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Pigeon Blood Red & Royal Blue Pigeon blood red & Royal blue: Working towards an international standard PD Dr. Michael S. Krzemnicki, Swiss Gemmological InsPtute SSEF www.ssef.ch Photo @ M.S. .rzemnic2i and SSEF, except where indicated otherwise GAHK Seminar March 2017| Page 0 Contents 1E Fac2ground 2E Hor2ing towards an internaonal standardI The harmonised criteria of SSEF and 66L 3E Levels of criteria N OE Creaon of an internal standard 5E Pigeon blood red and Royal blueI Detailed eBplanaon of the SSEF criteria with special focus on Pigeon blood red 6) Conclusions 7E Outloo2 GAHK Seminar March 2017 | Page 1 Background The colour of corundum is mainly related to the presence of colouring elements (and occasionally so-called colour centresE in its crystal structure. The colour we see is resulPng from the interacPon of electrons of these colouring elements (and colour centresE with light photons (energyE when eBposed to a light source. Corundum: the beauty of colours Colour = selecPve absorpPon [# emission (\uorescenceE GAHK Seminar March 2017 | Page 2 Background - Pigeon blood red and royal blue are trade colour terms - not scienP]cally (colorimetricE de]ned terms - so far no internaonal standard Photo © Chrise‘s - strong demand by the trade for an independent assessment of colour and to menPon colour terms on laboratory reports - new terms emerge (royal red, dragon red, Me2ong whis2y yellow, etc...E - historically perceived as very rare and exceponal in quality - impact on value GAHK Seminar March 2017 | Page 3 1888 Background References: 1983 The ruby ... was generally of carmine, cochineal, or rose- red colour, with a play of violet; but the most valuable was the colour of pigeon‘s blood. eThe Furmese material is chrome-rich, which gives rise to strong Excerpt from page 273: fluorescence to ultraviolet radiaon and a characterisPc Gordon (1888). On the Ruby Mines near Mogok, Burma absorpPon spectrum, as well as to the „pigeon‘s blood“ colour associated with Furmese stones. Excerpt from page 217: Keller (1983), Gems & Gemology, Vol. 19, No. 4, 209-219. 1997 TradiPonally, the Furmese have referred to the finest hue of ruby as _pigeon's blood_ (ko-tweE, a term which may be of Chinese or arab origin. ...It must be stressed that the true pigeon‘s-blood red is extremely rare, more a colour of mind than the material world. _...as2ing to see the pigeon's blood is li2e as2ing to see the face of 6od.b Some have compared this color to the center of a live pigeon's eye (Frown c Day, 1d55E. ethe color most coveted today is that akin to a red tr*fc signal or stoplight. It is a glowing red color, due to the strong red fluorescence of Burmese rubies... Excerpts from pages 329-330: Hughes (1997), Ruby & Sapphire. 511 pages. GAHK Seminar March 2017 | Page 4 The harmonised criteria of SSEF and 66LI !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Working towards an interna/onal standard Press release: Switzerland’s SSEF and Gübelin Gem Lab agree Joint Press release of SSEF & GGL 1. Nov 2015 to harmonise ‘pigeon blood red’ and ‘royal blue’ standards SSEF and 6gbelin 6emlab use the terms pigeon blood red and royal blue only for rubies and sapphiresI The Swiss-based Gübelin Gem Lab and Swiss Gemmological Institute SSEF, recognised as the leading laboratories for coloured stone testing, have agreed to harmonise their standards for the colour terms “pigeon blood red” and “royal blue.” Their goal is to standardise the usage of these terms for the benefit of the international gemstone trade. - which eBhibit strong red or blue colour saturaon The colour terms “pigeon blood red“ and “royal blue“ have been used for centuries by the trade to describe, respectively, only the finest quality rubies and sapphires, which aside from their distinct colours, invariably are stones of superior quality, and hence are among the most coveted gems. - which are untreated See www.ssef.ch, Press releases - which meet specific chemical and spectroscopic characterisPcs - of fine qualit1 in terms of inclusions, transparency, and colour homogeneity Fut ]nally they are colour terms and thus assessed using mastersets of rubies and sapphires according to an internal laboratory protocol. GAHK Seminar March 2017 | Page 5 Levels of criteria ? Main ques/on7 BPagoda-principleG 1es or no H - should these terms just be used as generic colour terms ? - or should there be addiPonal criteria (levelsE to iualify for these two colour terms N Pagoda Wikipedia: A pagoda is a 7ered)tower)with) mul7ple)eaves,)built in)tradi7ons)origina7ng)as) stupa)in)histori1)South)Asia.) GAHK Seminar March 2017 | Page 6 Levels of criteria ? Should these colour terms be applicableI - for imitaons or other gems N## - for synthe/c ruby or sapphire N Flow chart of treatment op7ons)for)ruby.)5)M.S.Crzemni19i) - for treated rubies and sapphires N - lin2ed to quality reiuirements (transparency, colour homogeneity etc.E N - lin2ed to chemicalIspectral speci]caons (in\uencing colourE N If we accept, that further aributes are reiuired, then the only iuesPon is where to set the limits. GAHK Seminar March 2017 | Page 7 Creation of an internal standard Red)spinel)on)SSEF)Gemstone)Report Laboratories have to create internal standards to be able to correctly and consistently describe gem materials on their lab reports. Such an internal standard may become internaonally accepted/harmonised (e.g. CIBlO, L&mP, SSEF-6gbelin GGL...). EBampleI Fancy coloured diamonds 69a has de facto created a nstandardo terminology which today is globally accepted in the trade. GAHK Seminar March 2017 | Page 8 Creation of an internal standard EBamplesI - Ruby / pin2 sapphire Padparadscha)yes)or)no)_) - Padparadscha - Paraiba tourmaline / light blue tourmaline (with Cu tracesE - Emerald / green beryl (with Cr tracesE - Colour change or hust slight colour ship under diqerent light sources - Pearl colours GAHK Seminar March 2017 | Page 9 Creation of an internal standard Paraiba tourmaline light blue tourmaline (with Cu tracesE GAHK Seminar March 2017 | Page 10 Creation of an internal standard The colour grading of ruby and sapphire is much more compleB than for diamonds. Taking the eBample of the term pigeon blood red, the neBt slides show our criteria which are reiuired to iualify for this term. Colour)examples)of)pin9)sapphire)to)ruby) Our criteria for ro1al blue are very similar to the ones of pigeon blood red, only diqering in the spectroscopic (chemicalE speci]caon. GAHK Seminar March 2017 | Page 11 Harmonised criteria (SSEF & GGL): Pigeon blood red not Pigeon)blood)red) Pigeon blood red not Pigeon)blood)red) Ruby)masterset for pigeon blood red of SSEF The fundamental criterion is colour: The colour of a ruby is graded by comparison with a masterset of (naturalE rubies. The main parameters hue, saturaon and brightness are observed. Only rubies with a strong saturaon and a bvivido red colour (similar to red tr*fc light) with no or only slight purplish colour Pnt are accepted. GAHK Seminar March 2017 | Page 12 criteria: Pigeon blood red Colour observaon: Fased on three factorsI 1) Light source (emission characterisPcsE 2) Observer (protocol and trainingE LE Observed item (e.g. ruby or sapphireE )))CIE)Chroma7city)diagram To grade colour consistently, the ]rst two factors have to be de]ned and standardised as much as possible. Munsell)colour)space)and)charts) GAHK Seminar March 2017 | Page 13 criteria: Pigeon blood red Effect of light temperature on colour appearance: Two rubies showing weak and strong LHrs reacPon under diqerent light sources. Spectral)distribu7on)of)aT0)illuminantI) compared)to)halogen)and)buorescent light.) LWUL) adT)DdT00)C))daylight A)D2800)C))incandescent light GAHK Seminar March 2017 | Page 14 criteria: Pigeon blood red Standardized colour observaon: - Colour observaon from the top - Ruby slightly Plted 2tu in all direcPons Spectral)distribu7on)of)aT0)illuminantI) compared)to)halogen)and)buorescent light.) - Standardised light (ideally conPnuum, e.g. ]ltered halogen lamp eiuivalent to CIE D5t illuminant, ddv#colour rendering efciencyE. - The ruby and the masterstones are placed directly below the light source at approB. 