Center for History of Physics Newsletter, Spring 2008
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The Invention of the Transistor
The invention of the transistor Michael Riordan Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064 Lillian Hoddeson Department of History, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 Conyers Herring Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 [S0034-6861(99)00302-5] Arguably the most important invention of the past standing of solid-state physics. We conclude with an century, the transistor is often cited as the exemplar of analysis of the impact of this breakthrough upon the how scientific research can lead to useful commercial discipline itself. products. Emerging in 1947 from a Bell Telephone Laboratories program of basic research on the physics I. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS of solids, it began to replace vacuum tubes in the 1950s and eventually spawned the integrated circuit and The quantum theory of solids was fairly well estab- microprocessor—the heart of a semiconductor industry lished by the mid-1930s, when semiconductors began to now generating annual sales of more than $150 billion. be of interest to industrial scientists seeking solid-state These solid-state electronic devices are what have put alternatives to vacuum-tube amplifiers and electrome- computers in our laps and on desktops and permitted chanical relays. Based on the work of Felix Bloch, Ru- them to communicate with each other over telephone dolf Peierls, and Alan Wilson, there was an established networks around the globe. The transistor has aptly understanding of the band structure of electron energies been called the ‘‘nerve cell’’ of the Information Age. in ideal crystals (Hoddeson, Baym, and Eckert, 1987; Actually the history of this invention is far more in- Hoddeson et al., 1992). -
The Comet's Tale, and Therefore the Object As a Whole Would the Section Director Nick James Highlighted Have a Low Surface Brightness
1 Diebold Schilling, Disaster in connection with two comets sighted in 1456, Lucerne Chronicle, 1513 (Wikimedia Commons) THE COMET’S TALE Comet Section – British Astronomical Association Journal – Number 38 2019 June britastro.org/comet Evolution of the comet C/2016 R2 (PANSTARRS) along a total of ten days on January 2018. Composition of pictures taken with a zoom lens from Teide Observatory in Canary Islands. J.J Chambó Bris 2 Table of Contents Contents Author Page 1 Director’s Welcome Nick James 3 Section Director 2 Melvyn Taylor’s Alex Pratt 6 Observations of Comet C/1995 01 (Hale-Bopp) 3 The Enigma of Neil Norman 9 Comet Encke 4 Setting up the David Swan 14 C*Hyperstar for Imaging Comets 5 Comet Software Owen Brazell 19 6 Pro-Am José Joaquín Chambó Bris 25 Astrophotography of Comets 7 Elizabeth Roemer: A Denis Buczynski 28 Consummate Comet Section Secretary Observer 8 Historical Cometary Amar A Sharma 37 Observations in India: Part 2 – Mughal Empire 16th and 17th Century 9 Dr Reginald Denis Buczynski 42 Waterfield and His Section Secretary Medals 10 Contacts 45 Picture Gallery Please note that copyright 46 of all images belongs with the Observer 3 1 From the Director – Nick James I hope you enjoy reading this issue of the We have had a couple of relatively bright Comet’s Tale. Many thanks to Janice but diffuse comets through the winter and McClean for editing this issue and to Denis there are plenty of images of Buczynski for soliciting contributions. 46P/Wirtanen and C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto) Thanks also to the section committee for in our archive. -
Copyright by Paul Harold Rubinson 2008
Copyright by Paul Harold Rubinson 2008 The Dissertation Committee for Paul Harold Rubinson certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Containing Science: The U.S. National Security State and Scientists’ Challenge to Nuclear Weapons during the Cold War Committee: —————————————————— Mark A. Lawrence, Supervisor —————————————————— Francis J. Gavin —————————————————— Bruce J. Hunt —————————————————— David M. Oshinsky —————————————————— Michael B. Stoff Containing Science: The U.S. National Security State and Scientists’ Challenge to Nuclear Weapons during the Cold War by Paul Harold Rubinson, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2008 Acknowledgements