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AMERICAN SOCIETY

bulletinemerging & glass technology JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2019 Ceramic materials a cleaner, safer world

Clean water filters | Material intensity and criticality for sustainability | Meet ACerS president

contents January/February 2019 • Vol. 98 No.1 department feature articles News & Trends ...... 3 Spotlight...... 8 Research Briefs...... 13 Filtering safe drinking water through Ceramics in the Environment . . . 17 24 granulated ceramics Advances in . . . 19 Modular filters based on silver-coated ceramic granules Ceramics in Biomedicine. . . . 21 provide sustainable, affordable access to clean water when water treatment infrastructure is lacking. Ceramics in ...... 22 by Reid Harvey, Mike Chu, and John Hess columns Meet the President ...... 6 by Eileen De Guire Highlights from ACerS 120th Annual Meeting ...... 7 Glasses, ceramics, and metals are critical to by Eileen De Guire 29 a clean energy and mobility transition Understanding the intensity and criticality of materials Book Review ...... 36 used in clean energy production, low emission transporta- Review of “Modern Ceramic , tion, and lighting helps design solutions for a 4th Edition” more sustainable world. by Aldo R. Boccaccini Alexandra Leader and Gabrielle Gaustad Deciphering the Discipline . . . 48 Thermal circuit elements to enable active control of heat by Jeff Braun

National Science Foundation awards in the meetings Ceramics Program starting in 2018 34 MS&T18 and ACerS Annual As an independent federal agency of the United States Meeting recap ...... 38 government, the National Science Foundation (NSF) funds basic research conducted at America’s colleges and 25th International Congress on universities. NSF’s Ceramics Program in the Division of Glass (ICG 2019) ...... 39 Materials Research resides within the Mathematical and Physical Sciences Directorate. Electronic Materials and By Lynnette D. Madsen Applications 2019 (EMA 2019) ...... 40 43rd International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites . . . . 42 resources Correction to the December/Ceramic Source 2019 ACerS Bulletin New Products...... 37 An incorrect quote was included in the cover story, “Smart materials make smartphones,” in the Calendar...... 44 print edition of the December 2018 ACerS Bulletin. It appears correctly in the electronic and Classified Advertising. . . . . 45 the downloadable PDF versions. Display Ad Index...... 47

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin online Editorial and Production www.ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Editor ph: 614-794-5828 fx: 614-794-5815 [email protected] January/February • Vol. 98 No.1 Lisa McDonald, Science Writer Tess Speakman, Senior Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Darryl Butt, University of Utah Michael Cinibulk, Air Force Research Laboratory http://bit.ly/acerstwitter http://bit.ly/acerslink http://bit.ly/acersgplus http://bit.ly/acersfb http://bit.ly/acersrss Fei Chen, Wuhan University of Technology, China Thomas Fischer, University of Cologne, Germany Kang Lee, NASA Glenn Research Center As seen on Ceramic Tech Today... Chunlei Wan, Tsinghua University, China Eileen De Guire, Staff Liaison, The American Ceramic Society Customer Service/Circulation Goodbye glass—optical go 2D ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 [email protected] Metalenses, a type of metasurface used for focusing , could replace glass in cameras and systems. Two Advertising Sales recent studies advance this possibility. National Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director [email protected] ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-794-5822 Europe Richard Rozelaar [email protected] ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Executive Staff Credit: Jared Sisler, Harvard SEAS Mark Mecklenborg, Executive Director and Publisher [email protected] AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Eileen De Guire, Director of Technical Publications and Communications Read more at www.ceramics.org/opticallenses [email protected] Marcus Fish, Development Director Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation bulleerne eratin la enoloy [email protected] Michael Johnson, Director of Finance and Operations ECEMER 2018 [email protected] As seen in the December 2018 ACerS Bulletin... Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec. Assistant [email protected] Andrea Ross, Director of Meetings and Marketing [email protected] Kevin Thompson, Director of Membership [email protected] Smart materials Officers make smartphones Sylvia Johnson, President Tatsuki Ohji, President-Elect Michael Alexander, Past President Read the ACerS Bulletin exclusive report Stephen Houseman, Treasurer on how ceramics and glass contribute to Mark Mecklenborg, Secretary the $479B smartphone market. Board of Directors Mario Affatigato, Director 2018–2021 Kevin Fox, Director 2017–2020 Dana Goski, Director 2016–2019 John Kieffer, Director 2018–2021 Lynnette Madsen, Director 2016–2019 Sanjay Mathur, Director 2017–2020 Martha Mecartney, Director 2017–2020 Gregory Rohrer, Director 2015–2019 Cera Eo nea ea ree January een EMA 2019 an ICACC19 Soey ne an ore Jingyang Wang, Director 2018–2021 Stephen Freiman, Parliamentarian Read more at www.ceramics.org/Smartphones

American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing. The American Ceramic Society is not responsible for the accuracy of information in the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this publication. Readers should independently evaluate the accuracy of any statement in the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this publication. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2019. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July, and November, as a “dual-media” magazine in print and electronic formats (www.ceramics.org). Editorial and Subscription Offices: 550 Polaris Parkway, Suite 510, Westerville, OH 43082-7045. Subscription included with The American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $135; international, 1 year $150.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada. *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, email delivery subscription for $100. Single issues, January–October/November: member $6 per issue; nonmember $15 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $40. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 550 Polaris Parkway, Suite 510, Westerville, OH 43082-7045. Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 98, No. 1, pp 1– 48. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents.

2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 news & trends

The challenges of making electrical signals to tell the screen how determines the strength of the electric foldable smartphones to react. signal. Touch sensing works best if the In both capacitive and piezoelectric screen does not move from one specified Samsung, Huawei, Lenovo, Xiaomi, screens, how hard the screen is pressed shape and the only change in the screen’s and LG all released plans for foldable smartphones this year, and one company, Royole Corporation, produced a working prototype that it hopes to release before the end of the year. Instead of two sepa- rate screens attached by a hinge, these phones would feature a single screen that bends for easier scrolling and viewing when the phone is opened all the way (no hinge interruption). Despite the hype surrounding their anticipated deployment, there are several technological challenges that make it likely these first foldable phones might not perform as well as their traditional, non-bending counterparts.

Cover glass One of the big difficulties in creat- ing a foldable smartphone is the cover glass, the outermost layer of glass on a smartphone. Smartphone screens consist of several layers of glass and embedded between the layers. However, tough and rigid cover glass- es cannot bend or fold without fractures or breakage. Instead of glass, companies like Samsung will likely use plastic for the cover screen. Several recent reports say the company picked Japanese electronic materials firm Sumitomo Chemical as the sole supplier of polyimide (PI) films, a transparent plastic film. But there are drawbacks to using plastic instead of glass. “It’s a material reality that anything that conforms [like plastic] will be more susceptible to scratches,” Mark Rolston, founder and chief creative at product design firm argodesign, says in a CNET interview. Plastic also does not keep oxy- gen and water out as well as glass.

Touch screen technology Two main ways touch screens detect your finger is through capacitive or piezoelectric sensing. Both types use

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 3 news & trends mechanical stress comes from pressing on be troublesome for the the screen. If the screen can fold, though, phone’s battery. its mechanical stress will change during In an interview with the folding, making it more difficult for CNET, Marc Juzkow, vice the screen to accurately tell how hard you president of research and Credit: Royole Corporation press. Therefore, bendable smartphones development for battery may feature only pre-specified bends— company Leyden Energy where the screen’s mechanical stress is (Fremont, Calif.), says known for each shape. today’s smartphones are Professor Jun-Bo Yoon and coworkers usually powered with lithium Despite challenges associated with from the Korea Advanced Institute of batteries, whose stiffness maximizes the making foldable smartphones perform as Science and Technology are working to time a smartphone can hold a charge. well as traditional smartphones, there is improve touch technology. They While new battery technology is mov- no doubt that technology will improve developed a thin, flexible, and transpar- ing toward thin, flat cells based on with each new release. A bigger chal- ent hierarchical nanocomposite film that -state electrolytes, Juzkow says their lenge facing smartphone companies now uses a soft grating and hard to energy output cannot run a smartphone is marketing: why do consumers want concentrate pressure-related stress to the for as long as a traditional battery. or need a foldable smartphone? Most gratings, thereby enhancing sensitivity. Until new battery technologies are companies have only a few months left designed, foldable smartphones must to answer to this question, as many fold- Battery bend at fixed points, to avoid bending able smartphones are expected to debut In a foldable phone, all components— in areas containing the rigid battery and in 2019 and will be more expensive than not just the glass—must bend. This can other inflexible parts. a traditional smartphone. n

Business news Corporate partner news U.S. Silica will increase prices for most of its non-contracted silica sand, cool roof 3D printed ceramic parts could support lunar colonies granule, aplite, and specialty products Lithoz (Vienna, Austria), a company specializing in additive manufacturing of (https://ussilica.gcs-web.com) … Rivian high-performance ceramics, created a collection of spare parts using a 3D printing process with simulated lunar regolith as the “ink.” The company is working with Automotive launched its first two products, the European Space Agency to create components and parts for a lunar base to an all-electric pickup truck and SUV allow astronauts to make replacement parts onsite. (www.products.rivian.com) … “These parts have the finest print resolution ever achieved with objects made C Steklarna Hrastnik plans 45 million of regolith simulant, demonstrating a high level of print precision and widening expansion of its production capacities the range of uses such items could be put to,” ESA materials engineer Advenit (www.glass-international.com) … Makaya explains in an ESA article. “If one needs to print tools or machinery parts Morgan Advanced Materials opens new to replace broken parts on a lunar base, precision in the dimensions and shape of Science Centre of Excellence R&D the printed items will be vital.” facility at Penn State University (www. Simulated regolith is composed of primarily , but also includes morganadvancedmaterials.com) … other such as alumina, calcia, and iron , according to Makaya. The Tethon 3D introduces first metal/ceramic regolith is ground into small-sized particles and mixed with a binding agent, lay- resin for upcoming Bison 1000 DLP Printer ered, and hardened by exposing to light. is the final step in the process. (https://tethon3d.com) … SCHOTT “Thanks to our expertise in the additive manufacturing of ceramics, we were invests in AI start-up NNAISENSE (www. able to achieve these results very quickly,” Lithoz CEO Johannes Homa says in the us.schott.com) … Xinglass establishes article. “We believe there’s a huge potential in ceramic additive manufacturing for n first branch office in Fairfax, Va.www. ( the Moon.” usglassmag.com) … America Makes expands service offerings at satellite center (www.americamakes.us) … Imerys closes graphite mine in Namibia (www.roskill.com) … Murata to expand multilayer ceramic production (www.murata.com) n Credit: ESA–G. Porter, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO

4 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 Fast-charging EV stations could As exciting as this sounds for the EV be a reality in three years industry, Kimball and his team face sev- eral challenges, according to the release. A collaboration between researchers They will need to determine if lithium from Missouri S&T and three com- batteries can handle quick charges, says panies—Ameren (St. Louis, Mo.), LG Kimball, and if the charging speed will Chem Michigan (Holland, Mich.), and damage and weaken them. Bitrode (St. Louis, Mo.)—could result in Other challenges include degradation a charging solution that would shave as of performance and short circuiting. “At much as 20 minutes off of the charging extreme fast charging rates, lithium-ion time for electric vehicles. batteries can be damaged severely due to Credit: Jonathan Kimball, Missouri S&T “The big problem with electric the limited energy transfer properties of power being delivered to those homes. vehicles is range, and it’s not so much the battery materials,” Missouri S&T assis- range as range anxiety,” professor of The researchers will tap into the expe- tant professor of rience of the three industry partners to electrical and and team member Jonghyun Park says in Jonathan Kimball explains in a Missouri provide the expertise needed to develop the release. “This not only degrades bat- a safe, fast-charging system that addresses S&T news release. “People are nervous tery performance, but also causes a short about not being able to get where they’re all challenges that the researchers foresee circuit that can lead to a safety issue.” during the project. going. With a conventional vehicle, The researchers will need to study the you pull up, get gas, and in 10 minutes The collaborating team is using effects of using massive amounts of elec- $2.9 million from a grant that the U.S. you’re back on the road.” tricity all at once from the grid during a The researchers, led by Kimball, will Department of Energy announced ear- charging session. Because electricity will lier this year for development of research spend the next three years developing a be coming from the same grid as the elec- system that quickly charges EVs—specifi- projects focused on batteries and fast- tricity that flows into surrounding homes, charging technologies. n cally, in less than 10 minutes, the average it could possibly affect the quality of the time it takes to fill up a gas-powered car.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 5 Meet ACerS president Sylvia Johnson By Eileen De Guire

CerS president Sylvia Johnson and the effects of cavitation and degrada- A likes to make things—an excel- tion in alumina and on creep. lent mindset for an engineer. However, Not attracted to a teaching career, becoming an engineer took perseverance Johnson took a position at SRI and a bit of serendipity. International in Menlo Park, Calif. Growing up in Sydney, Australia, she Besides conducting contract research, attended the Willoughby Girls High School. SRI also offered business consulting In her final two years, she was the only to its clients, giving her the opportu- student to register for advanced , nity to impact companies technically and the class was slated for cancellation. and on the bottom line. Not willing to miss out on chemistry, she “We’d help companies with (Credit: ACerS.) accepted the administration’s challenge whether they should be in the busi- to find enough students to take the class. ness, and where the business was going Good thing, too, because that class con- to go,” she says. firmed her ambition to pursue a career in After 18 years at SRI she joined Building on the value she found in applied chemical sciences. NASA Ames Research Center (Moffett volunteering, she wants to ensure plenti- When she was accepted into Field, Calif.) to lead the thermal protec- ful opportunities for members to have the Faculty of Applied Sciences at tion materials efforts, including materi- experiences as satisfying as hers have University of New South Wales, she als for Mars expeditions, which was the been, and also to recognize the contri- quickly discovered ceramic engineer- topic of her Orton Award Lecture at butions of volunteers. ing—in fact, only as long as it took her MS&T 2015. Her work at Ames includ- Diversity and inclusion are very impor- to read the flyer describing the fields of ed revitalizing the ultra-high tant to the first female ceramic engineer study available to undergraduates. ceramics program. from UNSW. “We need to make sure we “At the very bottom, in the last inch, Johnson joined ACerS as a graduate consider everybody when we’re thinking there was a thing called ‘ceramic engineer- student and found the meetings and about volunteer opportunities, offers of ing,’ … and I thought that sounds interest- networking events to be most valuable. the Nominating Committee, awards, hon- ing. I chose it without any real knowledge. “When I first started coming to the ors…whatever,” she says. “I’ve benefited It just struck my fancy,” she recalls. Annual Meeting, everybody was very from being included, and I’ve understood And with that stroke of the pen, friendly. You met all these people who what it’s like to be excluded.” Johnson became a trailblazer as the were leaders in their field, and they Johnson wants to hear from the mem- first woman to enroll in ceramic engi- were so friendly. Also, they remembered bers this year. To that end, she will attend neering full time at UNSW, where she your name.” Division meetings, Section meetings, and earned a first-class honors degree, the She helped organize the Pacific Coast other places where ACerS members con- highest distinction. Regional Meeting conferences for many gregate in the United States and abroad. As she gained knowledge of materials years, leading those held in the Bay Area. If she visits your area, you may consider science, she found it resonated with her. She served on the Member Services scheduling a hike into the agenda. She “It turns out there’s a visual aspect and an Committee, on the Board in the 1990s and her husband, Jim Evans (a metal- integration [with other disciplines]. I’ve and again in the 2000s, and several other lurgist), live in the San Francisco area, never been the sort of person to focus on society-level committees. are avid hikers and have hiked all over one small thing,” she says. As president, Johnson has several goals. the world. They make an annual hiking Graduate school beckoned, and she “The Society is in good financial excursion to Austria, and made a point landed at the University of California, health, and we want to maintain of hiking all 60 of East Bay Regional Park Berkeley (having eliminated British univer- that,” she says. At the same time, District parks. They have two adult chil- sities because England was too cold) work- Johnson says the Society needs to con- dren, Hugh and Claire. ing in Joseph Pask’s group. sider new opportunities. In her remaining spare time, Johnson “I told my mother I was going for a “I hear very clearly the need for anoth- likes to cook original recipes she develops master’s degree for 18 months,” Johnson er meeting to fill in dips in the meetings for her family and friends. Ever the engi- says. “She has finally stopped asking me cycles,” she says. Suggestions include a neer, Johnson says, “I like to make things.” when I’m coming home!” Pan America meeting, and she will work Johnson invites members to contact She moved to Tony Evans’ group for with the Meetings Committee to evaluate her at [email protected]. n her Ph.D., studying mechanical properties the opportunities.

