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Pelagic Ecosystem and Seamounts of the South-Western Indian Ocean

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Pelagic Ecosystem and Seamounts of the South-Western Indian Ocean Structures des communautés micronectoniques en relation avec les conditions environnementales à deux monts sous-marins peu profonds du sud-ouest de l’Océan Indien Pavanee Annasawmy To cite this version: Pavanee Annasawmy. Structures des communautés micronectoniques en relation avec les conditions environnementales à deux monts sous-marins peu profonds du sud-ouest de l’Océan Indien. Agricul- tural sciences. Université Montpellier; University of Cape Town. Department of Biological Sciences, 2019. English. NNT : 2019MONTG087. tel-02868695 HAL Id: tel-02868695 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02868695 Submitted on 15 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Chapter 1: General Introduction THÈSE POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR DÉLIVRÉ PAR L’UNIVERSITÉ DE MONT PELLIER En Science de la mer Préparée au sein de l’École doctorale GAIA Et de l’Unité de recherche UMR MARBEC En partenariat international avec The University of Cape Town (Afrique du Sud) Patterns among micronekton communities in relation to environmental conditions at two shallow seamounts in the south-western Indian Ocean Présentée par Pavanee ANNASAWMY Angelee Le 24 Septembre 2019 Sous la direction de Francis MARSAC (Directeur de thèse) et Colin ATTWOOD (co-Directeur de thèse) Devant le jury composé de [ Christophe MENKES - Directeur de Recherche, IRD, Nouvelle Cal édonie] [Rapporteur] [Rapporteur] [ Patrice BREHMER - Chargé de Recherche, IRD, Brest] [Catherine ALIAUME - Professeur, Université de Montpellier] [Présidente du jury] [Coleen MOLONEY - Professeur, University of Cape Town] [Examinatrice] [Christophe GUINET - Directeur de Recherche, CEBC-CNRS, Chizé] [Examinateur] [ Francis MARSAC - Directeur de recherche, IRD, Sète et University of Cape Town] [Directeur de thèse] Declaration I hereby declare that except where specific reference is made to the work of others, the contents of this thesis dissertation are original and have not been submitted in whole or in part for consideration for any other degree or qualification in this, or any other University. This dissertation contains three authored accepted papers as main chapters, as requested for a “PhD by publication” by the University of Montpellier. This dissertation contains less than 80 000 words excluding appendices, bibliography, footnotes, tables and equations and has less than 150 figures. Pavanee Annasawmy, July 2019 II I hereby confirm that I have been granted permission by the University of Cape Town’s Doctoral Degrees Board to include the following publications in my PhD thesis. The co-authors have agreed to the inclusion of these publications: Annasawmy, P., Ternon, J-F., Cotel, P., Cherel, Y, Romanov, E., Roudaut, G., Lebourges-Dhaussy, A., Ménard, F., Marsac, F., 2019. Micronekton distribution and assemblages at two shallow seamounts in the south-western Indian Ocean: Insights from acoustics and mesopelagic trawl data. Prog. Oceanogr. 178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102161 Annasawmy, P., Ternon, J-F., Lebourges-Dhaussy, A., Roudaut, G., Herbette, S., Ménard, F., Cotel., P., Marsac, F., 2020a. Micronekton distribution as influenced by mesoscale eddies, Madagascar shelf and shallow seamounts in the south-western Indian Ocean: an acoustic approach. Deep-Sea Res. II. Annasawmy, P., Cherel, Y., Romanov, E., Le Loch, F., Ménard, F., Ternon, J-F., Marsac, F., 2020b. Stable isotope patterns of micronekton at two shallow seamounts of the south-western Indian Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. II. SIGNATURE: DATE: 15 th of July 2019 NAME: Pavanee Annasawmy STUDENT NUMBER: ANNPAV001 III Acknowledgements Coming to the end of a long journey, I would like to, first and foremost, thank my thesis supervisor, Dr. Francis Marsac, for his continuous support, faith and optimism. Francis provided guidance and assistance throughout my Master’s and PhD degree through the ICEMASA French-South African International Laboratory, which has given me the opportunity to work on interesting research questions in collaboration with various institutions. I aslo wish to thank my thesis co-supervisor Asso. Prof. Colin Attwood for providing support and assistance. Both Francis and Colin have encouraged the independent pursuit of my research interests and I am very