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Reproductive Biology of Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax Pygmeus in Siahkeshim Protected Area, Northern Iran

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Reproductive Biology of Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax Pygmeus in Siahkeshim Protected Area, Northern Iran Barati et al.: Reproductive biology of Pygmy Cormorant in Northern Iran 163 REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF PYGMY CORMORANT PHALACROCORAX PYGMEUS IN SIAHKESHIM PROTECTED AREA, NORTHERN IRAN AHMAD BARATI,1 SAFOURA JAVAN2 & MOHAMMAD E. SEHHATISABET3 1Department of Environment, Malayer University, PO Box 65155-1398, Hamedan, Iran ([email protected]) 2Department of Environment, Science and Research Unit of Tehran, Azad University, Iran 3Department of Environment of Iran, Provincial Office of Kerman, Iran Received 5 August 2008, accepted 9 October 2008 SUMMARY BARATI, A., JAVAN, S. & SEHHATISABET, M.E. 2008. Reproductive biology of Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus in Siahkeshim Protected Area, Northern Iran. Marine Ornithology 36: 163–166. The breeding ecology of the Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus was studied in 2007 in the Siahkeshim Protected Area, Anzali Wetland Complex, northern Iran. Nests were monitored from the start of egg-laying until fledging, and parameters including laying date, clutch size, nest and egg size, and breeding output were recorded. Chick diet was studied using regurgitated fish. The mean clutch size was 4.1 ± 1.3, median brood size was four and the median number of fledglings was three; 87% of the eggs hatched and 88% of the chicks survived to three weeks. The overall breeding success was 77% or 3.2 ± 0.7 fledglings per nest. The main fish species fed to the chicks was the benthic-living Carassius carassius. Measures for conservation of this near-Threatened species are discussed. Key words: Breeding biology, Pygmy Cormorant, Phalacrocorax pygmeus, Siahkeshim, Iran INTRODUCTION 1977). Information on the ecology and distribution of the Pygmy Cormorant is scanty and out-dated for most of its geographic The Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus is the smallest of range, and on the whole, insufficient to enable proper decisions on the five species belonging to the Phalacrocoracidae occurring in conservation actions to be made (Crivelli et al. 1996). the Middle East (Porter et al. 1996). Its geographic distribution is restricted to southeastern regions of western Palearctic, although In Iran, the Pygmy Cormorant breeds in northern parts of the country in former years, it was more widespread; declines were registered (Scott 2007, Porter et al. 1996, Voskamp et al. 2005, Sehhatisabet in a few countries between 1990–2000 (Cramp & Simmons 1977). 2006). In the present study, we focused on breeding biology in The breeding range of the species extends from coastal wetlands of the Siahkeshim Protected Area, part of the Anzali Wetland in the northeast Italy, where the species has regularly bred in increasing southern Caspian Sea. numbers since the early 1990s (Volponi & Emiliani 1997), through Albania and Yugoslavia, east to Central Asia, north to the Study area northern coasts of the Black, Caspian and Aral Seas, and south to The Siahkeshim Protected Area, Giulan province, is situated in the the marshes of southern Iraq. Globally, the Pygmy Cormorant is Anzali Wetland Complex on the south coast of the Caspian Sea listed as a species of Least Concern, because key populations in (37°22–27′N, 49°17–25′E) and covers an area of about 4500 ha. Azerbaijan and Romania are stable or increasing, and the overall About 60% of recorded rainfall occurs in summer and autumn, 20%– population has increased slightly (BirdLife International 2008). 30% in winter and 10%–20% in spring. The annual mean temperature It is listed in Appendix II of the Bern Convention, Annex I of is 16.1°C, and the annual mean precipitation is 1950 mm. This the European Union Wild Birds Directive, Appendix II of the permanent freshwater wetland (Riazi 1997) is extremely important Bonn Convention and the African–Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds for wintering and breeding waterbirds. Most parts of the wetland are Agreement developed under the Bonn Convention (Crivelli et al. covered by Phragmites australis. The central portion of Siahkeshim 1996). Wetland International has recognised two subpopulations (3515 ha) was first established as a protected region in 1967. The of Pygmy Cormorant, a population breeding in Eastern Europe reserve was enlarged to 6701 ha and upgraded to a wildlife refuge and Turkey, centred on the Black Sea, and a population breeding in 1971, but it was reduced to its present size of 4500 ha and in western Asia, centred on the Caspian Sea. Currently, the downgraded to protected area in the 1980s (Scott 1995). The Anzali global population is estimated at about 85 000–180 000 individuals Wetland Complex (15 