6 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 Highlights from ACerS 120th Annual Meeting By Eileen De Guire

the Society’s financial position he American is strong, and the Society car- Ceramic ries no debt. New officers were T th Society held its 120 sworn-in, and out-going officers Annual Meeting were recognized and thanked during MS&T18 in for their service. Incoming Columbus, Ohio. For president Sylvia Johnson many, MS&T is primar- outlined her vision and goals ily a technical confer- for her year as president (see ence, but for ACerS details on previous page). members it includes Before handing the ceramic meetings of the Board gavel to Johnson, President of Directors, division Alexander announced Mark executive committee Mecklenborg’s appointment and business meetings, as ACerS new executive direc- and meetings for ACerS tor, and he recognized retiring working committees Sylvia Johnson (right) accepts the ACerS presidency from Mike Alexander with the transfer of executive director Charlie and subcommittees. the ceremonial ceramic gavel. Spahr for his exemplary ser- The Society’s student vice to the Society. That eve- leadership group, the President’s ning (Oct. 12, 2018) ACerS Council of Student Advisors, also recognized the achievements holds its annual meeting during of its members at the Annual the ACerS Annual Meeting. This Awards Banquet. year PCSA includes 46 students View images from the from 30 universities, representing many activities that occurred eight countries. during the Annual Meeting A highlight of the nearly on ACerS Flickr website week-long event is the Annual at https://www.flickr. Membership Meeting, where com/photos/acersphotos/ the president reports on the albums/72157699328585402. state of the Society, and the Next year’s Annual new president outlines plans Membership Meeting will for the coming year. President The Society recognized David Johnson (right) for his many years of service to the be Sept. 30, 2019, during Mike Alexander reported on the Society as Board Parliamentarian. Charlie Spahr (left, executive director) presented MS&T19 in Portland, Ore. n Society’s growing impact through Johnson with a certificate and a piece of ceramic art . efforts that support members’ activities as volunteers, advocates, and teachers. He spoke of the importance of collaboration between the “triple helix” of government, universities, and industry. “The efforts of these groups are not complete if they don’t have support of the other two groups,” says Alexander. He encouraged the membership to continue to seek opportunities to increase collaboration across all member- ship sectors and to be alert for ways to create more awareness of the ceramic and glass field. Past president Marina Pascucci (left), president Sylvia Johnson (center), and Jingyang Wang (right, Board of Treasurer Dan Lease reported that Directors) select historic Drakenfeld souvenir glasses from previous Annual Meetings.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 7 acers spotlight

SOCIETY, DIVISION, SECTION, AND CHAPTER NEWS Credit: Kathleen Richardson ACerS members attend ICG 2018 Nearly 600 delegates representing 29 countries converged on Yokohama, Japan, for the International Commission on Glass’ 59th Meeting on the Glass and Photonic Materials (ICG 2018) in conjunction with the 14th Symposium of the Glass Industry Conference of Japan, September 23–26. Visit http://bit.ly/ICG2018recap for the complete recap of ICG 2018. n

We appreciate our members! • Networking, collaborating, and St. Louis Section/RCD 55th As we head into the New Year, we volunteering through divisions, sections, Annual Symposium on thank our members for being a part and chapters • Opportunities to share your knowl- Refractories set for March 26–28 of ACerS. Members are the reason the th Society exists. “That’s the great thing edge and present your research The 55 Annual Symposium on about professional societies like ACerS,” • Recruitment and job-search assistance Refractories takes place in St. Louis, Mo. membership director Kevin Thompson • Professional and peer recognition at the Hilton St. Louis Airport Hotel on says. “Unlike for-profit organizations, from highly-regarded awards programs March 26–28 with the theme “Shaped non-profits are owned and governed by • Reduced rates for meetings, tech- Refractories.” Plan to attend a kickoff the members. Income is given back to nical publications, Phase Equilibria event the evening of March 26. Program the members through benefits and ser- Diagrams, and ceramic materials courses cochairs are Beau Billet (Edward Orton vices,” he adds. • And much more! Jr. Ceramic Foundation) and Dawn Hill We continually look for ways to bet- We look forward to serving you in (Xertech Specialties/Artech). ter serve our members, such as new 2019 and wish you all a happy and pros- For complete details about the event, journals, publications, meetings, and perous New Year! n including vendor information, registration networking opportunities.We encourage fees, and hotel reservations, visit http:// you to take advantage of your member Volunteer Spotlight bit.ly/55thRCDSymposium. Contact Patty benefits, including: Smith at 573-341-6265; fax, 573-341-2071; ACerS thanks all volunteers who or [email protected] with questions. n • Access to ACerS journals: Journal of donated time and resources in 2018 and the American Ceramic Society, International seeks your continued service in 2019. A Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, goal of the Member Services Committee Names in the news International Journal of Applied Glass is to expand ACerS volunteer programs Science, and International Journal of and to recognize volunteers for their Gyekenyesi earns lifetime & Science time and service. We also thank those achievement award • Print and online access to employers who support volunteer activi- Marquis Who’s Who pre- ACerS Bulletin ties of ACerS members. sented ACerS Fellow John • Bulletin Archive Online—unlimited We currently seek new member wel- Gyekenyesi with the Albert access to 8,300 articles from all 1,100 come ambassadors for EMA 2019 and Nelson Marquis Lifetime issues of the Bulletin dating back to 1922 ICACC19 in January. If interested in Achievement Award. The • Ceramic Tech Today—news from volunteering, contact Kevin Thompson, award recognizes individu- ceramic and glass research and industry (614) 794-5894 or kthompson Gyekenyesi als for noteworthy accom- • Professional development at confer- @ceramics.org. n plishments, career successes, and promi- ences, workshops, and short courses nence in a field. Gyekenyesi was a research engineer for NASA and played a major role in designing stable combustion

8 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 Mazurin accepts ACerS honorary membership

SOCIETY, DIVISION, SECTION, AND CHAPTER NEWS

systems and rocket testing equipment. Gyekenyesi specialized in fatigue and fracture studies of advanced materials, and his CARES computer program for reliability analysis of ceramic com- ponents is currently used by more than 900 organizations world- Oleg Mazurin gratefully wide. Gyekenyesi is a member of the Basic Science Division. n acknowledges his ACerS honorary membership. Saad named president and CEO of Kopp Glass ACerS member Elie Saad became president and CEO of Kopp Glass Inc. Saad previously led cor-

porate development at LANXESS Corporation, Credit: Arun Varshneya where he served in various roles in areas of opti- ACerS awarded Oleg Mazurin honorary membership in mizing costs and increasing profitability. Saad has the Society for his contributions to the glass science commu- a Ph.D. in materials and is a member of nity. In September, his colleagues greeted him with a recep- Saad the Glass & Optical Materials Division and the tion where he received his award certificate. Mazurin’s con- Engineering Ceramics Division. n tributions to glass science include phase separation in glass, viscosity in the nearly solid range, viscoelastic and structural In memoriam relaxation in , electrical conductivity, and Dennis Hageman glass-to-metal seals. Among his notable accomplishments was Richard S. Floyd Jr. the conversion of his handbooks into the SciGlass database Some detailed obituaries can be found on the ACerS website, used by glass scientists worldwide. n www.ceramics.org/in-memoriam.

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AWARDS AND DEADLINES Congrats to ICACC 2018 Garcias Banos, Universidad Politecnica – Federico Rosei, INRS Centre for award recipients! de Valencia, DIMAS–ITACA Institute, Energy-Canada Spain; A. Aktas, National Physical – Bikramit Basu, Indian Institute The Engineering Ceramics Division Laboratory, United Kingdom of Science has announced the Best Paper and Best Poster winners from ICACC18, held Second place – Fred McMann last January in Daytona Beach, Fla. The Raman experiments to charac- – John Sanders, Clemson University awards will be presented during the plena- terize induced defects in SiC/SiC – Shibin Jiang, AdValue Technology LLC ry session at ICACC19. Congratulations composites, S. Agarwal, Y. Zhao, and – Sanjay Mather, University of Cologne to the following authors! W. J. Weber, University of Tennessee, – Manoj Choudhary, International Material Science and Engineering; S. Best Papers Commission on Glass J. Zinkle, University of Tennessee, – Greg Rohrer, Carnegie First place Mellon University Erosion behavior in a grade Third place – Martin Harmer, Lehigh University n oxide/oxide ceramic matrix composite, Crack-healing ability and strength recovery Michael J. Presby, N. Kedir, L.J. of disilicate ceramic reinforced Sanchez, C. Gong, D.C Faucett, Last call for 2019 with silicon nanofillers, S.T. and S.R. Choi, Naval Air Systems Nguyen, H. Iwasawa, H. Suematsu, T. award nominations! Command; Gregory Morscher, The Suzuki, K. Niihara, and T. Nakayama, Nominations for most ACerS Society University of Akron Nagaoka University of Technology, awards, including Distinguished Life Second place Japan; L. He, Idaho National Lab Member, Morgan Medal and Global Phase field modelling of microstructural Distinguished Doctoral Dissertation, Trustee Award changes in Ni/YSZ solid oxide electrolysis Kingery, Du-Co Ceramics Young electrodes, Martina Trini, Salvatore Transparent superhydro phobic coat- Professional, Jeppson, Coble, Purdy, Z. Li De Angelis, Peter Stanley Jørgensen, ing from silica spheres, , High Corporate Achievement, Spriggs, Anne Hauch, Ming Chen, and Peter School Attached to Harbin Normal Friedberg, and Fulrath are due January N. Li, L. Pan Vang Hendriksen, Technical University University, China; , 15, 2019. The Purdy Award will be for H. Xu of Denmark and , Harbin Institute of papers published in 2017. Technology, China n Third place We encourage nominations for deserving candidates from groups that Evaluation of power generation from bio- Congratulations to Global mass using solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) have traditionally been underrepresented and downdraft gasifiers, Shimpei Ambassador Award recipients in ACerS awards relative to their partici- Yamaguchi, Kazuaki Katagiri, Takuya The Global Ambassador Program pation in the Society, including women, Ehiro, Tomoatsu Ozaki, and Atsushi recognizes dedicated ACerS volunteers underrepresented minorities, industry Kakitsuji, Osaka Research Institute of who demonstrate exceptional leadership scientists and engineers, and interna- Industrial Science and Technology and service that benefits the Society, its tional members. members, and the global ceramics and For more information, visit Best Posters glass community. www.ceramics.org/awards or contact ACerS 2017-2018 President Michael Erica Zimmerman at ezimmerman@ Joint first place n Alexander selected the following 15 volun- ceramics.org. Reliable measurement of teers for the Global Ambassador Award: of armour ceramics at the microstructural scale, J. Jiang, S. Falco, N. Petrinic, – Nancy Bunt, Kerneos Nomination deadline for GOMD and R. I. Todd, University of Oxford, – Michael Halbig, NASA Glenn awards is January 21 United Kingdom Research Center The Glass & Optical Materials Divisions – William Headrick, Missouri Optimisation of SiCp/SiCf preforms prior to invites nominations for three awards: Refractories Co. Inc. matrix formation using microwave enhance Stookey Lecture of Discovery Award chemical vapour infiltration, M. Porter, A. – Soshu Kirihara, Osaka University George W. Morey Award D’Angio, and J. Binner, University of – Dietmar Koch, German Norbert J. Kreidl Award for Birmingham, and Materials, Aerospace Center Young Scholars. United Kingdom; M. Cinibulk, Air – Lynnette Madsen, National Visit www.ceramics.org/awards for Force Research Lab, United States; B. Science Foundation more details. n

10 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 STUDENTS AND OUTREACH

Students and young profes- sionals: Check out these events Student volunteers needed at • One or two volunteers needed to especially for you at ICACC19! upcoming meetings organize and run Lunch with a Pro Make sure to attend the student at ICACC. The Young Professionals Network steer- • Four volunteers needed to support and young professional activities at ing committee is looking for volunteers for ICACC19, January 27–Feb 1, 2019, in a publishing workshop at ICACC. the following activities at EMA 2019 and The YPN steering committee is looking Daytona Beach, Fla. ICACC19. You must already be attending • Networking mixer, January 28, for one volunteer to be available for occa- the respective meetings. Instructions for sional conference calls. Contact Yolanda 7:30–9 p.m. each activity will be provided. • Student publication workshop, Natividad at [email protected] if • One or two volunteers needed you are interested in volunteering for any January 29, Noon–1:15 p.m. to organize and run Lunch with a Pro of the activities shown above. n • Shot glass competition (organized by at EMA. ACerS PCSA), January 29, 6:45–8 p.m. • Student and industry failure tri- als competition (organized by ACerS PCSA), January 30, 6:45–8 p.m. Connect with other students and young professionals attending ICACC19 by visiting http://bit.ly/ ICACC19students to find the Facebook event. The event discussion provides A world leader in bioactive and opportunities for students and young professionals to find roommates, a list of interesting technical talks happening custom glass solutions at the conference, and social planning during the conference. For more infor- mation about ICACC19 and to register, visit www.ceramics.org/icacc2019. n Mo-Sci offers a wide variety of custom glass solutions and will work with you to create tailored glass materials to match your application. Contact us today to discuss your next project. find your mo-sci.com/contact vendors

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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 11 acers spotlight

CGIF welcomes new leadership Congratulations to the new officers and members of the Board of Trustees of the Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation.

Board of Trustees (Serving a three- year term, 2018–2021) Dan Tipsord General manager Treasurer: Steve Houseman Geoff Brennecka Skyworks RF Ceramics/Trans- President Professor Tech Inc. Harrop Industries Colorado School of Mines Middletown, Md. Columbus, Ohio Golden, Colo. Tipsord Houseman Brennecka Officers Secretary: Mark Chair: Richard Feeser Heike Ebendorff- President Emeritus Mecklenborg Heidepriem Superior Technical Ceramics Executive director Professor St. Albans, Vt. The American Ceramic Society University of Adelaide Westerville, Ohio Adelaide, Australia Mecklenborg Feeser Ebendorff- Heidepriem Chair-elect: Tom Arbanas Immediate past chair: President Ted Day Ulrich Georg Fotheringham Du-Co Ceramics Chief executive officer Executive scientist Saxonburg, Pa. Mo-Sci Corporation SCHOTT AG Rolla, Mo. Mainz, Germany Arbanas Day

Fotheringham Air Products, Owens-Illinois provide donations to CGIF and GMIC Takashi Goto Professor Air Products Foundation Tohoku University donated $15,000 to Sendai, Japan the Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation and Goto the Glass Manufacturing Industry Council at the Mike Ingram recent Glass Problems CEO Conference. The money McDanel Advanced Ceramic goes toward student Technologies travel grants to attend Beaver Falls, Pa. the GPC as well as CGIF Ingram initiatives to help attract Credit: ACerS and train ceramic and Pedro M. Riveros, Air Products director of strategy, technolo- glass professionals. gy, and sourcing IG Americas, presents a check to Bob Lipetz Bryn Snow (center) of the GMIC and Marcus Fish (right) of the CGIF. Manager of application technol- Additionally, Owens- ogy-glass Illinois donated $20,000 GMIC will use the other half to provide travel HarbisonWalker International to the CGIF and the GMIC to support CGIF grants for university engineering students to Moon Township, Pa. outreach programs and provide travel grants attend the GPC. to college students. The CGIF will use half of Snow For more information about the donations, the grant to bring ceramic and glass science visit http://bit.ly/APOIDonations. n to middle- and high-school students. The

12 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 research briefs ENGINEERED SOLUTIONS FOR COMPACTION

Neural networks predict glass GASBARRE ELECTRIC transition PRESSES Precision & Efficiency with Finding the glass transition temperature is an important first a Light Footprint

step in testing new glass compositions. However, finding the Tg experimentally can be expensive and time-consuming. That is why researchers at the Federal University of São Carlos created

software to predict Tg using a specific form of machine learning. Edgar Dutra Zanotto, ACerS Fellow and professor of and engineering, and his coauthors Dan- HYDRAULIC PRESSES iel R. Cassar and André C.P.L.F. de Carvalho at UFSCar Simple to Complex Parts, Intuitive & Flexible Setup used artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict the Tg of oxide glasses containing anywhere from three to 21 ele- ments. ANNs are a type of machine learning based on the

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Research News

Graphene on the way to superconductivity Researchers at Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin found evidence that double High Purity Metallization layers of graphene have a property that may let them conduct current Machining completely without resistance. In April 2018, a group at MIT showed it is possible to generate a form of superconductivity in a system of two layers Http://www.advaluetech.com of graphene under very specific conditions, but the research at Helmholtz- Zentrum Berlin showed a much simpler way to reach flat band formation. They probed the band structure and identified a flat area next to the band Your Valuable Partner in Material Science gap that had previously been overlooked. This flat area is a prerequisite for superconductivity if it is situated exactly at the so-called Fermi energy. In the case of the two-layer graphene, it is possible to raise the energy level of Tel: 1-520-514-1100, Fax: 1-520-747-4024 the flat area to the Fermi energy. For more information, visit https://www. Email: [email protected] helmholtz-berlin.de/. n 3158 S. Chrysler Ave., Tucson, AZ 85713, U.S.A

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 13 research briefs

structure and functions of biological neural networks, and have been used before in materials science to predict kinetic and mechanical properties of . In the realm of oxide glasses, however, Zanotto identifies only two published stud- ies using ANNs to predict properties. The previous oxide studies using ANNs trained their mod- els on small data sets, using 31 and 299 examples respectively. In the current research, Zanotto and his coauthors trained their ANN model with a dataset containing 55,150 examples.

