Material Science I Ceramic Materials
F. Filser & L.J. Gauckler ETH-Zürich, Departement Materials [email protected]
HS 2007
Ceramics: Introduction 1 Material Science I Persons in Charge of this Lecture
• Dr. F. Filser, HCI G 529, phone 26435, [email protected]
• Prof. Dr. L.J. Gauckler HCI G 535, phone 25646, [email protected]
• F. Krauss HCI G 538, phone 3 68 34, [email protected]
• Dipl.-Ing. J. Kübler EMPA Dübendorf, phone 044 823 4223, [email protected]
Ceramics: Introduction 2 Material Science I Overview & preliminary schedule (HS 2007)
Nov 26, 07 Introduction on ceramic materials, technology, applications Dec 03, 07 Crystal structures of ceramic materials Dec 10, 07 Potential well of bonding and physical properties & Examples of Structural ceramic materials Dec 17, 07 Examples of structural ceramic materials Dec 21, 07 term finish
Ceramics: Introduction 3 Material Science I Overview & preliminary schedule (FS 2008)
Feb 18, 08 term starts (5 x ceramic & 9 x polymer) Feb 19, 08 Glass Feb 26, 08 Toughness (JK) Mar 04, 08 Strength & Weibull statistics (JK) Mar 11, 08 Subcritical crack growth, SPT-Diagrams (JK) Mar 18, 08 Proof-testing, creep, thermical properties (JK) Apr 01, 08 polymer part (Prof. D. Schlüter) May 30, 08 term finish
Ceramics: Introduction 4 Material Science I Documentation
Visit our homepage @
http://ceramics.ethz.ch -> education -> courses -> Materialwissenschaft I und II
Ceramics: Introduction 5 Material Science I Sources of Information - ETH Bib -NEBIS
http://www.ethbib.ethz.ch/
http://www.nebis.ch/
Ceramics: Introduction 6 Material Science I Recommended Reading
• Askeland & Phulé: Science and Engineering of Materials, 2003 • Barsoum MW: Fundamentals of Ceramics. IoP Publishing, 2003 • diverse CEN ISO Standards (look at slides) • Y. -M. Chiang, D. Birnie, D. Kingery, Physical Ceramics, Principles für Ceramic Science and Engineering, Wiley, 1997. • G. Kostorz (ed), High-Tech Ceramics: Viewpoints and Perspectives. Academic Press, 1989. (Chapter 5, 59-101).
Ceramics: Introduction 7 Material Science I Recommended Reading
• Munz, D., Fett, T.: Ceramics, Mechanical Properties, Failure Behaviour, Materials Selection, Springer, 1999. • David Richerson, Modern Ceramic Engineering, Ed. 2, Dekker, 1992. • Saito Shinroku, Fine Ceramics, Elsevier, 1988. • Verband der Keramischen Industrie e.V, Brevieral Technical Ceramics, ISBN 3-924158-77-0, Fahner Verlag, 2004. (partly on the internet available) • Ichinose Wataru, Introduction to Fine Ceramics, Wiley, 1987.
Ceramics: Introduction 8 Material Science I Recommended Reading Chapter IV: Examples of Structural Ceramic Materials
• Bevieral Technical Ceramics • Silicon-Based Structural Ceramics (Ceramic Transactions), Stephen C. Danforth (Editor), Brian W. Sheldon, American Ceramic Society, 2003, • Silicon Nitride-1, Shigeyuki Somiya (Editor), M. Mitomo (Editor), M. Yoshimura (Editor), Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990 • Zirconia and Zirconia Ceramics. Second Edition, Stevens, R, Magnesium Elektron Ltd., 1986, pp. 51, 1986 • Stabilization of the tetragonal structure in zirconia microcrystals, RC Garvie - The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1978
Ceramics: Introduction 9 Material Science I Recommended Reading Chapter IV: Examples of Structural Ceramics Materials
• Phase relationships in the zirconia-yttria system, HGM Scott - Journal of Materials Science, 1975 - Springer • Thommy Ekström and Mats Nygren, SiAION Ceramics J Am Cer Soc Volume 75 Page 259 - February 1992
• "Formation of beta -Si3N4 solid solutions in the system Si, Al, O, N by reaction sintering--sintering of an Si3N4 , AlN, Al2 O3 mixture" Boskovic, L J; Gauckler, L J, La Ceramica (Florence). Vol. 33, no. N-2, pp. 18-22. 1980. • Alumina: Processing, Properties, and Applications, Dorre, E; Hubner, H, SpringerVerlag, 1984, pp. 329, 1984 9.
