Tolme Tales – What's in a Name
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Carl Runge 1 Carl Runge
Carl Runge 1 Carl Runge Carl David Tolmé Runge (30. august 1856 Bremen – 3. jaanuar 1927 Göttingen) oli saksa matemaatik. Ta pani aluse tänapäeva praktilisele matemaatikale kui õpetusele matemaatilistest meetoditest loodusteaduslike ja tehniliste ülesannete arvutuslikul lahendamisel. Ta sündis jõuka kaupmees Julius Runge ja inglanna Fanny Tolmé pojana. Oma esimesed aastad veetis ta Havannas, kus tema isa haldas Taani konsulaati. Kodune keel oli eeskätt inglise keel. Carl Runge ja tema vennad omandasid Briti kombed ja vaated, eriti spordi, aususe, õigluse ja enesekindluse kohta. Hiljem kolis perekond Bremenisse, kus Carli isa 1864 suri. Aastal 1875 lõpetas ta Bremenis gümnaasiumi. Seejärel saatis ta oma ema pool aastat kultuurireisil Itaalias. Siis läks ta Münchenisse, kus ta algul õppis kirjandusteadust ja filosoofias kuid otsustas pärast kuuenädalast õppimist 1876 matemaatika ja füüsika kasuks. Ta õppis koos Max Planckiga, kellega ta sõbrunes. Müncheni ülikoolis oli ta populaarne uisutaja. Aastal 1877 jätkas ta (koos Planckiga) oma õpinguid Berliinis, mis oli Saksamaa matemaatika keskus ja kus teda mõjutasid eriti Leopold Carl Runge Kronecker ja Karl Weierstraß. Viimase loengute kuulamine kallutas ta keskenduma füüsika asemel puhtale matemaatikale. Aastal 1880 promoveerus ta Weierstraßi ning Ernst Eduard Kummeri juures tööga "Über die Krümmung, Torsion und geodätische Krümmung der auf einer Fläche gezogenen Curven". Tol ajal tuli doktorieksamil püstitada kolm teesi ja neid kaitsta. Üks Runge teesidest oli: "Matemaatilise distsipliini väärtust tuleb hinnata tema rakendatavuse järgi empiirilistele teadustele." Ta habiliteerus 1883. Runge tegeles algul puhta matemaatikaga. Kronecker oli teda innustanud tegelema arvuteooriaga ja Weierstraß funktsiooniteooriaga. Funktsiooniteoorias uuris ta holomorfsete funktsioonide aproksimeeritavust ratsionaalsete funktsioonidega, rajades Runge teooria. Berliini ajal sai ta oma tulevaselt äialt (kelle perekonnas ta oli sagedane külaline) teada Balmeri seeriast. -
The Scientific Content of the Letters Is Remarkably Rich, Touching on The
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Reviews / Historia Mathematica 33 (2006) 491–508 497 The scientific content of the letters is remarkably rich, touching on the difference between Borel and Lebesgue measures, Baire’s classes of functions, the Borel–Lebesgue lemma, the Weierstrass approximation theorem, set theory and the axiom of choice, extensions of the Cauchy–Goursat theorem for complex functions, de Geöcze’s work on surface area, the Stieltjes integral, invariance of dimension, the Dirichlet problem, and Borel’s integration theory. The correspondence also discusses at length the genesis of Lebesgue’s volumes Leçons sur l’intégration et la recherche des fonctions primitives (1904) and Leçons sur les séries trigonométriques (1906), published in Borel’s Collection de monographies sur la théorie des fonctions. Choquet’s preface is a gem describing Lebesgue’s personality, research style, mistakes, creativity, and priority quarrel with Borel. This invaluable addition to Bru and Dugac’s original publication mitigates the regrets of not finding, in the present book, all 232 letters included in the original edition, and all the annotations (some of which have been shortened). The book contains few illustrations, some of which are surprising: the front and second page of a catalog of the editor Gauthier–Villars (pp. 53–54), and the front and second page of Marie Curie’s Ph.D. thesis (pp. 113–114)! Other images, including photographic portraits of Lebesgue and Borel, facsimiles of Lebesgue’s letters, and various important academic buildings in Paris, are more appropriate. -
The Birth and Childhood of a Couple of Twin Brothers V
Proceedings of ICFA Mini-Workshop on Impedances and Beam Instabilities in Particle Accelerators, Benevento, Italy, 18-22 September 2017, CERN Yellow Reports: Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1/2018, CERN-2018-003-CP (CERN, Geneva, 2018) THE BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD OF A COUPLE OF TWIN BROTHERS V. G. Vaccaro, INFN Sezione di Napoli, Naples, Italy Abstract The context in which the concepts of Coupling Imped- Looking Far ance and Universal Stability Charts were born is de- scribed in this paper. The conclusion is that the simulta- Even before the successful achievements of PS and neous appearance of these two concepts was unavoidable. AGS, the scientific community was aware that another step forward was needed. Indeed, the impact of particles INTRODUCTION against fixed targets is very inefficient from the point of view of the energy actually available: for new experi- At beginning of 40’s, the interest around proton accel- ments, much more efficient could be the head on colli- erators seemed to quickly wear out: they were no longer sions between counter-rotating high-energy particles. able to respond to the demand of increasing energy and intensity for new investigations on particle physics. With increasing energy, the energy available in the Inertial Frame (IF) with fixed targets is incomparably Providentially important breakthrough innovations smaller than in the head-on collision (HC). If we want the were accomplished in accelerator science, which pro- same energy in IF using fixed targets, one should build duced leaps forward in the performances of particle ac- gigantic accelerators. In the fixed target case (FT), ac- celerators. cording to relativistic dynamics, an HC-equivalent beam should have the following energy. -
