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CORNISH, CÓRNICO, CORNIQUE Language family: Indo-European, Celtic, Insular, Brythonic. Language codes: ISO 639-1 kw ISO 639-2 cor ISO 639-3 Variously: cor - Modern Cornish cnx - Midle Cornish oco - Old Cornish Glottolog: corn1251. Linguist List: cnx – Midle Cornish oco - Old Cornish Linguasphere: 50-ABB-a Beste izen batzuk (autoglotonimoa: kernowek, kernewek): cornish [CRN] hik. Erresuma Batua. curnoack alt cornish [CRN]. kernewek alt cornish [CRN]. kernowek alt cornish [CRN]. ERRESUMA BATUA cornish (kernowek, kernewek, curnoack) [CRN] Hogei urtetik beherako batzuen lehen hizkuntza da eta 1000 bat pertsona dira kornubiera eguneroko hizkuntza dutenak eta beste 2 bat mila erraz mintzatzen dutenak (1999). Kornuallesko konterria, Ingalaterrako hego- mendebaldea. Indo-European, Celtic, Insular, Brythonic. Elebitasuna ingelesez. Haur batzuk elebidun ari dira hazten. Eliz funtzioak kornubieraz. Badira gaueskolak, korrespondentzia ikastaroak, udalekuak, jolaserako haur-taldeak. Badago kornubieraren Hizkuntz Batzorde bat. 1777an iraungi zen lehen hizkuntza bezala, baina berpizten ari da. Bi ortografia daude indarrean. Eskoletan irakasten da. Hizkuntza / lengua: kornubiera / cornish / córnico / cornique. Hiztunak / hablantes (2008): 3.500 (Wikipedia). Herrialdea / país: Kornualles. HISTORIA. El córnico (kernowek o kernewek) es una lengua britónico-céltica y HISTORIA. Kornubiera (kernowek edo junto con el galés y bretón desciende kernewek) hizkuntza britoniko-zeltikoa da directamente de la antigua lengua eta galesera eta bretainiera bezalaxe, británica, hablada en la mayor parte de antzinako britainiar hizkuntzatik eratorria Britania antes de que llegara el dominio del da, hau Britainia gehienean mintzatua inglés. El proceso de recuperación inició zelarik ingelesaren nagusigoa azaldu Henry Jenner, entusiasta de la lengua aurretik. Hizkuntzaren berpizte prozesua céltica, con su libro Handbook of the Henry Jenner hizkuntza zeltikoaren zale Cornish Language. Jenner se basó en el porrokatuak abiatu zuen Handbook of the córnico del s. XVIII pero su discípulo Robert Cornish Language liburuarekin. Jennerrek Morton Nance reorientó hacia el córnico del XVIII. m.ko kornubiera erabili zuen baina s. XVI cuando todavía no estaba tan Robert Morton Nance bere ikasleak influenciado por el inglés. Su berpizkundea XVI. m.ko kornubieran reconocimiento oficial llegó de la mano de oinarritu zuen, anartean ingelesaren European Charter for Regional or Minority eragina hain handia ez zelako. Aitortza Languages en 2002. ofiziala the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages delakoaren babesean El tradicional córnico pudo poseer lortu zuen 2002an. variedades regionales, pero debido a la Kornubiera tradizionalak izan bide zituen naturaleza de la recuperación, las aldaerak eskualdeka, baina berreskuratzea modernas variedades más tienen que ver dela eta aldaera modernoak areago dira con las diferencias de opinión. iritzi ezberdintasunak. LENGUA. Principales características. Fonética. El primer sonido de una palabra HIZKUNTZA. Ezaugarri nagusiak. córnica puede cambiar según el contexto Fonetika. Kontestu gramatikalaren gramatical. Como en bretón, hay 4 tipos de arabera, kornikar hitzaren lehen hotsa alda mutaciones (3 en galés, 2 en irlandés, daiteke. Bretainieraz bezala 4 mutazio era manx y gaélico) que son las siguientes: daude (3 galeseraz, 2 irlanderaz, manxeraz suave (b- → v, tc.), fuerte (b- → p), eta gaelikoz), hurrengoak: leuna (b- → v, aspirada (b no cambiada, t- → th) y mixta etc.), gogorra (b- → p), hasperendua (b (b- → aldatugabea, t- → th) y mistoa (b- → f). f). Morfosintaxia. Morfosintaxis. Idazkera. Latindar alfabetoa. Escritura. Alfabeto latino. GRAMATIKAK, METODOAK, ESKULIBURUAK Literatura AN SOWTER, Lyver an Salmow trelys dhe Gernewek, furv liturgek, 17x11, 192 or., Cheltenham, 1997. AN TESTAMENT NOWYDH, Kesvan an Taves Kernewek, An Testament Nowydh, treylys dhe Gernewek (The New Testament, translated into Cornish), 21,5x15, 428 or., Cornwall, 2004. KORNIKAR ALFABETOA CORNISH ALPHABET Kontsonanteak / Consonants labio- post- bilabial dental alveolar palatal labio-velar velar glottal dental alveolar plosive p b t d k ɡ nasal m n ŋ fricative f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ x h approximant ɹ j ʍ w lateral l approximant Consonant Mutation in Cornish (Standard Written Form) Unmutated Soft Aspirate Hard Mixed consonant mutation mutation mutation mutation p b f - - t d th - - c, k g h - - b v - p f d dh - t t g1 disappears - c, k h g² w - c wh gw w - qw wh m v - - f ch j - - - Hurrengo koadro honek adierazten ditu This table compares the spelling of some kornubierazko hitz batzuk ortografia Cornish words in different orthographies ezberdinetan (Unified Cornish, Unified (Unified Cornish, Unified Cornish Revised, Cornish Revised, Kernewek Kemmyn, Kernewek Kemmyn, Revived Late Cornish, Revived Late Cornish, the Standard Written the Standard Written Form, and Kernowek Form, and Kernowek Standard). Standard). UC UCR KK RLC SWF KS English Kernewek, Kernewek Kernowek Kernewek Kernûak Kernowek Cornish Kernowek gwenenen gwenenen gwenenenn gwenen gwenenen gwenenen bee cadar, chayr, cader, kador, chair, kador chair chayr cadar chair cador cadar kēs cues keus keaz keus keus cheese yn-mēs yn-mēs yn-mes a-vêz yn-mes in mes outside kodha, codha codha koedha codha codha (to) fall codha gavar gavar gaver gavar gaver gavar goat choy, chi, chȳ chȳ chi chi, chei chy house chy gwelv, gwēus gwēus gweus gweus gweùs lip gweus river aber, ryver ryver, aber aber ryvar aber ryver, aber mouth nyver nyver niver never niver nyver number peren peren perenn peran peren peren pear scōl scōl skol scoll skol, scol scol school (to) megy megy megi megi megi, megy megy smoke steren steren sterenn steran steren steren star hedhyū hedhyw hedhyw hedhiu hedhyw hedhyw today wiban, hwibana, (to) whybana whybana hwibana whybana whiban whibana whistle whêl whēl whēl hwel hwel, whel whel quarry 'work' lün luen leun lean leun leun full arghans arhans arghans arrans arhans arhans silver arghans, mona, arghans, arhans, muna mona money mona arhans mona mona Hurrengo taulak kornubierako hitzak The following table compares Cornish alderatzen ditu bere hizkuntza britoniko words with their equivalents from its sister ahizpa diren galesera eta bretainierako hitz Brythonic languages of Welsh and Breton baliokideekin eta bere hizkuntza and its cousin languages Irish, Scottish lehengusina diren irlandera, eskoziera Gaelic and Manx, along with an English gaeliko eta manxerako hitzekin, ingeleseko gloss. glosa batzurekin. Cornish Scottish Welsh Breton Irish Manx English (SWF) Gaelic Kernewek, Cernyweg Kerneveureg Coirnis Còrnais Cornish Cornish Kernowek seillean, gwenenen gwenynen gwenanenn beach shellan bee beach kador, cadair kador cathaoir cathair caair chair cador keus caws keuz cáis càis(e) caashey cheese tu fas, tu yn-mes er-maez amuigh a-muigh mooie outside allan kodha, codwm, kouezhañ tit(im) tuit(eam) tuitt(ym) (to) fall codha syrthio gaver gafr gavr/gaor gabhar gobhar goayr goat chi, chei tŷ ti teach taigh thie house lip gweus gwefus gweuz liopa bile meill (anatomical) mouth of a aber aber aber inbhear inbhir inver river, estuary niver rhif, nifer niver uimhir àireamh earroo number gellygen, peren perenn piorra peur peear pear peren skol, scol ysgol skol scoil sgoil scoill school megi, tobac a ysmygu mogediñ smoc(adh) toghtan(ey) (to) smoke megy chaitheamh steren seren steredenn réalt reul rollage star hedhyw heddiw hiziv inniu an-diugh jiu today hwibana, chwibanu c'hwibanat feadaíl fead(ail) fed(danagh) (to) whistle whibana hwel, chwarel arvez cairéal coireall quarral quarry whel leun llawn leun lán làn lane full arhans arian arc'hant airgead airgead argid silver arhans, arian, moneiz airgead airgead argid money mona pres Esaldi arruntak / Common phrases Standard Written Form ahoskera Standard Written Form pronunciation Cornish IPA English Myttin da [ˌmɪtɪn ˈdaː] "good morning" Dydh da [ˌdɪˑð ˈdaː] "good day" Fatla genes? [ˌfatla ˈɡɛnɛs] "how are you?" Yn poynt da, meur ras [ɪn ˌpɔɪntˈdaː ˌmœˑrˈraːs] "Well, thank you" Py eur yw? [pɪ ˈœːr ɪʊ] "What time is it?" Ple'ma Rysrudh, mar [ˈplɛː ma rɪzˈryːð mar ˈplɛːɡ] "Where is Redruth please?" pleg? Yma Rysrudh ogas dhe [ɪˈmaː rɪzˈryːð ˈɔɡas ðə "Redruth is near Camborne, Gambron, heb mar! ˈɡambrɔn hɛb ˈmaːr] of course!" Testu-lagina / Sample text Yma pub den genys frank hag equal yn dynyta hag yn gwyryow. Ymons y enduys gans reson ha keskans hag y tal dhedhans omdhon an eyl orth y gela yn sperys a vredereth. Itzulpena / Translation Gizon-emakume guztiak aske jaiotzen dira, All human beings are born free and equal in duintasun eta eskubide berberak dituztela; dignity and rights. They are endowed with eta ezaguera eta kontzientzia dutenez gero, reason and conscience and should act elkarren artean senide legez jokatu behar towards one another in a spirit of dute. brotherhood. (Giza Eskubideen Aldarrikapen (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Unibertsaleko 1. artikulua) Human Rights) .