000 ha) was designated as a Ramsar site (Delany & Scott 2006). in 1975. This site encompasses the whole of the Anzali Wetland, Siahkeshim, Selke, Espand and several other areas bordering the The breeding biology of this species is not well known, and few marshes. The wetlands have been identified as an Important Bird data are available on its breeding biology (Cramp & Simmons Area by BirdLife International (Evans 1994). Marine Ornithology 36: 163–166 (2008) 164 Barati et al.: Reproductive biology of Pygmy Cormorant in Northern Iran METHODS mean inter-nest distance of about 50 m (n = 4, SD = 10.2) situated about 3.5 m (n = 5, SD = 1.7) from open water. The number of nests Population status in each subcolony was three, 11, five, 17 and 18. The first eggs The number of breeding pairs of Pygmy Cormorants in the Siahkeshim were laid on 1–3 April, and the mean laying date was 15–17 April. Protected Area in 2001, 2003 and 2007 was estimated by one or two Table 1 summarizes egg measurements. Fig. 1 shows the frequency observers counting all occupied nests in predefined areas. of eggs and chicks at fewer and more than 20 days during the study period. The maximum number of eggs were found on 20 April. Breeding biology Hatching started on 20 April, and the median hatching date for the Forty randomly selected nests were monitored at irregular intervals whole colony was 5 May. (three, four, seven and 10 days) from early April in 2007. Nests were selected from various parts of the colony on the assumption Breeding success that the selection of study nests would cover a representative The mean clutch size was 4.1 eggs (n = 40, SD = 1.3; median: 4; sample of the colony. A motorboat was used to explore all parts range: 2–6; Fig. 2), and the mean brood size soon after hatching was of the colony looking for nests. Nests high in trees were accessed 3.6 chicks (n = 38, SD = 0.9; median: 4; range: 2–5). Nests with using a ladder. At each visit, we recorded the number of eggs or three small chicks were significantly more numerous than other nestlings (both <20 days and >20 days post-hatch), nest size and brood sizes (χ2 = 14, df = 3, P < 0.05), as were nests with three location, number of nests in each tree, and egg measurements fledglings (χ2 = 8.5, df = 3, P < 0.05; Fig. 2). (length and breadth, ±0.5 mm) and mass (±0.1 g) soon after laying (using Vernier callipers and a digital pocket balance). Egg volume In total, 87% of the eggs hatched and 88% of hatchlings reached (V, in millilitres) was estimated using the Coulson (1969) formula: near-fledgling stage, giving an overall breeding success of 77%. V = 0.51 * L * B2, [1] Mean net productivity was 3.2 ± 0.7 fledglings per nest (n = 40, where B is the maximum breadth and L is the maximum length (in median = 3; range: 2–5) in all nests, and considering only the millimetres) of each egg. To minimize disturbance, as little time as nests with chicks, mean fledglings per nest was 3.3 ± 0.8 (n = 38). possible was spent in the colony. Breeding failure was evenly spread during the breeding season with 55% occurring during the incubation period, 29% during the Three replacement clutches were identified, but were not considered first 20 days post-hatch and 16% after 20 days post-hatch (G = 1.3, in the estimates of initial clutch size or subsequent breeding success. df = 1, P > 0.05). In total, 5% of the eggs failed to hatch; other The mortality rate of large chicks was difficult to measure because failures were a result of predation or egg loss. Of the 17 chicks lost, of their tendency to leave the nest when disturbed (Lehikoinen 64% were lost during the first 20 days post-hatch. 2006). The number of nearly fledged chicks (more than 30 days post-hatch) was counted at the end of the breeding season to Chick diet estimate breeding success. According to Krag (2003), the greatest The nestling diet consisted of Carassius carassius, Cobitis taenia, chick loss is after 40 days. Boating searches for dead chicks were Esox lucius, Cyprinus carpio and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix made through the colony during and after the breeding activities. TABLE 1 Hatching success was calculated as the proportion of eggs that hatched Measurements of eggs of Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax successfully. Fledging success was calculated as the proportion of pygmeus at Siahkeshim, northern Iran, 2007 chicks that subsequently fledged successfully. Breeding success was N Mean SD Median Min–Max calculated as the proportion of eggs that produced fledglings, and nest productivity was calculated by dividing the number of young Length (mm) 51 45.8 1.1 45.5 44–47.5 birds before fledging by the number of nests. The diet of nestlings Breadth (mm) 51 29.6 1.0 30 28–31 was determined from five regurgitates collected when we entered Mass (g) 36 20.3 1.6 19.5 18.5–22.5 the colony. Fish were identified, and their length and mass were Volumea (cm3) 51 20.1 1.7 20.6 17.6–23.3 recorded.
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