DOCSLIB.ORG

251 1. Wushe Is in Today's Ren'ai Township in Nantou Prefecture

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
251 1. Wushe Is in Today's Ren'ai Township in Nantou Prefecture Notes INTRODUCTION 1. Wushe is in today’s Ren’ai Township in Nantou Prefecture, Taiwan. 2. Taiwan sōtokufu keimukyoku, ed., Takasagozoku chōsasho dai go hen: Bansha gaikyō, meishin (Taipei: Taiwan sōtokufu keimukyoku, 1938), 132–33. 3. Ronald Niezen, The Origins of Indigenism: Human Rights and the Politics of Identity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003); James Clifford, Returns: Becoming Indig- enous in the Twenty-First Century (Harvard University Press, 2013). 4. Laura R. Graham and H. Glenn Penny, “Performing Indigeneity: Emergent Identity, Self-Determination, and Sovereignty,” in Performing Indigeneity: Global Histories and Con- temporary Experiences, ed. Laura R. Graham and H. Glenn Penny (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2014), 1–5. 5. Wang Fu-chang, Zokugun: Gendai Taiwan no esunikku imajineeshon, trans. Matsuba Jun and Hung Yuru (Tokyo: Tōhō shoten, 2014), 86–87. 6. Anthropologist Scott Simon writes that “ . today’s political debates about Indigenous rights are rooted in an unfolding political dynamic that predates both the global indigenous rights movement and even the arrival of the ROC on Taiwan. What we know today as Indigenous Formosa is a co-creation of the resulting relationship between the Japanese state and diverse political constellations among many Austronesian peoples across the is- land.” From “Making Natives: Japan and the Creation of Indigenous Formosa,” in Japanese Taiwan: Colonial Rule and Its Contested Legacy, ed. Andrew Morris (London: Bloomsbury Press, 2015), 75. 7. “Taiwan Indigenous Peoples” is an English translation of Taiwan Yuanzhuminzu, the officially adopted name for indigenous peoples in Taiwan. This book will use the term indigenes to avoid awkward constructions and wordiness. 8. Japan’s bifurcation of Taiwan fits under the category of “state-centered legal plural- ism” or “strong legal pluralism,” as formulated by Lauren Benton. She writes that from “the 251 252 Notes mid-nineteenth century forward, colonial states devised formal typologies, and drew firmer boundaries, between social formations within colonial spaces that were perceived to be at different ‘levels of development,’ and often attributed differences to temporal lag—de- limiting one zone as ‘primitive’ and the other ‘modern’.” Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400–1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 6. 9. The term Austronesia refers to a “geographic region of the language family spread- ing from the Western Pacific (e.g., Taiwan) to the Indian Ocean (e.g., Madagascar).” From “Editor’s Note,” in Austronesian Taiwan: Linguistics, History, Ethnology, Prehistory, ed. David Blundell (Berkeley and Taipei: Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology and Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines, 2000), xxi. 10. The conceptual, administrative, and political vectors of continuity across the TGG and GMD periods of rule in Taiwan are complicated. Direct continuities are document- ed most clearly and forcefully in Matsuoka Tadasu, Taiwan Genjūmin shakai no chihōka: Mainoriti no nijūsseiki (Tokyo: Kenbun shuppan, 2012), 167–85. See also Nobayashi Atsushi and Miyaoka Maoko, “Araraweru senjūmin shuchō no shosō,” in Senjūmin to wa dare ka, ed. Kubota Sachiko and Nobayashi Atsushi (Tokyo: Sekai shisōsha, 2009), 296, 306–8, 312; Chen Yuan-yang, Taiwan Genjūmin to kokka kōen (Fukuoka: Kyūshū daigaku shuppankai, 1999), 21–24; and Simon, “Making Natives,” 82–83. 11. I am adapting James Hevia’s conceptualization of re- and deterritorialization. See English Lessons: The Pedagogy of Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century China (Durham: Duke University Press, 2003), 20–21. 