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University of Cape Town
The effects of introduced mice on seabirds breeding at sub-Antarctic Islands Ben J. Dilley Thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Town FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology DST/NRF Centre of Excellence Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science University of CapeCape Town of June 2018 University Supervised by Professor Peter G. Ryan The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derivedTown from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes Capeonly. of Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University Declaration This thesis reports original research that I conducted under the auspices of the FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town. All assistance received has been fully acknowledged. This work has not been submitted in any form for a degree at another university. ………………….................. Ben J. Dilley Cape Town, June 2018 i A 10 day-old great shearwater Ardenna gravis chick being attacked by an invasive House mouse Mus musculus in an underground burrow on Gough Island in 2014 (photo Ben Dilley). ii Table of Contents Page Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................... vi Chapter 1 General introduction: Islands, mice and seabirds ......................................................... 1 Chapter 2 Clustered or dispersed: testing the effect of sampling strategy to census burrow-nesting petrels with varied distributions at sub-Antarctic Marion Island ...... 13 Chapter 3 Modest increases in densities of burrow-nesting petrels following the removal of cats Felis catus from sub-Antarctic Marion Island ................................... -
BIRDS Masked Booby Semipalmated Plover Common Tern
BIRDS Masked Booby Semipalmated Plover Common Tern APPROXIMATELY 170 SPECIES OF BIRDS HAVE BEEN SEEN ON THE ISLANDS; HOWEVER THE FOLLOWING LIST DOES NOT INCLUDE VISITING BIRDS ONLY RARELY SEEN. Nazca Booby Spotted Sandpiper Royal Tern BIRDS MARKED ‘E’ ARE ENDEMIC AND ‘I’ ARE INTRODUCED SPECIES. Blue-footed Booby Wandering Tattler Galapagos Dove Birds Red-footed Booby Greater Yellowlegs Dark-billed Cuckoo Blue-winged Teal Flightless Cormorant Willet Smooth-billed Ani White-cheeked Pintail Brown Pelican Lesser Yellowlegs Barn Owl Red Junglefowl I Great Blue Heron Whimbrel Short-eared Owl Pied-billed Grebe Great Egret Ruddy Turnstone Common Nighthawk American Flamingo Striated Heron Least Sandpiper Belted Kingfisher Galapagos Penguin E Yellow-crowned Night-Heron Short-billed Dowitcher Peregrine Falcon Waved Albatross E Osprey Wilson's Phalarope Vermilion Flycatcher Galapagos Petrel E Galapagos Hawk Red-necked Phalarope Galapagos Flycatcher Galapagos Shearwater E Galapagos Rail Red Phalarope Galapagos Martin Band-rumped Storm-Petrel Paint-billed Crake Swallow-tailed Gull Barn Swallow Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel Common Gallinule Laughing Gull Galapagos Mockingbird Least Storm-Petrel Black-necked Stilt Franklin's Gull Floreana Mockingbird Red-billed Tropicbird American Oystercatcher Lava Gull Española Mockingbird Magnificent Frigatebird Black-bellied Plover Brown Noddy San Cristobal Mockingbird Great Frigatebird Pied Lapwing Sooty Tern Green Warbler-Finch Gray Warbler-Finch Vegetarian Finch Woodpecker Finch Large Tree-Finch Medium Tree-Finch -
Energetics of Free-Ranging Seabirds
University of San Diego Digital USD Biology: Faculty Scholarship Department of Biology 2002 Energetics of Free-Ranging Seabirds Hugh I. Ellis University of San Diego Geir Wing Gabrielsen Follow this and additional works at: https://digital.sandiego.edu/biology_facpub Part of the Biology Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Ornithology Commons, and the Physiology Commons Digital USD Citation Ellis, Hugh I. and Gabrielsen, Geir Wing, "Energetics of Free-Ranging Seabirds" (2002). Biology: Faculty Scholarship. 20. https://digital.sandiego.edu/biology_facpub/20 This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at Digital USD. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology: Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Digital USD. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Energetics of Free-Ranging Seabirds Disciplines Biology | Ecology and Evolutionary Biology | Ornithology | Physiology Notes Original publication information: Ellis, H.I. and G.W. Gabrielsen. 2002. Energetics of free-ranging seabirds. Pp. 359-407 in Biology of Marine Birds (B.A. Schreiber and J. Burger, eds.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. This book chapter is available at Digital USD: https://digital.sandiego.edu/biology_facpub/20 Energetics of Free-Ranging 11 Seabirds Hugh I. Ellis and Geir W. Gabrielsen CONTENTS 11.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................360 11.2 Basal Metabolic Rate in Seabirds........................................................................................360 -