The trained ANN correctly predicted published Tg values with 95 percent accuracy, and within less than ±9 percent error; additionally, 90 percent of the data was predicted with a relative deviation less than ±6 percent. Zanotto and his coauthors also tested the ANN on approximately 5,000 com- positions not included in the training dataset, with similar accuracy results. While the prediction uncertainty did not depend on the

number of elements in the glass composition, the uncertainty Credit: U.S. National Archives was larger for glasses with high T (above 1,250 K) because less Researchers at Arizona State University showed a way that g microwave communication systems could be turned on and off than 0.2 percent of the dataset were these high-T glasses. g electronically instead of manually, a finding that could reduce “At the moment, we are testing other types of predictors signal interference. to check whether they can do a better job than the ANNs for these special cases of high- and low-T glasses,” Zanotto says in g Switchable dielectrics could help microwave an email. “In the end, an optimized algorithm should predict systems avoid interference high-Tg glasses compositions with a closer performance.” Zanotto says they will launch a freely available beta version Researchers at Arizona State University showed a way that of the ANN with the current algorithm and dataset, but other, microwave communication systems could be turned on and off more powerful software is on the way. “[This software] will electronically, potentially reducing interference from dielectric materials used in microwave systems. allow the glass community to predict the Tg of oxide glass com- positions that have never been made,” Zanotto says. Nathan Newman, ACerS member and professor of solid In the future, Zanotto says they plan to do more research state science, and his research group at Arizona State Uni- using ANNs. “We are training and testing other ANNs for versity have been researching the fundamental properties of three other important physical properties of inorganic glass- dielectric materials, and their latest research builds on previous formers: liquidus temperature, elastic modulus, and refractive research to arrive at this possible solution to manual switching. index,” Zanotto says. Back in 2012, Newman and his group published a paper The paper, published in Acta Materialia, is “Predicting showing that the loss tangent of dielectric materials is most glass transition temperatures using neural networks” (DOI: affected by electron spin excitations, or the generation of 10.1016/j.actamat.2018.08.022). n magnetic fields by the movement of electrons. In the current

Research News Solar cells for yeast cell biofactories Study opens route to ultra-low-power microchips Researchers at Harvard’s Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Researchers at MIT demonstrated a “magneto-ionic” technique that controls Engineering and the John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied the magnetic properties of a thin-film material by reversibly inserting and Sciences (SEAS) created the first yeast biohybrid system using an removing protons into the material structures. MIT researchers used adaptable light-harvesting semiconductor approach. They attached hydrogen in this study instead of the oxygen ions used in previous indium phosphide to the surface of yeast cells, so that attempts. Because the hydrogen ions are smaller than oxygen ions, they the semiconductor nanoparticles could harvest electrons from light and can enter and exit from the crystalline structure of the spintronic device, hand them over to the yeast cells. The cells then shuttled the electrons changing its magnetic orientation each time, without damaging the material. across their cell walls into their cytoplasm, where the electrons elevated This technique could help prepare for a post complementary metal-oxide the levels of NADPH and fueled shikimic acid . For semiconductor world. For more information, visit http://news.mit.edu. n more information, visit https://wyss.harvard.edu. n

14 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 paper, this knowledge of the effect of spin excitations on the loss tangent value is used to create a way to electronically turn microwave systems on and off. Usually, switching a dielectric from a low loss tangent to a high loss tangent (from an “on” state to an “off” state) requires very large and cumbersome electromagnets to gener- ate magnetic fields of several thousand Gauss. But Newman and his group found that if the dielectric material is doped with small amounts of magnetic elements—like nickel and iron—defects are introduced into the atomic structure of the dielectric material, allowing the dielectric material to be turned “on” and “off” by applying a magnetic field of under a few hundred Gauss. The reason this technique to turn the dielectric material “on” and “off” works is because the addi- tion of the magnetic elements changes the spin excitations in the dielectric material. This technique will work with any dielectric material, New- man says in a phone interview. His group used the dielectric 3+ material aluminum oxide (Al2O3) doped with iron (Fe ) to demonstrate proof of principle. While this research was carried out in temperatures near absolute zero, Newman and his group are working to achieve similar performance of the dielectric materials at or near room temperature. If they achieve the same effect at higher tempera- tures, Newman says microwave communication systems could be revolutionized in two to three years. R R Newman has applied for a patent for the research. Starbar and Moly-D elements The paper, published in Applied Physics Letters, is “Switching microwave dielectric resonators from a high-Q on state to an are made in the U.S.A. off state using low-field electron paramagnetic resonance transi- with a focus on providing tions” (DOI: 10.1063/1.5042226). n the highest quality heating elements and service to the global market.

Photonic radiation survive huge doses undamaged Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology found that oxide-coated silicon photonic devices can withstand radiation exposure up to 1 million gray. One gray represents one joule of energy absorbed by one kilogram of mass, and 1 gray corresponds to 10,000 chest X-rays. To 2 determine the effects of radiation, NIST researchers exposed two kinds of I R -- Over 50 years of service and reliability silicon photonic sensors to hours of gamma radiation from cobalt-60, a I Squared R Element Co., Inc. radioactive isotope. In both types of sensors, small variations in their physical Akron, NY Phone: (716)542-5511 properties changed the of the light that traveled through them. Fax: (716)542-2100 The NIST results suggest the sensors could be used to track levels of ionizing radiation used in food irradiation to destroy microbes and in medical device 196453 - 2017 Email: [email protected] sterilization. For more information, visit https://www.nist.gov. n www.isquaredrelement.com

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 15 research briefs

‘Super turbines’ and international study opportunities focus of NSF grant led by ACerS members Gurpreet Singh (ACerS member, Kansas State University) is the principal investiga- tor for a National Science Foundation Partnerships for International Research and Education (PIRE) study on multicomponent silicon-based -derived ceramic (PDC) and ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). The team, which includes co-principal inves- tigators Alexandra Navrotsky (ACerS Fellow, University of California, Davis), Himanshu Jain (ACerS Fellow, Lehigh University), Rishi Raj (ACerS Fellow and Distinguished Life Member, University of Colorado Boulder), and Peter Kroll (ACerS member, University of Texas at Arlington), received a five-year $4.7 million grant late last year to generate new fundamental knowledge on the structure-

property-processing of polymer-derived ceram- Credit: XY-AGP, Wikimedia (CC BY-SA 3.0) ics (PDCs) and ceramic matrix composites A full-size mockup of CFM LEAP–X. The LEAP aircraft is the first widely (CMCs). The ultimate goal is to reduce costs deployed CMC-containing jet turbine. and improve performance for high-temperature applications— says Singh in an email. “The PIRE team is concerned that particularly jet aircraft turbines. US university research is not keeping pace with fundamental The current PIRE study leverages support from national research on non-oxide ceramic fibers elsewhere in the world … labs and foreign university partners to conduct PDC and Therefore, it is important to encourage and increase student CMC research. Already, in the first year, the PIRE program opportunities for learning abroad.” achieved several accomplishments, including: held the first During the second year of the grant, Singh says the team NSF-PIRE-PDC workshop to promote face-to-face interactions will continue work on molecular and rheological charac- among PIRE members and expand the scope of PDC fibers terization of modified preceramic polymers and relate the through research and education; organized a symposium on rheological properties to the ability to draw fibers by hand PDCs at the seventh International Congress on Ceramics in in a lab setting. Brazil; and sent five undergraduate and two graduate students “[The] biggest challenge would be to characterize the bulk to PIRE partner institutions in Europe to be mentored by chemical composition of the samples (especially hydrogen world renowned experts in the field of PDCs. According to content) during the polymer to ceramic transformation stages,” the team, the global aspect of the project is key. Singh says. Another challenge, Navrotsky adds, is getting well “Basic (and applied) research on next generation multi-com- characterized samples. ponent polymer-derived ceramic fibers at universities is con- Jain says they hope to build on the groundwork laid at ducted nearly entirely in Japan, Germany, France and Italy,” the first NSF-PIRE-PDC workshop during the second year as well. “To realize the synergistic impact of the program, a well- coordinated effort of the various members of PIRE is needed,” Research News Jain says. “We started it at our last workshop and hope to Molecular adlayer produced by dissolving water-insoluble strengthen it as we move forward.” nanographene in water Based on the research to date, two scientific papers were Kumamoto University and Tokyo Institute of Technology researchers published in Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics and Materi- found a way to dissolve nanographene in water. Using micelle capsules— als and deposited in the NSF Public Access Repository while molecular containers that encapsulate water-insoluble molecules—the a third scientific paper—published in Journal of the American researchers developed a formation procedure for a nanographene Ceramic Society—will be deposited in NSF–PAR. Singh was adlayer by mixing the micelle capsules and nanographene together awarded a patent for his work titled “Aluminum-Modified Poly- in water. The method is expected to be useful for the fabrication n and analysis of next-generation functional nanomaterials. For more silazanes for Polymer-Derived Ceramic Nanocomposites.” information, visit http://ewww.kumamoto-u.ac.jp/en/news/. n

16 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 ceramics in the environment Custom Designed Novel coating reduces corrosion and biofouling on Vacuum Furnaces for: ships • CVD SiC Etch & RTP rings CVD/CVI systems for CMC components In a collaboration between Swinburne University • • Sintering, Debind, Annealing of Technology, Defence Materials Technology Centre, MacTaggart Scott Australia, United Surface Technologies, and Defence Science and Technology, researchers may have found a way to solve the barnacle and corrosion problem on ships. Unsurpassed thermal and Barnacles secrete a quick-curing sort of “cement” that keeps deposition uniformity them hanging on to boats, ships, and other seafaring vessels. Each system custom designed to For the shipping industry, barnacles can create major problems suit your specific requirements on commercial ships by increasing fuel costs as they contribute Laboratory to Production to the ship’s drag. Exceptional automated control In the recent study, the collaborative researchers developed a systems providing improved product quality, consistency coating that reduced biofouling by nearly half when compared and monitoring to other coatings. Worldwide commissioning, “We used a supersonic combustion flame jet, i.e. a ‘flame training and service thrower,’ to coat hydraulic machinery parts,” senior research engineer at Swinburne and one of the lead scientists Andrew 100 Billerica Ave, Ang says in an Australian Government Department of Defence www.tevtechllc.com Billerica, MA 01862 news release. Tel. (978) 667-4557 Fax. (978) 667-4554 In one of the experiments, the researchers tested three types [email protected] of high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) coatings and compared them to an air plasma spray (APS) ceramic coating on over 100 samples of hydraulic components submerged in seawater. They found that after 20 weeks the HVOF coatings performed better than the APS coatings, as explained in the paper’s abstract. In other words, HVOF coatings inhibited biofouling more effec- tively than APS coatings. Although the coatings could become costly if used on the entire hulls of ships, they could at least solve biofouling and CERAMIC ASSEMBLY COMPOUNDS …SINCE 1899 corrosion issues on the moving parts that are exposed to water. The paper, published in Taylor & Francis Online, is “A Engineered for high temperature comparison of the antifouling performance of air plasma and electrical applications in the spray (APS) ceramic and high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) automotive, lighting, steel, coatings for use in marine hydraulic applications” (DOI: electronic and aerospace 10.1080/08927014.2018.1465052). n industries.

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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 17 ABSTRACT DEADLINE: www.ceramics.org/gfmat-2-and-bio-4 JANUARY 14, 2019

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International Academy of IAOC Ceramic Implantology advances in nanomaterials

Research on MXenes expand…and so do the MXenes In a paper by Michel Barsoum and his research group at multilayers that there are bottlenecks around them that will Drexel University published in January, they found that the not let water go in,” says Barsoum in a Drexel press release. MXene carbide exhibits pseudo-negative compressibil- “As soon as you shear them, you break that barrier and water ity, a phenomenon typically limited to some minerals and flows in and pushes the layers apart.” carbon-based layered materials. Why does it matter that MXenes exhibit pseudo-negative Negative compressibility is when a system increases in size compressibility? One practical concern is in the area of electri- isotropically as hydrostatic pressure increases, rather than cal conductivity. In the paper, Barsoum and his group explain decreasing in size as is typical. The reason negative compress- that a common way to report MXene conductivity is by first ibility occurs is because molecules insert themselves pressing the material into a disc—the compression technique between the weakly bonded layers of the compressed material, shown to result in a larger expansion. Due to MXenes’ hydro- though the exact mechanisms behind the effect have not been philic nature (its tendency to mix with water), Barsoum and perfectly explained to date. his group emphasize that humidity should be considered dur- In contrast to negative compressibility, pseudo-negative com- ing disc compression, because high humidity in the compres- pressibility is where a system expands along certain directions. sion environment could exacerbate the insertion of the water In the case of MXene titanium carbide, this layered mate- bilayer and lead to changes in the material’s conductivity. rial expanded along its crystallographic c direction by a large In an email Barsoum says they are not currently doing any more amount when uniaxially compressed into a disc by a steel die experiments on the expansion aspect of MXene, but there are and to a small extent when compressed quasi-hydrostatically several other aspects they are looking at. “We are more focused on in a diamond anvil cell. In an email Barsoum explains the what happens during etching and more importantly how MXene compression was quasi-hydrostatic instead of fully hydrostatic are [similar] or are not similar to clays,” Barsoum says. because “Water is not a fantastic transducer for perfect hydro- The paper, published in Science Advances, is “Pressure- static pressure in these experiments, and we had more of a induced shear and interlayer expansion in Ti3C2MXene in the slurry, so it is possible we did not have enough fluid to fully presence of water” (DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao6850). n say that it was hydrostatic.” In the paper, Barsoum and his group explain the difference in expansion between the two compression methods is due to Competence shearing. Under hydrostatic compression, pressure comes from Versatility all directions, compressing the MXene uniformly on all sides. Innovative But when the MXene is compressed uniaxially, the layers are able to slide against each other. “Imagine when you have these Graphite LF Furnace 3000°c Multipurpose Graphite Hot Zone Furnace for laboratory and R&D

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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 19 PHASE 4.3 NOW AVAILABLE!

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Cerium oxide’s superpowers could reduce damage from radiation exposure In new research at the University of Central Florida, scientists found that an antioxidant could substantially reduce damage to cells exposed to radiation. Led by ACerS member Sudipta Seal, professor and chair of UCF’s Department of Materials Science and Engineering, researchers discovered that treating tis- sues and DNA in mice with cerium oxide significantly decreased damage from radi- ation exposure, compared to a control group of mice that received no treatment. Their findings could be important in lowering the risks of radiation exposure astronauts face in space. “The research is important in many ways besides space travel,” Seal, who coau- thored the study, explains in a UCF news Credit: Karen Norum, UCF Office of Research release. “This type of material not only Sudipta Seal, professor and chair of the University of Central Florida’s Department of has a good synergistic effect to sensitize Materials Science and Engineering, led research into an antioxidant that could substantially cells but also to protect the good reduce damage from radiation exposure. cells from radiation while you are doing therapy for treating cancer.” When the body is exposed to radiation, a causes molecules in the body to lose elec- trons, turning them into free radicals that can damage cells and especially DNA. Antioxidants are the heroes that give molecules the electron they lost in that reaction. Cerium oxide typically is used as a powder to polish glass and other hard materials, but at the nanoscale it possesses strong antioxidant properties, according to the release. Seal and his team tested cerium oxide nanoparticles over a one-month period on male mice that were exposed to radia- tion, according to the paper’s abstract. Tissues examined from the mice showed a nearly 13 percent decrease in tis- sue damage compared to the control group that received no cerium oxide nanoparticles. Seal has been investigating cerium oxide nanoparticles for many years, in radiation-induced cell damage and in mitigating radiation-induced lung injury. This latest research illustrates cerium oxide nanoparticles’ potential for protecting DNA, which would be important not only for astronauts but for can- cer patients going through radiation therapy. The team’s next step is human trials, Seal says, but they need the funding first. The paper, published in Nanoscale, is “Engineered nanoceria cytoprotection in vivo: mitigation of reactive oxygen species and double-stranded DNA breakage due to radiation expo- sure” (DOI: 10.1039/C8NR04640A). n

