1 Masculinities and Frontiers
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Notes 1 Masculinities and Frontiers 1. Charles Kingsley, Discipline and Other Sermons (London: Macmillan, 1890), 5. 2. Kingsley, Discipline,6. 3. Kingsley, Discipline,7,8. 4. Kinahan Cornwallis, The New El Dorado or British Columbia (London: Thomas Cautly Newby, 1858), 234. 5. Cornwallis, The New El Dorado, 10. 6. R.W. Connell, Masculinities (Sydney, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1995), 44. 7. Jeff Hearn, “Research in Men and Masculinities: Some Sociological Issues and Possibilities”, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, 30, no. 1 (1994), 54. 8. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1999), 179. 9. Butler, Gender Trouble, 178 10. Connell, Masculinities, 77. 11. Lynne Segal, Slow Motion: Changing Masculinities Changing Men (London: Virago, 1990), 60; Connell, Masculinities,ix. 12. John Tosh, “What Should Historians Do with Masculinity? Reflections of Nineteenth-Century Britain”, History Workshop, 38 (1994), 180. 13. For masculinities in Britain, see Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780–1850 (London: University of Chicago Press, 1987); John Tosh, A Man’s Place: Masculinity and the Middle-Class Home in Victorian England (London: Yale University Press, 1999); Anna Clark, The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995). Jessica Meyer, Men of War: Masculinity and the First World War in Britain (Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 2009); Paul R. Deslandes, Oxbridge Men: British Masculinity and the Undergraduate Experience, 1850–1920 (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2005). In Australia prominent works include Marilyn Lake, “The Politics of Respectability: Identifying the Masculinist Context”, Australian Historical Studies, 22, no. 86 (1986), 116–131; Marilyn Lake, “Frontier Feminism and the Marauding White Man”, Journal of Australian Studies, 49 (1996), 12–120. Clive Moore and Kay Saunders, Australian Masculinities: Men and Their Histories,ed.,Jour- nal of Australian Studies (Brisbane, QLD: University of Queensland Press, 1998). Martin Crotty, Making the Australian Male: Middle-Class Masculinity 1870–1920 (Melbourne, VIC: Melbourne University Press, 2001); Canadian literature on masculinities includes Adele Perry, OntheEdgeofEmpire:Gen- der, Race, and the Making of British Columbia (Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press, 2001); Elizabeth Vibert, Traders’ Tales: Narratives of Cultural Encounters in the Columbia Plateau 1807–1846 (Norman, OK: University of 183 184 Notes Oklahoma Press, 1997). The literature from New Zealand includes Jock Phillips, A Man’s Country: The Image of the Pakeha Male (Auckland: Penguin, 1987); Miles Fairburn, The Ideal Society and Its Enemies: The Foundations of Modern New Zealand Society, 1850–1900 (Auckland: Auckland University Press, 1989); and Margot Fry, Tom’s Letters: The Private World of Thomas King, Victorian Gentleman (Wellington: Victoria University Press, 2001). American literature includes Jacqueline M. Moore, Cow Boys and Cattlemen: Class and Masculinities on the Texas Frontier, 1865–1900 (New York: New York University Press, 2010); and E. Anthony Rotundo, American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to the Modern Era (New York: Basic Books, 1993). 14. Perry, On the Edge of Empire, 198. 15. Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Significance of the Frontier in American His- tory”, in Rereading Frederick Jackson Turner, ed. John M. Faragher (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998), 31–60; Ray Allen Billington, Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier (New York: Macmillan, 1960). For applications of Turner’s thesis in Queensland and British Columbia historiography, see A.G.L. Shaw, The Story of Australia (London: Faber and Faber, 1955); Sir Raphael Cilento and Clem Lack, Triumph in the Tropics: An Historical Sketch of Queensland (Brisbane, QLD: Simon and Paterson, 1959). See also G.C. Bolton, A Thousand Miles Away: A History of North Queensland to 1920 (Brisbane, QLD: Jacaranda Press, 1963); Margaret Ormsby, British Columbia: A History (Vancouver, BC: Macmillan, 1958). For British Columbian histories in a similar vein, see Alexander Begg, History of British Columbia from Its Earliest Discovery to the Present Time (Toronto, ON: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1972); F.W. Howay, British Columbia, The Making of a Province (Toronto, ON: T. Nelson, 1928); E.E. Rich, TheFurTradeandthe Northwest until 1857 (Toronto, ON: McCelland and Stewart, 1967). Doug Owram, The Promise of Eden: The Canadian Expansionist Movement and the Idea of the West 1856–1900 (Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press, 1980). 