grateful for this freedom. I am further grateful to have evolved by their side and to have learnt important skills necessary in conducting oceanographic research work at an international level. Helpful comments and advice are thankfully acknowledged from members of my committee who have followed my work since the beginning. The committee members included Jean-François Ternon, Anne Lebourges-Dhaussy, Frédéric Ménard, Yves Cherel and Arnaud Bertrand. I admire their passion for scientific research. I am thankful for their valuable suggestions to improve this research work, and all the interesting and stimulating scientific discussions we have had. I am grateful to the directors of UMR MARBEC (Sète, France) for their warm welcome and their words of encouragement during my stay in France. I wish to thank the University of Cape Town, especially Colin Attwood for providing all the necessary equipment for the organisation of a Taxonomic Workshop at UCT. I also wish to acknowledge Yves Cherel, Evgeny Romanov and Alexander Butch Hulley who took part in this workshop to confirm the identification of the mesopelagic fishes and squids caught during La Pérouse and MAD-Ridge cruises. This work would not have been possible without all those people who have provided the necessary training and equipment such that I can complete all the steps required for the stable isotope analyses in due time: Freeze-drying equipment: Sebastien Jaquemet (Laboratoire d’écologie marine, Université de La Réunion/ UMR Entropie); Bronwyn Arendze-Bailey (Molecular and Cell Biology Department, UCT, South Africa); Dawood Hattas (Department of Biological Sciences, UCT, South Africa). Grinding and Lipid removal equipment: Luisa Metral (UMR MARBEC, Sète, France). Carbonate removal and Encapsulation equipment: Fran çois Le Loc’h (UMR LEMAR, Plouzané, Brest). IV Mass Spectrometry analyses were run by Jean-Marie Munaron and Clement Tanvet (UMR LEMAR, Plouzané, Brest), who have spent long hours in front of the mass spectrometer and computer to validate the stable isotopes data. I would also like to acknowledge the captain and crew of the RV Antea for providing assistance during the data collection. I admire their professionalism and for providing efficient and quick solutions to unexpected problems encountered during our cruises, such that the scientific data collection and cruise plan were not affected. Due to the nature of this co-badged PhD degree, administrative hurdles were varied and numerous and had to be overcome during these three years. I wish to thank the administrative staff at UCT, especially within the Department of Biological Sciences (Claire Khai), MA-RE (Sharon Bosma), the Faculty of Science Postgraduate office (Ayesha Shaik and Shahieda Samsodien), and IRD (Ghislaine Ferard Pouget), and acknowledge their patience and support in the face of unexpected and complicated situations. This thesis, as well as conference attendance to present findings (10 th WIOMSA Symposium 2017; WGFAST 2018; ICEMASA Colloquium 2018; SANCOR meeting 2018) was made possible via funding provided by IRD (ARTS scholarship), ICEMASA bursaries and additional grants from UM and WIOMSA (travel grants). I am further grateful to ICEMASA for giving me the opportunity to travel to Brest on numerous occasions to work closely with Anne Lebourges-Dhaussy and Gildas Roudaut in the field of acoustics, and François Le Loc’h in the field of stable isotopes. Last but not least, I wish to thank my family for their unconditional love, unwavering support and faith. This thesis is dedicated to my parents who have showed me the value of hard work and who have always encouraged me to aim higher. V Table of Contents Table of Contents List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................... X List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................ XIII Thesis Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... XIV Synthèse des travaux en français ............................................................................................................ 1 Glossary of principal abbreviations ....................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 1: General Introduction ........................................................................................................... 12 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 12 1.1.1 Seamount geology and characteristics ...............................................................................
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