(Spheniscus Mendiculus) and Flightless Cormorants (Phalacrocorax Harrisi ): Genetics, Morphology, and Prevalence
J. Parasitol., 93(3), 2007, pp. 495–503 ᭧ American Society of Parasitologists 2007 MICROFILARIAE IN GALA´ PAGOS PENGUINS (SPHENISCUS MENDICULUS) AND FLIGHTLESS CORMORANTS (PHALACROCORAX HARRISI ): GENETICS, MORPHOLOGY, AND PREVALENCE Jane Merkel*†, Hugh I. Jones‡, Noah K. Whiteman*, Nicole Gottdenker†, Hernan Vargas§, Erika K. Travis†, R. Eric Miller†, and Patricia G. Parker*† *University of Missouri–St. Louis, Department of Biology, 223 Research Building, 8001 Natural Bridge Road, St. Louis, Missouri 63121. e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Gala´pagos penguins (Spheniscus mendiculus) and flightless cormorants (Phalacrocorax harrisi) live in small, isolated populations on the westernmost islands of Isabela and Fernandina in the Gala´pagos Islands, Ecuador. Between August 2003 and February 2005, 4 field trips, 2 in the cool, dry season (August 2003 and August 2004) and 2 in the hot, rainy season (March 2004 and February 2005), were undertaken; 298 Gala´pagos penguins and 380 cormorants were sampled for prevalence and intensity of hemoparasites. Microfilariae were found in both the penguins and the cormorants. Blood smears were negative for the presence of other species of hemoparasites. Overall prevalence of microfilariae across seasons was 42.0% in cormorants and 13.8% in the penguins. Intensity of infection was generally low (mean ϭ 3.2–31.7 in 25 fields across seasons and species) with the exception of a few individuals with markedly high intensities of parasites (Ͼ300 in 25 fields in 1 cormorant). Prevalence of microfilariae increased significantly over the 4 sampling periods for cormorants, but not for penguins. Prevalences were signifi- cantly higher in cormorants than in penguins for 3 of the 4 collecting trips. -
Hemosporidian Blood Parasites in Seabirds—A Comparative Genetic Study of Species from Antarctic to Tropical Habitats
Naturwissenschaften (2010) 97:809–817 DOI 10.1007/s00114-010-0698-3 ORIGINAL PAPER Hemosporidian blood parasites in seabirds—a comparative genetic study of species from Antarctic to tropical habitats Petra Quillfeldt & Javier Martínez & Janos Hennicke & Katrin Ludynia & Anja Gladbach & Juan F. Masello & Samuel Riou & Santiago Merino Received: 21 May 2010 /Revised: 7 July 2010 /Accepted: 7 July 2010 /Published online: 23 July 2010 # The Author(s) 2010. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Whereas some bird species are heavily affected by ranging from Antarctica to the tropical Indian Ocean. We did blood parasites in the wild, others reportedly are not. Seabirds, not detect parasites in 11 of these species, including one in particular, are often free from blood parasites, even in the Antarctic, four subantarctic, two temperate, and four tropical presence of potential vectors. By means of polymerase chain species. On the other hand, two subantarctic species, thin- reaction, we amplified a DNA fragment from the cytochrome billed prions Pachyptila belcheri and dolphin gulls Larus b gene to detect parasites of the genera Plasmodium, scoresbii, were found infected. One of 28 thin-billed prions Leucocytozoon,andHaemoproteus in 14 seabird species, had a Plasmodium infection whose DNA sequence was identical to lineage P22 of Plasmodium relictum, and one of 20 dolphin gulls was infected with a Haemoproteus lineage which appears phylogenetically clustered with parasites P. Quillfeldt (*) : K. Ludynia : A. Gladbach : J. F. Masello Max-Planck-Institut für Ornithologie, Vogelwarte Radolfzell, species isolated from passeriform birds such as Haemopro- Schlossallee 2, teus lanii, Haemoproteus magnus, Haemoproteus fringillae, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany Haemoproteus sylvae, Haemoproteus payevskyi,andHae- e-mail: [email protected] moproteus belopolskyi. -