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 21 ceramics in energy

Ceramic metal composite could explains in a Purdue news release. The Georgia Tech and Purdue teams lower cost of electricity from Solar power plants generate electric- conducted a cost analysis to determine ity by collecting sunlight to produce that their ceramic-metal composite solar power heat that goes through a system, using a would cost less to produce at scale than The 2017 Lazard Report states that turbine engine that powers an electricity- stainless steel or nickel alloy-based heat energy storage technologies have yet producing generator. But in order to exchangers. to be cost-competitive in most appli- reduce the cost of generating electricity The scientists have filed a patent and cations, and that “alternative energy from solar power, the engine would have plan to continue their research. Their systems alone will not be capable of to produce more electricity for a given breakthrough could be a huge advance- meeting the base-load generation needs amount of heat, according to the release. ment in lowering the cost of producing of a developed economy for the foresee- The amount of heat produced from energy from solar power. able future.” a heat exchanger is limited by the “Ultimately, with continued develop- But researchers from Purdue materials from which it is made. They ment, this technology would allow for University have already developed a way are typically made of stainless steel or large-scale penetration of renewable solar to reduce the cost and increase the effi- nickel alloys that cannot accommodate energy into the electricity grid,” Sandhage ciency of generating electricity. Led by higher temperatures required to produce adds. “This would mean dramatic reduc- Reilly Professor of Materials Engineering additional electricity at a specific heat tions in man-made carbon dioxide emis- Kenneth Sandhage, in collaboration level. But Sandhage and his team created sions from electricity production.” with Georgia Institute of Technology, plates out of a ceramic-metal composite The paper, published in Nature, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and of zirconium carbide and tungsten that is “Ceramic–metal composites for Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the include customized channels to facilitate heat exchangers in concentrated solar team created a novel ceramic-metal com- improved heat exchange. power plants” (DOI: 10.1038/s41586- posite material that could replace materi- The research teams from ORNL and 018-0593-1). n als typically used in heat exchangers in Wisconsin-Madison ran extensive tests solar power plants. for corrosion, increased temperature Closer to stretchy solar cells “Storing solar energy as heat can and pressure, and efficiency. For exam- already be cheaper than storing energy ple, they found that the ZrC/W-based Rafael Verduzco, chemical and via batteries, so the next step is reducing plates’ thermal conductivity tested biomolecular engineer, and his team the cost of generating electricity from the two to three times higher than iron or at Rice University used an alternative sun’s heat with the added benefit of zero nickel alloys at the same temperature, approach to improving an organic solar greenhouse gas emissions,” Sandhage according to the abstract. cell’s active layer’s flexibility that did not require introducing polymeric additives. “Our idea was to stick with the materials that have been carefully developed over 20 years and that we know work, and find a way to improve their mechani- cal properties,” Verduzco says in a Rice University news release. Though organic solar cells are light- weight, flexible, and less expensive to fabricate than inorganic solar cells, organic cells can be brittle. There is no one component of an organic solar cell that makes it brittle—the electrodes, the substrate, and the active layer all fall vic- tim to this issue. For organic solar cells to become less brittle, researchers must find ways to increase the flexibility of each individual part. A number of studies have looked at improving the flexibility of the electrodes Credit: Raymond Hassan, Purdue University A team of researchers developed a ceramic-metal composite that would be cheaper to and substrate. Researchers at Gwangju produce at scale than stainless steel or nickel alloy-based heat exchangers. Institute of Science and Technology,

22 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 Georgia Institute of Technology, and Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University used the polymers PEDOT:PSS and polydimethylsilox- ane (PDMS) and other additives to make flexible electrodes and substrates, while MIT researchers used graphene instead of the conventional mate- rial, indium tin oxide (ITO), to create flex- ible electrodes. Creating a flexible active layer, however, has proven more of a Credit: Rice University, Jeff Fitlow challenge. Active lay- Rice University researchers created flexible, organic solar cells that could be useful in situations requiring ers made of an organic constant, low-power generation. semiconductor blend perform multiple functions in the organic solar cell, including absorbing light and transporting both holes and electrons to the electrode. Because the active layer is a blend of materi- als rather than a single material, additives or compositional changes used to improve one property of the active layer—like the flexibility—could easily result in degraded performance in other areas, like the ability to absorb light. In the article detailing their research, Verduzco and his team mixed sulfur-based thiol-ene reagents into the active layer, which was then placed on both ITO glass substrates and PDMS substrates for testing. They found there was a “Goldilocks Zone” for amount of thiol-ene: too little thiol-ene left the active layer prone to cracking under stress, while too much thiol-ene dampened the active layer’s energy conversion efficiency. A thiol-ene of about 20 percent balanced flexibility with efficiency. The current research focused on P3HT:PCBM organic solar cells, so Verduzco says they expect to try different organ- ic solar cells going forward to see if they can further optimize the thiol-ene network. The paper, published in Chemistry of Materials, is “Network- Stabilized Bulk Heterojunction Organic Photovoltaics” (DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b03791). n

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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 23 Ceramics in environmental health

Access to clean water is a daily challenge for 1.8 billion people in the developing world. The United Nations has set a goal of ensuring safe drinking water for all by 2030. Filtering safe drinking water he world is thirsty for safe drinking Twater. But too many do not have access, especially in developing regions. Silver- through granulated treated ceramic granule filters offer an afford- able, sustainable option for purifying water in ceramics households, and even on municipal scales.

Introduction Modular filters based on silver-coated ceramic granules Worldwide, the predominant problem with drinking water is a prevalence of pathogen contamination. According to a United provide sustainable, affordable access to clean water when Nations fact sheet,1 80 percent of wastewater reenters the environ- water treatment infrastructure is lacking. ment untreated. An estimated 1.8 billion people use water sources contaminated with pathogens from untreated urban wastewater, agricultural runoff, and other contaminated water sources, which By Reid Harvey, Mike Chu, and John Hess expose them to increased risk of water-borne pathogens such as cholera, dysentery, typhoid, and polio. The problem is most pro- nounced in countries at the lower end of the economic spectrum that tend to lack wastewater management infrastructure such as sewer systems and water treatment plants.

24 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 Systematic challenges sanitation and drinking water improve- purification systems also are desirable, Municipal water treatment involves ments have led to “over 90% of the as chemicals introduce a supply chain the use of chemicals, coagulation, floccu- world’s population now [having] access dependency and require physical plants lation, and filtering through sand, along to improved sources of drinking water.” or other infrastructure to implement. with such exotic approaches as ultravio- However, the UN calls for increased Low cost and ease of maintenance are let and reverse osmosis. Implementing investment in freshwater management urgent priorities. these types of water treatment systems and local-level sanitation systems, espe- Heavy metals exert a toxic effect on in the developing world could work cially in at-risk regions of Sub-Saharan pathogens that generally renders them technically, but is difficult to sustain and Africa, Central Asia, Southern Asia, harmless. Unfortunately, consuming is limited by problems with delivering Eastern Asia, and Southeastern Asia. water. In addition, municipal treatment Solutions proposed for the develop- United Nations Sustainable can be too expensive for poor communi- ing world tend to focus on conventional 3 ties to implement. municipal water treatment, often on Development Goals On the household scale, inexpensive a smallish scale. Unfortunately, many 1. No poverty water treatment usually involves the use such development efforts have failed in 2. Zero hunger of chlorine, which requires a level of the past owing to little provision by the education for testing and dosing that donor for maintenance after the first 3. Good health and well-being presents a barrier to those who may couple of years. 4. Quality education never have been to school. Boiling con- 5. Gender equality taminated water is an alternative. Even Point-of-use water treatment 6. Clean water and sanitation so, of the various household alternatives, The need for point-of-use water treat- only boiling is one purification method ment in the developing world for rural 7. Affordable and clean energy that has achieved scale.2 However, those areas is obvious. However, point-of-use 8. Decent work and economic growth whose daily income is below poverty lev- water treatment in urban areas, where 9. Industry, innovation, and infrastructure els cannot afford fuel for boiling. the delivery infrastructure from munici- Other forms of acquiring clean water pal treatment tends to be damaged or 10. Reduced inequalities include solar distillation (setting a bottle non-existent, is also needed to avoid 11. Sustainable cities and communities of water in the sun for six hours) or delivering water that gets recontaminat- 12. Responsible consumption and production rainwater catchment. However, these, ed on its way to communities. 13. Climate action too, are not sustainable nor user-friendly. Modular, portable solutions that do Additionally, rainwater catchment not rely on other plant facilities and 14. Life below water depends on the bounty of the sky. infrastructure—such as reliable electricity 15. Life on land In much of the developing world, service—may offer an effective pathway 16. Peace, justice, and strong institutions water is collected by women as part of to providing clean, safe water for mil- 17. Partnerships for the goals their household duties. In their collec- lions of people. Chemical-free water tion of water, these women may walk or stand in line for hours every day. Water collected this way is most often patho- United Nations targets for achieving Goal 6: Clean water gen-contaminated, and, worldwide, and sanitation well over a thousand small children die every day because of their drinking 1. By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all water.3 Small children with immature 2. By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open immune systems get diarrhea, which defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable leads to dysentery and death. Parents situations may not recognize the warning signs 3. By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing in time to give children life-saving oral release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater rehydration therapy. and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally 4. By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustain- United Nations priority able withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce The United Nations identified 17 the number of people suffering from water scarcity Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 5. By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through comprising a roadmap “to achieve a bet- transboundary cooperation as appropriate ter and more sustainable future for all” 6. By 2020, protect treatment, recycling, and reuse technologies by 2030.3 Clean Water and Sanitation— Goal 6—is both a consumer product and 7. Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management a human right. According to the UN,

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 25 Filtering safe drinking water through granulated ceramics

Credit: TAM Ceramics Figure 1. (a) Scanning electron micrograph showing bright regions of silver deposits on ceramic granules. (b) Energy dispersive spec- troscopy X-ray spectrum confirms localized silver depositsThe imageon an above aluminosilicate represents the clay X ray particle. spectrum generated while utilizing Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) as a method to determine elemental composition. EDS allows for the even small amounts of heavy metals in drinkingidentif waterication purificationof elements present systems. and their4 relativeclay-based proportions, ceramic ie. Atomic filters %. EDSwith can colloi be used- to can harm people. Silver, however, has Becausescan of thea very prevalence large portion of of silver-conan SEM image- or candal be silverfocused as onto simple a very localizedwater purification area as seen in the image above. no deleterious health effect for those taining water purification systems, the systems using local clay resources and ingesting minute amounts, and it has EPA5 set a standard for leached silver not requiring infrastructure such as long been exploited for its antimicrobial levels not to exceed 0.1 milligrams per electricity. These silver-ceramic filters properties, even in ancient times. Since liter (100 micrograms per liter). have been shown to be effective water the 1970s nanoscale silver has been used For at least 10 years researchers purifiers. Oyanedel-Craver and Smith6 as the active antimicrobial ingredient have worked on impregnating porous made cylindrical filters from clay-rich soil, water, grog, and flour and applied silver by either dipping or painting. They measured filters exposed to water contaminated with Escherichia coli (E. coli) and found they removed 97.8 to 100 percent of the pathogen. Filter effectiveness requires pathogens to encounter the silver to experience its lethal influence. Thus, a filter using silver-treated granules will expose large surface areas of silver, and the granular media introduces more pathways for contaminated water to wash past silver. The lead author (Harvey) first devel- oped a water filter media during a 2003 visit to Kathmandu, Nepal, in response to an urgent need for water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). Working with a local pottery along with a local NGO and UNICEF systems, monolithic can- dle filters of common earthenware red clay went into thousands of low income homes and into large-sized filter systems for 800 schools of rural districts. The use of red clay suggested the reproduc- ibility of the model, and a subsequent such project was implemented in Kenya. TAM Ceramics (Niagra Falls, N.Y.),

Credit: TAM Ceramics long a manufacturer of high-purity Figure 2. Triaxial diagrams aid optimization of filter system design by demonstrating ceramic granular media, has licensed relationship between amount of silver, filter bed length, and flow rate. The area shaded the technology from the lead author grey represents the region of optimal filter design. Diagrams will vary based on filter (Harvey) and is optimizing a water filter system size and design. media with silver-coated ceramic gran-

26 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 with establishing optimal conditions A scalable future with respect to particular filter contain- TAM’s granulated ceramic filter sys- ment, size, and design. tems are genuinely sustainable in addition The filter itself, shown in Figure 3, is to being suitable for filters of any size—a not very large. A community-sized system first. For the developing world, since containing four 8-inch PVC “candles” 2003 there has been an emphasis on filled with silver-coated ceramic media household water treatment, on a point-of- produces up to 100 gallons of clean use basis. Now, however, large-scale filter water per hour. A household-sized filter systems offer an altogether new paradigm produces up to two liters of clean water for delivering safe water to entire com- per hour and costs $3 to $6. These sys- munities. Clean, safe water can be made tems should last about 10 years. available for everyone simply by the force of gravity. These filters offer clean water Testing effectiveness at accessible prices, too. A household- The number of pathogen–silver con- scale filter costs $3 to $6. tacts is determined by the amount of Is water a human right, a consumer silver, the length of the granulated filter product, or both? Despite intense bed, and the residence time of the patho- debate, the question remains unresolved. gens. Pathogen reduction varies with However, TAM Ceramics suggests that the amount of silver used in treatment, sustainability be a qualification to help between 99.90 percent and 99.99999 per- answer the question of rights versus cost. cent (log 3 to log 7 effectiveness). While Systems based on filter media are filter media providing log 3 pathogen sustainable and low cost. The cost of Credit: TAM Ceramics reduction would be appropriate for such the filter media will be as low as pos- Figure 3. A granulated media water filter applications as hand washing, filter media sible when granules are manufactured in suitable for households costs $3 to $6. yielding log 7 pathogen reduction should close proximity to the market, a step that ules. As pathogens flow through the be acceptable in clinics or hospitals. will happen once the market has been granulated filter bed they are deactivated Water with 99.9999 percent (log 6) established. In addition, these filters are through the oligodynamic effect from pathogen reduction is considered suit- more user friendly than competing water repeated contact with the silver. able for drinking. However, in worst purification systems. For the granulated filter media, the case scenarios, a log 3 reduction or even Ceramists are uniquely positioned inventive step in development was sim- less is arguably an acceptable, pragmatic in their capacity at getting people safe ply to crush and granulate a silver treat- threshold that could work for greater drinking water and clean air around ed candle filter. This granulated media numbers of vulnerable populations. cook stoves, as well as industry from the was then put into sections of thin-walled TAM continuously works with certified grassroots. There is arguably no other PVC pipe, ending up with a remarkably laboratories to refine test set-up and proce- approach to manufacturing that makes low-cost system of household water treat- dures. Testing for E. coli reduction assures possible so much fundamental industrial ment. This approach is as innovative that the filter media does its job getting development. Of the 17 Sustainable today as it was in 2003 Kathmandu, con- people safe drinking water. Small children Development Goals, nearly all are sidering the dearth of sustainable tech- are especially vulnerable to E. coli, never addressed squarely by the capabilities of nologies. Mere clay is indeed the way. having had a chance to develop immuni- ceramists—it all starts with safe drinking To functionalize the filter media, ties. Filter granules have been shown to water and environmental health. fired ceramic granules are treated with a reduce E. coli between log 3 and log 7. silver solution followed by a second fir- The filter lifetime will be no less than 10 About the authors ing to bond the silver (Figure 1a). X-ray years, but can be greater if requested. Reid Harvey is a ceramic designer energ dispersive spectroscopy confirmed Municipal water utility treatment with TAM Ceramics in Niagara Falls, the presence of silver on the granules traps pathogens with slow sand, which N.Y. Mike Chu is director of R&D at (Figure 1b). allows about one percent to get through. TAM Ceramics, John Hess is engineer- We tune granule distribu- A subsequent step with chlorine or a ing manager. Contact Reid Harvey at: tion to the customer’s filter design and look-alike disinfectant destroys the one [email protected]. application, within sensible limits. In percent of pathogens that slip through The authors acknowledge the many general, coarser particles give a fast flow slow sand filtration. In contrast, for contributions to developing the filters rate, while finer particles give a slower prospective municipal-scale applications, of John Sherman, Jeff Micholas, Adam flow rate and longer residence time. TAM’s filter media has the advantage Rott, and Anthony Conti. Triaxial diagrams, such as Figure 2, help of combining filtration and disinfection into a single step.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 27 Filtering safe drinking water through granulated ceramics

References 3United Nations, “About the Sustainable https://www.epa.gov/dwstandardsregula- 1“Water Quality and Wastewater,” UN Water, Development Goals,” https://www.un.org/ tions/secondary-drinking-water-standards- file:///C:/Users/edeguire/Downloads/ sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-develop- guidance-nuisance-chemicals. Accessed WaterFacts_water_and_watewater_sep2018. ment-goals/ (accessed Nov. 30, 2018) 11/15/2018 pdf. Accessed 11/15/2018 4“Some antibacterials come with worrisome 6“Sustainable Colloidal-Silver-Impregnated 2E. Ojomo, M. Elliott, L Goodyear, M. silver lining,” J. Deardorff, Chicago Tribune, Ceramic Filter for Point-of-Use Water Forson, J. Bartram, “Sustainability and scale- February 16, 2015. https://www.chicagotri- Treatment,” V.A. Oyanedel-Craver and J.A. up of household water treatment and safe bune.com/lifestyles/health/ct-nanosilver-met- Smith, Environmental Science & Technology, storage practices: Enablers and barriers to 20140216-story.html. Accessed 11/15/2018 2008, 42 (3), pp 927-933. n effective implementation,” Journal of Hygiene 5“Secondary Drinking Water Standards: and Environmental Health Vol 218 [8] (2015) Guidance for Nuisance Chemicals, United p. 704-713 States Environmental Protection Agency,”

SINTERING OF CERAMICS An ACerS Online Collection

Sintering is one of the most important steps in the processing of ceramic and related materials. The Sintering of Ceramics online collection was developed to assist you with your informational needs for this critical and complex process. The collection contains 119 articles selected from three different ACerS publications: American Ceramic Society Bulletin (39 articles); The Journal of the American Ceramic Society (23 articles); and Ceramic Transactions (57 articles). The articles from Ceramic Transactions are based on presentations from the 2009 and 2011 International Conference on Sintering. With over 100 articles searchable by author or keyword, we are certain you will find valuable nuggets of information in this collection.