Ceramics: Introduction 10 Material Science I Sources of Information – Journals (in general )
• Journal of the American Ceramic Society (J. Am. Ceram. Soc.) • Bulletin of the American Ceramic Society (Bull. Am. Ceram. Soc.) • Journal of the European Ceramic Society (J. Eur. Ceram. Soc.) • Journal of Materials Science (J. Mat. Sci.) • Journal of Materials Research (J. Mat. Res.)
Ceramics: Introduction 11 Material Science I
Introduction on ceramic materials, technology, applications
Ceramics: Introduction 12 Material Science I History of ceramic materials
Nitrides Ferrites Titanates Oxide ceramics Europaen Silicon Carbide Porcelain Steatites Greek Vases Earthenware (Steingut**) Potter’s Fire-proof pottery wheel Porcelain Ceramic pots (7000 BC) Stoneware (Steinzeug*) Earthenware
-3000 -2000 -1000 0 1700 2000
**): porous, low firing temp (900 -1200°C) Ceramics: Introduction *): dense, high firing temp (>1200°C) 13 Material Science I Ceramics in the Past
Giant beaker, Erle 4 000 BC Closed Furnace Stilt houses in Unteruhldingen, Bodensee
Ceramics: Introduction 14 Material Science I Egyptian wall relief
Rechmuir (1450 BC) ceramic for metallurgy
Ceramics: Introduction 15 Material Science I
Greek Vase, red on black decor
Ceramics: Introduction 16 Material Science I Chinese Porcelain
14th century 18th century 19th century
Porcelain imports of the east indian company from china to europe: 1600 – 1800: > 3 000 000 pieces anual dividends: up to 750% pa on the invested money
Ceramics: Introduction 17 Material Science I Europaen imports of chinese porcelain
1600 - 1800 AD , in 1000 pieces
Ceramics: Introduction 18 Material Science I European Porcelain
August der Starke Ehrenfried Walter (1670 - 1733) von Tschirnhaus (1652 - 1708)
Ceramics: Introduction 19 Material Science I Europaen Porcelain
Quartz
Steingut Steinzeug
Dental ceramics techn. porcelain Hard porcelain
Feldspar 20 40 60 80 Clay Kaolin Porcelain, Prostethis, Porsche Ceramics: Introduction 20 Material Science I High-performance / high-tech ceramics
electrical and nuclear thermical optical chemical & mechanical magnetical technical biological
Function
elektr. insulation temperature heat translucency Surface activity strength (T) piezoelectrical resist. - conductor controllable Corrosionresist. hardness ferroelectrical n- absorption - insulator refraction index compatibility wear resistency
semiconductor radiation resist. - storage operty r magnetical corrosion resist. P
substrates fuel heat exchanger Na-vapor lamp Cat-Carriers Cutting bits sensors shielding heat shields IR-window Filters bearings condenser / capacitor storage contain. insulation Laser material DeNOx-Cat. seals oscillators heat storage Light switch Gas-Sensors Engine igniting elements Elektrods components high-temp. conductor Implantats „low-temp.“ PTC cond.