16. Russel Ward, The Australian Legend (Melbourne, VIC: Oxford University Press, 1966); John Hirst, “The Pioneer Legend”, Historical Studies, 18, no. 71 (1978), 316–337. 17. Elizabeth Furniss, The Burden of History: Colonialism and the Frontier Myth in a Rural Canadian Community (Vancouver, BC: UBC Press, 1999), 93; Richard Slotkin, Regeneration Through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1973). 18. Furniss, TheBurdenofHistory, 87, 205. 19. Furniss, TheBurdenofHistory, 189. 20. Lynette Russell, ed., Colonial Frontiers: Indigenous–European Encounters in Set- tler Societies. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001), 2; Richard Nile, “Editorial”, Journal of Australian Studies, 49 (1996), 1. 21. Richard W. Slatta, Comparing Cowboys and Frontiers (Norman, OK: Oklahoma University Press, 1997), 23, 32; Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (London: Routledge, 1992), 6. 22. Penelope Edmonds, Urbanizing Frontiers: Indigenous Peoples and Settlers in 19th-Century Pacific Rim Cities (Vancouver, BC: UBC Press, 2010), 6. Notes 185 23. Ann Laura Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault’s History of Sex- uality and the Colonial Order of Things (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995), 1104. 24. Kirsten McKenzie’s Scandal in the Colonies (Melbourne, VIC: Melbourne University Press, 2004) offers an excellent account of how colonial societies offered settlers the chance to create new identities, embark on new careers and reinvent themselves in positions far removed from those they occupied in the metropole. 25. Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest (New York: Routledge, 1995), 3–4. 26. Kay Schaffer, Women and the Bush: Forces of Desire in the Australian Cultural Tradition (Sydney, NSW: Cambridge University Press, 1988), xiv, 52; Margaret Atwood, Strange Things: The Malevolent North in Canadian Literature (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), 3. 27. British Colonist, 2 September 1864. 28. British Colonist, 2 September 1864. 29. This is not true in all cases. For a number of decades it was believed that whites could not cope well in the tropics. See Warwick Anderson, The Culti- vation of Whiteness: Science, Health and Racial Destiny in Australia (Melbourne, VIC: Melbourne University Press, 2002). 30. C.P. Harris, Regional Economic Development in Queensland: 1859 to 1981 With Particular Emphasis on North Queensland (Canberra, ACT: Australian National University, 1984), 38; Christopher Anderson, “Queensland Abo- riginal Peoples Today”, in Queensland: A Geographical Interpretation,ed.J.H. Holmes (Brisbane, QLD: A Geographical Interpretation, 1986); Queensland Geographical Journal, 4th series, 1 (1986), 301. 31. W. Kaye Lamb, ed., “The Census of Vancouver Island, 1855”, British Columbia Historical Quarterly, 4, no. 1 (1940), 51–58. Additional figures cited in Perry, On the Edge of Empire, 13. 32. See Perry’s On the Edge of Empire regarding immigration programmes to bring women to British Columbia. 33. Nicholas Thomas, Colonialism’s Culture: Anthropology, Travel and Government (Melbourne, VIC: Melbourne University Press, 1994), 105. 34. Ormsby, British Columbia, 118. 35. Davidoff and Hall, Family Fortune. 36. Clark, The Struggle for the Breeches. 37. Amanda Vickery, “Golden Age to Separate Spheres?: A Review of the Cate- gories and Chronology of English Women’s History”, The Historical Journal, 36, no. 2 (1993), 412. 38. John Tosh, A Man’s Place: Masculinity and the Middle-Class Home in Victorian England (London: Yale University Press, 2007), 4. 39. Robert Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850: The Emergence of Separate Spheres? (London: Longman, 1998). 40. Davidoff and Hall, Family Fortunes, 149–192. 41. William Secker, A Wedding Ring, Fit for the Finger, Laid Open in a Sermon, Preached at a Wedding in St Edmond’s (Glasgow: The Chapman’s Library, 1877), in John Cheap the Chapman’s Library (Glasgow, 1877), 11, 20. Cited in Clark, The Struggle for the Breeches, 63. 186 Notes 42. Carol Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Oxford: Polity Press, 1989). 43. Anna Clark in The Struggle for the Breeches cites the example of a group of women in Paisley who defied the decision of the males in the congregation to expel one of their number who disagreed with her husband on a narrow theological point. See pages 102–103. 44. Thomas Laqueur, “Orgasm, Generation, and Politics of Reproductive Biol- ogy”, in The Making of the Modern Body: Sexuality and Society in the Nineteenth Century, eds. Catherine Gallagher and Thomas Laqueur (Berkeley, CA: Uni- versity of California Press, 1987), 2; Londa Schiebinger, “Skeletons in the Closet: The First Illustrations of the Female Skeleton in Eighteenth Cen- tury Anatomy”, in The Making of the Human Body, eds. Catherine Gallagher