Dive Depth and Plumage Air in Wettable Birds: the Extraordinary Case of the Imperial Cormorant
MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 334: 299–310, 2007 Published March 26 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Dive depth and plumage air in wettable birds: the extraordinary case of the imperial cormorant Flavio Quintana1,*, Rory P. Wilson2, Pablo Yorio1 1Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET (9120) Puerto Madryn, Chubut and Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York 10460, USA 2Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sustainability, University of Wales, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK ABSTRACT: Cormorants are considered to be remarkably efficient divers and hunters. In part, this is due to their wettable plumage with little associated air, which allows them to dive with fewer ener- getic costs associated with buoyancy from air in the feathers. The literature attributes particularly exceptional diving capabilities to cormorants of the ‘blue-eyed’ taxon. We studied the diving be- haviour of 14 male imperial cormorants Phalacrocorax atriceps (included in the blue-eyed taxon) in Patagonia, Argentina, and found that this species did indeed dive deeper, and for longer, than most other non-blue-eyed cormorant species. This species also exhibited longer dive durations for any depth as well as longer recovery periods at the surface for particular dive durations. We propose that this, coupled with atypically long foraging durations at sea in cold water, suggests that cormorants of the blue-eyed complex have a plumage with a substantial layer of insulating air. This is given cre- dence by a simple model. High volumes of plumage air lead to unusually high power requirements during foraging in shallow, warmer waters, which are conditions that tend to favour wettable plumage. -
Natural History of Japanese Birds
Natural History of Japanese Birds Hiroyoshi Higuchi English text translated by Reiko Kurosawa HEIBONSHA 1 Copyright © 2014 by Hiroyoshi Higuchi, Reiko Kurosawa Typeset and designed by: Washisu Design Office Printed in Japan Heibonsha Limited, Publishers 3-29 Kanda Jimbocho, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 101-0051 Japan All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. The English text can be downloaded from the following website for free. http://www.heibonsha.co.jp/ 2 CONTENTS Chapter 1 The natural environment and birds of Japan 6 Chapter 2 Representative birds of Japan 11 Chapter 3 Abundant varieties of forest birds and water birds 13 Chapter 4 Four seasons of the satoyama 17 Chapter 5 Active life of urban birds 20 Chapter 6 Interesting ecological behavior of birds 24 Chapter 7 Bird migration — from where to where 28 Chapter 8 The present state of Japanese birds and their future 34 3 Natural History of Japanese Birds Preface [BOOK p.3] Japan is a beautiful country. The hills and dales are covered “satoyama”. When horsetail shoots come out and violets and with rich forest green, the river waters run clear and the moun- cherry blossoms bloom in spring, birds begin to sing and get tain ranges in the distance look hazy purple, which perfectly ready for reproduction. Summer visitors also start arriving in fits a Japanese expression of “Sanshi-suimei (purple mountains Japan one after another from the tropical regions to brighten and clear waters)”, describing great natural beauty. -
UNEP/CBD/RW/EBSA/SIO/1/4 26 June 2013
CBD Distr. GENERAL UNEP/CBD/RW/EBSA/SIO/1/4 26 June 2013 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH SOUTHERN INDIAN OCEAN REGIONAL WORKSHOP TO FACILITATE THE DESCRIPTION OF ECOLOGICALLY OR BIOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT MARINE AREAS Flic en Flac, Mauritius, 31 July to 3 August 2012 REPORT OF THE SOUTHERN INDIAN OCEAN REGIONAL WORKSHOP TO FACILITATE THE DESCRIPTION OF ECOLOGICALLY OR BIOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT MARINE AREAS1 INTRODUCTION 1. In paragraph 36 of decision X/29, the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP 10) requested the Executive Secretary to work with Parties and other Governments as well as competent organizations and regional