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1 . Cited from Michael D. Coogan, Ed., the New Oxford Annotated Bible Notes 1 Introduction: Why Fathers and Sons? 1 . Cited from Michael D. Coogan, ed., T he New Oxford Annotated Biblee (3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001). 2 . Carol Delaney, Abraham on Trial: The Social Legacy of Biblical Myth (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), p. 6. 3 . See Koran 37: 100–13. For a discussion of t he influence of t he story of Abraham on Arabo-Muslim culture, see Najat Rahman, “The Trial of Heritage and the Legacy of Abraham,” in Lahoucine Ouzgane, ed., Islamic Masculinitiess (London: Zed, 2006), pp. 72–85. 4 . Delaney, Abraham on Trial, p. 234. In the Arab region this is illus- trated by various jihadist movements that employ suicide bombers as a means to achieve their goals. 5 . Abdelwahab Bouhdiba, Sexuality in Islam, trans. Alan Sheridan (London: Saqi, 2004), p. 220. 6 . Stephen A. Anderson and Ronald M. Sabatelli, Family Interaction: A Multigenerational Developmental Perspectivee (3rd ed. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 2002), pp. 54–56, 62–64. 7 . Peter Blos, Son and Father: Before and Beyond the Oedipus Complex (New York: The Free Press, 1985), p. 6. 8 . Robert J. Pellegrini, “General Introduction,” in Robert J. Pellegrini and Theodore R. Sarbin, eds., Between Fathers and Sonss (New York: The Haworth Clinical Practice Press, 2002), p. 2. 9 . Leila Abouzeid, Return to Childhood: The Memoir of a Modern Moroccan Woman, trans. the author, with Heather Logan Taylor (Austin: The Center for Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Texas, 1998), p. iii. 10 . Suad Joseph, ed., Intimate Selving in Arab Families: Gender, Self, and Identityy (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1999), p. 9. 11 . Ibid. 12. See the bibliography for relevant titles. 13. Lewis Yablonsky, Fathers and Sons: The Most Challenging of All Family Relationshipss (New York: Gardner, 1990), p. 13. 14. Ibid. 15. Ibid., p. 10. 192 NOTES 16. Samuel Osherson, Finding Our Fatherss (New York: Contemporary Books, 2001), p. viii. 177 . Yablonsky, Fathers and Sons, p. 13. 18 . See, for example, Nayra Atiya, Khul Khaal: Five Egyptian Women Tell Their Storiess (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1982), p. 49. 19 . Daniel Bates and Amal Rassam, Peoples and Cultures of the Middle Eastt (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983), pp. 204–6. It should be noted that custom does not always reflect on-the-ground reality, which may vary according to individual circumstance, class, education, and geographical location. 20 . Shelley Phillips, Beyond the Myths: Mother-Daughter Relationships in Psychology, History, Literature, and Everyday Lifee (London: Penguin, 1996), p. xvi. 21. Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchyy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 239. 22 . Marcia C. Inhorn, Infertility and Patriarchy: The Cultural Politics of Gender and Family Life in Egyptt (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1966), pp. 3–4. 23 . Soraya Altorki, “Patriarchy and Imperialism: Father-Son and British- Egyptian Relations in Najib Mahfuz’s Trilogy,” in Joseph, Intimate Selving in Arab Families, p. 232. 24 . Davies Pryce-Jones, The Closed Circle: An Interpretation of the Arabs (Chicago, IL: Ivan R. Dee, 2002), p. 402. 25 . Yablonsky, Fathers and Sons, p. 130. 26. Ibid., p. 133. 277 . Anderson and Sabatelli, F amily Interaction, pp. 42–44. 28 . Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age: 1798–1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), p. 1. 29 . Ibid. 30. Halim Barakat, The Arab World: Society, Culture, and Statee (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), p. 33. 31 . Ibid., pp. 32–33. 32 . Ibid., p. 46. 33. William C. Young and Seteney Shami, “Anthropological Approaches to the Arab Family: An Introduction,” Journal of Comparative Family Studiess 28, no. 2 (Summer 1997): 1. 34. Ibid., p. 11. 35. See the bibliography for select titles. 36. I have used the same methodology in this study as in my previ- ous work, Mothers and Daughters in Arab Women’s Literature: The Family Frontierr (Leiden: Brill, 2011). 377 . This approach is adopted from Phillips, Beyon d the Myths, pp. x, xix–xx. 38 . To allow the Western reader who is not versed in the Arabic language access to this body of literature, I have indicated in the publication NOTES 193 data of each literary work whether it is available in English transla- tion. If only an Arabic title is mentioned, this means that no English translation is yet available. If only an English title is mentioned, this means that the work was originally published in English (e.g., Edward Said’s O ut of Place, and Yusuf Idris’s “A Sketch of My Life as a Child”). Many of the translations that I refer to in this work are my own labor of love. 39. For a discussion of the interaction between the novel and social sci- ence, see Morroe Berger, Real and Imagined Worldss (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977), pp. 1–11, 214–35. 