Herbert Busemann (1905--1994)
HERBERT BUSEMANN (1905–1994) A BIOGRAPHY FOR HIS SELECTED WORKS EDITION ATHANASE PAPADOPOULOS Herbert Busemann1 was born in Berlin on May 12, 1905 and he died in Santa Ynez, County of Santa Barbara (California) on February 3, 1994, where he used to live. His first paper was published in 1930, and his last one in 1993. He wrote six books, two of which were translated into Russian in the 1960s. Initially, Busemann was not destined for a mathematical career. His father was a very successful businessman who wanted his son to be- come, like him, a businessman. Thus, the young Herbert, after high school (in Frankfurt and Essen), spent two and a half years in business. Several years later, Busemann recalls that he always wanted to study mathematics and describes this period as “two and a half lost years of my life.” Busemann started university in 1925, at the age of 20. Between the years 1925 and 1930, he studied in Munich (one semester in the aca- demic year 1925/26), Paris (the academic year 1927/28) and G¨ottingen (one semester in 1925/26, and the years 1928/1930). He also made two 1Most of the information about Busemann is extracted from the following sources: (1) An interview with Constance Reid, presumably made on April 22, 1973 and kept at the library of the G¨ottingen University. (2) Other documents held at the G¨ottingen University Library, published in Vol- ume II of the present edition of Busemann’s Selected Works. (3) Busemann’s correspondence with Richard Courant which is kept at the Archives of New York University. -
The Legacy of Leonhard Euler: a Tricentennial Tribute (419 Pages)
P698.TP.indd 1 9/8/09 5:23:37 PM This page intentionally left blank Lokenath Debnath The University of Texas-Pan American, USA Imperial College Press ICP P698.TP.indd 2 9/8/09 5:23:39 PM Published by Imperial College Press 57 Shelton Street Covent Garden London WC2H 9HE Distributed by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. THE LEGACY OF LEONHARD EULER A Tricentennial Tribute Copyright © 2010 by Imperial College Press All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN-13 978-1-84816-525-0 ISBN-10 1-84816-525-0 Printed in Singapore. LaiFun - The Legacy of Leonhard.pmd 1 9/4/2009, 3:04 PM September 4, 2009 14:33 World Scientific Book - 9in x 6in LegacyLeonhard Leonhard Euler (1707–1783) ii September 4, 2009 14:33 World Scientific Book - 9in x 6in LegacyLeonhard To my wife Sadhana, grandson Kirin,and granddaughter Princess Maya, with love and affection. -
October 1986
C Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Monthly Report October 1986 'Ht», i't:.t"tS?t M Fermi/ab Report is published monthly by the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Technical Publications Office, P.O. Box 500, MS 107, Batavia, IL, 60510 U.S.A. (312) 840-3278 Editors: R.A. Carrigan, Jr., F.T. Cole, R. Fenner, L. Voyvodic Contributing Editors: D. Beatty, M. Bodnarczuk, R. Craven, D. Green, L. McLerran, S. Pruss, R. Vidal Editorial Assistant: S. Winchester The presentation of material in Fermilab Report is not intended to substitute for nor preclude its publication in a professional journal, and references to articles herein should not be cited in such journals. Contributions, comments, and requests for copies should be addressed to the Fermilab Technical Publications Office. 86/8 Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 0090.01 011 the cover: M. Stanley Livingston (May 25, 1905 - August 25, 1986) and Ernest 0. Lawrence beside one of the earliest cyclotrons ca. 1933. A remembrance of M.S. Livingston begins on page 21 of this issue. Operated by Universities Research Association, Inc., under contract with the United States Department of Energy Table of Contents Who's Who in the Upcoming Fixed-Target Run? Mark W. Bodnarczuk Saturday Morning Physics: a Report Card 17 Drasko Jovanovic, Barbara Grannis, and Marjorie Bardeen M. Stanley Livingston; 1905 - 1986 21 F.T. Cole Manuscripts, Notes, Lectures, and Colloquia Prepared or Presented from September 21 to October 20, 1986 23 Dates to Remember inside back cover Who's Who in the Upcoming Fixed-Target Physics Run? Mark W. Bodnarczuk Introduction The purpose of this article is to identify the 16 experiments and major test beam programs that will operate during the upcoming fixed-target run scheduled to begin in the middle of March 1987. -
Center for History of Physics Newsletter, Spring 2008