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  • Language Death and Revival in the British Isles: Two Case Studies

    Language Death and Revival in the British Isles: Two Case Studies

    Language Death and Revival in the British Isles: Two Case Studies Tesis doctoral presentada por Christopher Langmuir Thomson en el Departamento de Lengua Inglesa de la Universidad de Sevilla 2015 1 Table of Contents 0.0 Introduction 5 0.1 Summary, objectives, methods 14 Chapter 1: Language Death 23 1. 0. Introduction 23 1. 1. Language death as a constant in history 23 1. 2. The world’s languages in jeopardy 27 1. 3. Typologies of language death 30 1. 4. Structural consequences of language death 33 1. 5. The Celtic languagesin jeopardy 37 1. 5. 1. Scottish Gaelic 38 Chapter 2: Language Revitalization 42 2. 1. Terminology 44 2 .2. Language vitality 45 2. 3. Domains of Use 51 2. 4. Two Celtic case studies 55 2. 4. 1. The Gaeltacht in The Republic of Ireland 55 2. 4. 2. Scottish Gaelic in a Lewis Community 62 Chapter 3: The Demise of The Cornish Language 68 3. 0. Introduction 68 3. 1. Early History 69 3. 2. The Expansion of Wessex 72 3. 3. Competing Chronologies of Retreat 76 3. 4. The Middle Cornish Period 78 3. 4. 1. Middle Cornish Literature 80 3. 5. The Tudor Period 83 3. 6. The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries 87 2 Chapter 4: The Revival of The Cornish Language 4. 0. Introduction 92 4. 1. Henry Jenner and the Cornish Revival 92 4. 2. Problems of language revival in Cornwall. 97 4. 2. 1. Old Cornwall Societies and Gorseth Kernow 98 4. 2. 2. Tyr ha Tavas 101 4. 2. 3. Morton Nance and Unified Cornish 102 4.
  • Cornish Lexicography in the Twentieth Century: Standardisation and Divergence

    Cornish Lexicography in the Twentieth Century: Standardisation and Divergence

    Bullelin suisse dc llnguistigllc appliquee, 69/1,1999,45-57 Publié dans Bulletin VALS-ASLA (Association suisse de linguistique appliquée) 69/1, 45-57, 1999 qui doit être utilisée pour toute référence à ce travail Cornish Lexicography in the Twentieth Century: Standardisation and Divergence. JonMILLS Abstract In this century the Cornish language has been revived so that today Cornish is spoken by many Cornish people as a second language, Moreover a few people currently living in Cornwall have been raised as bilingual from birth. Texts from the Middle Cornish (1200 to 1575 AD) and Modem Cornish (1575 to 1800 AD) periods form the basis upon which Cornish has been revived in the twentieth century. Dictionaries have made an important contribution to the pedagogical basis of this revival and several lexicographers have introduced standardised spelling systems for Cornish. The WILUAMS' (1865) dictionary and LEWIS' (1923) grammar form the basis of later twentieth century pedagogical dictionaries. Both Williams and Lewis are Welsh and have been led astray by analogy with the Welsh language on a number of issues. As a result, some subsequent dictionaries are not faithful to native Cornish practices. Analogy with Welsh and Breton has also led some revivalists to adopt Middle rather than Modem Cornish as the basis for standardising Cornish spelling and grammar, Furthermore Welsh and Breton have been used as sources for borrowing new words into twentieth century Cornish. Other writers, notably lENNER (1904) and GENDALL (1997), have shown a preference for Modern Cornish as a pedagogical basis for the revival of Cornish. lenner chose to take up the language where it had left off and disapproved of the inclusion of Welsh and BretoD borrowings for which no authority exists in Cornish (lENNER 1904: xv).