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Home , Adolf Hitler Schools, Bamberg Conference, Kristallnacht, Reich Labour Service

GCSE History Knowledge Organiser: The Republic 19181929 Kaiser Wilhelm II Kellogg-Briand Treaty of Kapp Putsch Hyperinflation The Locarno abdicates Versailles Pact Pact 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 French Spartacist Weimar The Dawes joins the The Young occupation of Uprising Constitution Plan League of Nations Plan finalised the Ruhr Aftermath of WWI Opposition Economic Recovery Historiography

After WWI a new government was established in Germany, The German people felt the government had In 1923 Gustav Stresseman was Chancellor and is largely F. Reynoldson Weimar & Nazi which was accountable to the Reichstag rather than the Kaiser. stabbed them in the back (Dolchstoss). They credited with the economic recovery of Germany. Germany 1996 In order to establish peace after WWI the USA insisted that the called the government the November Criminals. The Dawes Plan changed the reparations schedule to Kaiser was removed from power. On the 9th November, Kaiser “From 1924 – 1929 the Weimar Wilhelm abdicated. something which was more manageable. It also meant that Republic was much stronger The new government was led by Chancellor Friedrich Ebert and French troops would leave the Ruhr. than it had been just after the agreed to Armisticebased on America’s Fourteen Points. The Rentenmark was the new currency, issued in limited war. Led by Stressemann in the 1. The Spartacists, in amounts. Once it worked for a year, it was converted to Reichstag, the different parties The January 1919, the Reichsmark, based on gold reserves. managed to work together. The inspired by the left- The Young Plan was developed by US banker, Young. He extreme parties such as the wing Bolshevik reduced the reparations figure and extended the time the Nazis gained fewer seats in the Germans had to pay it. elections. The German people 2.. The Kapp Putsch (right-wing) was revolution in Russia, set up the Communist were better off and more attempted in March 1920. Ebert wanted Foreign Recovery to disband the Freikorps so they joined Party and tried to contented. The Weimar with the in . Led by overthrow the Republic looked safe.” Wolfgang Kapp they seized Berlin. Ebert government. This was The Locarno Pact helped German relations with France, asked Trade Unionists & Civil Servants put down by the Britain, Belgium & Italy by agreeing borders. E. Wimlott Weimar & Nazi not to support it, and the Putsch Reichswehr & the The League of Nations agreed to admit Germany in 1926. Germany 1997 collapsed. Berlin Freikorps The Kellogg-Briand Pact was signed in 1928, along with 64 other countries. It said they could have armies for self- “German prosperity was built defence and would resolve disagreements peacefully. on quicksand foundations. The Problems of 1923 Weimar economy was In January 1919 an election took place but no party had a dependent upon high-interest direct majority. They had to form a coalition which Ebert When Germany couldn’t pay their Changes in Society American loans, which usually (of the Social Democratic Party –SPD) became President reparations, the French moved into the Ruhr had to be repaid or renewed of. They joined with the Catholic Centre Party (ZP) and to take goods for themselves. The Germans Wages had increased by over 10% by 1928. Although this within three months. In times the German Democratic Party (DDP). A coalition meant went on strike & sabotaged their work, helped the working class, the middle classes had been of depression, US money that there were some weaknesses to the government. setting factories alight and breaking pumps. bankrupted by hyperinflation. Unemployment amongst the This meant that production from the middle class increased. lenders could demand rapid repayment. Moreover, The Rhineland was very slow, making Germany More houses were being built: 2million + between 1924- poorer. 1931, which reduced homelessness. unemployment never fell below Women were given the vote and could work in a variety of 1.3 million. Although big The Treaty of Versailles was harsh on Germany and forced The government printed more money to pay the strikers and their areas: teaching, civil service etc. business grew in the 1920s, them to sign the War Guilt Clause, lose land, army, reparations which, coupled with the slow production in the Ruhr, led Art, architecture, literature and theatre began to change small firms struggled and many equipment and pay back £6.6 billion in reparations. to hyperinflation where the currency became virtually worthless. and become more rich & diverse. went bankrupt. GCSE History Knowledge Organiser: Hitler’s Rise to Power 1919-1933 Papen Schleicher Hitler sets up Hitler introduced The Locarno Stressemann Kapp Putsch becomes becomes the the SA Conference dies Pact Chancellor Chancellor 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 Hitler joins The Nazis win 12 Wall Street Nazis win 107 Nazis win Nazis win the German Putsch seats in Crash seats in 230 seats in 196 seats in

Workers Party Reichstag Reichstag Reichstag Reichstag

