DOCSLIB.ORG

A Report on the Guano-Producing Birds of Peru [“Informe Sobre Aves Guaneras”]

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Report on the Guano-Producing Birds of Peru [“Informe Sobre Aves Guaneras”] PACIFIC COOPERATIVE STUDIES UNIT UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI`I AT MĀNOA Dr. David C. Duffy, Unit Leader Department of Botany 3190 Maile Way, St. John #408 Honolulu, Hawai’i 96822 Technical Report 197 A report on the guano-producing birds of Peru [“Informe sobre Aves Guaneras”] July 2018* *Original manuscript completed1942 William Vogt1 with translation and notes by David Cameron Duffy2 1 Deceased Associate Director of the Division of Science and Education of the Office of the Coordinator in Inter-American Affairs. 2 Director, Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, Department of Botany, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96822, USA PCSU is a cooperative program between the University of Hawai`i and U.S. National Park Service, Cooperative Ecological Studies Unit. Organization Contact Information: Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, Department of Botany, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa 3190 Maile Way, St. John 408, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96822, USA Recommended Citation: Vogt, W. with translation and notes by D.C. Duffy. 2018. A report on the guano-producing birds of Peru. Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit Technical Report 197. University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Department of Botany. Honolulu, HI. 198 pages. Key words: El Niño, Peruvian Anchoveta (Engraulis ringens), Guanay Cormorant (Phalacrocorax bougainvillii), Peruvian Booby (Sula variegate), Peruvian Pelican (Pelecanus thagus), upwelling, bird ecology behavior nesting and breeding Place key words: Peru Translated from the surviving Spanish text: Vogt, W. 1942. Informe elevado a la Compañia Administradora del Guano par el ornitólogo americano, Señor William Vogt, a la terminación del contracto de tres años que con autorización del Supremo Gobierno celebrara con la Compañia, con el fin de que llevara a cabo estudios relativos a la mejor forma de protección de las aves guaneras y aumento de la produción de las aves guaneras. Boletín de la Compañia Administradora del Guano. 18 (3): 1-132. Editor: David C. Duffy, PCSU Unit Leader (Email: [email protected]) Series Editor: Clifford W. Morden, PCSU Deputy Director (Email: [email protected]) About this technical report series: This technical report series began in 1973 with the formation of the Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit at the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa. In 2000, it continued under the Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit (PCSU). The series currently is supported by the PCSU. The Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit at the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa works to protect cultural and natural biodiversity in the Pacific while encouraging a sustainable economy. PCSU works cooperatively with private, state and federal land management organizations, allowing them to pool and coordinate their efforts to address problems across the landscape. CONTENTS Abstract ……………………………………………………………………...1 A Note Concerning the Translation (including Acknowledgements) ………4 Introduction …………………………………………………………………7 Geography …………………………………………………………………10 The Birds and Time ……………………………………………….……….37 The Guanay Cormorant …………………………………………….……...46 The Peruvian Booby ……………………………………………….…......115 The Peruvian Pelican …………………………………………….…….....128 Synecology …………………………………………………….…………138 Management Recommendations ………………………………….……...155 Literature Cited …………………………………………………….….....171 Notes on the Translation (Footnotes) ……………………………….…...176 Literature Cited in the Footnotes …………………………………….......186 List of Figures ……………………………………………………….......196 List of Tables ………………………………………….…………….......197 List of Images …………………………………………...…………........198 Abstract.