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About 1.6 million people die of tuberculosis (TB) each year' mostly in developing nations lacking access to fast, accurate testing technology. TB is the current focus of the Foundation for Fino Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), established with ^" loundation ^ funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. for innovative new diagnostics FIND is dedicated to the advancement of diagnostic testing for infectious diseases in developing countries. For more information, visit www.finddiagnostics.org. Partnering against TB Twenty-two developing countries carry the burden culture from 42 days to as little as 10-14 days. In of 80 percent of the world's cases of TB, the addition, by identifying resistance to specific drugs, second-leading killer among infectious diseases the BD MGIT™ system provides fast and reliable and primary cause of death among people with information that can help physicians prescribe HIV/AIDS. The problem is compounded by TB's more effective treatments. All this can contribute resistance to drug treatment, limiting the options to the reduction in spread and mortality of TB, for over 450,000 patients annually. particularly in the HIV/AIDS population, where it is especially difficult to diagnose. BD is pleased to work with FIND to provide equipment, reagents, training and support to the Named one of America's Most Admired public health sector in high-burdened countries Companies' as well as one of the World's IVIost on terms that will enable them to purchase and Ethical Companies/ BD provides advanced medical implement these on a sustainable basis. technology to serve the global community's greatest needs. The BD MGIT" (Mycobacteria Growth Indicator ' Source of all statistics cited; StopTB/World Tube) system can shorten the recovery of TB in BD - Helping all people live healthy lives. Health Organization, 2007. ' FORTUNE, Marcll 2008 ^ Bthisphere* Magazine, June 2008 World TB Day Pipase visit www.bd.com IVIarch 24, 2009 i BD, BD Logo and BD MGIT are trademarks of Becton, Dickinson and Company. © 2009 BD — *^^T7^; ^"^^^ l;v _'.r-. "^anf^iis^ MARCH 2009 VOLUME 118 NUMBER 2 www.naturalhistorymag.com FEATURES COVER STORY 24 TO KILL A CORMORANT Are double-crested cormorants over- running their niche—or simply recovering from centuries of suppression? / BY RICHARD J. KING 30 BETWEEN A ROCK AND A HYRAX Two closely related species find safety in numbers, except in the presence of people. BY RONALD E. BARRY DEPARTMENTS 2 THE NATURAL MOMENT 36 BOOKSHELF Bait Ball Season Laurence A. Marschall Photograph by Doug Penine 42 SKYLOG 6 WORD EXCHANGE Joe Rao 6 nature.net 44 AT THE MUSEUM Khan-quest Robert Anderson 48 ENDPAPER A Taste of the Wild 10 SAMPLINGS Aaron French News from Nature 22 BIOMECHANICS The Living Gomboc Adam Summers ON THE cover: Double-crested cormorant sports breeding plumage feather tufts on its head that give the species its common name. Martin B. Withers / FLPA ^f^' 0i^^¥^ \-af^l,ia^..^ f^' p*F',, "l T--^^ ''?& "•iS^V. i^0^:i,VJ|Jy.v^' vJ. THE NATURAL riiTfl" BAIT BALL SEASON Photograph by Doug Perrine ; -T^o-^ . -TTTT-V-^-vj^ ''****^^^^ '''•^' ^ - ^ •- •-) '»ra^-, >> I '5^1^^ */ >-^ W - J-ft,^ '^d^Srinii^^^y^ ' - A .,^~. ;g^ .-,U ^ ?• - \>^r~^9* \ ^»>* ^^^.^ .^ ^trinBV ia^^ > ^"jg^ --^ * Pwr. ;— "^^fltf^^^^^^MdCsM^^^^ ^ ' »* ^ ^' ^*^^^^^^^^^^^'S>,£ . .^."iH " •• •~r.. V ''^^-^bPW^?---^ • ^ . <p^ ^^^ .>B r^¥; ' a^l^/'^-afc^ "'^. ^'Btd ' - - ^k'JW^U^fl^^^^ T ^^^Vft .^— »%jt^ , .:^ , r* March 2009 natural history — "* See preceding two pages THE NATURAL EXPLANATION BY ERIN ESPELIE When sardines squirmed down Doug Perrine's wet-suit collar for refuge, he began to question the safety of his vantage point. It wasn't the tickling baitfish that concerned him, it was the chance ot being ac- cidentally speared by striped marlin in a feeding frenzy. Dozens of the high-speed predators {Tetraptimis aiidax) encroached upon Perrine as he was free diving off the tip ot the Baja Peninsula late last November. With the help of sea lions and even a few dolphins, the marlin had corralled a "bait ball" up and away from a massive shoal offish, mil- lions strong, that lay down below. Near the surface the predatory bunch HERE'S TO EVERY competed in picking apart the swirl- ing ball. Frigates and other seabirds TOUGH GUY WHO'S joined the action from above; the sea NOT AFRAID TO SHOW lions barked and blew bubbles as they worked the crowd below. Most fear- HIS SOFTER YET some, though, were the dexterous EQUALLY TOUGH SIDE. marlin, juveniles that on average mea- sured six feet long and weighed nine- ty pounds. They slashed, snatched, stunned, and impaled their prey by satellite, though easier in prac- even torpedo-chased individual fish tice, had proved inadequate.) out of the water to body-slam them Other major unknowns persist on the surface with their bills. in marlin biology—including the purpose of the creatures' rapid color According to fishermen, 2008 holds changes, made possible by special skin