itler becomes becomes itler Chancellor H Hitler’s Early Life In reality, the Munich Putsch failed after the alarm was Growth in Support for the Nazis Historiography raised and the SA were no match for the Army. Hitler ended up in in 1924 for 9 Hitler was born in 1889 in . When his father died in was instrumental in securing further success for months. He had used his trial to gain political celebrity The Hitler 1903, it brought him closer to his mother. During 1907, she died the Nazis between 1929-1930. They increased their presence on a and whilst in prison reached two turning points: 1) he and Hitler was turned away from the Academy of Fine Arts national scene through posters, newspapers and the radio. Myth (2001) needed to gain power legally and 2) he wrote Mein Vienna. Following this, he made a living by painting postcards Hitler took the opportunity to exploit the problems from a Kampf which went on to be the pinnacle of his politics. “Hitler had a deep-seated, whilst sleeping rough. He fled to Germany and joined the coalition government and presented German people with an lasting sense of revenge— German Army, winning the Iron Cross twice. By the end of WWI, alternative: a strong, united Nazi government. he was temporarily blinded by a gas attack. The Lean Years 1924-1928 He began to use the as scapegoats for the country’s something you don’t problems. The 1930 election was a breakthrough for Hitler and come across in history too Hitler persuaded the government to lift its’ ban on the Nazi Party The Growth of the NSDAP the Nazis became the second largest party in the Reichstag. often.” and reorganised the party into Gaue’s run by a he trusted. During the presidential election of 1932, Hitler continued to make At the Bamberg Conference in 1926, he convinced other potential gains. The Nazis were funded by industrialists, through their fears Hitler became an informant for the Army after WWI. He was leaders Strasser & Goebbels that he was the right man for the job. of Communism. asked to spy on the DAP. The leader of the DAP, Anton By 1928 the Nazi Party had over 100,000 members but only 12 seats KD Bracher (1979) Drexler, was so impressed with how he spoke that he asked in the Reichstag. It was progress…but not enough. him to join. Hitler spoke about Dolchstoss, his hatred of the Political Developments in 1932 argued that Hitler was an and about anti-Semitism. Unemployment By 1932, Bruning had lost ideologue, propelled to After 1920 ‘National Socialist’ was added to the party’s name self-destruction by his & Hitler and Drexler wrote the Twenty Five Point Plan, Hindenburg’s support because of how he had failed to improve the containing ideas about nationalism, pure German blood and In 1929 the Wall Street Crash caused America , a fanatic for German economy. In the 1932 July anti-Semitism. This went on to become the party’s to recall their loans from the Dawes Plan. The whom ‘nothing else caused massive election the Nazis won 230 seats manifesto. Membership to the party continued to grow with (37.4%) and were now the biggest mattered in the end’ save Hitler as leader. unemployment in Germany. At the same time, Stresemann died & Germans lost hope. In 1930 party in the Reichstag. Hitler a perverse desire to the new Chancellor Brüning introduced a 2.5% demanded the role of Chancellor massacre the Jews The Munich Putsch wage cut & increased taxes to attempt to but von Papen refused to relinquish it and dissolved the balance the books. He was nicknamed the Reichstag. He called for new Hitler introduced the (SA) in 1921 ‘Hunger Chancellor’. By 1932, unemployment elections in November. This time, to control violence at political meetings and to AJP Taylor 1967 exceeded 6 million. the Nazis only secured 196 seats intimidate political opposition. In order to get things passed, Hindenburg used (33.1%). Papen resigned and was The Nazi Party was ‘a man In 1923 he began to plan a coup where he would Article 48 and began to use the Reichstag less replaced by Schleicher. Papen & bent on success on the seize political power from the Bavarian and less. Hitler began working together and one side, and a group of government, (Kahr, Lossow & Seisser) before This time period saw a rise in violence and the convinced Hindenburg that having marching on Berlin and seizing power from the Nazi Party began making small political gains. Hitler as Chancellor would bring politicians without ideas Weimar government. He had watched Mussolini At this time, the German Communist Party stability to Germany. On 30th or principles on the do this in Italy & began to make plans, with (KPD) was also growing * aimed for political January 1933, Hitler was made other’. support from General Ludendorff. success, rather than revolution. Chancellor. GCSE History Knowledge Organiser: Nazi Control & Dictatorship 1933-39 August – February March – May – Trade The People’s Hitler establishes Hitler renews Hindenburg Reichstag Enabling Act Unions Court is the Ministry of the Enabling dies 1933 Fire passed banned 1934 established 1935 Church Affairs 1936 1937 Act 1938 January – March – Nazis win July – Nazis June – August – Pope Pius XI’s Throughout 1938 Hitler Hitler becomes 288 in Reichstag = only party of the Long Hitler makes ‘With burning removes 16 generals Chancellor election in Germany Knives himself Fuhrer anxiety’ letter from their positions – 27th February 1933 The – 30th June 1934 Policies towards the Church Opposition & Resistance