-- (Modified from the original) Vogt studied the Guanay Cormorant (Phalacrocorax bougainvillii), Peruvian Booby (Sula variegata), and Peruvian Pelican (Pelecanus thagus) for almost three years (1938 - 1940). The nesting range of these species extends from 04035'S to 380S, covering an area of considerable geographical diversity. The climate is briefly described. The report contains details of the oceanography and marine biology of a part of the nesting range of the birds, and a rejection of the theory that a warm southward-flowing surface current causes major changes on climate and breeding season for guano birds. The histories of past abnormal years and their effects on the birds are reported. The average density of Guanay Cormorant nests is 313.9 ± 3.76 per 100 m2. The ecological efficiency of the islands and their microclimates are linked. The Guanay Cormorant is limited to nesting on the windy parts of the island, which are the coolest, as there is an inverse relation between wind and temperature. A detailed description of the social behavior of the Guanay Cormorant, including its feeding and nesting, is given. Nesting is concentrated in spring and summer. The breeding season keeps the adults on the island for four months every year. The average Guanay Cormorant clutch size is 3.13 ± 0.101 eggs and incubation lasts 27 days. Nesting in large colonies protects nests because fewer birds are at the edges in larger colonies. Various causes of mortality are described. The only significant predator of the Guanay Cormorant may be the Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus). Food is probably the most important limiting factor for the birds. There is a correlation between the abundance of food for birds and the abundance of diatoms. Each Guanay Cormorant eats approximately 215 g/day of food and no more than 316 g/day. 1 Annually, each Guanay Cormorant eats 78.4 to 115.4 kg/year of the Peruvian Anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) and produces approximately 15.8 kg of guano per year. The quantity of fish consumed by birds in the year prior to the guano harvest of 1940 was between 711,903 and 917,150 metric tons. Based on extensive data, this is much lower than previous estimates. Each ton of guano is the result of 4.95 - 7.3 tons of fish consumed, but the guano that the company removes from the islands is only a small proportion of the guano that the birds deposit at sea, where it may act as an important fertilizer for plankton. Preliminary studies suggest that anchoveta are migratory. I have rejected, because of a lack of supporting data, the theory that anchoveta are still present during food shortages, but at depths too great for them to be taken by birds. A preliminary study of 1,427 anchoveta indicated a marked reduction in the year-classes hatched in the spring and summer of 1939 and 1940, when the birds died of hunger. Anchoveta spawned in 1938 were the most abundant. The Peruvian Anchoveta appears similar in biology to the California Sardine (Sardinops sagax caerulea). The commercial anchoveta fishery should be carefully monitored as it represents one of the most serious potential threats to the guano industry. Various interactions of the birds and humans are discussed. I review the history of the guano birds, based on available data, from the pre-Columbian period to the present. The ecologies of the Peruvian Booby and Peruvian Pelican are discussed. Each species seems to occupy a distinct niche so that, within broad limits, the three do not compete with one another. Interactions or the synecology of plants and animals connected with the guano birds appear to be so complex that they require more thorough study. Various 2 management methods are suggested that might allow an increase in the numbers of birds and the proportion of guano harvested. Key words: E1 Niño, Peruvian Anchoveta Engraulis ringens, Guanay Cormorant Phalacrocorax bougainvillii, Peruvian Booby Sula variegata, Peruvian Pelican Pelecanus thagus, upwelling. 3 A NOTE CONCERNING THE TRANSLATION After I finished my own work in Peru on guano birds and had learned enough Spanish to begin to understand the importance of this paper, I spent more than a decade periodically trying to recover Vogt's original English-language manuscript, tracking down leads from four continents. Being unsuccessful, I decided instead to translate the surviving Spanish into English. A translator usually tries to achieve two things: accuracy and preservation of the author’s style. The latter is, in this case, almost impossible since I have had to translate back into English a document originally written in English but surviving only in Spanish. Enrique Avila, the Peruvian who originally translated the document into Spanish, apparently tried to keep the translation more or less literal, but as Spanish is a more loquacious language than English, there is the customary proliferation of introductory and parenthetical phrases