the record for the most "strip- cells called iridophores that are con- ies" around Baja in the last quar- trolled by the nervous system. Per- ter century. Michael L. Domeier, rine reports that marlin "light up in a director of the Offield Center for bright neon blue as they herd the bait- Billfish Studies in Fallbrook, Cali- fish, maneuver, and communicate." fornia, suggests -that withdrawal As for the danger, Perrine said, "It of a Japanese longline fleet may be was like I was in a fencing match with responsible. Yet accurate population a dozen expert swordsmen at once." estimates are elusive. That's one rea- And when one marlin swam by with son why Domeier is spearheading an another marlin's broken bill impaled arduous archival-tagging program, in its side, he realized with a sinking launched in the fall. (Data collection feeling that even experts miss. Doug Perrine holds B.S. and M.A. degrees in marine biol- ^ SeaPics.com, ogy from the University of Miami. He founded which he operated for eighteen years before moving on and winning the top prize in the 2004 BBC Wildlife Photographer of the Year competition. In 2007 two of his photographs were declared by Sciibd Diving magazine to be among the twenty-five best dive photos ever taken. He lives in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii. fPR the toughest jobs on planet earth.® ;:'j7800-966-3458 gorillatough.com Made in U.S.A. 4 NATURAL HISTORY March 2009 ''*.fi -. ^^K~~ i-„-«,-™i.earth, you 11 feel an intimate and authentic connection r to a treasury of life^lra^ing experiences in Belize. Be one with extraordinary wildlife, the Hemisphere's largesy^Bj^pf ^ntfThe warm people of this Caribbean gateway to the mystical BELizd Maya world. And ju^H^HPlbur flight from the U.S., Belize is the only English-speaking MOTHER NATURES BEST KEPT SECRET country in Central Ame^Kj^t t)i£|ifiei}i2e. Call 800-624-0686 or visit TravelBelize.org. WORD EXCHANGE Enature.net by robert anderson \N-QUEST Out of Print rr:r—^-T ,.= V"- , . ,. Olivia Judson's "Life Zone" column on fingerprints ["Sticky Fingers," ^l^^^'^"^ mm ~ ViTTORio Maestro Editor m Chief 12/08-1/09] was a great story but ._ |^_| ===•=.-====.•===.=7 [jy didn't address the effects of aging. Steven R. Black Art Director After 9/11, needing security clear- ™ Erin Espelie Executive Editor ance, I had a full set of fingerprints Senior Editors HIZ_ W^M filed Rebecca Kessler, Dolly Setton taken and with the FBI. But "^TiTiTTiTimimr— -JHP Melisa Beveridge Assistant Art Director now, at the age of seventy-three and a AFTER READING anthropologist Jack Annie Gottlieb Copy Chief half, my fingerprints are all but gone. Weatherford's Genghis Khan and the Graciela Flores Editor-at-Large Florence Brauner Volunteer My right thumb appears to have a Making of the Modem World (Crown, 2004), full print, but the other digits on both I turned to the Internet to learn more. A site hands are now virtually smooth. A called TimeMap (http://www.timemap.net) Contributing Editors features an applet that assists in visualizing Robert Anderson, Olivia Judson, Avis Lang, senior-citizen friend of mine was such things as environmental change, Charles Liu, Laurence A. Marschall, Richard Milner. Stephan Reebs, denied clearance for a job, because weather patterns, traffic flow, urban Robert H. Mohlenbrock, Joe Rao, Judy A. Rice, Adam Summers, Neil deOrasse Tyson of a lack of fingerprints. Can digital growth—and, yes, the spread of empires. includes equipment still read the prints even if Their Animations page a sample map that shows how the Great Khan's Charles E. Harris Publisher an ink pad doesn't register any? realm rapidly expanded to link most of Edgar L. Harrison Advertising Director Don Cook Asia, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe Maria Volpe Promotion Director Skokie, Illinois for the first time. For my guide to Web sites Sonia W Paratore National Advertising Manager Adam Cohen Advertising Manager exploring the archaeology of the Mongol Meredith Miller Production Manager Empire and its legacy—by no means all Olivia JuDSON replies: Don Cook Joe Sharkey Manager, Publishing Services bad—please visit the magazine online raises an important point that has (www.naturalhistorymag.com). For advertising information been generally overlooked in the call 646-356-6508 ROBERT ANDERSON is a freelance science writer scientific literature. However, a wlio lives in Los Angeles. Advertising Sales Representatives recent report on biometrics com- Detroit—Bzrron Media Sales, LLC, 313-268-3996 missioned by the British govern- C/iiM^t>—Robert Purdy & Associates, 312-726-7800 West Coast—On Course Media Sales,310-710-7414 ment did note the difficulty in century artist Benjamin Waterhouse Toronto—American Publishers Representatives Ltd., 416-363-1388 obtaining high-quality fingerprints Hawkins ["The Art of Bones," Atlanta and Miami—PJckles and Co., 770-664-4567 SoHf/i/lHimra—NeCcorp Media, Ltd., 51-1-222-8038 from the elderly—and suggested 12/08-1/09].
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