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Carl Runge 1 Carl Runge Carl Runge 1 Carl Runge Carl David Tolmé Runge (30. august 1856 Bremen – 3. jaanuar 1927 Göttingen) oli saksa matemaatik. Ta pani aluse tänapäeva praktilisele matemaatikale kui õpetusele matemaatilistest meetoditest loodusteaduslike ja tehniliste ülesannete arvutuslikul lahendamisel. Ta sündis jõuka kaupmees Julius Runge ja inglanna Fanny Tolmé pojana. Oma esimesed aastad veetis ta Havannas, kus tema isa haldas Taani konsulaati. Kodune keel oli eeskätt inglise keel. Carl Runge ja tema vennad omandasid Briti kombed ja vaated, eriti spordi, aususe, õigluse ja enesekindluse kohta. Hiljem kolis perekond Bremenisse, kus Carli isa 1864 suri. Aastal 1875 lõpetas ta Bremenis gümnaasiumi. Seejärel saatis ta oma ema pool aastat kultuurireisil Itaalias. Siis läks ta Münchenisse, kus ta algul õppis kirjandusteadust ja filosoofias kuid otsustas pärast kuuenädalast õppimist 1876 matemaatika ja füüsika kasuks. Ta õppis koos Max Planckiga, kellega ta sõbrunes. Müncheni ülikoolis oli ta populaarne uisutaja. Aastal 1877 jätkas ta (koos Planckiga) oma õpinguid Berliinis, mis oli Saksamaa matemaatika keskus ja kus teda mõjutasid eriti Leopold Carl Runge Kronecker ja Karl Weierstraß. Viimase loengute kuulamine kallutas ta keskenduma füüsika asemel puhtale matemaatikale. Aastal 1880 promoveerus ta Weierstraßi ning Ernst Eduard Kummeri juures tööga "Über die Krümmung, Torsion und geodätische Krümmung der auf einer Fläche gezogenen Curven". Tol ajal tuli doktorieksamil püstitada kolm teesi ja neid kaitsta. Üks Runge teesidest oli: "Matemaatilise distsipliini väärtust tuleb hinnata tema rakendatavuse järgi empiirilistele teadustele." Ta habiliteerus 1883. Runge tegeles algul puhta matemaatikaga. Kronecker oli teda innustanud tegelema arvuteooriaga ja Weierstraß funktsiooniteooriaga. Funktsiooniteoorias uuris ta holomorfsete funktsioonide aproksimeeritavust ratsionaalsete funktsioonidega, rajades Runge teooria. Berliini ajal sai ta oma tulevaselt äialt (kelle perekonnas ta oli sagedane külaline) teada Balmeri seeriast. Kevadel 1886 sai ta Hannoveri Tehnikakõrgkooli korraliseks professoriks. Ta vastutas seal tulevaste inseneride ja tehnikute matemaatilise hariduse eest. Hannoveris laagerdus Runge huvi rakendada matemaatikat loodusteadustes ja tehnikas. Ta ei rahuldunud seejuures võimalikult heade matemaatiliste lahenduste leidmisega etteantud eriküsimusele, vaid püüdis luua üldisi meetodeid. Ta uuris koos füüsikute Heinrich Kayseri ja Pascheniga erinevate elementide joonspektreid, andes panuse spektroskoopia füüsikasse. Aastal 1904 kutsuti ta Felix Kleini taotlusel Göttingeni vastrajatud rakendusmatemaatika professuuri (esimene omalaadne Saksamaal). Prinzenstraßele kunagise ülikooli raamatukogu vastu rajati eraldi rakendusmatemaatika instituut, mis oli seotud Ludwig Prandtli juhtimisel töötanud rakendusmehaanika instituudiga. Göttingenis töötas ta koos Martin Wilhelm Kuttaga välja Runge-Kutta meetodid algtingimustega ülesannete numbriliseks lahendamiseks. Rajatingimustega ülesannete jaoks kasutas ta diferentsmeetodeid. Tuntud ka tema uurimus interpolatsioonipolünoomidest ja nende käitumisel polünoomi astme tõusmisel (Runge fenomen). Runge laiendas Descartesi märgireeglit algebralistele võrranditele, pakkus aproksimatsiooniteoorias välja telescoping-meetodi ning töötas välja meetodeid trigonomeetriliste summade kiireks arvutamiseks. Rungel olid olemas ka juba splainfunktsioonide idee alged. Carl Runge 2 Runge tegi mitu suurt reisi. Seejuures kulus marjaks ära tema inglise keele oskus: ta valdas seda nagu emakeelt. Aastal 1897 külastas ta British Associationi koosolekut Torontos ning käis seejärel kõigis tähtsates Ameerika tähetornides. Koos Karl Schwarzschildiga võttis ta 1906 ette päikesevarjutuseekspeditsiooni Alžiiri. Talvel 1909 viibis ta ühe aasta vahetusprofessorina New Yorgis Columbia Ülikoolis. Seejärel sõitis ta jälle ümber Ameerika, külastades ülikoolide ja tähetornide kõrval ka oma lapsepõlvepaiku Havannas. Veel suvel 1926 käis ta British Associationi koosolekul Oxfordis. Nagu Richard Courant tabavalt märkis, seisnes Runge teaduslik saavutus selles, et ta sidus jälle kokku katkirebitud niidid rakenduste juurde ning aitas taastada matemaatikateaduse, sealhulgas rakenduste ühtsust. 