which Vogt is unlikely to have used in the original. Avila at times had to invent Spanish equivalents for English scientific words and jargon. In some cases, the English originals followed in the Spanish text, but in others, recovery of the original sense was difficult. Additionally, some of the words and expressions are idiomatic, being peculiar to the Peruvian Spanish of the period. Finally, the typesetters and copyeditors have not been kind. Many of the numbered references were omitted and several phrases altered through omissions or “typos.” Two photographs, of an unidentified plankton and of Peruvian Boobies nesting on artificial ledges, have been included but at limited quality because of difficulties of reproduction. I have tried to make my translation as concise as possible without sacrificing the sense of the “original” Spanish. I have cut redundant sentences wherever possible and 4 reformed others, often pruning supplementary or reinforcing phrases. The translation is thus rather more “free” than literal. Emphasis has been on “readability” and context while respecting
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Birds of Centre Island 105
    BIRDSs-OFCENTRE ISLAND By W. J. COOPER Centre Island lies in Foveaux Strait 7 km south of the South Island, 40 km west-southwest of Invercargill and 16 km southwest of Riverton, at 46O27' 30' ' S, 167O50' 30' ' E (Figure 1). The island is about 89 ha and rises FIGURE 1 - Centre Island Most of the island is covered with exotic pasture grasses, club rush (Scirpus nodosus), water-fern (Histiopteris incisa), Carex appressa, and bush lawyer (Rubus cissoides) in varying quantities with clumps of gorse (Ulex europaeus), especially on the northern slopes, and at the eastern end, flax (Phormium colensoi). Some scattered, stunted, wind-shorn macrocarpa trees (Cupressus macrocarpa) are near the houses. The steeper slopes to the south and west have an interesting mat of saltmarsh vegetation with Selleria radicans, Samolus repens, the shore gentian (Gentiana saxosa), Scirpus cemuus, native celery (Apium prostraturn), and Crassula moschata as predominant species. The cliffs, drier soils and rock outcrops feature the blue shore tussock (Poa astonii), Hebe elliptica, and scattered muttonbird scrub (Senecw reirwldii) as dominant species. Some taupata (Coprosma repens) is on coastal banks. 104 COOPER NOTORNIS 38 The dunes backing the beaches to the north and east are dominated by marram (Ammophila arenaria). Pingao (Desmoschoenus spiralis) dominates a small part of the dunes on the northern shore. The island was reserved as "a site for a lighthouse and Premises connected therewith" in 1875 and was occupied by lighthouse keepers from 1878 until 1989, when the lighthouse was automated. Known scientific visits have been few and brief. Maida and Olga Sansom visited Kuru-kuru, a rocky pinnacle below the lighthouse, on 21 November 1955 (Sansom M.L.
    [Show full text]
  • Red-Footed Booby Helper at Great Frigatebird Nests
    264 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS NECTS MEANS ECTS MEANS ICATE SAMPLE SIZE S.D. SAMPLE SIZE 70 IN DAYS FIGURE 2. Culmen length against age of Brown FIGURE 1. Weight against age of Brown Noddy Noddy chicks on Manana Island, Hawaii in 1972. chicks on Manana Island, Hawaii in 1972. about the thirty-fifth day; apparently Brown Noddies on Christmas Island grow more rapidly than those on 5.26 g/day (SD = 1.18 g/day), and chick growth rate Manana. More data are required for a refined analysis and fledging age were negatively correlated (r = of intraspecific variation in growth rates of Brown -0.490, N = 19, P < 0.05). Noddy young. Seventeen of the chicks were weighed both at the This paper is based upon my doctoral dissertation age of fledging and from 3 to 12 days later; there was submitted to the University of Hawaii. I thank An- no significant recession in weight after fledging (t = drew J. Berger for guidance and criticism. The 1.17, P > 0.2), as suggested for certain terns (e.g., Hawaii State Division of Fish and Game kindly LeCroy and LeCroy 1974, Bird-Banding 45:326). granted me permission to work on Manana. This Dorward and Ashmole (1963, Ibis 103b: 447) mea- study was supported by the Department of Zoology sured growth in weight and culmen length of Brown of the University of Hawaii, by an NSF Graduate Noddies on Ascension Island in the Atlantic; scatter Fellowship, and by a Mount Holyoke College Faculty diagrams of their data indicate growth functions very Grant.