12. Michael E. Robinson, Korea’s Twentieth-Century Odyssey: A Short History (Hono- lulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2007), 47–52. 13. Takashi Fujitani, Race for Empire: Koreans as Japanese and Japanese as Americans during World War II (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011), 22–25; Kyung Moon Hwang, Rationalizing Korea: The Rise of the Modern State 1894–1945 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2016), 9–10, 15–16. 14. Henry H. Em, “Minjok as a Modern Construct: Sin Ch’aeho’s Historiography,” in Co- lonial Modernity in Korea, ed. Shin Gi-Wook and Michael Robinson (Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 1999), 353 (emphasis added). 15. Haruyama Meitetsu, “Shōwa seijishi ni okeru Musha hōki jiken,” in Taiwan Musha hōki jiken kenkyū to shiryō, ed. Tai Kuo-hui (Tokyo: Shakai shisōsha, 1981), 131–36; Robin- son, Korea’s Odyssey, 49. 16. Kondō Masami, Sōryokusen to Taiwan: Nihon shokuminchi hōkai no kenkyū (Tokyo: Tōsui shobō, 1996), 264–66; Matsuda Kyōko, Teikoku no shisō: Nihon “Teikoku” to Taiwan Genjūmin (Tokyo: Yūshisha, 2014), 191–211; Sakano, Teikoku, 248. 17. E. Taylor Atkins, Primitive Selves: Koreana in the Japanese Colonial Gaze, 1910–1945 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010); Hyung Il Pai, Constructing “Korean” Origins: A Critical Review of Archaeology, Historiography, and Racial Myth in Korean State-Formation Theories (Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2000); Hyung Il Pai, Heritage Management in Korea and Japan: The Politics of Antiquity and Identity ( Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2013). For Taiwan, see Yamaji Katsuhiko, Taiwan Taiyaru-zoku no hyaku-nen: Hyōryū suru dentō, dakō suru kindai, datsu shokuminchika e no michinori ( Tokyo: Fūkyosha, 2011), 402–5. Notes 253 18. Hu Chia-yu, “Embodied Memories and Enacted Ritual Materials: Possessing the Past in Making and Remaking Saisiyat Identity in Taiwan” (PhD diss., University College London, 2006), 48. 19. Steven E. Phillips, The Taiwanese Encounter Nationalist China, 1945–1950 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 90–114. 20. Huang Chih Huei, “Ethnic Diversity, Two-Layered Colonization, and Complex Modern Taiwanese Attitudes toward Japan,” in Japanese Taiwan: Colonial Rule and Its Con- tested Legacy, ed. Andrew Morris (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015), 133–53; Asano Toyomi, “Historical Perceptions of Taiwan’s Japan Era,” in Toward a History Beyond Bor- ders: Contentious Issues in Sino-Japanese Relations, ed. Daqing Yang, Jie Liu, Hiroshi Mitani, and Andrew Gordon (Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2012), 303. An advance party for the Nationalist Party’s Seventieth Army, which became the replacement authority of the defeated Japanese empire in Taiwan, landed in Jilong on October 17, 1945, while the GMD was still nominally the central government of China. In April 1949, the first plane- loads of fleeing Nationalist officials arrived in Taiwan from Shanghai in the wake of Chinese Communist Party offensives. On May 19 of that year, governor of Taiwan Province Chen Ch’eng proclaimed martial law. Chou Wan-yao, A New Illustrated History of Taiwan, trans. Carole Plackitt and Tim Casey (Taipei: SMC Publishing, 2015): 303, 322–33. 21. Michael Rudolph, Ritual Performances as Authenticating Practices: Cultural Repre- sentations of Taiwan’s Aborigines in Times of Political Change (New Brunswick, NJ: Trans- action Publishers, 2008), 1–4, 36–38; Mitsuda Yayoi, “First Case of the New Recognition System: The Survival Strategies of the Thao,” in Taiwan Since Martial Law: Society, Culture, Politics, Economy, ed. David Blundell (Taipei: Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines, 2012), 166–67. 22. Ku Kun-hui, “Rights to Recognition: Minorities and Indigenous Politics in Emerg- ing Taiwan Nationalism,” in Blundell, Taiwan Since Martial Law, 95, 98–99. 