Member = $155 | Non-member = $195

28 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 Credit: Golisano Institute for Sustainability at the Rochester of Technology

he continued growth and Tdevelopment of our economies comes with significant attendant envi- ronmental impacts. Across the globe, raw material usage for both energy generation and manufacturing alike has increased exponentially, and the growth is likely unsustainable. Hurricanes, massive forest fires, and unprecedented flooding have become increasingly recurrent phenomena Glasses, ceramics, in the past few years, likely caused and/ or exasperated by the impacts of climate and metals are change. Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, generated by the sectors shown critical to a clean in Figure 1a, are proven contributors to climate change. Fortunately, the miner- als, metals, glass, and ceramics industries energy and mobility embraced these challenges as opportuni- ties to drive groundbreaking work in their transition fields. For example, they developed clean energy technologies to address electricity Understanding the intensity and criticality of materials used in clean and heat production, building, industry, energy production, low emission transportation, and lighting helps transportation, and other energy catego- engineers design solutions for a more sustainable world. ries, tackling a total of 76 percent of the total global greenhouse gas emitting sec- By Alexandra Leader and Gabrielle Gaustad tors.1 These technologies, however, also require material consumption; understand- ing their use and supply is key to ensuring overall sustainability.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 29 Glasses, ceramics, and metals are critical to a clean energy and mobility transition

(a) A greener, safer world Buildings bines, and gas turbines; the low emis- 6% Clean energy technologies are vital for sion mobility technologies of fuel cells, addressing climate change not only in Industry batteries, and motors; and the energy developed countries but also in develop- Agriculture, 21% efficiency technology of efficient light- ing countries, which will continue to forestry, and ing devices. Each of these technologies increase their material and energy con- other land use relies on a set of materials, some of 24% sumptions and emissions as they reach Transportation which are readily available, and others 14% lifestyle parity with developed nations. that are vulnerable to supply disruption, According to the World Resources Electricity and price instability, and/or high embodied heat production Institute, the per capita greenhouse gas Other . While different organizations 25% energy emissions for developed countries are 10% define a material’s “criticality” slightly on average approximately four times differently, criticality can be described those of developing countries.3 It is of generally as the risk associated with the paramount importance to provide devel- use of a specific material, stemming from oping countries the opportunity to prog- (b) the likelihood of a supply disruption or ress, and clean energy technologies can Other price spike, combined with the impact of help them to potentially leapfrog cur- 13% such an event occurring. rently industrialized nations by avoiding An example of how critical- Transportation having their energy infrastructure based 27% ity is defined is seen in how the US on fossil fuels. Department of Energy (DOE) identi- The United Nations Sustainable Industry 28% fies materials that are critical to clean Development Goals identified 17 sus- energy technologies. The DOE uses two tainability goals for the year 2030, a few Buildings measures to define criticality: “supply of the most relevant here being the need 32% risk” and “importance to clean energy.”6 for affordable and clean energy, decent Supply risk can come from a material work and economic growth, and reduced having a high production concentration inequalities.4 Many technologies were (geographically), high concentrations in established to assist with reaching the politically unstable regions, large envi- Figure 1: (a) Global greenhouse gas emis- goals while mitigating environmental sions by sector (2010), total emissions ronmental impacts (that might be sub- damage. We will refer to these tech- 2 ject to environmental regulations), low were 49 Gt CO2eq. (b) Global energy nologies as clean energy technologies, demand by end use sector (2010), total recycling rates, and low substitutability. because even though they still have envi- energy demand was 366 EJ.2 For the case of clean energy technolo- ronmental footprints, these technologies gies, the DOE’s “impact” measure of aim to be less harmful to the environ- these types of questions. For the case of importance to clean energy technology ment than comparative incumbent lithium ion batteries, Stamp et al. used is most relevant to this article; however, technologies. Such advances should help lifecycle analysis to examine whether the in other cases, importance to healthcare, create a cleaner and safer world, with production process for lithium could applications, or consumer elec- less greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, possibly outweigh the benefits of using tronics may be considered. and toxicity. While these technologies electric vehicles compared to internal The DOE report titled “Critical are imperfect, they continuously become combustion . They found that Materials Strategy” analyzes forecast more efficient and contain fewer hazard- the environmental impacts of lithium demands for 16 elements based on a ous and critical materials. production would only be prohibitive range of material compositions in per- Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is a com- if seawater was used to produce lithium manent magnets (in wind turbines and mon tool used to determine the envi- carbonate in the future. With the cur- electric vehicles), batteries (in electric ronmental consequences of a product or rent methods of brine and ore produc- vehicles), semiconductors (in solar), and process over the entirety of its lifespan. tion, the benefits of electric vehicles phosphors (in efficient lighting). To deal The assessment can be used to compare outweigh the negative impacts associated with the uncertainty of material intensity, different options or to find “hotspots” with lithium production.5 level of global clean energy deployment, within a product or process that are and market share, various scenarios are most detrimental to the environment. Critical materials for clean employed to capture high and low ranges For example, how do we know that the technologies in each of these uncertainty categories. mining and production processes for In the literature, many materials are The ability of supply to meet projected critical materials and clean energy tech- identified as critical in seven categories demand is then weighted at 40 percent nologies do not outweigh the benefits? of clean technologies. These categories for calculating the “supply risk” portion The sustainability science commu- include: the clean energy production of the element’s criticality, while the nity conducted several LCAs to answer technologies of solar panels, wind tur- demand itself made up 75 percent of the

30 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No.1 “importance to clean energy” criterion. production, fraction of production from and 1.6 percent being CI(G)S. The remain- Without getting into the details of each the top-producing country, geopolitical ing 94 percent of solar production in 2016 scenario and element, we would instead stability of the top producing countries, was comprised of mono- and multi-silicon point to the chosen methodology and the byproduct or primary product nature at 24.5 percent and 69.5 percent, respec- the results that put dysprosium, terbium, of the materials, the ability of supply tively.10 In CdTe solar cells the cadmium europium, neodymium, and yttrium on to meet demand projections, and the and tellurium make up the active (or the list of critical elements in the short viability of recycling. Overall, the study absorber) layer in a ratio of approximately and medium term; cerium, indium, lan- showed that cobalt is the primary con- 48:52.11 Typically, the absorber layer will thanum, and tellurium as near critical in cern for Li-ion batteries in the short have a thickness of approximately 1-3 the short term; and lithium and tellurium term, but with potential for scaling con- µm,12 yet the range found can be as large as near critical in the medium term.6 cerns for lithium as well (as Li-ion bat- as 1-10 µm. In CIGS solar cells the indium Many studies used different methods teries are expected to experience rapid and gallium are contained in the absorber for calculating metrics that measure uptake in the coming years).9 layer, which ranges between 1-2.5 µm.13 material criticality, including an article Through literature review, we identi- Recently, studies have examined replacing by Graedel and Nuss that quantitatively fied the critical metals, ceramics, and some of the indium content with more scores the criticality of 62 elements.7 A glasses contained in the previously gallium in order to increase the bandgap, review article by Erdmann and Graedel described clean energy production, low allowing for greater efficiencies.14 In - is helpful in summarizing such studies.8 emission mobility, and energy efficiency line silicon solar panels, silver is used in Some examples of more prolific metrics technologies shown in Table I. The three the screen-printing pastes, especially for its include those revolving around the types of clean energy production tech- low electrical resistivity.15 Tin and indium quantity of material resources available, nologies considered here are solar panels, are used in the transparent conducting the cost of the material, and market wind turbines, and natural gas turbines. oxide layers.10 concentration (often measured by the Within the solar panel category, mate- In wind turbine technology, we spe- Herfindahl-Hirschman index). For exam- rials are listed for cadmium-tellurium cifically consider the permanent mag- ple, in a study by Olivetti et al., they (CdTe), crystalline-silicon (c-Si), and nets used in direct-drive wind turbines. analyze the criticality of lithium, cobalt, copper-indium-gallium-selenide (CIGS). In 2015, approximately 23 percent of manganese, nickel, and carbon in dif- In 2016, approximately 6 percent of the globally installed wind capacity relied ferent Li-ion battery chemistries9 using world’s solar production was in thin-film on NdFeB permanent magnets, which the metrics of reserves/primary mine solar, with 3.8 percent of that being CdTe can contain neodymium, dysprosium,

Table I: Metals, ceramics, and glasses in clean energy production, low emission mobility, and energy efficiency technologies. For a list of table references, check the online version of ACerS Bulletin. Glasses and ceramics Glasses and Metals Metals Sources Ceramics Sources

CdTe SnO2, Zn2SnO4, ZnO, SnO2, Cd2SnO4 [1, 2] Cd, Te, Ni, Cr, Mo [3-9] Solar panels Crystalline silicon c-Si [10] Ag, Sn, Ni [6]

CIGS ZnO, NaO, CaO, SiO2 [11, 12] In, Ga, Se, Sn, Ni, Cr, Mo [3-6]

Wind turbines Permanent magnet Sr6Fe2O3, Ba6Fe2O3, Si3N4 [13, 14] Dy, Nd, Mo, Tb, Pr [6, 15-21]

Clean energy production Gas turbines Y O -ZrO , CMC, Si N , 1-xBaO·xSrO·Al O · coating 2 3 2 3 4 2 3 [14, 22] Co, Ni, Re, Hf, Mo, Y [23, 24] 2SiO2, 0 ≤ x ≤1, Al2O3, Si3N4, SiC Ni/YSZ, LaMnO , LSCF, ScSZ, LSGM, YSZ, SOFC 3 [14, 25-27] Y, La, Ce, Co, Sm, Gd, Sr, Ni [26, 28] Fuel cells LSM, LSC, LaMnSrO3, La(Sr, Mn, Ca)CrO3 PEM Pt [5, 19, 29, 30] LiCoO , LiMn O , LiFePO , LiMn Ni O , Li-ion 2 2 4 4 1.5 0.5 4 [31, 32] Li, Co, Ni, Mn, Dy, Pr, Nd, V, Tb [5, 19, 33-35] Batteries LiNiMnCoO2, LiNiCoAlO2, Li4Ti5O12 NiMH Pr, Nd, La, Co, Mn, Ni, Ce, V, Tb, Dy [5, 15, 18, 33, 36, 37]

Motors Permanent magnet Sr6Fe2O3, Ba6Fe2O3, Si3N4 [13, 14] Dy, Pr, Nd, Co, Tb [5, 15, 16, 18, 21, 36, 38] CFL BAM, CAT, LAP, YAG, GaAs, GaN, InGaN [39] Ga, La, Ce, Tb, Eu, Y, Gd, Mn, Ge, In [5, 39, 40] LFL BAM, CAT, LAP, YAG, GaAs, GaN, InGaN [39] La, Ce, Tb, Eu, Y, Mn, Ga, Ge, In [5, 39, 40] Lighting devices Y Al O :Ce3+, YAG, LuAG, GAL, LaPO :Ce, 3 5 12 4 [39, 41-43] In, Ga, Ce, Eu, Y, Gd, La, Ni, Tb, Ge, Ag, Sn [40] LED Tb, BaMgAl10O17:Eu & (Sr, Ca, Energy efficiency Low emission mobility Ba)5(PO4)3Cl:Eu, Y2O3:Eu, (Y,Eu)2O3, InGaN

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 31 Glasses, ceramics, and metals are critical to a clean energy and mobility transition praseodymium, and terbium. The other For clean mobility we focus on electric ity. Identifying material intensities of 77 percent used electromagnetic gen- vehicle components, including the energy important materials for clean energy tech- erators containing steel and copper for sources of fuel cells and batteries as well as nologies is the first step to selecting tech- their functionality, neither of which are the permanent magnets in the motors. We nologies that not only have the desired considered critical materials.16 Wind considered permeable exchange membrane properties and costs as has been done his- turbines can be classified into two major (PEM) and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), torically, but that also have lower social, categories: geared and gearless (direct- and lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries and environmental, and economic impacts. drive). Gearless, direct-drive turbines nickel metal-hydride (NiMH) batteries. While material intensity is an important operate best at low speeds and have the Currently PEM fuel cells dominate the indicator in terms of quantity of material advantages of better overall efficiency, fuel cell electric vehicle marketplace, with that is being used per functional output lower weight, and fewer maintenance little or no SOFCs present. While NiMH of the technology, it is also important to requirements.16 Geared turbines, on batteries are currently the dominant bat- consider the more qualitative aspects of the other hand, will operate at higher tery choice for hybrid electric vehicles, the materials these technologies contain, speeds on smaller turbines (< 5MW) and some expect numbers as high as 70 per- such as their degree of criticality, as previ- contain few or no rare earth elements.16 cent of hybrid electric and 100 percent ously discussed. Pavel et al. estimate that permanent mag- of plug-in and full electric vehicles to use nets could be dematerialized from cur- lithium ion batteries by 2025.21 Of primary Engineering a better world rently containing 29-32 percent Nd/Pr concern are the rare earth elements in the By better understanding the materi- and 3-6 percent Dy to 25 percent Nd/ permanent magnets and NiMH batteries, als used in clean technologies and their Pr and <1 percent Dy by 2020.16 Direct lithium and cobalt in the Li-ion batteries, implications in terms of environmental substitution for rare earth elements will and platinum in the fuel cells.22 impact, social impact, and potential be challenging, but efforts are being Finally, in representation of energy for supply disruption, we can engineer focused on finding new magnet composi- efficiency technologies we choose three solutions for a better, more sustainable tions and/or using different components types of light bulbs: compact fluorescent world. This trend of considering broader that don’t rely on rare-earth-containing lightbulbs (CFLs), linear fluorescent implications when selecting materials is permanent magnets at all.16 lightbulbs (LFLs), and light-emitting becoming more common. When design- Natural gas turbines may not typically diodes (LEDs), all of which are more ing products, many firms have started be considered a clean energy technol- energy efficient than traditional incan- thinking more comprehensively about ogy. However, it is widely agreed that descent bulbs. In lighting, most of the material qualities beyond the traditional natural gas, while still an imperfect finite critical materials (especially rare earth material properties and price, consider- resource, is a cleaner alternative than elements) are found in the lamp phos- ing recyclability, carbon and water foot- coal. Gas turbine blades have to with- phors.23 The phosphor is coated on the prints, overall lifecycle impacts, supply stand high centrifugal stresses and are inside of the bulb and therefore the risk, and social implications. Material exposed to extreme temperatures,17 so the quantity of rare earths used often varies selection software continues to integrate superalloy coating on the blades contains directly with the size of the bulb (espe- sustainability impacts to aid engineers critical materials to address these chal- cially for linear fluorescents).6 Europium and scientists in making properly robust lenges. Currently, nickel-based superalloys and yttrium create red, terbium pro- but environmentally aware material deci- contain rhenium and hafnium (for their duces green, and europium gives blue sions. Computational material discovery high temperature properties) to achieve phosphors.24 LEDs use fewer rare earths efforts also aid in producing low impact sufficient refractoriness.17,18 Rhenium than fluorescent bulbs; however, they materials by design. A variety of this is often the focus of dematerialization also contain gallium and indium in their work uses machine learning to look at efforts because it is used in much greater semiconductor diodes.23 common recipes that result in the com- quantities in the superalloys than haf- The materials used in the technologies bination of desired properties, an effi- nium. In addition, rhenium has a history listed in Table I are required in certain cient production or scale-up technique, of price volatility, and after the large price quantities per effective unit of output. and an understanding of the likely envi- spike in 2007, companies that use rhe- This so called “material intensity” is ronmental impacts. nium, such as , began to important, especially as a metric of com- Many studies consider material apply methods such as dematerialization parison between two or more materials requirements on the basis of meeting and in-house recycling to reduce their within a technology or between two or various climate change mitigation tar- risk.19 Alloys have been designed contain- more comparable technologies. For exam- gets. These studies are important to ing half as much, or no, rhenium, but ple, when discussing the quantity of tel- consider as they reflect on the larger at this point none can match the high lurium per CdTe solar panel, depending picture of whether we have the quantity temperature creep resistance of the super- on the application, it would be less useful of materials necessary to produce these alloys currently used.20 About 80 percent to speak in terms of tellurium per panel clean energy technologies to the extent of rhenium production is a byproduct of but rather to discuss the intensity of needed to mitigate climate change to var- copper mining, adding to its criticality.20 tellurium in mass per kW of solar capac- ious levels, as described in the individual