    [Show full text]
  • BAT Gljano and ITS FER­ TILIZING VALUE
    UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 180 BAT GlJANO AND ITS FER­ TILIZING VALUE l 'l ll '-~ lt•l' nf' 11 1on• 11111 11 a IIJ11II HII IId ltnl s 1111 a ,\ l l s:-t ttlll'l t' ll\' t' l't•lll ll g-. COLUMBIA, MISSOURI FEBRUARY, 1921 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Agricultural Experiment Station BOARD OF CONTROL THE CURATORS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI EXECUTIVE BOARD OF THE UNIVERSITY H. J. BLANTON, JOHN H. BRADLEY, ]AS. E. GOODRICH, Paris Kennett Kansas City ADVISORY COUNCIL THE MISSOURI STA1"E BOARD OF AGRICULTURE OFFICERS OF THE STATION A. ROSS HILL. PH. D., LL. D., PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY F. B. MUMFORD, M. S., DIRECTOR STATION STAFF FEBRUARY, 1921 AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY RURAL LIFE C. R. Moui.TON, Ph. D. 0. R. JouNSON, A. M. L. D. HAIGH, Ph. D. S. D. GROMER, A. M. w. s. RITCHIE, A. M. R. C. HALT,, A. M. E. E. VANATTA, M. S? BEN H. FRAME, B. S. in Agr. R. M. SMITH A. M. FORESTRY T. E. FRIEDMANN, B. s. A. R. HALL, B. S. in Agr. FREDERICK D UNLAP, F. E. E. G. S!EVEKING, B. S. in Agr. G. W. YoRK, B. S. in Agr. HORTICULTURE c. F. AHMANN, .!J... B. V. R. GARDNER, M. S. A. H . D. HooKER, ]R., Ph. D. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING J. T. RosA, ]R., M. S .. J. C. WooLEY, B .S. F. c. BRADFORD, M. s. MACK M. ]ONES, B. s. H. G. SWAR'rwou·r, B. S. in Agr.
    [Show full text]
  • Population Increases of Large Bird Species in Relation to Impact Standards for Aircraft Engines and Airframes
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Publications Plant Health Inspection Service February 2002 POPULATION INCREASES OF LARGE BIRD SPECIES IN RELATION TO IMPACT STANDARDS FOR AIRCRAFT ENGINES AND AIRFRAMES Richard A. Dolbeer U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Dolbeer, Richard A., "POPULATION INCREASES OF LARGE BIRD SPECIES IN RELATION TO IMPACT STANDARDS FOR AIRCRAFT ENGINES AND AIRFRAMES" (2002). USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications. 153. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/153 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Dolbeer 1 POPULATION INCREASES OF LARGE BIRD SPECIES IN RELATION TO IMPACT STANDARDS FOR AIRCRAFT ENGINES AND AIRFRAMES By: Richard A. Dolbeer U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, 6100 Columbus Avenue, Sandusky, Ohio 44870 USA Paul Eschenfelder Air Line Pilots Association, 16326 Cranwood, Spring, Texas, 77379 USA PRESENTED FOR THE 2002 FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CONFERENCE 02/02 Dolbeer 2 ABSTRACT: Bird-aircraft collisions (bird strikes) are an increasing safety and economic concern to the USA civil aviation industry, costing over $400 million each year. One approach to reducing risks associated with strikes is to require commercial aircraft components to meet certain standards of safe performance in the event of a bird strike.
    [Show full text]
  • Differential Responses of Boobies and Other Seabirds in the Galapagos to the 1986-87 El Nino- Southern Oscillation Event
    MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published March 22 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. Differential responses of boobies and other seabirds in the Galapagos to the 1986-87 El Nino- Southern Oscillation event David J. Anderson Department of Biology. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA ABSTRACT: The impact of the 1986-87 El Nido-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event on seabirds in the Galapagos Islands was generally less severe than that of the previous ENSO in 1982-83. Sea surface temperatures (SST) rose to levels comparable to those of 4 ENSOs pnor to the 1982-83 event. SST became anomalous approximately in January and had returned to typical levels by July. Blue-footed booby Sula nebouxii reproductive attempts failed throughout the archipelago, and breeding colonies were deserted, shortly after SST became unusually warm in January. Masked boobies S. dactylatra, red- footed boobies S. sula and several other species were apparently unaffected by the anomalous conditions, or temporarily suspended breeding for several months. A gradient in both SST and in the ENSO's impact on some seabirds was evident, with populations nesting in the cooler south of the archipelago affected less than those in the warmer north. At one colony studied both before and during the ENSO, blue-footed booby failure was associated with apparent reductions in both availablllty and body size of their primary prey item. INTRODUCTION 1985 (Valle 1986). The diversity of responses produced seabird assemblages with proportions and reproductive Oceanographic change has a dramatic impact upon performances that were markedly different, over the tropical seabird reproduction and adult mortality on short term at least, from pre-ENS0 assemblages, and both local and regional scales.