70. sünnipäeval seisis ta veel lastelaste rõõmuks käte peal. Viimastel elukuudel oli Rungel südamevaevusi, nii et ta pidi oma armastatud spordist loobuma. Ta suri 70-aastaselt südameinfarkti. Göttingenis ei ole Carl Runge mälestustahvlit. Kuul on tema järgi nimetatud Runge kraater. Isiklikku Aastal 1887 abiellus ta kuulsa Berliini füsioloogi Emil Heinrich Du Bois-Reymondi tütre Aiméega. Neil sündis harmoonilises abielus neli tütart ja kaks poega, kellest üks langes Esimeses maailmasõjas ning teine oli Wilhelm Runge, kes tegeles radaritehnika arendamisega. Runget on kirjeldatud väga armastusväärse ja tagasihoidliku inimesena. Ta armastas kodust musitseerimist, mängides ise klaverit. Ta armastas sporti, näiteks tennist, uisutamist ja suusatamist, matkamist, ujumist, paadisõitu ning jalgrattasõitu. Hannoveris sõitis ta regulaarselt jalgrattaga 10 km oma Kirchrode külas asuva maja ning tehnikakõrgkooli vahet. Jalgratast ta ei puhastanud peaaegu kunagi ning armastas öelda: "lõpuks kujuneb dünaamiline tasakaal: täpselt nii palju pori, kui iga päev sellele pritsitakse, langeb ka iga päev iseenesest jälle maha." Göttingenis elas ta koos perekonnaga aadressil Wilhelm-Weber-Straße 21 Felix Kleiniga lähestikku. Kirjandus • Ludwig Prandtl, Richard Courant. Dem Andenken an Carl Runge. – Die Naturwissenschaften, 15. aastakäik, vihik 10, 1927, lk 225–231. • F. Paschen. "Carl Runge" [1]. – Astrophysical Journal 69:317–321, 1929. • Iris Runge. Carl Runge und sein wissenschaftliches Werk, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1949. Välislingid • Elulugu Göttingeni Ülikooli saidil [2] (allikas) • Ingliskeelne elulugu [3] • Runge doktoriväitekiri [4] • Tasandi analüütilise geomeetria õpik [5] • Graafiliste meetodite loengud Columbia Ülikoolis [6] • Tõlge saksa keelde [7] • Carl Runge ja Hermann Königi loengud numbrilisest arvutamisest [8] • Runge konspekt Kroneckeri kõrgema arvuteooria loengutest [9] Artikli kirjutamisel on kasutatud saksa-, katalaani- ja ingliskeelse vikipeedia artiklit seisuga 30.12.2008. Carl Runge 3 Viited [1] http:/ / adsabs. harvard. edu/ / full/ seri/ ApJ. / 0069/ / 0000317. 000. html [2] http:/ / www. math. uni-goettingen. de/ Personen/ Bedeutende_Mathematiker/ runge. html [3] http:/ / numericalmethods. eng. usf. edu/ anecdotes/ runge. html [4] http:/ / gdz. sub. uni-goettingen. de/ no_cache/ dms/ load/ img/ ?IDDOC=57264 [5] http:/ / quod. lib. umich. edu/ cgi/ t/ text/ text-idx?c=umhistmath;idno=ABN6667. 0001. 001 [6] http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/ graphmethods00rungrich [7] http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/ graphischenmetho003786mbp [8] http:/ / gdz. sub. uni-goettingen. de/ no_cache/ dms/ load/ img/ ?IDDOC=237851 [9] http:/ / imgbase-scd-ulp. u-strasbg. fr/ displayimage. php?album=508& pos=0 Artikli Allikad ja Kaastöö tegijad 4 Artikli Allikad ja Kaastöö tegijad Carl Runge Allikas: http://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3539268 Kaastöö tegijad: Adeliine, Andres, Kruusamägi, Mona, WooteleF Pildi Allikad, Litsentsid ja Kaastöö tegijad Pilt:CarleRunge.jpg Allikas: http://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pilt:CarleRunge.jpg Litsents: Public Domain Kaastöö tegijad: Original uploader was SuperGirl at en.wikipedia Later versions were uploaded by Kushboy at en.wikipedia. Litsents Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
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