32 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No.1 studies. For example, Alonso et al. con- predicting and monitoring the material sentations/McGehee2011.pdf. (Accessed Nov. 20, 2017). sidered only rare earth elements in wind requirements for clean energy technology 12Helbig, C., Bradshaw, A., Kolotzek, C., Thorenz, A., and Tuma, A., 2016, Supply Risks Associated with CdTe and turbines and electric vehicles and found demand so as not to impede the imple- CIGS Thin-Film Photovoltaics, Applied Energy, 178, pp. 422-433. that if atmospheric CO2 is to be kept at mentation of the technologies that will 450 ppm, neodymium and dysprosium play a critical role in providing a cleaner, 13NREL, 2017, Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide Solar Cells, https://www.nrel.gov/pv/copper-indium-gallium- may experience an increase in demand safer, and more sustainable world. diselenide-solar-cells.html. (Accessed Nov. 26, 2018). of more than 700 percent and 2600 per- 14US DOE, 2017, Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide, cent, respectively (from 2010 numbers), About the authors Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, https:// 25 energy.gov/eere/solar/copper-indium-gallium-diselenide. by 2035. Another analysis by Grandell Alexandra Leader is a Ph.D. candi- (Accessed Nov. 20, 2018). et al. identifies potential “bottlenecks” date in Sustainability at the Golisano 15Rudolph, D., Olibet, S., Hoornstra, J., Weeber, A., for critical metal supply through 2050. Institute for Sustainability at the Cabrera, E., Carr, A., Koppes, M., and Kopecek, R., 2013, Replacement of Silver in Silicon Solar Cell Metallization They consider solar, wind turbines, fuel Rochester Institute of Technology. Pastes Containing a Highly Reactive Glass Frit: Is It cells, batteries, electrolysis, hydrogen Gabrielle Gaustad is Dean of the Possible?, Energy Procedia, 43(Supplement C), pp. 44-53. storage, electric vehicles, and efficient Inamori School of Engineering at Alfred 16Pavel, C., Lacal-Arántegui, R., Marmier, A., Schüler, D., Tzimas, E., Buchert, M., Jenseit, W., and Blagoeva, D., lighting as clean energy technologies. University. Contact Leader and Gaustad 2017, Substitution Strategies for Reducing the Use of Rare Silver is identified as the most likely at [email protected] and gaustad@alfred. Earths in Wind Turbines, Resources Policy, 52(Supplement issue, alongside other potential bottle- edu, respectively. C), pp. 349-357. 17Moss, R., Tzimas, E., Willis, P., Arendorf, J., Tercero necks for tellurium, indium, dysprosium, Espinoza, L., et al., 2013, Critical Metals in the Path lanthanum, cobalt, platinum, and ruthe- Acknowledgments Towards the Decarbonisation of the Eu Energy Sector; nium. Their stance is that these bottle- This work was made possible by the assessing Rare Metals as Supply-Chain Bottlenecks in Low-Carbon Energy Technologies, European Commission necks could prove enough to render the Golisano Institute for Sustainability and Joint Research Centre Institute for Energy and Transport, IPCC renewable energy scenarios “partly funded through the National Science https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/ publication/505c089c-7655-4546-bd17-83f91d581190. unrealistic from the perspective of criti- Foundation CAREER Award CBET- (Accessed Nov. 1, 2018). 26 cal metals.” A paper by Jacobson and 1454166. 18John, D., 2015, Rhenium—a Rare Metal Critical to Delucchi theorizes the impact of provid- Modern Transportation, United States Geological Survey, https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3101/. (Accessed Nov. 26, ing “all global energy with wind, water, References: 2018). 1 and solar power.” In terms of material US EPA, 2019, Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data, 19Konitzer, D., Duclos, S., Rockstroh, T., 2012, Materials limitations, they conclude that such a https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas- for Sustainable Turbine Engine Development, Materials emissions-data. (Accessed Nov. 5, 2018). Research Society, 37, pp. 383-387. system would likely not be inhibited 2 IPCC, 2014, Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate 20Multi-Stakeholder Platform for a Secure Supply of by the availability of bulk materials but Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Refractory Metals in Europe, Rhenium, http://prometia. other materials, such as neodymium, Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/RHENIUM.pdf. Climate Change, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/. (Accessed Nov. 29, 2017). platinum, and lithium, would need to (Accessed Nov. 18, 2018). 21Diouf, B., and Pode, R., 2015, Potential of Lithium- 3 be recycled, substituted out, or found Baumert, K., Herzog, T., and Pershing, J., 2005, Navigating Ion Batteries in Renewable Energy, Renewable Energy, in new deposits.22 Finally, a study by the Numbers: Greenhouse Gas Data and International 76(Supplement C), pp. 375-380. Climate Policy; Chapter 4, World Resources Institute, pp. 22 Bustamante and Gaustad considers a 21-24. Jacobson, M., and Delucchi, M., 2011, Providing All Global Energy with Wind, Water, and Solar Power, Part 4 very specific case study of tellurium in UNDP, 2018, Sustainable Development Goals, http:// I: Technologies, Energy Resources, Quantities and Areas CdTe solar cells. They find that telluri- www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-devel- of Infrastructure, and Materials, Energy Policy, 39(3), pp. opment-goals.html. (Accessed Nov. 5, 2018). 1154-1169. um availability is likely to dampen CdTe 5 Stamp, A., Lang, D., and Wäger, P., 2012, Environmental 23Punkkinen, H., Mroueh, U., Wahlström, M., Youhanan, adoption; however, they go on to explain Impacts of a Transition toward E-Mobility: The Present and L., and Stenmarck, A., 2017, Critical Metals in End-of- that this is more likely to occur due to Future Role of Lithium Carbonate Production, Journal of Life Products; Recovery Potential and Opportunities for Cleaner Production, 23(1), pp. 104-112. the byproduct nature of tellurium rather Removal of Bottlenecks of Recycling, Nordic Council 6Bauer, D., Diamond, D., Li, J., Sandalow, D., Telleen, of Ministers, http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/ than its overall resource quantity. Based P., Wanner, B., 2011, US Department of Energy Critical diva2:1103956/FULLTEXT01. (Accessed Nov. 30, 2017). on the current supply infrastructure for Materials Strategy, https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/ 24Ku, A., Setlur, A., and Loudis, J., 2015, Impact of Light tellurium—in which it is a byproduct files/DOE_CMS2011_FINAL_Full.pdf. (Accessed Nov. Emitting Diode Adoption on Rare Earth Element Use in 10, 2018). Lighting Implications for Yttrium, Europium, and Terbium mineral—they predict that tellurium 7Graedel, T., Nuss, P., 2014, Employing Considerations of Demand, The Electrochemical Society, 24(4), pp. 45-49. availability is insufficient to meet even Criticality in Product Design, Journal of Materials, 66(11), 25Alonso, E., Sherman, A., Wallington, T., Everson, M., conservative demand estimates.27 pp. 2360-2366. Field, F., Roth, R., and Kirchain, R., 2012, Evaluating Rare 8Erdmann, L., Graedel, T., 2011, Criticality of Non-Fuel Earth Element Availability: A Case with Revolutionary Material criticality is dynamic, and as Minerals: A Review of Major Approaches and Analyses, Demand from Clean Technologies, Environmental Science clean energy technologies evolve, so are Environmental Science and Technology, 45(18), pp. 7620 - 7630. and Technology, 46(6), pp. 3406-3414. the material compositions and forecasted 9Olivetti, E., Ceder, G., Gaustad, G., Fu, X., 2017, Lithium- 26Grandell, L., Lehtilä, A., Kivinen, M., Koljonen, T., Ion Battery Supply Chain Considerations: Analysis of Kihlman, S., and Lauri, L., 2016, Role of Critical Metals adoption rates. We must be proactive Potential Bottlenecks in Critical Metals, Joule, 1(2), pp. in the Future Markets of Clean Energy Technologies, in designing clean energy technologies 229-243. 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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 33 Glasses, ceramics, and metals are critical to a clean energy and mobility transition

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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 33B35 National Science Foundation awards in the Ceramics Program starting in 2018

By Lynnette D. Madsen

ACerS Bulletin 1, 2, 3 and the second year that the Ceramics Program has been piloting no-deadlines for submissions (NSF 16-597). This approach has been used in the Geosciences and Engineering Directorates at NSF and by foreign agencies. In June 2018, the Engineering Directorate announced s an independent removal of deadlines for many of its core programs (NSF 18-082).4 federal agency of the Eliminating deadlines better accommodates the schedules of PIs and A encourages submission of emerging ideas. In addition, it opens the door United States government, the to better proposal quality and spreads the workload for reviewers and NSF National Science Foundation (NSF) program directors more evenly throughout the year, resulting in quicker review and award cycles. Under this pilot, PIs submitting to the Ceramics funds basic research conducted at Program are requested to suggest reviewers, and annual budget requests America’s colleges and universi- are typically $110,000 to $160,000 per year for each project, subject to the availability of funds; smaller budgets are permissible. Budgets in excess of ties. NSF’s Ceramics Program in $160,000 per year may be returned without review. the Division of Materials Research The number of full proposals received by the Ceramics Program contin- resides within the Mathematical and ues to be fewer than years with a deadline. However, the number of submis- sions increased significantly between 2017 and 2018. There are about 130- Physical Sciences Directorate. There 150 active awards in the Ceramics Program at any given point in time. are six other science and engineer- Table 1 provides a key to types of grants awarded in FY 2018 by the NSF Ceramics Program, and Table 2 lists FY 2018 awards. Detailed ing research and education director- information on any NSF award is available by adding the 7-digit award ates at NSF, including Engineering. number to the end of www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID= The mission of the Ceramics Program is to sup- or by searching the NSF awards database. Additional ceramics research port fundamental scientific research in ceramics is supported through centers, group grants, instrumentation awards, (e.g., oxides, , nitrides, and borides), glass- and other programs focused on one or two investigators (e.g., in the ceramics, inorganic nonmetallic glasses, ceramic- Engineering Directorate). based composites, and inorganic carbon-based FY 2019 began Oct. 1, 2018, and the first awards have appeared. NSF materials. The program aims to increase funda- recommends submitting full proposals 9–12 months before the funds mental understanding and to develop predictive are needed to allow six months for review and time to process awards. capabilities for relating synthesis, processing, and Supplemental proposals are best submitted in February. In particular, of these materials to their properties NSF encourages supplemental requests for the addition of veteran and and ultimate performance in various environments underrepresented minority graduate students to projects (through MPS- and applications. Proposals relating to discovery GRSV: NSF 15-024 and AGEP-GRS: NSF 16-125), Career–Life Balance or creation of new ceramic materials are welcome, supplements (for leaves of absence for dependent care responsibilities), as are the development of new experimental tech- collaborations with NIST (NSF-NIST 11-066), and interactions with niques or novel approaches. The Ceramics Program industry (through GOALI or INTERN NSF 17-091). PIs must acknowl- supports research at universities and colleges of edge NSF support in any publications or presentations. An example of all sizes, from research universities to colleges that appropriate wording is: “This material is based upon work supported serve undergraduates. The principal investigators by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. (NSF grant num- (PIs) of these projects include faculty at all levels ber).” Annual reports are due in the spring (regardless of anniversary from assistant to full professors. date). All products listed in the reports should acknowledge NSF sup- This article marks the fourth annual summary port. See www.nsf.gov/funding for full information about proposal sub- of NSF Ceramics Program awards to appear in mission and award requirements.

34 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 Table 2. NSF Ceramics Program awards made during FY 2018 Title (award no.) Principal investigator (PI), organization; co-PIs 2018 Professional Development Workshop in Ceramics, Candace Chan, Arizona State University Columbus, Ohio (1833207) About the author CAREER: Probing Oxygen-Mediated Electrochemical Processes Min Hwan Lee, University of California - Merced Lynnette D. Madsen has been the of Oxides at High Spatial and Temporal Resolution (1753383) program director, Ceramics, at NSF CAREER: Confining Magnetism to Two-Dimensions Divine Kumah, North Carolina State University since 2000. Contact her at lmadsen@ in Transition Metal Oxide Atomic Layers (1751455) nsf.gov. CAREER: Controlling Two-Dimensional Heterointerface in Ekaterina Pomerantseva, Drexel University Layered Oxides for Electrodes with Advanced Electrochemical References Properties (1752623) 1L.D. Madsen, “National Science Foundation CAREER: Probing of Atomic Layers Using In Situ Nicholas Strandwitz, Lehigh University Electron Diffraction (1752956) Awards for Ceramics Research Starting in 2017”, American Ceramic Soc. Bull. 97(2), 32-33 GOALI: Mechanisms of Lithiation and Delithiation Reactions in C. Carter, University of Connecticut; Avinash Dongare, (2018). Layered Materials Combining Transmission Electron Microscopy Arthur Dobley (Industrial partnership with EaglePicher and Atomic Scale Modeling (1835848) Technologies’ Yardney Division) 2L.D. Madsen, “National Science Foundation GOALI: Synergistic Computational, Experimental, and Thermo- Lilia Woods, University of South Florida; George Nolas, Awards for Ceramics Research Starting in electric Device-related Research for Multinary Chalcogenides Jeff Sharp (Industrial partnership with Marlow Industries, Inc.) 2016”, American Ceramic Soc. Bull. 96(1), 46-47 with Earth-Abundant Constituents (1748188) (2017). GOALI - Collaborative Research: Chemically Induced Stresses Yue Qi, Michigan State University (Industrial partnership with 3 L.D. Madsen, “National Science Foundation and Degradation Mechanisms in Ceramic Materials for General Motors) Awards for Ceramics Research Starting in Li ion Batteries (1832808) 2015”, American Ceramic Soc. Bull. 95(2), 30-31 GOALI - Collaborative Research: Chemically Induced Stresses Brian Sheldon, Brown University; Yan Wu (Industrial (2016). and Degradation Mechanisms in Ceramic Materials for Li ion partnership with General Motors) 4https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2018/nsf18082/ Batteries (1832829) nsf18082.jsp (accessed Aug. 18, 2018). n RUI: Structure and Properties of New, Practical Glasses (1746230) Steven Feller, Coe College; Ugur Akgun, Mario Affatigato (Ceramics lead; secondary) Collaborative Research: Experimental and Computational Study Alexandra Navrotsky, University of California-Davis; of Structure and of Rare Earth Oxides- Sergey Ushakov above 2000 C (1835848) Table 1. Types of NSF awards made in FY 2018. Collaborative Research: Experimental and Computational Study Axel van de Walle, Brown University Colors key to awards listed in Table 2. of Structure and Thermodynamics of Rare Earth Oxides Above 2000 C (1835939) Conferences Special Guidelines are found in the Collaborative Research: Chemomechanical Degradation of Kejie Zhao, Purdue University Proposal & Award Policies & Procedures Oxide Cathodes in Li-ion Batteries: Synchrotron Analysis, Environmental Measurements, and Data Mining (1832707) Guide for conference and workshop proposals. Collaborative Research: Chemomechanical Degradation of Feng Lin, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Faculty Early Career Development Oxide Cathodes in Li-ion Batteries: Synchrotron Analysis, Program (CAREER) Environmental Measurements, and Data Mining (1832613) The CAREER program (NSF 17-537) is Fragile-to-Strong Transitions in Phase-Change Materials for Pierre Lucas, University of Arizona restricted to single investigators who are Next-Generation Memory Devices (1832817) assistant professors. Spin Functionality in Perovskite Stannates Through Complex Yuri Suzuki, Stanford University Grant Opportunities for Academic Oxide Heteroepitaxy (1762971) Liaison with Industry (GOALI) Tailoring Exchange Interactions in Complex Oxide Yayoi Takamura, University of California-Davis GOALI (described in the Proposal & Heterostructures (1745450) Award Policies & Procedures Guide) pro- The Emergence of Ferroic Phenomena and Size- Effects in Jennifer Andrew, University of Florida; Carlos Rinaldi motes university–industry partnerships by Fluorite-Based Nanoparticles (1832733) making project funds or fellowships and A Combined Theory-Experiment Study of Electronic, Magnetic Robert Klie, University of Illinois at Chicago; Serdar Ogut traineeships available to support universities and Thermal Properties of Complex Oxide Nanostructures working with industry. Projects must meet (1831406) certain conditions, including having at least Chiral Ceramic Nanoparticles of Tungsten Oxides (1748529) Nicholas Kotov, University of Michigan Ann Arbor one co-PI from industry. Rational Design of High-performance Semiconductors Rohan Mishra, Washington University; Pratim Biswas RUI based on Inorganic Perovskites Containing Bismuth Facilitating Research at Primarily (1806147) Undergraduate Institutions (14-579). Ammonothermal Cubic Nitride Single Crystal Growth Siddha Pimputkar, Lehigh University; Kai Landskron Near Ambient Pressure and Temperature (1832824) Collaborative Research Oxide Ion Conduction Mechanisms in Bismuth Perovskites David Cann, Oregon State University; Michelle Dolgos A collaborative effort on a unified (1832803) research project through the simultaneous submission of proposals from different orga- Understanding and Designing Novel Anode Materials for Solid Fanglin (Frank) Chen, University of South Carolina at nizations, with each organization requesting Oxide Fuel Cells (1832809) Columbia; Salai Ammal, Andreas Heyden a separate award. NMR Methodologies for Measuring Correlated Structural Philip Grandinetti, Ohio State University Distributions in Oxide Glasses (1807922) (Chemical Measurement& Imaging lead; Ceramics secondary)