    [Show full text]
  • Dive Depth and Plumage Air in Wettable Birds: the Extraordinary Case of the Imperial Cormorant
    MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 334: 299–310, 2007 Published March 26 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Dive depth and plumage air in wettable birds: the extraordinary case of the imperial cormorant Flavio Quintana1,*, Rory P. Wilson2, Pablo Yorio1 1Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET (9120) Puerto Madryn, Chubut and Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York 10460, USA 2Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sustainability, University of Wales, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK ABSTRACT: Cormorants are considered to be remarkably efficient divers and hunters. In part, this is due to their wettable plumage with little associated air, which allows them to dive with fewer ener- getic costs associated with buoyancy from air in the feathers. The literature attributes particularly exceptional diving capabilities to cormorants of the ‘blue-eyed’ taxon. We studied the diving be- haviour of 14 male imperial cormorants Phalacrocorax atriceps (included in the blue-eyed taxon) in Patagonia, Argentina, and found that this species did indeed dive deeper, and for longer, than most other non-blue-eyed cormorant species. This species also exhibited longer dive durations for any depth as well as longer recovery periods at the surface for particular dive durations. We propose that this, coupled with atypically long foraging durations at sea in cold water, suggests that cormorants of the blue-eyed complex have a plumage with a substantial layer of insulating air. This is given cre- dence by a simple model. High volumes of plumage air lead to unusually high power requirements during foraging in shallow, warmer waters, which are conditions that tend to favour wettable plumage.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Establishments and Extinctions of Northern Gannet Morus Bassanus Colonies in North Norway, 1995-2008
    Recent establishments and extinctions of Northern Gannet Morus bassanus colonies in North Norway, 1995-2008 Robert T. Barrett Barrett, R.T. 2008. Recent establishments and extinctions of Northern Gannet Morus bassanus colonies in North Norway, 1995-2008. – Ornis Norvegica 31: 172-182. Since the last published review of the development of the Northern Gannet Morus bassanus population in Norway (Barrett & Folkestad 1996), there has been a general increase in numbers breeding in North Norway from ca. 2200 occupied nests in 1995 to ca. 2700 in 2008. In Lofoten and Vesterålen, however, numbers have decreased from 1500 occupied nests in 1989 to 500 in 2008, and what were the two largest colonies on Skarvklakken and Hovsflesa have been abandoned. Small colonies have, in the meantime, been established in the region, but these are all characteristically unstable. A new colony established in Troms in 2001 increased to 400 occupied sites in 2007, but the population dropped to 326 in 2008. Harassment by White-tailed eagles Haliaeetus albicilla is mooted as the main cause of the decline in Lofoten and Vesterålen. Robert T. Barrett, Dept. of Natural Science, Tromsø University Museum, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway. INTRODUCTION the well-established colonies, Skarvklakken and Hovsflesa in the north of the country, there were Apart from perhaps the Great Skua Catharacta even signs of declines between 1991 and 1995. skua, there is no species whose establishment as a This paper documents the subsequent fate of the breeding bird in Norway and subsequent popula- North Norwegian colonies, including the extinc- tion development has been so well documented tion of some and the establishment of others.
    [Show full text]
  • How Seabirds Plunge-Dive Without Injuries
    How seabirds plunge-dive without injuries Brian Changa,1, Matthew Crosona,1, Lorian Strakerb,c,1, Sean Garta, Carla Doveb, John Gerwind, and Sunghwan Junga,2 aDepartment of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061; bNational Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560; cSetor de Ornitologia, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro RJ 20940-040, Brazil; and dNorth Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27601 Edited by David A. Weitz, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and approved August 30, 2016 (received for review May 27, 2016) In nature, several seabirds (e.g., gannets and boobies) dive into wa- From a mechanics standpoint, an axial force acting on a slender ter at up to 24 m/s as a hunting mechanism; furthermore, gannets body may lead to mechanical failure on the body, otherwise known and boobies have a slender neck, which is potentially the weakest as buckling. Therefore, under compressive loads, the neck is po- part of the body under compression during high-speed impact. In tentially the weakest part of the northern gannet due to its long this work, we investigate the stability of the bird’s neck during and slender geometry. Still, northern gannets impact the water at plunge-diving by understanding the interaction between the fluid up to 24 m/s without injuries (18) (see SI Appendix, Table S1 for forces acting on the head and the flexibility of the neck. First, we estimated speeds). The only reported injuries from plunge-diving use a salvaged bird to identify plunge-diving phases.