Thanks first and foremost to Mark Lawrence for his guidance, support, and enthusiasm throughout this project. It would be impossible to overstate how essential his insight and mentoring have been to this dissertation and my career in general. Just as important has been his camaraderie, which made the researching and writing of this dissertation infinitely more rewarding. Thanks as well to Bruce Hunt for his support. Especially helpful was his incisive feedback, which both encouraged me to think through my ideas more thoroughly, and reined me in when my writing overshot my argument. I offer my sincerest gratitude to the Smith Richardson Foundation and Yale University International Security Studies for the Predoctoral Fellowship that allowed me to do the bulk of the writing of this dissertation. Thanks also to the Brady-Johnson Program in Grand Strategy at Yale University, and John Gaddis and the incomparable Ann Carter-Drier at ISS. -
2015 Annual Report
2015 AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY ANNUAL TM ADVANCING PHYSICS REPORT TM THE AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY STRIVES TO Be the leading voice for physics and an authoritative source of physics information for the advancement of physics and the benefit of humanity Collaborate with national scientific societies for the advancement of science, science education, and the science community Cooperate with international physics societies to promote physics, to support physicists worldwide, and to foster international collaboration Have an active, engaged, and diverse membership, and support the activities of its units and members © 2016 American Physical Society During 2015, APS worked to institute the governance objective: “the advancement and diffusion of the knowledge changes approved by the membership in late 2014. In of physics.” APS is fully committed to the principles of OA accordance with the new Constitution & Bylaws, in to the extent that we can continue to support the production February the Board appointed our first Chief Executive of high-quality peer-reviewed journals. For many years APS Officer—Kate Kirby, the former Executive Officer—to has supported “green” OA and we have been fully compliant head the APS. Kate’s major task has been to transition with the 2013 directive from the Office of Science and the management of APS to a CEO model with a Senior Technology Policy that the publications resulting from Management Team. She appointed Mark Doyle as Chief U.S. federally funded research be accessible to the public 12 Information Officer, James Taylor as Chief Operating months after publication. Since APS is a major international Officer, and Matthew Salter as the new Publisher. -
RF Annual Report
PRESIDENT'S TEN-YEAR REVIEW ANNUAL REPORT1971 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION THE ROCKEFELLER mr"nMnftTinN JAN 26 2001 LIBRARY 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation The pages of this report are printed on paper made from recycled fibers THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION 111 WEST 50TH STREET, NEW YORK, NEW YORK 10020 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation CONTENTS President's Ten-year Review 1 1971 Grants and Programs 105 Study Awards 143 Organizational Information 151 Financial Statements 161 1971 Appropriations and Payments 173 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation TRUSTEES AND TRUSTEE COMMITTEES April 1971—April 1972 DOUGLAS DILLON* Chairman JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER 3RD1 Honorary Chairman BOARD OF TRUSTEES BARRY BINGHAMS VERNON E. JORDAN, JR. FREDERICK SEITZ W. MICHAEL BLUMENTHALS CLARK KERB FRANK STANTON JOHN S. DICKEY MATHILDE KRIM MAURICE F. STRONG* DOUGLAS DILLON ALBERTO LLERAS CAMARGO CYRUS R. VANCE ROBERT H. EBERT BILL MOYEHS THOMAS J. WATSON, JR.4 ROBERT F. GOHEEN JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER 3RD2 CLIFTON R. WHARTON, JR. J. GEORGE HARRAR JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER IV W. BARRY WOOD, JR.5 THEODORE M. HESBURGH ROBERT V. ROOSA WHITNEY M. YOUNG, JR.6 ARTHUR A. HOUGHTON, JR. NEVIN S. SCRIMSHAW* EXECVTIVE COMMITTEE THE PRESIDENT Chairman ROBERT V. ROOSA THEODORE M. HESBURGH* _ _ _ _ alternate member DOUGLAS DILLON FREDERICK SEITZ ,, „ , PC VERNON E. JORDAN, JR. MATHILDE KRIM* FRANK STANTON alternate member BILL MoYEHS8 CYRUS R. VANCE* NEVJN S- SCRIMSHAW* JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER 3nn2 ROBERT F. GOHEEN alternate member alternate member FINANCE COMMITTEE Through June 30 Beginning July 1 DOUGLAS DILLON Chairman ROBERT V. ROOSA Chairman ROBERT V. ROOSA DOUGLAS DILLON* THOMAS J. -