initiatives, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), regional seas conventions and action plans, and, where appropriate, regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs), with regard to fisheries management, to organize, including the setting of terms of reference, a series of regional workshops, with a primary objective to facilitate the description of ecologically or biologically significant marine areas (EBSAs) through the application of scientific criteria in annex I of decision IX/20, and other relevant compatible and complementary nationally and intergovernmentally agreed scientific criteria, as well as the scientific guidance on the identification of marine areas beyond national jurisdiction, which meet the scientific criteria in annex I to decision IX/20. 2. In the same decision (paragraph 41), the Conference of the Parties requested that the Executive Secretary make available the scientific and technical data and information and results collated through the workshops referred to above to participating Parties, other Governments, intergovernmental agencies and the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA) for their use according to their competencies. -
New Zealand Comprehensive III 16Th November – 2Nd December 2017 Trip Report
New Zealand Comprehensive III 16th November – 2nd December 2017 Trip Report Gibson’s Wandering Albatross off Kaikoura by Erik Forsyth Trip Report compiled by Tour Leader Erik Forsyth Rockjumper Birding Tours | New Zealand www.rockjumperbirding.com Trip Report – RBL New Zealand - Comprehensive III 2017 2 Daily Diary New Zealand is a must for the serious seabird enthusiast. Not only will you see a variety of albatrosses, petrels and shearwaters, but there are good chances of getting out on the high seas and finding something unusual. Seabirds dominate this tour, and views of most birds are right alongside the boat. There are also several land birds which are unique to these islands: the kiwis – terrestrial nocturnal inhabitants; the huge swamp-hen like takahe – prehistoric in its looks and movements; and then the wattlebirds (the saddlebacks and kokako) – poor flyers with short wings, which bound along the branches and on the ground. We had so many highlights on this tour, including close encounters with Little Spotted Kiwi, walk-away views of a pair of North Island Kokako, both North and South Island Saddlebacks and a pair of the impressive South Island Takahe. With many boat trips, the pelagic list was long, with Wandering, Northern and Southern Royal, Salvin’s, Black-browed, Campbell and White-capped Albatrosses, Westland, Cook’s and White- chinned Petrels, Buller’s, Flesh-footed and New Zealand (Red-breasted) Plover by Erik Forsyth Hutton’s Shearwaters, and Common Diving Petrel being a few of the highlights. Other major highlights included twelve New Zealand King Shag, a pair of Blue Duck with one chick, nine of the critically endangered Black Stilt, the rare Stitchbird, New Zealand Kaka, the entertaining Kea, range- restricted New Zealand Rockwren, the tiny Rifleman and lastly the striking Yellowhead, to name a few. -
CROWNED CORMORANT | Microcarbo Coronatus (Phalacrocorax Coronatus)
CROWNED CORMORANT | Microcarbo coronatus (Phalacrocorax coronatus) J Kemper | Reviewed by: T Cook; AJ Williams © Jessica Kemper Conservation Status: Near Threatened Southern African Range: Coastal Namibia, South Africa Area of Occupancy: 6,700 km2 Population Estimate: 1,200 breeding pairs in Namibia Population Trend: Stable to slightly increasing Habitat: Coastal islands and rocks, protected mainland sites, artificial structures, inshore marine waters Threats: Disturbance, entanglement in human debris and artificial structures, predation by gulls and seals, pollution from oiling 152 BIRDS TO WATCH IN NAMIBIA DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE TABLE 2.5: A resident species with some juvenile dispersal, this small Number of Crowned Cormorant breeding pairs at individu- cormorant is endemic to south-west Namibia and west al breeding localities in Namibia (listed north to south), esti- to south-western South Africa. It has a very restricted mated from annual peaks of monthly nest counts at Mercu- ry, Ichaboe, Halifax and Possession islands, and elsewhere range along the coastline (Crawford 1997b), occupying an from opportunistic counts, not necessarily done during peak area of about 6,700 km2 in Namibia (Jarvis et al. 2001). It breeding (Bartlett et al. 2003, du Toit et al. 2003, Kemper et usually occurs within one kilometre of the coast, and has al. 2007, MFMR unpubl. data). not been recorded more than 10 km from land (Siegfried et al. 1975). It breeds at numerous localities in Namibia Number of Date of most and South Africa. In Namibia, it is known to breed at 12 breeding recent reliable islands, five mainland localities and one artificial structure, Breeding locality pairs estimate from Bird Rock Guano Platform near Walvis Bay to Sinclair Bird Rock Platform 98 1999/2000 Island (Table 2.5: Bartlett et al. -