    [Show full text]
  • Tinamiformes – Falconiformes
    LIST OF THE 2,008 BIRD SPECIES (WITH SCIENTIFIC AND ENGLISH NAMES) KNOWN FROM THE A.O.U. CHECK-LIST AREA. Notes: "(A)" = accidental/casualin A.O.U. area; "(H)" -- recordedin A.O.U. area only from Hawaii; "(I)" = introducedinto A.O.U. area; "(N)" = has not bred in A.O.U. area but occursregularly as nonbreedingvisitor; "?" precedingname = extinct. TINAMIFORMES TINAMIDAE Tinamus major Great Tinamou. Nothocercusbonapartei Highland Tinamou. Crypturellus soui Little Tinamou. Crypturelluscinnamomeus Thicket Tinamou. Crypturellusboucardi Slaty-breastedTinamou. Crypturellus kerriae Choco Tinamou. GAVIIFORMES GAVIIDAE Gavia stellata Red-throated Loon. Gavia arctica Arctic Loon. Gavia pacifica Pacific Loon. Gavia immer Common Loon. Gavia adamsii Yellow-billed Loon. PODICIPEDIFORMES PODICIPEDIDAE Tachybaptusdominicus Least Grebe. Podilymbuspodiceps Pied-billed Grebe. ?Podilymbusgigas Atitlan Grebe. Podicepsauritus Horned Grebe. Podicepsgrisegena Red-neckedGrebe. Podicepsnigricollis Eared Grebe. Aechmophorusoccidentalis Western Grebe. Aechmophorusclarkii Clark's Grebe. PROCELLARIIFORMES DIOMEDEIDAE Thalassarchechlororhynchos Yellow-nosed Albatross. (A) Thalassarchecauta Shy Albatross.(A) Thalassarchemelanophris Black-browed Albatross. (A) Phoebetriapalpebrata Light-mantled Albatross. (A) Diomedea exulans WanderingAlbatross. (A) Phoebastriaimmutabilis Laysan Albatross. Phoebastrianigripes Black-lootedAlbatross. Phoebastriaalbatrus Short-tailedAlbatross. (N) PROCELLARIIDAE Fulmarus glacialis Northern Fulmar. Pterodroma neglecta KermadecPetrel. (A) Pterodroma
    [Show full text]
  • Distributional Notes on the Birds of Peru, Including Twelve Species Previously Unreported from the Republic
    Number 37 26 March 1969 OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY Baton Rouge, Louisiana DISTRIBUTIONAL NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF PERU, INCLUDING TWELVE SPECIES PREVIOUSLY UNREPORTED FROM THE REPUBLIC By John P. O’Neill During eight years of participation in Louisiana State University Peruvian expeditions my field companions and I have collected a number of specimens that represent extensions of known range for the species involved. Two of the specimens here reported are in the American Museum of Natural History in New York. All the others were collected by personnel of the Louisiana State University Museum of Zoology and deposited in that museum. Sub­ specific determinations have been made with the use of comparative material at these two institutions. Extensions of range represent departures from previously known status as given by Meyer de Schauensee (1966). Most of the specimens here reported came from two localities: (1) Balta, a Cashinahua Indian village on the Río Curanja (at the point where the streams known to the local Cashinahuas as the Xumuya and the Inuya enter the Río Curanja, lat. 10°08' S, long. 71°13' W, elevation ca. 300 m), Depto. Loreto; (2) Yarinacocha, an oxbow lake about 15 km by road NNW of Pucallpa, Depto. Loreto. Other localities are identified in the accounts of the species under discussion. Dean Amadon of the American Museum of Natural History kindly per­ mitted me the use of collections in his care. Charles E. O’Brien of the same institution and Rodolphe Meyer de Schauensee of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia supplied information pertaining to the status of certain species in Peru.