23. Rudolph, Ritual Performances, 55; Simon, “Making Natives,” 86–87. 24. Simon, “Making Natives,” 87. 25. Michael Berry, A History of Pain: Trauma in Modern Chinese Literature and Film (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), 53–107. 26. Right after the Wushe uprising, highbrow general readership magazines ran feature articles on the people who had revolted against the empire. In each of these publications, the terms banjin (barbarian), banzoku (barbarian ethnic groups/tribes), and kyōban (bel- licose barbarians) describe indigenous peoples. Authors also identified the Wushe villages as members of the larger Atayal ethnic group. Namikawa Ryō, “Taiwan no Banjin to sono minzokusei,” Kaizō (December 1930): 42–67; Nagamatsu Asazō, “Hagyakusuru Banzoku,” Chūō kōron, 173–86. A popular science magazine added one refinement by noting that the Wushe villages were part of the Sediq subgroup of the Atayal ethnic group. Matsumoto Akira, “Taiwan banzoku: Riban jigyō to jinruigaku,” Kagaku chishiki 10, no. 12 (Decem- ber 1930): 8–11. For representative newspaper articles, see “Musha bōdō jiken no gen’in to shinsō,” Tokyo Asahi Shinbun, November 20, 1930, 2; “Musha no banjin hōki: keisatsu bunshitsu sono ta o shūgeki,” Taiwan nichinichi shinpō, October 29, 1930, 1. Newspapers also used a few references to the ethnic marker Atayal amid a blizzard of pejorative terms such as banjin and banzoku. 254 Notes 27. Matsuda Kyōko, Teikoku, 189–90; Leo T. S. Ching, “Savage Construction and Civility Making: Japanese Colonialism and Taiwanese Aboriginal Representation,” Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique 8, no. 3 (2000): 795–97, 815. Fujitani makes a related point regarding Japanese rule in Korea in Race for Empire, 25–26, 37–39. 28. See Uno Toshiharu, “Taiwan ni okeru ‘banjin’ kyōiku,’ Tenbō 4, no. 196 (April 1975): 37, for difference betweensha/she and shō/zhuang; see Matsuoka, Taiwan Genjūmin shakai no chihōka, 41–44, for a detailed description of various Paiwan terms for units of settlement and affiliation; see the hundreds of tables in the official publication Takasagozoku chōsasho dai san-hen:
Load more

Recommended publications
  • THE DREAM HOTEL Representatives of Japan and China Signed The
    CHAPTER SIX THE DREAM HOTEL Representatives of Japan and China signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki on 17 April 1895, bringing the Sino-Japanese War to an end and alerting the world to Japan’s emergence as a military power in East Asia and its suc- cess, after a mere three decades, in the project of modernisation and industrialisation. Shumpanrō, the Japanese inn where the cosignatories gathered, was only a few steps away from the house acquired by Holme, Ringer & Co. in 1890 to serve as a residence for their agent in Shimonoseki (see Chapter 8). In addition to recognition of Korean independence, the terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki included China’s cession of Formosa (Taiwan) and the Penghu (Pescadores) Islands to Japan, as well as rights to the stra- tegic Liaotong (Liaodong) Peninsula. China also granted permission for Japanese companies to operate ships on the Yangtze River and establish manufacturing facilities in Shanghai and other treaty ports, advantages similar to those won by Britain in the wake of the Opium Wars. China had to pay a crushing war indemnity of some 200 million silver taels, again simulating the terms of the Treaty of Nanking and Treaty of Tientsin ear- lier in the century. Victory brought Japan headlong into the commercial, political and military maelstrom of East Asia and translated into a sharp boost in Nagasaki’s fortunes as the closest port to China and a coal depot, supply harbour and rest place for foreign warships and merchantmen. In early 1896, the local English-language newspaper reported that: During the year 1895 no less than 160 different men-of-war of all nationalities visited Nagasaki.
