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Doomed Race’ Assumptions in the Administration of Queensland’S Indigenous Population by the Chief Protectors of Aboriginals from 1897 to 1942

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Doomed Race’ Assumptions in the Administration of Queensland’S Indigenous Population by the Chief Protectors of Aboriginals from 1897 to 1942 THE IMPACT OF ‘DOOMED RACE’ ASSUMPTIONS IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF QUEENSLAND’S INDIGENOUS POPULATION BY THE CHIEF PROTECTORS OF ABORIGINALS FROM 1897 TO 1942 Robin C. Holland BA (Hons) Class 1, Queensland University of Technology Submitted in full requirement for the degree of Master of Arts (Research) Division of Research and Commercialisation Queensland University of Technology Research Students Centre August 2013 ABSTRACT This thesis examines how the perception of Aborigines becoming a ‘doomed race’ in Australia manifested itself and became embedded in the beliefs of white society during the decades between 1850 and 1870. Social anthropologists who engaged in scientific study and scrutiny of Aboriginal communities contributed to the erroneous belief. Their studies suggested that the physical evolution and ‘retarded development’ of a race with genetic links to ‘Stone Age’ beings could not continue to survive within the advancing culture of the white race. The anthropological determination of Aborigines as a doomed race gained further currency with the scientific understandings supporting white superiority. Consequently, the ‘doomed race’ theory became the dominant paradigm to emerge from previously explored social, anthropological and early settler society. After 1897, the ‘doomed race’ theory, so embedded in the belief system of whites, contributed significantly to the pervasive ideologies that formed the racist, protectionist policies framed by the nation’s Colonial Governments. Even though challenges to the ‘doomed race’ theory appeared in the late 1930s, it continued to be a subterfuge for Australian State and Federal Governments to maintain a paternalistic administration over Australia’s Indigenous population. The parsimony displayed in the allocation of funding and lack of available resources contributed significantly to the slow and methodical destruction of the culture and society of Aborigines. Aborigines became wards of State Governments and each government’s Chief Protector of Aboriginals supervised their every move. The thesis investigates how Queensland’s first Aborigines’ protection act, the Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act (the Act), evolved to become law in 1897. Chief Protectors of Aboriginals, appointed by the Government of the day to administer the Act, gained extraordinary powers to act and make decisions on behalf of successive governments with little interest in Aboriginal affairs. Amendments to the Act between 1897 and 1939 reflected the respective Chief Protectors’ personal agendas and attitudes towards Aborigines. Research outcomes show conclusively that the ‘doomed race’ theory became a means of masking the racism existing in society against the Indigenous people and allowed i governments to remove and dispossess Aborigines of their traditional lands without recompense or questions from whites seeking to capitalise on the economic fortunes unoccupied land offered. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ......................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents ........................................................................................................ iii Statement of Original Authorship ............................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... v Author’s Note ............................................................................................................. vii INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1: 1800 TO 1900: PRELUDE TO LEGISLATING FOR AN ABORIGINAL PROTECTORATE SYSTEM IN QUEENSLAND ............ 8 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 8 1.2 Perpetuating Assumptions of a Dying Race ............................................ 14 1.2.1 Early Settler Theories: White Superiority, Government Indifference ................................................................................. 14 1.2.2 Social Anthropologists ................................................................ 17 1.2.3 Native Police: Law and Order ..................................................... 19 1.2.4 Missionaries ................................................................................. 22 1.2.5 Conclusion ................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 2: THE 1897 ACT AND ITS FIRST CHIEF PROTECTOR ....... 25 2.1 The Act of 1897 ...................................................................................... 25 2.2 William Parry-Okenden, First Chief Protector, 1898 to 1904 ................ 30 CHAPTER 3: THE PROTECTORS, 1897 TO 1914 ......................................... 35 3.1 The Duopoly 1897 to 1903 ..................................................................... 35 3.2 Walter Edmund Roth, Northern Protector (1897 to 1904), Chief Protector (1904 to 1906). ........................................................................ 37 3.3 Archibald Meston, Southern Protector (1897 to 1903) ........................... 45 3.4 Richard Baron Howard, Acting Chief Protector 1904, Chief Protector 1906 to 1914 ............................................................................ 54 CHAPTER 4: JOHN WILLIAM BLEAKLEY: ADMINISTRATOR OF INDIGENOUS POLICIES; QUEENSLAND’S CHIEF PROTECTOR OF ABORIGINALS, 1914 TO 1939; DIRECTOR OF NATIVE AFFAIRS, 1939 TO 1942 ............................................................... 64 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................... 119 Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 124 iii STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP The work contained in this thesis has not been submitted previously to meet requirements for an award at this or any other higher education institution. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference and acknowledgement is made. QUT Verified Signature Signature: ____________________________ Robin C. Holland Date: 6 August 2013 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Conducting research for this thesis has given me the opportunity to meet many interesting people. They have made an impact on me in many ways and contributed to my personal growth and development. Revelations exposed during research have, at different times, evoked mixed emotions, as I searched for a better understanding of the past and the reasons why Australians often avoid confronting so much of our shared history with Aborigines of Australia. I am indebted to many of my fellow students and academic staff at the Queensland University of Technology (QUT) for their frank and open discussions that allowed me to frame the thesis. The enrichment I gained from researching and writing this thesis has been enhanced by the humbling and invaluable experiences that Indigenous students have shared with me while I worked as an Indigenous Tutorial Assistance Scheme (ITAS) tutor with the Oodgeroo Unit at QUT. Completion of this research would not have been possible had I not had the encouragement and support of my wife, Jill, and my family, who became understanding of my absences from family gatherings and important occasions while I was researching and writing. At times, when I struggled to maintain motivation to complete the project, my principal supervisor, Dr Keith Moore, stepped in and gave me the necessary encouragement to believe in myself. He consistently believed in my ability to complete this thesis. My meetings and discussions with Keith were always stimulating and challenging and our discussions became invaluable steps to framing the form and content of my work. Importantly, Keith’s criticism was always constructive and guided me to better outcomes in the progression of my writing. I am also very conscious of and grateful for the support and assistance of the Student’s Research Centre, particularly for the patience and encouragement of Melody McIntosh. Melody willingly sorted out the relevant paperwork during the time of my study, directed me to the right places to find forms and became a good listener when the task became somewhat overwhelming. v I wish to acknowledge the support afforded to me by archival staff at the University of Queensland’s Fryer Library, the staff at the Queensland State Library (QSL) and the archivists at the Queensland State Archives (QSA). All of the staff at those centres made sure that I always had the information I was searching for and assisted me to locate it, if necessary. Lastly, I am appreciative to QUT for the financial support given to me through the Australian Postgraduate Award. The APRA scholarship made it possible for me to expand the limits of my research and contribute to a greater understanding of the research topic that I chose to investigate. vi AUTHOR’S NOTE Many of the primary source documents retrieved in the research process contain a vast array of derogatory and racist terms to categorise and describe Indigenous people. The inclusion of such language and terminology cited in this Thesis serves to provide accurate records of events and comply with the conventions of research and writing papers of a historical nature. In no way is the use of
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