analyses included major ions, trace elements, dissolved methane 13 concentrations, carbon and hydrogen isotope concentrations of dissolved methane (δ CCH4 and 2 2 18 δ HCH4), oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in water (δ HH20 and δ HH20), sulfur and 34 18 oxygen isotope compositions of dissolved sulfate (δ SSO4 and δ OSO4), carbon compositions of 13 226 228 dissolved organic carbon (δ CDIC), and radium isotopes ( Ra and Ra). This analysis serves as a baseline of local water chemistry around Summit Lake, West Virginia, from which to evaluate potential changes before, during, and after shale gas extraction. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to sincerely thank my friend and thesis advisor, Dr. Nicolas Zegre, whose passion and excitement for hydrology inspired my academic endeavors. His belief in me and commitment to the process provided the motivation and confidence to persist. His guidance was imperative to my success as he went above and beyond his role as my advisor. Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the members of my thesis committee, Pamela Edwards, Shikha Sharma, and Michael Strager, whose diverse backgrounds provided valuable insights along the way. Funding sources included the USFS Northern Research Station and the WVU Division of Forestry and Natural Resources. Without their support this project would not have been possible, and I am thankful for their commitment to the type of education that will shape the professionals of my generation and many generations to follow. I would also like to thank Andrew Miller for his assistance in and out of the field. Many hours of stressful work together evolved into strong friendship which allowed me to maintain my sanity throughout this experience. I would also like to thank Jeremy White of the USGS West Virginia Water Science Center. The cooperation and resources of the USGS in field sampling were an essential component of this project. Lastly completing this work would not have been possible without relentless encouragement and support from my family and friends. Patrick C. Eisenhauer West Virginia University May, 2013 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................ iii FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... vii TABLES ...................................................................................................................................... viii Section 1.0 - Introduction and Objectives ...................................................................................1 1.1 - Unconventional shale gas development .................................................................................1 1.2 - Study objectives ......................................................................................................................3 Section 2.0 - Water Quality Impacts from Unconventional Natural Gas Extraction in the Mid-Atlantic: A Review ................................................................................................................5 2.1 - Introduction ............................................................................................................................5 2.3 - Shale gas extraction process ..................................................................................................7 2.3.1 - Conventional vs. Unconventional gas extraction ....................................................7 2.3.2 - Infrastructure development ....................................................................................10 2.3.3 - Drilling and casing process ...................................................................................11 2.3.4 - Hydraulic fracturing process .................................................................................13 2.4 - Impacts to water resources ....................................................................................................14 2.4.1 - Surface impacts ......................................................................................................16 2.4.1a - Water withdrawal impacts ......................................................................17 2.4.2. - Groundwater impacts ...........................................................................................19 2.4.2a - Surface driven groundwater impacts .......................................................19 2.4.2b - Subsurface driven groundwater impacts .................................................20 2.4.3 - Stray gas and fluid migration .................................................................................21 2.4.3a - Transport pathways for gas and fluid migration from depth ...................24 iv 2.5 - Management of drinking water resources .............................................................................26 2.5.1 - Conceptual model development ..............................................................................26 2.5.2 - Knowledge gaps, research techniques, and management ......................................27 Section 3.0 - Baseline Characterization ....................................................................................31
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