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 35 Aldo R. Boccaccini book review Guest columnist

Review of “Modern Ceramic Engineering, 4th Edition”

This 4th edition of “Modern Ceramic engineers have tackled and Engineering”—Properties, Processing solved the challenges, and and Use in Design—written by David how the materials and tech- W. Richardson and William E. Lee, nologies have evolved to has evolved notably from the previ- a series of current ceramic ous editions published in 1982, 1992, technology successes. This and 2006. Almost all of the chapters chapter also illustrates for (organized in four parts: i) Ceramics as the reader, based on excellent Engineering Materials, ii) Structure and examples, how different career Properties, iii) Processing of Ceramics paths are possible in the quest and iv) Design with Ceramics) have to solve technological challeng- been updated, and two new chapters es. Indeed, reading the career dealing with case histories and future paths of the two authors includ- challenges and trends in the field, ed in this chapter will quite respectively, have been incorporated likely be a source of inspiration in this last edition as Part v (Applying for students and young scientists. Ceramics to Real-world Challenges). The final chapter is another sig- In my opinion, readers will find that nificant addition to this edition of the book fills a gap in the market for a the book. It discusses future chal- standalone, complete course in ceramic lenges and trends in the ceramics engineering for undergraduate students engineering field that might guide covering processing, properties, and students to launching their careers, structures of all types of ceramic mate- from and advances rials. The book is superbly presented, in ceramic processing to environ- with clear and relevant illustrations by the clarity of concepts and high level mental cleanup, raw materials, and and diagrams, and it is easy to read and of detail of the subjects handled. A nota- extreme environment challenges. includes example problems throughout. ble change in this 4th edition is the new I applaud the authors for this excel- The book also includes further reading emphasis given throughout the book lent book, an invaluable addition to suggestions, as well as problems sections to the use of modelling and simulation modern ceramic engineering literature. at the end of each chapter. In compari- at all scales, given their importance to son to the previous edition, the book the understanding of ceramic materials Aldo R. Boccaccini is professor and has more than 30 new figures. behavior in all engineering applications. chair of the Department of Materials The “classical” Parts (i-iv) in the I am of the opinion that the book Science and Engineering at the book encompass all relevant aspects of became even more interesting and University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, ceramics that should be included in indeed unique in its class with the addi- Germany.n any ceramic engineering undergraduate tion of the last two chapters, in which course, from definitions and history of the authors expand on applications ceramics and glasses to processing, prop- of ceramics to real-world challenges. erties, and applications, thus becoming The new Chapter 21 includes a series a valuable source of information for the of case studies involving engineering ceramic engineering lecturer. Indeed, the ceramics that have made a high impact extensive professional experience of the in our society, nicely covering the path authors has led to a book characterized to success, showing how scientists and

36 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 new products

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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 37 Materials scientists gather in Columbus, MS&T offered many opportunities for attendees to make new connections Ohio, to through networking. ore than 3,200 attendees from five reconnect, organizing societies, 92 vendors, and Mthousands of presentations all helped learn, make MS&T18 a success. This year, Columbus, Ohio, hosted the annual materials science conference that included dozens of lectures, compete, networking receptions, student activities, ex- hibitor demonstrations, ACerS Annual Meeting, honor peers awards banquet, and short courses. (Credit all images: ACerS) It was a busy week! Cato T. Laurencin’s talk on “Regenerative Engineering: The Orton Lecture award recipient, Cato T. Materials in Convergence” generated a lot of interest at the Laurencin, M.D, Ph.D., served as conference conference plenary session. plenary session speaker. He spoke on “Regen- erative Engineering: Materials in Convergence.” He defined convergence as the “coming together of insights and applications from originally distinct areas to create new science,” which could impact healing and quality of life for millions of people. Exhibitors talked to prospective buyers about their Other ACerS-related award lectures at MS&T products and services. included the Friedberg Lecture by Jennifer Lewis, Rustum Roy Lecture by David Morse, Basic Science Division Sosman Lecture by Jür- Students explained their research illustrated on a poster to gen Rodel, the Fulrath Award Symposium, and interested scientists and students. the GOMD Cooper Symposium. Interspersed between lectures and contests The exhibit floor was bustling with company were opportunities to reconnect with col- reps demonstrating their products to prospec- leagues at the networking receptions. Members tive buyers. stopped by the ACerS booth to catch up with Student activities, a big part of MS&T, offered old friends and meet new ones. students opportunities to participate in The ACerS awards banquet gave members, several competitions, including the colleagues, family, and friends the opportunity to ceramographic exhibit competition, The student mug drop competition is always a recognize members who have made significant favorite competition at MS&T. student poster session, and the ev- contributions to the discipline and to the Society. er-popular mug drop and disc golf Plans are well underway for next year’s Annual competitions. Students from local high schools also had a chance Meeting and MS&T19, and we hope you will join to watch scientific demonstra- us September 29–October 3 in Portland, Ore.! tions at the Materials Camp.

38 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 CALL FOR PAPERS ABSTRACTS DUE JANUARY 15, 2019

th International Congress on Glass (ICG2019) 25 Hosted by ACerS Glass & Optical Materials Division

June 9–14, 2019 | Boston Park Plaza Hotel and Towers | Boston, Massa100chusetts years | USA

Make your plans now to attend the International Congress on Symposia and Sessions Glass (ICG) 2019 in Boston, Mass., June 9 – 14, 2019 and join Symposium I: Glass Structure and Chemistry the expected 1,000 attendees and more than 900 papers and Symposium II: Glass Physics posters representing the best and brightest glass science and technology minds in the world. Symposium III: Glass Technology and Manufacturing Held every three years, the International Congress on Glass Symposium IV: Emerging Applications of Glass provided valuable networking and collaborative efforts since the late 1980s. ICG 2019 will include: Symposium V: Glass Education (TC23) • Special recognition of the 100th anniversary of GOMD Symposium VI: Archaeometry (TC17) • Technical, cultural, and historical excursions in and around Symposium VII: Arun K. Varshneya Festschrift the Boston area • Student career roundtables Organized by • Student poster contest Save the date for this important glass science and tech- nology meeting. ACerS Glass & Optical Materials Division is the ICG 2019 host. Premier Sponsor

Organization Chairs: ICG 2019 Congress president Richard K. Brow Diamond Sponsor Missouri University of Science & Technology [email protected]

Sapphire Sponsor Brow

ICG 2019 program chair John C. Mauro Program Sponsor Pennsylvania State University [email protected]

Media Sponsor

Mauro

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 39 January 23 – 25, 2019 | DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World Conference Hotel | Orlando, FL, USA ELECTRONIC MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS (EMA 2019) Organized by the ACerS Electronics and Basic Science Divisions

The 2019 Conference on Electronic Materials and Applications is an international conference focused on fundamental prop- erties and processing of ceramic and electroceramic materials and their applications in electronic, electro/mechanical, mag- netic, dielectric, and optical components, devices, and systems. Jointly programmed by the Electronics Division and Basic Science Division of The American Ceramic Society, EMA 2019 will take place at the DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World January 23 – 25, 2019. EMA 2019 includes several networking opportunities to facilitate collaborations for scientific and technical advances relat- ed to materials, components, devices, and systems. Special lunchtime sessions will be geared toward students and young professionals. The grand finale of the meeting will again be the popular “Failure: The Greatest Teacher,” where established researchers discuss the great ideas that they have had that did not work out for one reason or another.

PLEASE JOIN US IN ORLANDO, FLORIDA TO PARTICIPATE IN THIS UNIQUE EXPERIENCE!

PLENARY SPEAKERS modes of each individual layer. We will also show that these stacks display multiple thermal emission peaks, also associated with the ENZ mode fre- WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 23 quency of individual layers. As they require no lithography and contain no Jon-Paul Maria physical interfaces, these devices are, in effect, “bulk metamaterials.” This Professor, Materials Science and Engineering De- discovery enables a scalable method to engineer the optical properties of partment, The Pennsylvania State University, USA monolithic MIR metamaterials for MIR absorption and emission by design. Title: Electroceramic thin films for IR plasmonic applications THURSDAY, JANUARY 24 Abstract: Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) are Yet-Ming Chiang an attractive materials platform for plasmonics and Kyocera Professor, Materials Science and Engi- Maria metamaterials in the near- and mid- (MIR). neering Department, Massachusetts Institute of This presentation will briefly review plasmonic oscillation modes, some Technology, USA interesting applications for plasmon polaritons, and the conductors and Title: Ceramics are enabling the next generation of devices that have been recently explored. Among TCOs, the doped electroc- energy storage technologies eramic cadmium oxide (CdO) exhibits exceptional electronic and plasmonic Abstract: The advent of near-zero cost renewable Chiang characteristics with tunable carrier concentration and high electron mo- electricity coupled with other societal trends is driving bility, which enables low-loss plasmonic resonances. We have shown that the development of new energy storage technologies for transportation through careful control of thin film growth and defect chemistry, doped and electric power. Even before the inception of the lithium-ion battery CdO supports high quality plasmonic resonances across the entire MIR three decades ago, ceramic materials played a central role in battery tech- with tunable carrier concentrations spanning nearly two orders of magni- nologies as either ion storage host or electrolyte. This remains true across tude, accompanied by maximum carrier mobilities over 500 cm^2/V·s. multiple current trends in electrochemical storage, which can be broadly We will show that by controlling electron concentration, mobility, thickness, distinguished by a focus on very high energy storage for portable and film-substrate geometry, we can grow doped CdO films to target devices and/or transportation (including air vehicles), or very low cost multiple plasmonic modes, including surface plasmon polaritons (SPP), storage to enable reliable, dispatchable power from intermittent renewable epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) modes, and Brewster/Berreman modes. Additional- electricity generation. The performance and techno-economic drivers for ly, by growing stacked doped/intrinsic/doped CdO layers, we are able to ac- energy storage in these sectors will be discussed. Several examples will be cess additional SPP dispersion branches below the lightline resulting from given that highlight the important role that compositional design, physical coupling between the doped layers. Such control further allows us to grow properties, and processing of ceramic components continue to play in multilayer CdO films with arbitrary layer thickness and doping: in a single enabling new battery technologies. stack, we achieve multiple (3+) absorption peaks associated with the ENZ

40 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 www.ceramics.org/ema2019

TENTATIVE SCHEDULE FAILURE – THE GREATEST TEACHER Wednesday, January 23, 2019 FRI, JAN. 25 | 3:30 P.M. – 5 P.M. | ORANGE B Conference registration 7:30 a.m. – 6 p.m. Come hear recognized leaders in the field discuss failure—and Plenary session I 8:30 – 9:30 a.m. perhaps recount some of their most spectacular learning experienc- Coffee break 9:30 – 10 a.m. es—during a frank and friendly discussion in a relaxed atmosphere. Concurrent technical sessions 10 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. 3:30 p.m. Dragan Danjanovic, École Polytechnique Poster session set up 12:30 p.m. – 5 p.m. Fédérale de Lausanne Lunch on own 12:30 – 2 p.m. Overview of topics at EMA: A student guide 12:30 – 2 p.m. Failure of communication: Example of lead- to the meeting free piezoelectrics Concurrent technical sessions 2 – 5:30 p.m. 4:00 p.m. Andrew Bell, Institute for Materials Research, Coffee break 3:30 – 4 p.m. University of Leeds Poster session and reception 5:30 – 7:30 p.m. Failures: The stepping stones to success Basic Science Division tutorial 7:40 – 8:45 p.m. 4:30 p.m. Susan Trolier-McKinstry, The Pennsylvania Thursday, January 24, 2019 State University Conference registration 7:30 a.m. – 6 p.m. Memory failure Plenary session II 8:30 – 9:30 a.m. Coffee break 9:30 – 10 a.m. Concurrent technical sessions 10 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. TECHNICAL PROGRAM Lunch on own 12:30 – 2 p.m. What’s next: What to expect in different 12:30 – 2 p.m. S1 Characterization of Structure–Property career paths Relationships in Functional Ceramics Concurrent technical sessions 2 – 5:30 p.m. S2 Advanced Electronic Materials: Processing Coffee break 3:30 – 4 p.m. Structures, Properties, and Applications Young Professionals reception 5:30 – 6:30 p.m. Conference dinner 7 – 9 p.m. S3 Frontiers in Ferroic Oxides: Synthesis, Structure, Properties, Friday, January 25, 2019 and Applications Conference registration 7:30 a.m. – 4 p.m. S4 Complex Oxide Thin Film Materials Discovery: From Concurrent technical sessions 8:30 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. Synthesis to Strain/Interface Engineered Emergent Properties Coffee break 9:30 – 10 a.m. Lunch on own 12:30 – 2 p.m. S5 Mesoscale Phenomena in Ferroic Nanostructures: Beyond Concurrent technical sessions 2 – 5 p.m. the Thin-Film Paradigm Coffee break 3:30 – 4 p.m. S6 Complex Oxide and Chalcogenide Semiconductors: Failure: The Greatest Teacher 3:30 – 5 p.m. Research and Applications BASIC SCIENCE DIVISION TUTORIAL S7 Superconducting and Magnetic Materials: From Basic Science to Applications WED, JAN. 23 | 7:40 – 8:45 P.M. | CITRUS A S8 Structure-property Relationships in Relaxor Ceramics Impedance spectroscopy: Opportunities and its application in materials S9 Ion Conducting Ceramics 7:40 p.m. Introduction S10 Current Challenges in Microstructural Evolution: From Basic Science to Electronic Applications 7:45 p.m. Rosario Gerhardt, Georgia Tech Impedance spectroscopy: Basics, challenges S11 Electronic Materials Applications in 5G Telecommunications and opportunities S12 Thermal Transport in Functional Materials and Devices 8:15 p.m. Daniel Lewis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute S13 From Basic Science to Agile Design of Functional Materials: Progress on understanding the relationship Aligned Computational and Experimental Approaches and between impedance measurements and microstructure

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 41 RD 43 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION ON ADVANCED CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES Organized by the Engineering Ceramics Division of The American Ceramic Society JANUARY 27 – FEBRUARY 1, 2019 | Hilton Daytona Beach Resort and Ocean Center | Daytona Beach, Florida, USA

The 43rd International Conference and Exposition ward and lenary peakers on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (ICACC) A P S JAMES I. MUELLER AWARD GLOBAL YOUNG INVESTIGATOR continues a strong tradition as the leading international meeting Dileep Singh, AWARD on advanced structural and functional ceramics, composites, and Senior materials Wei Ji, Assistant other emerging ceramic materials and technologies. scientist, Argonne professor, Wuhan National University of Laboratory, USA Technology, China

ICACC19 Sponsors Title: Renewable Title: Sintering of Singh energy: Role of advanced ceramics Event sponsor ceramics and composites Ji by plastic deforma- tion as dominant mechanism BRIDGE BUILDING AWARD Jerzy Lis, Vice rector of coopera- ENGINEERING CERAMICS tion and president DIVISION JUBILEE GLOBAL of the board of DIVERSITY AWARD INNO AGH, AGH Katalin Balázsi, University of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary Lis Science and Technology, Poland Title: Effect of depo- Title: Processing of complex ceramic sition parameters materials by rapid high-energy Balázsi on cubic TiC and techniques hexagonal Ti phase formation of thin films deposited by PLENARY SPEAKER magnetron sputtering Shunpei Yamazaki, President, Lisa M. Semiconductor Rueschhoff, Air Energy Laboratory Force Research Lab, Diamond corporate sponsors Co., Ltd., Japan. USA

Yamazaki Title: Crystalline ox- Title: Nano to ide semiconductor bulk scale ceramic Rueschhoff (IGZO ceramics)- based devices for processing and artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet structure control for enhanced of Things (IoTs) properties Sapphire corporate sponsors PLENARY SPEAKER Michael J. Cima, Jie Zhang, Institute David H. Koch of Metal Research, professor of China engineering, faculty director of the Title: Integrated Media sponsors Lemelson-MIT design of ceramic coatings for acci- Cima Program, Associate Zhang dean for innova- dent-tolerant fuel tion, Massachusetts Institute of cladding in LWRs THE OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Technology, USA