    [Show full text]
  • Provisional List of Birds of the Rio Tahuauyo Areas, Loreto, Peru
    Provisional List of Birds of the Rio Tahuauyo areas, Loreto, Peru Compiled by Carol R. Foss, Ph.D. and Josias Tello Huanaquiri, Guide Status based on expeditions from Tahuayo Logde and Amazonia Research Center TINAMIFORMES: Tinamidae 1. Great Tinamou Tinamus major 2. White- throated Tinamou Tinamus guttatus 3. Cinereous Tinamou Crypturellus cinereus 4. Little Tinamou Crypturellus soui 5. Undulated Tinamou Crypturellus undulates 6. Variegated Tinamou Crypturellus variegatus 7. Bartlett’s Tinamou Crypturellus bartletti ANSERIFORMES: Anhimidae 8. Horned Screamer Anhima cornuta ANSERIFORMES: Anatidae 9. Muscovy Duck Cairina moschata 10. Blue-winged Teal Anas discors 11. Masked Duck Nomonyx dominicus GALLIFORMES: Cracidae 12. Spix’s Guan Penelope jacquacu 13. Blue-throated Piping-Guan Pipile cumanensis 14. Speckled Chachalaca Ortalis guttata 15. Wattled Curassow Crax globulosa 16. Razor-billed Curassow Mitu tuberosum GALLIFORMES: Odontophoridae 17. Marbled Wood-Quall Odontophorus gujanensis 18. Starred Wood-Quall Odontophorus stellatus PELECANIFORMES: Phalacrocoracidae 19. Neotropic Cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus PELECANIFORMES: Anhingidae 20. Anhinga Anhinga anhinga CICONIIFORMES: Ardeidae 21. Rufescent Tiger-Heron Tigrisoma lineatum 22. Agami Heron Agamia agami 23. Boat-billed Heron Cochlearius cochlearius 24. Zigzag Heron Zebrilus undulatus 25. Black-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax nycticorax 26. Striated Heron Butorides striata 27. Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 28. Cocoi Heron Ardea cocoi 29. Great Egret Ardea alba 30. Cappet Heron Pilherodius pileatus 31. Snowy Egret Egretta thula 32. Little Blue Heron Egretta caerulea CICONIIFORMES: Threskiornithidae 33. Green Ibis Mesembrinibis cayennensis 34. Roseate Spoonbill Platalea ajaja CICONIIFORMES: Ciconiidae 35. Jabiru Jabiru mycteria 36. Wood Stork Mycteria Americana CICONIIFORMES: Cathartidae 37. Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura 38. Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture Cathartes burrovianus 39.
    [Show full text]
  • The Behaviour of the Gannet by J
    The behaviour of the Gannet By J. B. Nelson (Concluded from page 2 88) EGG LAYING THE ECOLOGY OF the egg laying of the Gannet Sula bassana (effect of density, age and nest position on the onset and synchronisation of laying) is discussed elsewhere (Nelson 1964a and in preparation). The act of deposition was observed on five occasions on all of which the tail was depressed and guided the egg into the nest—important in view of the Gannet's poorly developed retrieving ability. The one accurately timed laying took two minutes. Eggs may be laid at any time of day, and possibly also at night. INCUBATION Gannets (and apparently all Sulidae) lack brood patches and incubate their single egg beneath their webs, which become highly vascularised and hot during incubation. Non-breeding birds caught during the breeding season had cool webs, but no known breeders were caught off the nest, so it was not known whether webs remain hot. Howell and Bartholomew (1962) showed that the mean internal temperature of incubated eggs of the Red-footed Booby S. sula was 36° C. and the foot temperature 3 5.8° C, and suggested that the feet do not provide the main source of heat for incubation. They were vague in their alternative and the difference in the temperatures they recorded would seem too small to disprove the conventional view. The egg tempera­ ture achieved by this method compares favourably with that of brood- spot incubation (e.g. 36.6° C. for the surface temperature of Herring Gulls' eggs: Baerends 1959).
    [Show full text]