A Selected Bibliography of Publications By, and About, J
A Selected Bibliography of Publications by, and about, J. Robert Oppenheimer Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 17 March 2021 Version 1.47 Title word cross-reference $1 [Duf46]. $12.95 [Edg91]. $13.50 [Tho03]. $14.00 [Hug07]. $15.95 [Hen81]. $16.00 [RS06]. $16.95 [RS06]. $17.50 [Hen81]. $2.50 [Opp28g]. $20.00 [Hen81, Jor80]. $24.95 [Fra01]. $25.00 [Ger06]. $26.95 [Wol05]. $27.95 [Ger06]. $29.95 [Goo09]. $30.00 [Kev03, Kle07]. $32.50 [Edg91]. $35 [Wol05]. $35.00 [Bed06]. $37.50 [Hug09, Pol07, Dys13]. $39.50 [Edg91]. $39.95 [Bad95]. $8.95 [Edg91]. α [Opp27a, Rut27]. γ [LO34]. -particles [Opp27a]. -rays [Rut27]. -Teilchen [Opp27a]. 0-226-79845-3 [Guy07, Hug09]. 0-8014-8661-0 [Tho03]. 0-8047-1713-3 [Edg91]. 0-8047-1714-1 [Edg91]. 0-8047-1721-4 [Edg91]. 0-8047-1722-2 [Edg91]. 0-9672617-3-2 [Bro06, Hug07]. 1 [Opp57f]. 109 [Con05, Mur05, Nas07, Sap05a, Wol05, Kru07]. 112 [FW07]. 1 2 14.99/$25.00 [Ber04a]. 16 [GHK+96]. 1890-1960 [McG02]. 1911 [Meh75]. 1945 [GHK+96, Gow81, Haw61, Bad95, Gol95a, Hew66, She82, HBP94]. 1945-47 [Hew66]. 1950 [Ano50]. 1954 [Ano01b, GM54, SZC54]. 1960s [Sch08a]. 1963 [Kuh63]. 1967 [Bet67a, Bet97, Pun67, RB67]. 1976 [Sag79a, Sag79b]. 1981 [Ano81]. 20 [Goe88]. 2005 [Dre07]. 20th [Opp65a, Anoxx, Kai02]. -
2018 March Meeting Program Guide
MARCHMEETING2018 LOS ANGELES MARCH 5-9 PROGRAM GUIDE #apsmarch aps.org/meetingapp aps.org/meetings/march Senior Editor: Arup Chakraborty Robert T. Haslam Professor of Chemical Engineering; Professor of Chemistry, Physics, and Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT Now welcoming submissions in the Physics of Living Systems Submit your best work at elifesci.org/physics-living-systems Image: D. Bonazzi (CC BY 2.0) Led by Senior Editor Arup Chakraborty, this dedicated new section of the open-access journal eLife welcomes studies in which experimental, theoretical, and computational approaches rooted in the physical sciences are developed and/or applied to provide deep insights into the collective properties and function of multicomponent biological systems and processes. eLife publishes groundbreaking research in the life and biomedical sciences. All decisions are made by working scientists. WELCOME t is a pleasure to welcome you to Los Angeles and to the APS March I Meeting 2018. As has become a tradition, the March Meeting is a spectacular gathering of an enthusiastic group of scientists from diverse organizations and backgrounds who have broad interests in physics. This meeting provides us an opportunity to present exciting new work as well as to learn from others, and to meet up with colleagues and make new friends. While you are here, I encourage you to take every opportunity to experience the amazing science that envelops us at the meeting, and to enjoy the many additional professional and social gatherings offered. Additionally, this is a year for Strategic Planning for APS, when the membership will consider the evolving mission of APS and where we want to go as a society. -
July 2007 (Volume 16, Number 7) Entire Issue
July 2007 Volume 16, No. 7 www.aps.org/publications/apsnews APS NEWS Election Preview A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY • WWW.apS.ORG/PUBLICATIONS/apSNEWS Pages 6-7 Executive Board Resolution Thanks US physics team trains for competition in Iran By Katherine McAlpine Legislators for Support of Science Twenty-four high school stu- The APS Executive Board bill authorizes nearly $60 billion dents comprising the US Phys- has passed a resolution thanking for various programs for FY 2008 ics Olympiad team vied for five House and Senate policy makers through FY 2011. The bill would places on the traveling team at for recently-passed legislation double the NSF budget over five the University of Maryland from that strengthens the science, math years and double the DOE Office May 22nd to June 1st. Those and engineering activities of our of Science budget over 10 years. chosen