    [Show full text]
  • Transformation of the Dualistic International Order Into the Modern Treaty System in the Sino-Korean Relationship
    International Journal of Korean History (Vol.15 No.2, Aug.2010) 97 G Transformation of the Dualistic International Order into the Modern Treaty System in the Sino-Korean Relationship Song Kue-jin* IntroductionG G Whether in the regional or global scale, the international order can be defined as a unique system within which international issues develop and the diplomatic relations are preserved within confined time periods. The one who has leadership in such international order is, in actuality, the superpowers regardless of the rationale for their leading positions, and the orderliness of the system is determined by their political and economic prowess.1 The power that led East Asia in the pre-modern era was China. The pre- modern East Asian regional order is described as the tribute system. The tribute system is built on the premise of installation, so it was important that China designate and proclaim another nation as a tributary state. The system was not necessarily a one-way imposition; it is possible to view the system built on mutual consent as the tributary state could benefit from China’s support and preserve the domestic order at times of political instability to person in power. Modern capitalism challenged and undermined the East Asian tribute GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG * HK Research Professor, ARI, Korea University 98 Transformation of the Dualistic International Order into the ~ system led by China, and the East Asian international relations became a modern system based on treaties. The Western powers brought the former tributary states of China into the outer realm of the global capitalistic system. With the arrival of Western imperialistic powers, the East Asian regional order faced an inevitable transformation.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction Empires and Indigenous Peoples, Global Transformation and the Limits of International Society
    Introduction Empires and Indigenous Peoples, Global Transformation and the Limits of International Society PROLOGUE: THE WUSHE REBELLION AND INDIGENOUS RENAISSANCE IN TAIWAN On October 27, 1930, terror visited the small community of Japanese settler- expatriates in the picturesque resort town of Wushe, an administrative center nestled on a plateau in the central mountains of Taiwan.1 On that day, some 300 indigenes led by Mona Ludao raided government arsenals, ambushed isolated police units, and turned a school assembly into a bloodbath. All told, Mona’s men killed 134 Japanese nationals by day’s end, many of them butchered with long dag- gers and beheaded. Alerted by a distressed phone call from an escapee, the Japanese police apparatus, with backing from military units stationed in Taiwan, responded with genocidal fury. Aerial bombardment, infantry sweeps, and local mercenaries killed roughly 1,000 men, women, and children in the ensuing months. A cor- nered Mona Ludao removed to the countryside and then killed his family and hanged himself to avoid capture. Subsequently, the Japanese government relocated the remaining residents of Mona’s village, Mehebu, forever wiping it off the map.2 Over the course of Japanese rule (1895–1945), the Taiwan Government- General forcibly relocated hundreds of other hamlets like Mehebu. The invasive and exploitative policies that provoked Mona and his confederates also eroded pre- colonial forms of social organization, authority, and ritual life among Taiwan’s indigenes. As it severed bonds between indigenes and their lands, in addition to prohibiting or reforming folkways it deemed injurious to its civilizing mission, the government-general nonetheless laid the groundwork for the emergence of Taiwan Indigenous Peoples as a conscious and agentive historical formation.
    [Show full text]
  • Taiwan and the Ryukyus (Okinawa)
    Volume 11 | Issue 21 | Number 3 | Article ID 4121 | May 26, 2013 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus Taiwan and the Ryukyus (Okinawa) in Asia-Pacific Multilateral Relations – a Long-term Historical Perspective on Territorial Claims and Conflicts アジア太平洋地域の多国間関係における台湾 と琉球諸島（沖縄）領土権主張や紛争を長期的視野でとらえる Lin Man-houng This article summarizes relevant historical developments involving Taiwan and Okinawa in Asia-Pacific multilateral relations over the longue durée, and suggests future prospects. 1. Both Taiwan and the Ryukyus are within the Kuroshio (Black Tide) Current Civilization Zone (from approximately the beginning of the 3rd Century): At that time, crops such as cassava and yams traveled northbound with the Kuroshio Currents, which ran from the Philippines to Taiwan and the Ryukyus to Kyushu, while crops such as millet in northern parts of South East Asia traveled to Taiwan via This map was made by Weng Weilong and the South Sea and further traveled to the translated by Li Yuting of the GIS center of Ryukyus and Kyushu. Together with the path of the Academia Sinica. Maps have been rice from south of China’s Yangtze River via made at the author’s request with a Korea to Kyushu, Japan these were two research grant of Academia Sinica. important sea-borne cultural exchange paths in the Asia-Pacific. However, by the 3rd Century, the direct route from south of the Yangzi to 2. Both areas were at one time central to the central Japan, as well as the Silk Road from trading hub in East Asian waters (14th~17th Chang’an in Northwest China to Central Asia, Century): As the Ryukyus became the “Bridge and the shipping route from Guangzhou to to various countries” including China, Japan, India superseded the aforesaid routes.