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3843, CENTER FOR HISTORY OF PHYSICS NIELS BOHR LIBRARY & ARCHIVES Tel. 301-209-3165 Vol. XL, Number 1 Spring 2008 AAS Working Group Acts to Preserve Astronomical Heritage By Stephen McCluskey mong the physical sciences, astronomy has a long tradition A of constructing centers of teaching and research–in a word, observatories. The heritage of these centers survives in their physical structures and instruments; in the scientific data recorded in their observing logs, photographic plates, and instrumental records of various kinds; and more commonly in the published and unpublished records of astronomers and of the observatories at which they worked. These records have continuing value for both historical and scientific research. In January 2007 the American Astronomical Society (AAS) formed a working group to develop and disseminate procedures, criteria, and priorities for identifying, designating, and preserving structures, instruments, and records so that they will continue to be available for astronomical and historical research, for the teaching of astronomy, and for outreach to the general public. The scope of this charge is quite broad, encompassing astronomical structures ranging from archaeoastronomical sites to modern observatories; papers of individual astronomers, observatories and professional journals; observing records; and astronomical instruments themselves. Reflecting this wide scope, the members of the working group include historians of astronomy, practicing astronomers and observatory directors, and specialists Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Santa encounters tight security during in astronomical instruments, archives, and archaeology. a wartime visit to Oak Ridge. Many more images recently donated by the Digital Photo Archive, Department of Energy appear on page 13 and The first item on the working group’s agenda was to determine through out this newsletter. -
On the Shoulders of Giants: a Brief History of Physics in Göttingen
1 6 ON THE SHO UL DERS OF G I A NTS : A B RIEF HISTORY OF P HYSI C S IN G Ö TTIN G EN On the Shoulders of Giants: a brief History of Physics in Göttingen 18th and 19th centuries Georg Ch. Lichtenberg (1742-1799) may be considered the fore- under Emil Wiechert (1861-1928), where seismic methods for father of experimental physics in Göttingen. His lectures were the study of the Earth's interior were developed. An institute accompanied by many experiments with equipment which he for applied mathematics and mechanics under the joint direc- had bought privately. To the general public, he is better known torship of the mathematician Carl Runge (1856-1927) (Runge- for his thoughtful and witty aphorisms. Following Lichtenberg, Kutta method) and the pioneer of aerodynamics, or boundary the next physicist of world renown would be Wilhelm Weber layers, Ludwig Prandtl (1875-1953) complemented the range of (1804-1891), a student, coworker and colleague of the „prince institutions related to physics proper. In 1925, Prandtl became of mathematics“ C. F. Gauss, who not only excelled in electro- the director of a newly established Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institute dynamics but fought for his constitutional rights against the for Fluid Dynamics. king of Hannover (1830). After his re-installment as a profes- A new and well-equipped physics building opened at the end sor in 1849, the two Göttingen physics chairs , W. Weber and B. of 1905. After the turn to the 20th century, Walter Kaufmann Listing, approximately corresponded to chairs of experimen- (1871-1947) did precision measurements on the velocity depen- tal and mathematical physics. -
2007 Annual Report APS
American Physical Society APS 2007 Annual Report APS The AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY strives to: Be the leading voice for physics and an authoritative source of physics information for the advancement of physics and the benefit of humanity; Collaborate with national scientific societies for the advancement of science, science education, and the science community; Cooperate with international physics societies to promote physics, to support physicists worldwide, and to foster international collaboration; Have an active, engaged, and diverse membership, and support the activities of its units and members. Cover photos: Top: Complementary effect in flowing grains that spontaneously separate similar and well-mixed grains into two charged streams of demixed grains (Troy Shinbrot, Keirnan LaMarche and Ben Glass). Middle: Face-on view of a simulation of Weibel turbulence from intense laser-plasma interactions. (T. Haugbolle and C. Hededal, Niels Bohr Institute). Bottom: A scanning microscope image of platinum-lace nanoballs; liposomes aggregate, providing a foamlike template for a platinum sheet to grow (DOE and Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM). Text paper is 50% sugar cane bagasse pulp, 50% recycled fiber, including 30% post consumer fiber, elemental chlorine free. Cover paper is 50% recycled, including 15% post consumer fiber, elemental chlorine free. Annual Report Design: Leanne Poteet/APS/2008 Charts: Krystal Ferguson/APS/2008 ast year, 2007, started out as a very good year for both the American Physical Society and American physics. APS’ journals and meetings showed solidly growing impact, sales, and attendance — with a good mixture Lof US and foreign contributions. In US research, especially rapid growth was seen in biophysics, optics, as- trophysics, fundamental quantum physics and several other areas. -