to travel will compete nation. The House of Representatives this month against teams from “Sustaining and improving the passed five separate authorization all over the world at Isfahan standard of living of American bills, which were then combined University of Technology in Is- citizens, achieving energy security into one bill, H.R. 2272, the 21st fahan, Iran. and environmental sustainability, Century Competitiveness Act of Over 3,100 US Physics Team providing the jobs of tomorrow 2007. The bill would put the NSF hopefuls took the preliminary and defending our nation against budget and the NIST Scientific examination in January, and 200 aggressors all require federal in- and Technical Research and Ser- were given a second exam in vestments in science education vices budget on track to double in March to determine the top 24 and research… The Board con- 10 years. -
Download the AAS 2011 Annual Report
2011 ANNUAL REPORT AMERICAN ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY aas mission and vision statement The mission of the American Astronomical Society is to enhance and share humanity’s scientific understanding of the universe. 1. The Society, through its publications, disseminates and archives the results of astronomical research. The Society also communicates and explains our understanding of the universe to the public. 2. The Society facilitates and strengthens the interactions among members through professional meetings and other means. The Society supports member divisions representing specialized research and astronomical interests. 3. The Society represents the goals of its community of members to the nation and the world. The Society also works with other scientific and educational societies to promote the advancement of science. 4. The Society, through its members, trains, mentors and supports the next generation of astronomers. The Society supports and promotes increased participation of historically underrepresented groups in astronomy. A 5. The Society assists its members to develop their skills in the fields of education and public outreach at all levels. The Society promotes broad interest in astronomy, which enhances science literacy and leads many to careers in science and engineering. Adopted 7 June 2009 A S 2011 ANNUAL REPORT - CONTENTS 4 president’s message 5 executive officer’s message 6 financial report 8 press & media 9 education & outreach 10 membership 12 charitable donors 14 AAS/division meetings 15 divisions, committees & workingA groups 16 publishing 17 public policy A18 prize winners 19 member deaths 19 society highlights Established in 1899, the American Astronomical Society (AAS) is the major organization of professional astronomers in North America. -
The Russian-A(Merican) Bomb: the Role of Espionage in the Soviet Atomic Bomb Project
J. Undergrad. Sci. 3: 103-108 (Summer 1996) History of Science The Russian-A(merican) Bomb: The Role of Espionage in the Soviet Atomic Bomb Project MICHAEL I. SCHWARTZ physicists and project coordinators ought to be analyzed so as to achieve an understanding of the project itself, and given the circumstances and problems of the project, just how Introduction successful those scientists could have been. Third and fi- nally, the role that espionage played will be analyzed, in- There was no “Russian” atomic bomb. There only vestigating the various pieces of information handed over was an American one, masterfully discovered by by Soviet spies and its overall usefulness and contribution Soviet spies.”1 to the bomb project. This claim echoes a new theme in Russia regarding Soviet Nuclear Physics—Pre-World War II the Soviet atomic bomb project that has arisen since the democratic revolution of the 1990s. The release of the KGB As aforementioned, Paul Josephson believes that by (Commissariat for State Security) documents regarding the the eve of the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, Soviet sci- role that espionage played in the Soviet atomic bomb project entists had the technical capability to embark upon an atom- has raised new questions about one of the most remark- ics weapons program. He cites the significant contributions able and rapid scientific developments in history. Despite made by Soviet physicists to the growing international study both the advanced state of Soviet nuclear physics in the of the nucleus, including the 1932 splitting of the lithium atom years leading up to World War II and reported scientific by proton bombardment,7 Igor Kurchatov’s 1935 discovery achievements of the actual Soviet atomic bomb project, of the isomerism of artificially radioactive atoms, and the strong evidence will be provided that suggests that the So- fact that L. -