Application superconductors batteries
Ceramics: Introduction 21 Material Science I High-performance / high-tech Ceramics
electrical & nuclear thermical optical chemical & mechanical magnetical technical biological
Function
Al2O3 UO2 SiO2 Al2O3 Cordierit SiC AlN PuO2 MgO MgO Al2O3 ZrO2 BeO C Si3N4 Mg Al2O3 ZrO2 B4C BaTiO3 SiC Faser Y2O3 / ThO2 MgO BN SrTiO3 B4C SiC PLZT Mg2SiO4 Al2O3
PZT BN Mg2SiO4 Si3N4 SiC Al2O3 3 Al2O3 2SiO2 ZnO
ZnO-Bi2O3 Glass Fe2O3 aterial
YBa2Cu3O7 SnO2 M U2O5 MgCr2O4-TiO2 TiO2 NiO Fe2ZnO4 - Al2O3 Fe2NiO4 ZrO2 Titanate Li3N TiB2
Ceramics: Introduction 22 Material Science I High-performance / high-tech ceramics
electrical and nuclear thermical optical chemical & mechanical magnetical technical biological
Function
elektr. insulation temperature heat translucency Surface activity strength (T) piezoelectrical resist. - conductor controllable Corrosionresist. hardness ferroelectrical n- absorption - insulator refraction index compatibility wear resistency
semiconductor radiation resist. - storage operty r magnetical corrosion resist. P
substrates fuel heat exchanger Na-vapor lamp Cat-Carriers Cutting bits
sensors shielding heat shields IR-window Filters bearings condenser / capacitor storage contain. insulation Laser material DeNOx-Cat. seals oscillators heat storage Light switch Gas-Sensors Engine igniting elements Elektrods components high-temp. conductor Implantats „low-temp.“ PTC
cond. Application superconductors batteries
Ceramics: Introduction 24 Material Science I
Engineering Ceramics Today: electronics
Ceramics: Introduction 25 Material Science I
Requirements for substrate materials
Property Requirement at… … Condition
Heat conductivity () < 100 W/mK … …RoomTemperature (RT)
Thermal Expansion Coeff. () 3 - 4 x 10-6/K … …RT – 200C
Electrical Resistance () > 1014 cm … …RT
Rel. permittivity (r) < 4 … …1Mhz
Dielectric loss () < 10-3 … …1Mhz
Bend strength () > 500 MN/m2 … …3 P bend strength
Ceramics: Introduction 26 Material Science I
Electrical Condenser: Principle
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ------+ + + + + + ------+- - - +------
- big distance - small distance - small distance - small area - large area - large area - no dielectric - no dielectric - with dielectric low higher 80’000 x higher storage capacity storage capacity storage capacity
Ceramics: Introduction 27 Material Science I
Condenser: principle types
fixed capacitor trimming capacitor feedthrough capacitor
Ceramics: Introduction 28 Material Science I Condenser/Capacitor device: buildup
soldering tag
nickel layer ceramic dielectric
electrode contact Ceramics: Introduction 29 Material Science I
Capacitor: Production technology
Ceramics: Introduction 30 Material Science I
Piezo ceramics as electro-mechanical transformer
F
mechanical electrical
F
electrical mechanical
Ceramics: Introduction 31 Material Science I
Piezo ceramics as electro-mechanical transformer
mechanical electrical
elektrical mechanical
Ceramics: Introduction 32 Material Science I
Positioning by piezo-ceramics
http://www.physikinstrumente.de/products/index.php
PZT = PbZrTiO3 A B O3
Piezomotor Ceramics: Introduction 33 Material Science I Piezo-ceramics: Applications
Ceramics: Introduction 34 Material Science I Piezo-ceramics: Applications
Charactistics Potentional applications • Scans and Positions Objectives with Sub-nm • Scanning interferometry Resolution • Surface structure analysis • High Linearity and Stability • Disk drive testing • Travel to 460 µm, • Autofocus systems • Fast Response & Settling Time • Confocal microscopy • Frictionless Precision Guiding System for • Biotechnology Better Focus Stability • Semiconductor test equipment
http://www.physikinstrumente.com Ceramics: Introduction 35 Material Science I Piezo-ceramics: Applications
Potential Applications: Characteristics: • Nanoimprinting • for scanning and positioning in all six • Nanomanufacturing degrees of freedom • Metrology • 800 x 800 x 200 µm linear range • Nanopositioning • up to 10 mrad rotational range • Semiconductor test equipment • parallel-kinematics/metrology • Precision mask and wafer alignment • multi-axis precision • Scanning interferometry • Surface structure analysis http://www.physikinstrumente.com Ceramics: Introduction 36 Material Science I Applications of oxide ceramic materials
OXIDE APPLICATION
Metallic ReO3, RuO, Li2TiO3 electrode, circuits / conductors
Piezo-ceramic Pb (Zr,Ti)O3 sensor, actuator
Pyro-ceramic (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 sensor
heat element, switch, PTC “low temp.” BaTiO3 + doping conductors temperature compensator
NTC “high temp.” Fe2O3, NiO, FeCr2O4, La, Sr, temperature sensors conductors CoO3
battery, oxygen sensor, IOC Ionic ZrO2(Y2O3), Al2O3 ph-meter, solid oxide fuel cell conductors
HTC Super YBa2Cu3O4 sensor etc. conductors
Ceramics: Introduction 37 Material Science I
Communication Technology
Piezo - Microphons Optical Fibres
Ceramics: Introduction 38 Material Science I
Sensors & sensor‘s integration
Ceramics: Introduction 39 Material Science I
Nanoscale & Microscale
C-nanotube quantum dot
field emitter
atom molecule transistor 0.1 1.0 10 100 1,000 10,000 nm ceramic powder
Ceramics: Introduction 40 Material Science I Filling of Capilaries 5 mm
Si wafer with photo- resist structures
Pouring with PDMS
Cutting edges, plac- ing PDMS on glass substrate and infil- trating capillaries with suspension
Capillary flow of suspension
Removing of PDMS, sintering.