Cross Sections
Cross Sections DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER SPRING 2003 Second department alumnus to win the Nobel Prize © THE ROYAL SWEDISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Physics and Astronomy • SPRING 2003 Message from the Chair —Arie Bodek graduates, Laura Schmidt and Elizabeth tributed generously to the support of the Because of the great success of the Strychalski were awarded the Catherine department. By completing the form on sesquicentennial celebration, the Uni- Block and Janet Howell Prizes in 2002, the back cover of our newsletter, or by versity has initiated a new tradition and Jason Nordhaus and David Etlinger responding to our current drive for the of hosting a Meliora won Goldwater Scholarships. Mandel endowment, you can continue Weekend reunion every Over the years we have given high (or begin) that tradition of giving that year (see www.rochester. priority to the training of our under- will assure the future excellence of the edu/alumni/). The theme graduate and graduate students. This department. in fall 2003 is “Innova- attention has not gone unnoticed and Other ways to help our cause is to in- tion,” and we plan to has just been recognized in a nation- form any promising students about our highlight the most wide survey of U.S. graduate students summer undergraduate research program recent innovations and conducted in 2001. The Department of (REU), and to encourage students inter- discoveries in physics and astronomy. Physics and Astronomy at Rochester was ested in careers in physics or astronomy We encourage all our alumni and friends ranked second nationwide in overall to apply for graduate study at Rochester. -
ATLAS Installs Final Big Wheel
I n t e r n at I o n a l J o u r n a l o f H I g H - e n e r g y P H y s I c s CERN COURIERV o l u m e 47 n u m b e r 9 n o V e m b e r 2 0 07 ATLAS installs final big wheel DESY LHC FOCUS BROOKHAVEN FLASH makes pulses Preparing for the Ernest Courant looks at design energy p8 data onslaught p17 back 60 years p26 CCNovCover.indd 1 17/10/07 10:45:38 Project8 9/10/07 10:38 Page 1 NIM CAMAC VME NIMbox CC-USB VME-USB VDIS2 A programmable NIM Module with Controller with USB Controller with USB Diagnostic USB Interface Interface Interface Module for VME ! NPN20 - Progr.Logic Unit, 20 NIM I/O ! NPT20 - Progr. Logic Unit, 20 TTL I/O ! NDL8 - Leading Edge 8-fold Discriminator ! NAD4 - 100 MHz 4 channel F-ADC ! NDA8 - 100 MHz 8 PCI and VME channel DAC, e.g. adapters for CAMAC for detector are also available simulation ! New! Scaler, TDC, MLU, CQ16 MDGG8 ADC2530 and moreÖ 16 channel 12 bit CAMAC Progr. Delay and Gate 8 channel peak QDC, down to 25fC/count Generator, Scaler sensing 13 bit ADC USB cable, driver and software included Desk version (Nembox) for didactical experiments available Developed in collaboration with University of Heidelberg www.wiener-d.com Plein & Baus GmbH. Muellersbaum 20, 51399 Burscheid, Germany Phone: +49 (0)2174 6780, Fax: +49 (0)2174 678 55 CONTENTS Covering current developments in high- energy physics and related fields worldwide CERN Courier is distributed to member-state governments, institutes and laboratories affiliated with CERN, and to their personnel. -
How US Physicists First Came to Work at CERN
CERN-US COLLABORATION How US physicists first came to work at CERN After help from an eminent US figure, CERN was founded in the 1950s to provide a European stage for physics. Once the curtain was up, US physicists found the new laboratory increasingly attractive. In the first of two articles, Gordon Fraser traces the history of CERN-US collaboration from the post-war era to the advent of collider physics in the 1970s. In the late 1940s, Europe was major role in establishing the US struggling to emerge from the ruins Brookhaven National Laboratory. of the Second World War. The US The establishment of an analo had played a vital role in the con gous European laboratory was to flict, but had been less affected mat Rabi a natural and vital need. erially, and a shining vision of life However, on arrival in Florence he across the Atlantic was a beacon of was disturbed to find that there was hope for millions of Europeans liv no mention of this idea on the ing in austerity, if not misery. agenda. Two Europeans, Pierre i In a speech at Harvard on 5 June Auger (then UNESCO's director of 1947, US Secretary of State George exact and natural sciences) and C Marshall said that the US should Edoardo Amaldi, who was to be a help to "assist in the return of nor constant driving force, helped Rabi mal economic health in the world". Playing a key role in the post-Second World War through the intricacies of European North American "Marshall aid" was groundwork for what would become CERN was US physicist committee formalities.