The Birth and Childhood of a Couple of Twin Brothers V
Proceedings of ICFA Mini-Workshop on Impedances and Beam Instabilities in Particle Accelerators, Benevento, Italy, 18-22 September 2017, CERN Yellow Reports: Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1/2018, CERN-2018-003-CP (CERN, Geneva, 2018) THE BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD OF A COUPLE OF TWIN BROTHERS V. G. Vaccaro, INFN Sezione di Napoli, Naples, Italy Abstract The context in which the concepts of Coupling Imped- Looking Far ance and Universal Stability Charts were born is de- scribed in this paper. The conclusion is that the simulta- Even before the successful achievements of PS and neous appearance of these two concepts was unavoidable. AGS, the scientific community was aware that another step forward was needed. Indeed, the impact of particles INTRODUCTION against fixed targets is very inefficient from the point of view of the energy actually available: for new experi- At beginning of 40’s, the interest around proton accel- ments, much more efficient could be the head on colli- erators seemed to quickly wear out: they were no longer sions between counter-rotating high-energy particles. able to respond to the demand of increasing energy and intensity for new investigations on particle physics. With increasing energy, the energy available in the Inertial Frame (IF) with fixed targets is incomparably Providentially important breakthrough innovations smaller than in the head-on collision (HC). If we want the were accomplished in accelerator science, which pro- same energy in IF using fixed targets, one should build duced leaps forward in the performances of particle ac- gigantic accelerators. In the fixed target case (FT), ac- celerators. cording to relativistic dynamics, an HC-equivalent beam should have the following energy. -
Hassan Aref Experience Cand
Hassan Aref Experience cand. scient., Physics and Mathematics, University of Copenhagen (1975) Ph. D., Physics, Cornell University (1980) Assistant/Associate Professor, Brown University (1980-85) Associate Professor/Professor, Department of Applied Mechanics and Engineering (1985-92) Science, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego Chief Scientist, San Diego Supercomputer Center (1989-92) Professor & Head, Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1992-2003) Dean of Engineering, Virginia Tech (2003-2005) Reynolds Metals Professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Virginia Tech (2003 - present) Author: 85 research papers; 1 US patent; Editor, two books; 130 conference presentations. Awards NATO Fellowship (1975); Cornell Graduate Fellowship (1976-79); NSF Presidential Young Investigator Award (1985); Foreign Member, Danish Centre for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (1986); Corrsin Lectureship, The Johns Hopkins University (1988); Fellow, American Physical Society (1988); Westinghouse Distinguished Lectureship, University of Michigan (1991); Lecturer, Midwest Mechanics Seminar (1991-92); Toshiba Keio Lecture, Keio University, Japan (1994); Otto Laporte Award and Memorial Lecture, American Physical Society (2000); Fellow, American Academy of Mechanics (2000); Fellow, World Innovation Foundation (2001); Zhou Pei- Yuan Memorial Lecture, 10th Asian Congress of Fluid Mechanics. Main Professional Service American Physical Society, Division of Fluid Dynamics: Vice Chair (1993); Chair-elect (1994); Chair (1995); Past Chair (1996) International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (IUTAM): Member, Congress Committee (1992-present); Member, Executive Committee (2000-present) US National Committee on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics: Member (1992); Chair (2000-02) Member, National Academy Board on International Scientific Organizations (since 2003) Main Editorial Board Service Associate Editor, Journal of Fluid Mechanics (1984-1994) Founding Editor (with D.