Hitler was looking to get more Nazis in the cabinet so he called Hitler was concerned that the SA was Hitler wanted to weaken the power of the Church. By 1939 over 1.3 million people an election for 5th March 1933. becoming unruly and would only answer to Catholic Church – Showed allegiance to the Pope. Catholic school had been sent to a concentration Violence broke out in the run up and over 70 deaths occurred. Rohm and not Hitler. The Army policies were not the same as Nazis. Hitler initially signed a camp. In 1938, Hitler removed () wanted the SA to be concordat with Pope Pius XI and agreed to stay out of the church. generals from the army who Marinus van der Lubbe (Dutch abolished and the SS wanted to break away Within a few months he had broken this agreement. criticised him. During 1939 there Communist) was found at the from its’ reputation, too. There was some Protestant church – Many Protestants opposed the Nazis and were three assassination attempts scene and arrested. Hitler suggestion that Rohm was planning a coup, were led by Pastor Niemoller. They organised resistance. on Hitler. claims that there is a to make Nazi politics more socialist and Some of the youth opposed Nazi support the working class. Communist takeover and uses Goebbels & Propaganda rule. Groups like the Edelweiss the Reichstag Fire Decree to Pirates who listened to Swing suspend civil rights. Over 4000 On 30th June 1934 Rohm and other SA leaders were shot by the SS. music and wore American clothes. Communists were arrested. This included and Kurt von Schleicher. It is thought Goebbels set up the Reich Chamber of Culture and manipulated The Swing Youth were similar – Communist & socialist that around 400 people were murdered. all aspects of German lives. He closed down non-Nazi girls often wore makeup and boys newspapers were banned. The SA’s control was reduced and Hitler secured the support of the newspapers. He organised an annual rally at Nuremberg. The grew their hair long. Wehrmacht. also organised local rallies. By 1939, the People’s The protestant Church resisted, led After the election, the Nazis won 288 seats but it wasn’t a When Hindenburg died in August 1934, the army swore allegiance to Receiver (radio) was in over 70% of German homes, allowing the by Niemoller. He established the Nazi message to be spread. All films had to be censored and had a majority. He formed a coalition with the National Party and had Hitler, who had now called himself Fuhrer. Pastors’ Emergency League but 51.9%.Hitler then forced the Enabling Act through the Reichstag political message. Every film was accompanied by a 45 minute was eventually arrested. on 24th March. He banned Communists from attending and said Nazi newsreel. Posters targeted the young and had simple The Pope issued a letter called that anyone who wasn’t there would count as a vote in favour. The Creation of the Police State messages about loyalty and Aryanism. Books, plays & poems ‘With Burning Anxiety’ to all He then renewed the Enabling Act in 1937 & 1941 were censored. Students in Berlin burned over 20,000 books in Catholic churches in 1937. In it he The Nazis quickly established control through a regime of fear. 1933 for containing ‘anti-Nazi’ messages. criticised the Nazi regime. Removal of Opposition ‘Some Germans Could Shout Loud’. SS: The SS was led by Himmler. They showed complete obedience to German folk music was encouraged and German Historiography Hitler wanted to bring Germany into line with Nazi ideals – Hitler. It had 250,000 members by 1939 and they were of pure Aryan composers. Jazz and other . On 2nd May 1933 he banned trade unions descent. It was their job to remove opposition in Germany. American music was banned. Broszat & Mommsen both and replaced them with the (DAF). : The Gestapo were the secret police and their role was to Hitler hated modern art and suggest that the concept of Strikes were banned and anyone breaking this law was put in imprison oppostion. By 1939 it was estimated that they had arrested called it ‘degenerate’, quickly “cumulative radicalisation”: as the first concentration camp: Dachau. over 160,000 people for ‘political crimes’. banning it. He wanted artwork to On 14th July, Hitler banned all other political parties with the Concentration Camps: This was initially a new prison for hard labour. competition between Nazi glorify strong heroes. groups intensified, their policies Law against the Formation of Parties. In the November It was designed to keep political opponents away from society. Architecture reflected Ancient 1933 election, the Nazis secured 39,638,000 votes. Mortality rates were high. Greek or Roman buildings. and actions became more radical Hitler stopped Germany being run by local governments SD: The role of the SD was to gather intelligence. It was run by Sport was encouraged at school & as they sought to outdo each (Lander) and instead centralised it. He decided that the Himmler. They were hunting out enemies of the state. in Hitler Youth. The 1936 other. This radicalisation Lander should be run by Reich governors and abolished their Law: Some judges were removed & they had to take an oath to Olympics showed the world eventually led to war and racial parliaments in January 1934. Hitler. People’s Court tried cases of treason & gave harsh sentences. Germany’s strength – they won. . GCSE History Knowledge Organiser: Life in 1933-39 Boycott of Jewish First Napola Conscription businesses starts 1933 schools opened 1934 1935 introduced 1936 1937 1938 1939 Jewish Sterilisation Moringen Nuremberg Compulsory Nazis win 12 children Ghettos law passed concentration Laws passed membership of the seats in established camp opened Hitler Youth Reichstag expelled Women Workers Racial Beliefs Historiography