Title: Drug, device, or diagnostic? En- gineering in a new world of medicine

42 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1

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Exhibition Information Reserve your booth today for the premier international advanced ceramics and composites expo. Connect with decision makers and influencers in government labs, industry, and research and development fields. ICACC19 is your destination to collaborate with business partners, cultivate prospects, and explore new business opportunities. JANUARY 27 – FEBRUARY 1, 2019 | Hilton Daytona Beach Resort and Ocean Center | Daytona Beach, Florida, USA Exhibit hours Tues., January 29, 2019, 5 – 8 p.m. Wed., January 30, 2019, 5 – 7:30 p.m. Exposition location Ocean Center Arena, 101 North Atlantic Avenue, Daytona Beach, FL Exhibit space is filling up fast. To reserve your booth, visit www.ceramics.org/event-subpage/icacc-exhibitor-information or contact Mona Thiel at [email protected] or 614-794-5834. Exhibitor Booth Exhibitor Booth 3DCeram Sinto Inc. 318 Microtrac 314 AdValue Technology LLC 317 Netzsch Instruments 300 Alfred University 315 Nordson Sonoscan 302 AVS 307 Oxy-Gon Industries Inc. 214 American Ceramic Society 101 Praxair Surface Technologies 219 Centorr Vacuum Industries 200 Reserved 208 Ceramics Expo 311 SPEX SamplePrep 316 CM Furnaces 210 Springer Nature 107 Fritsch Milling & Sizing Inc. 217 TAV Vacuum Furnaces Spa. 313 Gasbarre 203 Tev Tech 206 Haiku Tech 215 Tethon 3D 218 Harper International 309 Thermal Technology LLC 319 H.C. Starck Surface Technology and Ceramic 305 Thermcraft, Inc. 303 Powders GmbH/Höganäs AB Wiley 216 Keyence Corporation of America 301 Zeiss Microscopy 201 Lithoz America LLC 103 Zircar Ceramics 202

STOP BY any vendor booth in our ICACC 2019 Expo and receive a raffle ticket for a drawing to win the following exciting prizes: Mechanical Properties of Ceramics First prize and Glass Short Course* Phase Equilibria Diagrams PC Database, Version 4.3 USB single license ($1,095 value) JANUARY 28, 2019 | 8:30 a.m. – 4:30 p.m. FEBRUARY 1, 2019 | 8:30 a.m. – 4 p.m. Second prize ICACC 2020 free registration ($730 value) LOCATION: HILTON – FLAGLER A INSTRUCTORS: George D. Quinn, NIST, and Richard C. Bradt, Third prize University of Alabama “Engineered Ceramics: Current Status and Future Products” This two-day course addresses mechanical properties of ceramics technical book ($175 value) and glasses for elastic properties, strength measurements, fracture Turn your raffle tickets in during exhibit hours at the ACerS booth parameters, and indentation hardness. For each of these topical in the Exhibit Hall. You may turn in as many tickets as you gather areas, fundamentals of properties are discussed, explained, and from exhibitors, so the more you visit with our vendors, the better related to structure and of the materials and their your odds to win! The prizes will be drawn at 6:30 p.m., Wednesday, microstructure. Standard test methods are covered. Learn from industry experts with more than 80 years of combined experience. January 30, at the ACerS booth. You need not be present to win. This is a great opportunity to collaborate with potential business partners, * Additional fee required. To sign up, please visit and walk away with something useful for your business or career. It www.ceramics.org/courses or the registration booth at ICACC. can be a win-win, literally.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 43 Call for contributing editors for ACerS-NIST Phase Equilibria resources Diagrams Program Professors, researchers, retirees, post-docs, and Calendar of events graduate students ...

January 2019 30–May 1 th The general editors 5 Ceramics Expo – I-X Center, Cleveland, Ohio; of the reference series 9–10 nd 82 Annual Session of the www.ceramicsexpousa.com Phase Equilibria Diagrams Indian Ceramic Society in conjunction are in need of individuals with the 70th Annual Session of All India from the ceramics commu- June 2019 Pottery Manufacturers’ Association and nity to critically evaluate th 44th Annual Session of Indian Institute 9–14 25 Int’l Congress on Glass – published articles containing of Ceramics – The Wave International, Boston Park Plaza Hotel and Towers, phase equilibria diagrams. Jamshedpur, India; Boston, Mass.; Additional contributing editors www.bit.ly/Incers82nd www.ceramics.org/icg2019 are needed to edit new phase diagrams and write short commen- 23–25 July 2019 taries to accompany each phase EMA2019: 2019 Conference diagram being added to the reference on Electronic Materials and 10–11 Applications – Ceramics UK colocated series. Especially needed are persons with The Advanced Materials Show – knowledgeable in foreign languages DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World Conference Hotel, Orlando, Fla.; The International Centre, Telford, UK; including German, French, Russian, www.ceramics-uk.com Azerbaijani, Chinese, and Japanese. www.ceramics.org/ema2019 21–26 th RECOGNITION: 25–29 ACerS Winter Workshop in 4 Int’l Conference on Innovations in Biomaterials, The Contributing Editor’s name will be conjunction with ICACC19 – Hilton given at the end of each PED Figure that Daytona Beach Resort and Ocean Biomanufacturing, and is published. Center, Daytona Beach, Fla.; www. Biotechnologies (Bio-4), com- bined with the 2nd Global Forum on ceramics.org/winter-workshop-2019 QUALIFICATIONS: Advanced Materials and Technologies General understanding of the Gibbs rd 27–Feb. 1 ICACC19: 43 Int’l for Sustainable Development (GFMAT- phase rule and experimental procedures Conference and Expo on Advanced 2) – Toronto Marriott Downtown Eaton for determination of phase equilibria dia- Ceramics and Composites – Daytona Centre Hotel, Toronto, Canada; grams and/or knowledge of theoretical Beach, Fla.; www.ceramics.org/gfmat-2-and-bio-4 methods to calculate phase diagrams. www.ceramics.org/icacc2019 September 2019 COMPENSATION for papers February 2019 th covering one chemical system: 22–27 HTCMC10: 10 Int’l th Conference on High-Temperature $150 for the commentary, plus $10 for 14–16 8 IAOCI World Congress, Ceramic-Matrix Composites – Palais each diagram. Int’l Academy of Ceramic Implantology – Grand Hyatt, Tampa, Fla.; des Congrès, Bordeaux, France; COMPENSATION for papers covering www.iaoci.com www.ht-cmc10.org multiple chemical systems: March 2019 29–Oct. 3 MS&T19 combined with $150 for the first commentary, plus $10 the ACerS 121st Annual Meeting – for each diagram. 10–15 Electric Field Enhanced Portland, Ore.; www.matscitech.org $50 for each additional commentary, plus Processing of Advanced Materials $10 for each diagram. II: Complexities and Opportunities – Hotel Dos Templarios, Tomar, Portugal; FOR DETAILS PLEASE CONTACT: www.bit.ly/ElecFieldProc Mrs. Kimberly Hill Dates in RED denote new entry in th NIST MS 8520 26–28 55 Annual St. Louis this issue. Gaithersburg, Md. 20899-8524, USA Section/Refractory Ceramics Division Symposium on Refractories – Hilton Entries in BLUE denote ACerS 301-975-6009 | [email protected] St. Louis Airport Hotel, St. Louis, Mo.; events. www.bit.ly/StLouis2019 denotes meetings that ACerS cosponsors, endorses, or other- April 2019 wise cooperates in organizing.

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T T T T SEAL denotes Corporate partner  ✯ ✯ ✯  F o u 99 Exhibit – Phoenix, Ariz.; nded 18 www.mrs.org/spring2019

44 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 classified advertising

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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 47 deciphering the discipline Jeff Braun A regular column offering the student perspective of the next generation of ceramic and glass Guest columnist scientists, organized by the ACerS Presidents Council of Student Advisors.

Thermal circuit A thermal is a device that can maintain an “on” state in which heat elements to enable flows freely and an “off” state in which little to no heat flow is allowed. This active control of heat state change is associated with a change in a material’s thermal conductivity The estimated United States energy under an applied stimulus. For example, usage report conducted annually by ferroelectric oxides have been shown Lawrence Livermore National Lab indi- to change thermal conductivity under cated that in 2017, nearly 67 percent of an applied electric field.3 The ability to energy was wasted, primarily in the form actively tune thermal conductivity allows of heat.1 Regulating and recycling this Figure 1. Examples of thermal for direct manipulation of heat flow excess heat would enable breakthroughs circuit elements. through a material. in energy conversion systems, heating and development of thermal circuit devices is Lastly, a thermal regulator is a device refrigeration, manufacturing and materi- still in its infancy. For example, solid-state that allows high heat fluxes under large als processing, data storage, and electron- thermal switch ratios of heat flux in the temperature differences but maintains ics thermal management. The current “on” state to “off” state typically do not lower heat fluxes under smaller differ- toolbox used by engineers to manage heat exceed 2:1, which is far below the order ences. Commonly proposed thermal flow, however, is highly limited. of magnitude ratio needed for a disrup- regulator materials include phase change Temperature difference (∆T) and heat tive technological impact. Therefore, materials that undergo a discrete change flux (Q) are analogous to electrical voltage there is a need for discovery of materials in thermal conductivity at some critical and current, respectively. Unlike their with unique and tunable thermal proper- temperature. For example, VO under- electrical counterparts, analogous thermal 2 ties that will enable solid-state thermal goes a metal-insulator transition at the circuit elements are underdeveloped or diodes, switches, and regulators to transition temperature, consequently nonexistent, being largely limited to resis- become an everyday part of an engineer’s obtaining a higher thermal conductivity tors and capacitors based on materials toolbox. Doing so will promote better to enable higher heat flow.4 Similarly, that have static thermal properties.2 heat control technologies to support a some magnetic materials undergo a What if the thermal toolbox could more energy-efficient world. martensitic phase transition at a criti- be expanded to include other circuit ele- cal temperature to obtain high thermal ments? Three examples of thermal circuit References conductivities above that temperature.5 elements under investigation include 1 Thermal regulators are highly appeal- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. diodes, switches, and regulators (Figure 1). Estimated U.S. Energy consumption in 2017: 97.7 ing for applications requiring operation A thermal diode is a device which Quads. Retrieved from https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/ within a narrow temperature range. allows heat to flow preferentially in one commodities/energy A major challenge in determining 2 direction, meaning the heat flux under Wehmeyer, G., Yabuki, T., Monachon, C., Wu, the efficiency of these devices is accurate a positive ∆T will be different from that J. & Dames, C. Thermal diodes, regulators, and measurement of thermal conductivity. switches: Physical mechanisms and potential appli- of a negative ∆T. Although fluid-based Traditional techniques used for bulk mate- cations. Appl. Phys. Rev. 4, 41304 (2017). thermal diodes such as heat pipes are well rials involve long measurement times that 3Ihlefeld, J. F. et al. Room-Temperature Voltage established, development in the solid- cannot capture the ultrafast response of a Tunable Phonon Thermal Conductivity via state is more challenging. One way to thermal switch, nor measure the nanome- Reconfigurable Interfaces in Ferroelectric Thin achieve this is to exploit the temperature Films. Nano Lett. 15, 1791–1795 (2015). ter length scales associated with thin film dependence of thermal conductivity. 4 thermal diodes. My research focuses on Oh, D.-W., Ko, C., Ramanathan, S. & Cahill, D. For example, if a glass and a crystalline G. Thermal conductivity and dynamic heat capac- laser pump-probe techniques to character- ceramic are placed in series to make the ity across the metal-insulator transition in thin ize such thermal properties of materials. film VO . Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 151906 (2010). diode, the glass will have a relatively low 2 The primary technique I use—time-domain 5 thermal conductivity that increases with Zheng, Q. et al. Thermal transport through the thermoreflectance—is capable of high- magnetic martensitic transition in Mn MGe (M = temperature, while the crystal will have a x throughput thermal conductivity measure- Co,Ni). Phys. Rev. Mater. 2, 075401 (2018). relatively high thermal conductivity that ments with length scales downwards of decreases with temperature. The opposite 10s of nanometers, making it ideal for the trends of these thermal conductivities Jeff Braun is a Ph.D. candidate study of thermal circuit elements. with temperature allow the heat flux to working with Patrick Hopkins at the While ongoing research points to differ across the diode when the tempera- University of Virginia. In his free time, promising prospects for these devices, the n ture difference is reversed. Jeff enjoys hiking and being outdoors.

48 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 1 SAVE THE DATE SEPTEMBER 29 – OCTOBER 3, 2019

WWW.MATSCITECH.ORG A LEADING FORUM FOR MATERIALS SCIENTISTS Organizers: Sponsored by: yttrium iron glassy carbon beamsplitters piezoceramics europium phosphors additive manufacturing III-IV semiconductors ITO 1 1 2 2 H He 1.00794 4.002602 Hydrogen transparent conductive oxides sol-gel process bioimplants Helium YSZ 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 10 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Li Be B C N O F Ne 6.941 9.012182 10.811 12.0107 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984032 20.1797 zeolites Lithium Beryllium raman substrates barium uoride Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen FluorinenanoNeon ribbons 11 2 12 2 13 2 14 2 15 2 16 2 17 2 18 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 22.98976928 24.305 26.9815386 28.0855 30.973762 32.065 35.453 39.948 anode Sodium Magnesium sapphire windows anti-ballistic ceramicsAluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon silicates

19 2 20 2 21 2 22 2 23 2 24 2 25 2 26 2 27 2 28 2 29 2 30 2 31 2 32 2 33 2 34 2 35 2 36 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 10 11 13 13 14 15 16 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 K 1 Ca 2 Sc 2 Ti 2 V 2 Cr 1 Mn 2 Fe 2 Co 2 Ni 2 Cu 1 Zn 2 Ga 3 Ge 4 As 5 Se 6 Br 7 Kr 8 39.0983 40.078 44.955912 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 54.938045 55.845 58.933195 58.6934 63.546 65.38 69.723 72.64 74.9216 78.96 79.904 83.798 oxides Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton cermet 37 2 38 2 39 2 40 2 41 2 42 2 43 2 44 2 45 2 46 2 47 2 48 2 49 2 50 2 51 2 52 2 53 2 54 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 8 8 9 10 12 13 13 15 16 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 Rb 1 Sr 2 Y 2 Zr 2 Nb 1 Mo 1 Tc 2 Ru 1 Rh 1 Pd Ag 1 Cd 2 In 3 Sn 4 Sb 5 Te 6 I 7 Xe 8 85.4678 87.62 88.90585 91.224 92.90638 95.96 (98.0) 101.07 102.9055 106.42 107.8682 112.411 114.818 118.71 121.76 127.6 126.90447 131.293 Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon

TiCN 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 h-BN 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 Cs 1 Ba 2 La 2 Hf 2 Ta 2 W 2 Re 2 Os 2 Ir 2 Pt 1 Au 1 Hg 2 Tl 3 Pb 4 Bi 5 Po 6 At 7 Rn 8 132.9054 137.327 138.90547 178.48 180.9488 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 195.084 196.966569 200.59 204.3833 207.2 208.9804 (209) (210) (222) Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon

87 2 88 2 89 2 104 2 105 2 106 2 107 2 108 2 109 2 110 2 111 2 112 2 113 2 114 2 115 2 116 2 117 2 118 2 ZnS 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 InGaAs 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 18 Nh 18 18 Mc 18 18 Ts 18 Og 18 Fr 1 Ra 2 Ac 2 Rf 2 Db 2 Sg 2 Bh 2 Hs 2 Mt 2 Ds 1 Rg 1 Cn 2 3 Fl 4 5 Lv 6 7 8 (223) (226) (227) (267) (268) (271) (272) (270) (276) (281) (280) (285) (284) (289) (288) (293) (294) (294) Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Si3N4 epitaxial crystal growth cerium oxide polishing powder rutile 58 2 59 2 60 2 61 2 62 2 63 2 64 2 65 2 66 2 67 2 68 2 69 2 70 2 71 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 32 9 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 Ce 2 Pr 2 Nd 2 Pm 2 Sm 2 Eu 2 Gd 2 Tb 2 Dy 2 Ho 2 Er 2 Tm 2 Yb 2 Lu 2 140.116 140.90765 144.242 (145) 150.36 151.964 157.25 158.92535 162.5 164.93032 167.259 168.93421 173.054 174.9668 quantum dots Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium spintronics 90 2 91 2 92 2 93 2 94 2 95 2 96 2 97 2 98 2 99 2 100 2 101 2 102 2 103 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 18 20 21 22 24 25 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 32 10 9 9 9 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Th 2 Pa 2 U 2 Np 2 Pu 2 Am 2 Cm 2 Bk 2 Cf 2 Es 2 Fm 2 Md 2 No 2 Lr 3 SiALON 232.03806 231.03588 238.02891 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262) YBCO Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium GDC chalcogenides nanodispersions perovskites alumina substrates superconductors fuel cell materials laser sputtering targets TM CVD precursors deposition slugs Now Invent. MBE grade materials beta-barium borate scintillation Ce:YAG solar energy The Next Generation of Material Science Catalogs lithium niobate photovoltaics Over 15,000 certi ed high purity laboratory chemicals, metals, & advanced materials and a magnesia state-of-the-art Research Center. Printable GHS-compliant Safety Data Sheets. Thousands of ber optics new products. And much more. All on a secure multi-language "Mobile Responsive” platform. thin lm MgF2 dialectric coatings ultra high purity materials metamaterials

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