40 . While the field of Arab women’s studies has enjoyed a surge of creativity in recent decades, the field of men’s studies has lagged behind. It is actually thanks to the many new publications on Arab women’s lives that men’s lives and relationships have been illumi- nated and given more critical attention. 41 . Among male authors who have been jailed for their writings are Yusuf Idris, Gamal al-Ghitani, Abdel Hakim Kassem, Hanna Mina, Sadiq al-Azm, and Mohammad Abdul-Wali. Among women writers who have been jailed for their writings are Nawal El Saadawi, Latifa al-Zayyat, Suhayr al-Tall, and Dhabya Khamis. 42. Stephan Guth, “Why Novels—Not Autobiographies?” in Robin Ostle, Ed de Moor, and Stephan Wild, eds ., Writing the Self: Autobiographical Writing in Modern Arabic Literaturee (London: Saqi, 1998), pp. 146–47. 43. Trevor Le Gassick, “The Faith of Islam in Modern Arabic Fiction,” Religion and Literaturee 20, no. 1 (Spring 1988): 97. 44. Barakat, Arab World, p. 210. 45. Ibid. 46. Ibid. 477 . John Fowles, in the introduction to Naguib Mahfouz, Miramarr, trans. Fatma Moussa-Mahmoud (Washington, DC: Three Continents Press, 1983), p. xv. 48 . Barakat, Arab World, p. 210; see also pp. 207–8. It is important to recognize that there are limits to this reciprocal influence when we are looking at a society with a high degree of illiteracy. Nevertheless, through adaptations of short stories, novels, and plays for the cin- ema and television, as well as by setting poems to music, literature can reach many uneducated people. 49 . Magda al-Nowaihi, “Constructions of Masculinity in Two Egyptian Novels,” in Joseph, Intimate Selving in Arab Families, p. 235. 50. Edward W. Said, The World, the Text, and the Criticc (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), p. 5; see also pp. 8–15, 34–35. 51 . Edward W. Said, Orientalismm (New York: Vintage, 1979), p. 291. 52 . Nanc y Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Genderr (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), p. 32. 194 NOTES 53 . See, for example, Stanley H. Cath et al., Father and Child: Develop- mental and Clinical Perspectivess (Boston, MA: Little Brown and Company, 1982); Ronald F. Levant and William S. Pollack, eds., A New Psychology of Menn (New York: Basic Books, 1995); Salman Akhtar and Henri Parens, eds., Real and Imaginary Fathers: Development, Transference, and Healingg (Lanham, MD: Jason Aronson, 2003); and R. W. Connell, Masculinitiess (2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005). See also websites such as www.menstudies .org and www.fatherhood.org. 2 The Voyage to Manhood: The Elusive Quest 1. Thomas De Quincey, Autobiography, in The Collected Writings of Thomas De Quincey, ed. David Masson (New York: Johnson Reprint Corporation, 1968), 1: 317–19; emphasis in the original text. 2. William S. Pollack, “No Man Is an Island,” in Ronald F. Levant and William S. Pollack, eds., A New Psychology of Menn (New York: Basic Books, 1995), p. 42. 3. Stephen J. Bergman, “Men’s Psychological Development: A Relational Perspective,” in Levant and Pollack, A New Psychology of Men, pp. 70–71. 4. Barry Richards, “Masculinity, Identification, and Political Culture,” in Jeff Hearn and David Morgan, eds., M en, Masculinities, and Social Theoryy (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990), p. 162. 5 . Chodorow, Reproduction of Mothering, pp. 141–58; Jonathan Rutherford, Men’s Silencess (London: Routledge, 1992), p. 33. 6. For example, Erik Erikson, Margaret Mahler, O. Kernberg, Nancy Chodorow, and Carol Gilligan. 7 . Cited in Bergman, “Men’s Psychological Development,” p. 71. 8 . Chodorow, Reproduction of Motheringg, p. 169. 9 . Ibid. 10. Ibid., p. 217. 11. Anthony Elliott, Concepts of the Selff (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2001), p. 109. 12. See, for example, Rutherford, Men’s Silences, pp. 37–38. 13. See, for example, Hearn and Morgan, Men, Masculinities, and Social Theory, pp. 4, 97, 225. 14 . Michael S. Kimmel and Michael A. Messner, eds., Men’s Lives (2nd ed. New York: Macmillan, 1992), p. 9. 15 . Ibid., p. 8. 16. Examples are: Suad Joseph, ed., Intimate Selving in Arab Familiess (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1999); Mai Ghoussoub and Emma Sinclair-Webb, eds., Imagined Masculinities: Male Identity and Culture in the Modern Middle Eastt (London: Saqi, 2000); Lahoucine Ouzgane, ed., Islamic Masculinitiess (London: Zed, 2006). NOTES 195 177 . Mervat Hatem, “Toward the Study of the Psychodynamics of Gender and Mothering in Egyptian Families,” International Journal of Middle East Studiess 19 (1987): 287–306. 18. Mervat Hatem, “Underdevelopment, Mothering and Gender within the Egyptian Family,” Arab Studies Quarterlyy 8, no. 1 (Winter 1986): 58. 19 . Hatem, “Psychodynamics of Gender and Mothering in Egyptian Families,” p. 302. 20. Abdessamad Dialmy, “Sexuality in Contemporary Arab Society,” trans. Allon J. Uhlmann, S ocial Practice 49, no. 2 (Summer 2005). Available: http:// www.berghahnbooksonline.com (accessed January 24, 2007). 21. Ibid., p. 2.
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