All organisations involving women are brought together under The was introduced Hitler wanted to create Germany 1918–45 by J Cloake, the Frauenfront which is run by Gertrude Scholtz-Klink. Women from 1935 provided manual jobs. The Nazis : a people’s published in 1997. were expected to look natural, be well built, not smoke and to reduced unemployment from over 6 community where everyone was “young people were attracted be mothers and housewives foremost. This was encouraged million to about 35,000 BUT they didn’t working together to make Germany by the exciting and interesting through: include Jews, prisoners in concentration better. He described Aryans as activities of the youth • Propaganda camps or women in those statistics so the Herrenvolk: the . He • Loans (Law for Encouragement of Marriage ‘33) reality was lots more unemployment. believed they had been contaminated movements. There were • German Mother’s Honour Cross They created huge projects like the by subhumans (or untermenschen). outdoor events like camping • Lebensborn (donate a baby to the Fuhrer) constructing autobahns to give more The Nazis considered Jews and Slavs to and hiking as well as sports. • Sterilisation Law people jobs. They also started rearmament be evil and used propaganda to spread Some enjoyed the military Women were encouraged to join the BDM (League of German – ignoring the Treaty of Versailles and conspiracies about them. He wanted aspects, the uniforms, the Maidens) and to train as a housewife through the Reich people to believe that the Jews needed introducing conscription. In 1933, the marching and the discipline. Mother’s Service. to be removed from society. They were to follow Kinder, Kuche, Kirche & forced out of jobs army was 100,000, by 1939 it was 1.4 Others liked the music that was million. a frequent part of cultural like teaching, doctors, lawyers & politicians. Anti-Semitism & Women who didn’t follow these rules were put in women’s activities or the military concentration camps like Moringen. Standard of Living parades. There was great In October 1936, Jewish teachers were forbidden from teaching. comradeship among the Hitler By 1938, all Jewish children had been expelled from schools. The Youth The Strength Through Joy (KdF) programme In April 1933, Hitler organised a boycott of Jewish businesses – Youth.” tried to improve leisure time of German trying to drive them out of Germany. It was done on a Saturday There were three types of schools: workers. They subsidised concerts, theatre which is the Jewish day of rest so wasn’t overly successful. Germany 1858–1990: Hope, The Napola – boys from 10-18 who later joined the Army. visits, museums, holidays and cruises. The By 1935 he introduced the . These took away Terror and Revival by A Kitson, The Schools – 12-18,the elite of the Hitler Youth Beauty of Labour scheme improved working citizenship from Jews meaning they had no protection from the published in 2001 conditions by building pools & canteens. The State & also made relationships between Jews & Germans illegal. Ordensburgen 20+ - graduates of Adolf Hitler Schools. “It became less popular Lessons were overhauled to teach a different version of Volkswagen was introduced – The People’s People in existing marriages were encouraged to divorce. th towards the late things History, Geography showed that land had been stolen from Car. Workers could pay into a monthly fund On 9 , the SS carried out Kristallnacht. They became focused on the Germans. Teachers had to join the Nazi Teachers’ and could eventually get a new car. Average destroyed 7500 Jewish businesses, put 20,000 Jews in League. Students had to study Eugenics which ‘proved’ that weekly wages rose throughout the decade. concentration camps, destroyed 191 and killed over preparations for war and Germans were superior to Jews. 15% of the timetable was However, workers were not allowed to join 100 Jews. This was blamed on a Polish Jew who had short a discipline was more strict. German official in Paris. Jews were not allowed to make PE. Boys studied Maths & Science whereas girls studied unions or to strike, and six months’ labour There was a growing insurance claims for this and if their businesses were to re-open, cooking and Biology. service was compulsory. Few could afford the resentment at the way Hitler they had to do so under German management. luxury offers from the KdF so it caused Youth leaders acted as if they Boys, outside of schools, were encouraged to join the Hitler In 1939 the Reich Office for Jewish Emigration was established resentment. Nobody ever received a were better than members Youth and membership was made compulsory in 1936 and Jews were encouraged to leave Germany by confiscating (although not strictly enforced). Girls could join the League Volkswagen car. Although wages went up, so their goods, property and businesses & being forced onto who were barely younger than of German Maidens (BDM) to prepare them for their future. did the cost of living and hours of working. ghettos in appalling conditions. they were.”