Ceramics: Introduction 41 Material Science I
Multi–walled Vanadium Oxide Nanotubes
F. Krumeich, H.-J. Muhr, M. Niederberger, F. Bieri, B. Schnyder, and R. Nesper, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 121 [36] 8324–8331 (1999)
20 nm 50 nm
Ceramics: Introduction 42 Material Science I
Aligned Vanadium Oxide Nanotubes
1.5 mm
15 mm
Ceramics: Introduction 43 Material Science I Sensor
„smart“ mikrosensor-array „nano“-structures on
with doted CeO2 CeO2ss Co/Fe/NiO 1-2 nm
CeO2 [Co] [Cu]
detection of: • hydrocarbons storage media • COx • NOx ...
Ceramics: Introduction 45 Material Science I
SnO2-4-Point Contact
10mm
Ceramics: Introduction 46 Material Science I
H2 Sensor Response
Ceramics: Introduction 47 Material Science I
Fuel Cell Principle
Luft
Cathode Electrolyte Anode
H2 + CO H2O + CO2
Ceramics: Introduction 48 Material Science I
Fuel Cell
Ceramics: Introduction 49 Material Science I
Fuel Cell: Sulzer HEXIS
HEXIS = Heat EXchanger Integrated Stack
air cell cell stack
natural gas
water
heating storage Speicher
Ceramics: Introduction 50 Material Science I HTc- Superconductor: Current Limiter Device
Protection of distributions and transmission systems against overcurrents and -voltages. Fault current Limited current Normal current
Prototype
Ceramics: Introduction 51 Material Science I Bi-2212 Superconductor on Ag substrate
Ceramics: Introduction 52 Material Science I High-performance / high-tech ceramics
electrical and nuclear thermical optical chemical & mechanical magnetical technical biological
Function
elektr. insulation temperature heat translucency Surface activity strength (T) piezoelectrical resist. - conductor controllable Corrosionresist. hardness ferroelectrical n- absorption - insulator refraction index compatibility wear
semiconductor radiation resist. - storage resistency operty r magnetical corrosion resist. P
substrates
sensors fuel heat exchanger Na-vapor lamp Cat-Carriers Cutting bits condenser / capacitor shielding heat shields IR-window Filters bearings oscillators storage contain. insulation Laser material DeNOx-Cat. seals igniting elements heat storage Light switch Gas-Sensors Engine high-temp. conductor Elektrods components „low-temp.“ PTC cond. Implantats superconductors Application batteries
Ceramics: Introduction 54 Material Science I
Porous Structure: Foamed Ceramic
Ceramics: Introduction 55 Material Science I
Hightech Ceramics - Chemical Application: catalysts & filters
loadedclean
Ceramics: Introduction 56 Material Science I
Hightech Ceramics: medical application
Ceramics: Introduction 57 Material Science I Hip Joint Implants Polymer Abrasion
20 000x http://www.swri.org/3pubs/ttoday/fall/implant.htm
Ceramics: Introduction 58 Material Science I
Hip Joints Implants K-K: Ceramic-Ceramic M-P: Metal-PE M-M: Metal-Metal
M-M M-P 0.2 2 M-P M-M 0.1 C-C 1 natural joint C-C
0 0 frictioncoefficient
operating time unitsarbitray in wear operating time
Bioceramics Materials-Properties-Applications A. Ravioglioli, A. Krajewski (ed.) chapman & Hall, London, 1992
Ceramics: Introduction 59 Material Science I
Hüftgelenk-Implantate
acetabulum: polyethylen (socket) or ceramic material ball: metall or ceramic mat. (head) shaft: metall (coated)
bone cement: polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)
Ceramics: Introduction 60 Material Science I
Hip Joint Implant metal / polymer ceramic / polymer
ceramic / ceramic
Bioceramic Ceramics: Introduction 61 Material Science I Knee Implants
http://www.totaljoint.com/kneerplc.html
Ceramics: Introduction 62 Material Science I
Tooth Crowns and Bridges
metal framework and ceramic veneer
Ceramics: Introduction 63 Material Science I
Tooth Crowns and Bridges
ceramic framework and ceramic veneer