First Atlantic Records of the Red-Footed Booby Sula Sula and Brown Booby S. Leucogaster in Southern Africa
36 FIRST ATLANTIC RECORDS OF THE RED-FOOTED BOOBY SULA SULA AND BROWN BOOBY S. LEUCOGASTER IN SOUTHERN AFRICA B.M. DYER1 & Y. CHESSELET2 1Marine and Coastal Management, Private Bag X2, Roggebaai 8012, South Africa ([email protected]) 2Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, PO Box 394, Lüderitz, Namibia Received 31 August 2000, accepted 18 April 2002 The Red-footed Booby Sula sula and the Brown Booby S. taken to the Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of leucogaster occur in most tropical seas (Harrison 1983). Both Coastal Birds (SANCCOB) rescue station for treatment, but died species have been recorded previously in the southern African three days later. The corpse was then sent for necropsy to the region (Maclean 1993, Hockey et al. 1992, 1996). Three addi- Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Stellenbosch. Enterobacter coli tional records are reported here for the Red-footed Booby and one and other Enterobacteriae were identified but were considered (the third) for the Brown Booby in southern Africa, all from the unlikely to have caused death. The stomach was empty. The speci- Atlantic coast. men (the first for South Africa) is in the South African Museum (SAM ZO58494). Morphometric details are culmen 79.9 mm, tarsus 237.5 mm, wing 372 mm, and tail 192 mm. RED-FOOTED BOOBY The three records published here are the first for the Atlantic coast A white-morph Red-footed Booby was observed at Ichaboe Island of southern Africa although several records exist for the eastern (26°17'S, 14°56'E) by Y.C., c. 30 km north of Lüderitz, Namibia coast, all from Mozambique (Hockey et al. -
Flight Patterns and Energy Budget of the Cape Gannet
Energy Budget and foraging behaviour of the Cape gannet Morus capensis during the breeding season René Alfredo Navarro-Cañas BSc. Biology - MSc. Zoology Universidad Austral de Chile Thesis presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Zoology University of Cape Town 2010 Supervised by: Professor L.G. Underhill Co-supervised by: Dr. R.J.M. Crawford 2 Declaration I hereby declare that all of the work presented in this thesis, titled “Energy Budget and foraging behaviour of the Cape gannet, Morus capensis, during the breeding season”, is my own, except where otherwise stated in the text. This thesis has not been submitted in whole or in part for a degree at any other university. Signed in Cape Town in July 2010, René Alfredo Navarro-Cañas Date of graduation: December 16th, 2010 3 4 To Henk Visser Whose vision and enthusiasm lead to this project, it’s funding and its beginnings. I am grateful for the trust and opportunity he gave me to conduct this piece of research “Supiste que vencer o ser vencido son caras de un azar indiferente, que no hay otra virtud que ser valiente.” Did you know that to win or to be defeated are faces of an indifferent fate that there is no other virtue that being brave Jorge Luis Borges 5 6 Contents Chapter 1 General introduction 19 Chapter 2 The growth of Cape gannet chicks: intra- and inter- 31 seasonal comparisons of growth performance in relation to adults foraging effort and prey availability Chapter 3 Energy expenditure of free-ranging chicks of the 57 Cape gannet Chapter 4 Water everywhere but not a drop to drink: water flux 89 and water economy of free-ranging Cape gannets Chapter 5 A new look at track sinuosity: using distance-ratio 105 scale for the analysis of animal movement Chapter 6 Unpredictable resources and foraging strategies in 129 Cape gannets Chapter 7 Energy expenditure Cape gannets in relation to 157 foraging behaviour Chapter 8 Synthesis.