2t cm distance. Light intensity at that point approB. 22tt luB (same as for diamonds PaS 1tO8.2, xQ.3.8, page 5E. Comparison)of)adT)Ddiamond))and)aT0) GAHK Seminar March 2017 | Page 15 criteria: Pigeon blood red Fluorescence7 The body colour of pigeon blood red rubies is complemented by a strong fluorescence when eBposed to ultraviolet light (LHrsI strong, SHrsI medium y#medium weakE. GAHK Seminar March 2017 | Page 16 criteria: Pigeon blood red Fluorescence7 The \uorescence is caused by high chromium content combined with low iron content. It results in a ))Inner)glow)) ))No inner glow disPnct _inner glow_ when eBposed strong)cL)rea17on) wea9)cL)rea17on) to sunlight (which contains rsE, an eqect which has been coveted in the trade historically. Rubies with very high chromium content and low iron concentraon however show reduced \uorescence and do not iualify. GAHK Seminar March 2017 | Page 17 criteria: Pigeon blood red Chemical composion: 6enerally only rubies with very low amount of iron (compared to chromiumE show \uorescence intensity which meets our criterion for pigeon blood red. The chemical criterion commonly is met for rubies which formed in marble deposits, such as in Myanmar, sietnam, Taji2istan, afghanistan, Tanzania (e.g. MorogoroE, .enya, etc. Afghanistan Afghanistan Burma Burma East Africa East Africa Madagascar Mozambique Siam Siam Tajikistan Tajikistan Vietnam Vietnam Winza, Tanzania 1.200 1.200 Cr2O3 = Fe2O3 1.000 1.000 0.800 0.800 0.600 0.600 0.400 0.400 Iron concentra*on (wt% Fe2O3) Iron concentra*on (wt% Fe2O3) 0.200 0.200 pigeon blood red based on our criteria 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.100 0.100 0.200 0.200 0.300 0.300 0.400 0.400 0.500 0.500 0.600 0.600 0.700 0.700 0.800 0.800 0.900 0.900 Chromium concentra*on (wt% Cr2O3) Chromium concentra*on (wt% Cr2O3) GAHK Seminar March 2017 | Page 18 criteria: Royal blue not Royal)blue) Royal blue not Royal)blue) Sapphire)masterset for royal blue of SSEF.
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  • Diamonds & Emeralds & Rubies, Oh My: Gem Lore in Baum's Wonderful
    Diamonds and Emeralds and Rubies, Oh My: Gem Lore in Baum's The Wonderful World of Oz From the ruby-studded land of the Quadlings to ubiquitous references to glittering emeralds and diamonds, gemstones play a crucial role in Baum’s iconic Wonderful World of Oz. For over a century, critics have focused primarily on biographical and allegorical explanations for the choices of specific gems and metals without thoroughly exploring other possibilities. Instead, a bimetallic discourse on gold and silver introduced in the 1960s has been accepted as fact by academics and readers alike, as have gem choices linked to everything from Baum’s birthstone and Irish roots to Chicago’s Crystal Palace. I propose to take a new, archetypal approach, arguing, by contrast, that the selection of emerald (rather than, for example, topaz) as the featured gemstone links Oz to centuries of mythology. An examination of alchemy and its cultural influences, as well as Baum’s undisputed belief in Theosophy, furnish additional connections. Thus in nearly all ancient and sacred thought, esoteric gem lore has traditionally played integral roles in life and religious beliefs. A connection between emeralds and vision, for example, is associated with the Emperor Nero, Apostle John, Pliny the Elder, and even Napoleon. Moreover, this connection between the emerald and the human eye, which plays such a prominent role as the Emerald City where everyone must wear locked-on green goggles, has its roots in the Hindu Vedas, Sanskrit mantras, the Koran, and Judeo-Christian beliefs. This substantial precedent is echoed in the history of ruby lore and the connection of the red stone to female rulers who possess ruby thrones and a ruby-encircled cap (Glinda) to a ruby palace (Gaylette).
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