Ceramics: Introduction 64 Load Bearing Capacity of Bridges
z p y x elastic
elastic
B B B B
A A Material Science I Dental ceramics
Zirconia 10 High-Tech
] Keramik
1/2 8 Glass-infiltrated
A2O3 m
6 In-Ceram Glass Ceramic mit 30% MPa ZrO In2-Ceram Porcelain (Vita-Celay) 4 Alumina Empress2
Dicor MGC In-Ceram 2 MK II IPS Empress
Toughness [ Toughness Omega 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Bend Strength [MPa]
Ceramics: Introduction 66 Material Science I Clinical Evaluation
(Courtesy of University of Zurich) Ceramics: Introduction 67 Material Science I Clinical Evaluation
(Courtesy of University of Zurich) Ceramics: Introduction 68 Material Science I High-performance / high-tech ceramics
electrical and nuclear thermical optical chemical & Mech- magnetical technical biological
anical Function
elektr. insulation temperature heat translucency Surface activity strength (T) piezoelectrical resist. - conductor controllable Corrosionresist. hardness ferroelectrical n- absorption - insulator refraction index compatibility wear
semiconductor radiation resist. - storage resistency operty r magnetical corrosion resist. P
substrates
sensors fuel heat exchanger Na-vapor lamp Cat-Carriers cutting bits condenser / capacitor shielding heat shields IR-window Filters bearings oscillators storage contain. insulation Laser material DeNOx-Cat. seals igniting elements heat storage Light switch Gas-Sensors Engine high-temp. conductor Elektrods components „low-temp.“ PTC cond. Implantats superconductors Application batteries
Ceramics: Introduction 70 Material Science I
Strength of Ceramic Components
3 High Speed Steel hardmetal
2 ZrO2 superalloy
Si3N4 1 SiC
Strength (GPa) Strength fiber Al2O3 composite earthenware/ porcelain glass ceramic 0 refractory
1850 1900 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year Ceramics: Introduction 71 Material Science I
Hightech Ceramics: Structural Applications
Ceramics: Introduction 73 Material Science I
Fibre Composite Materials Failure in monolithischem and fibre-reinforced SiC
) Fibre-
2 10 000 reinfored 7 500 SiC
5 000 failure F 2 500 sintered SiC
Failure Energy Energy (J/m Failure 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Crack length (mm)
Ceramics: Introduction 77 Material Science I
Fabrication of SiC – fibres from polymers
Si C Si N Si Si n Polycarbosilazane s N Si B Si N C N Si C N n
C Monomeric Units “Single Si C Si N Si B Source B Precursors“ n
Compounds Polyborocarbosilazanes with Desired Elements after J.Bill, F.Aldinger, Z.Metallk., 87, 1996, 827
Ceramics: Introduction 78 Material Science I
SiC fibers: high strength at high temperatures
Rupture strength behavior for various high-performance SiC fibers at 1400 °C in air. SA, Tyranno SA fiber from UBE Industries (polycrystaline SiC fiber with small amount of Aluminium); Hi-Nic. S, Hi-Nicalon Type S fiber from Nippon Carbon.
Ceramics: Introduction 79 Material Science I
Ceramic Materials
• high melting temperature • high hardness • high strength
• electrical, magnetical properties • ferroelektrical properties • optical properties • catalytical properties • biological properties
Ceramics: Introduction 80 Material Science I
Ceramic materials: their future
• communication technology
• electronic application
• medical application
• machining technology
Ceramics: Introduction 81 Material Science I
Ceramics: Introduction 82 Material Science I Ersatz
Ceramics: Introduction 83 Material Science I Classification of Ceramic Materials
Ceramics: Introduction 84 Material Science I Working principle of Me-Oxide Semiconductor - Sensors
Model of inter-grain potential Model of inter-grain potential barrier barrier (in the absence of gases) (in the presence of gases)
Ceramics: Introduction 85