    [Show full text]
  • Encounter with the West: a History Institute for Teachers - FPRI Page 1 of 7
    China’s Encounter with the West: A History Institute for Teachers - FPRI Page 1 of 7 Footnotes Search The Newsletter of FPRI’s Wachman CenterChina’s Encounter with the West: A History Institute for Teachers By Trudy Kuehner, Reporter On March 1-2, 2008, FPRI’s Wachman Center presented a weekend of discussion on China’s Encounter with the West for 45 teachers from 21 states across the country, held at and co-sponsored by the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Asia Program. Additional participants logged in for the webcast from around the country and the world. See www.fpri.org for videocasts and texts of lectures. The Wachman Center’s History Institute for Teachers is co- chaired by David Eisenhower and Walter A. McDougall. Core support is provided by The Annenberg Foundation; additional support for specific programs is provided by W.W. Keen Butcher, Bruce H. Hooper, John M. Templeton, Jr., the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, and the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation. The next history weekends are America in the Civil War Era, May 17-18 (Kenosha, WI); What Students Need To Know About America’s Wars, Part I: 1622–1919, July 26-27 (Wheaton, IL); and Teaching the History of Innovation, October 18-19 (Kansas City, MO). China’s Early Encounters with the West: A History in Reverse Andrew Wilson of the U.S. Naval War College explained how the image of a weak backward China adrift in a modern world, bullied by Western powers, dominates China’s historical memory and national identity. Its early encounters with the West are viewed through the prism of the Qing Dynasty’s (1644–1911) nineteenth-century humiliations, exemplified by a series of Western military victories enshrined in “unequal treaties.” But in China’s earliest encounters with the West, the Ming (1368–1644) and early Qing held the economic, technological, and military advantages.
    [Show full text]
  • The Unhelpfulness of Treaty Law in Solving the Sino-Japan Sovereign Dispute Over the Diaoyu Islands
    The Unhelpfulness of Treaty Law in Solving the Sino-Japan Sovereign Dispute over the Diaoyu Islands Chi Manjiao* The sovereignty dispute over the Diaoyu Islands between China and Japan is a sensitive issue touching upon various aspects of international law. One of the major claims of both countries is whether the Islands have been ceded to Japan, and if so, have they been reverted to China. Since cession and reversion were completed through a series of treaties, this paper explores the dispute by evaluating treaty law. The paper first outlines three sovereignty claims over the Islands and then provides a chronological review of the pertinent treaties. It then discusses the non- applicability contention and the treaty interpretation contention, two interpretations popular among mainland Chinese scholars. The article concludes that treaty law cannot provide a satisfactory solution to the dispute and suggests that both countries should resort to other international laws of territorial acquisition and strive for more innovative political solutions. I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 164 II. A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE THREE MAJOR LEGAL CLAIMS ........ 167 III. A REVIEW OF TREATIES PERTAINING TO THE DIAOYU ISLANDS 169 A. The Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) .................................. 169 B. The Wartime Declarations (the 1940s) ............................. 169 C. The San Francisco Treaty (1951) ..................................... 170 D. The Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty (1952) .......................... 171 * B.A., LL.M., PhD in Law, Associate Professor of International Law, Law School, Xiamen University, PRC. This article is based on a paper presented at the “International Symposium on Dokdo Islands: Sovereignty Dispute in East Asia” held in Washington D.C. on May 20, 2010.
    [Show full text]
  • Section 3 – Constitutionalism and the Wars with China and Russia
    Section 3 – Constitutionalism and the wars with China and Russia Topic 58 – The struggle to revise the unequal treaties What strategies did Japan employ in order to renegotiate the unequal treaties signed with | 226 the Western powers during the final years of the shogunate? The problem of the unequal treaties The treaties that the shogunate signed with the Western powers in its final years were humiliating to the Japanese people due to the unequal terms they forced upon Japan. Firstly, any foreign national who committed a crime against a Japanese person was tried, not in a Japanese court, but in a consular court set up by the nation of the accused criminal.1 Secondly, Japan lost the right, just as many other Asian countries had, to set its own import tariffs. The Japanese people of the Meiji period yearned to end this legal discrimination imposed by the Western powers, and revision of the unequal treaties became Japan's foremost diplomatic priority. *1=The exclusive right held by foreign countries to try their own citizens in consular courts for crimes committed against Japanese people was referred to as the right of consular jurisdiction, which was a form of extraterritoriality. In 1872 (Meiji 5), the Iwakura Mission attempted to discuss the revision of the unequal treaties with the United States, but was rebuffed on the grounds that Japan had not reformed its legal system, particularly its criminal law. For this reason, Japan set aside the issue of consular jurisdiction and made recovery of its tariff autonomy the focal point of its bid to revise the unequal treaties.
    [Show full text]
  • Treaty of Shimonoseki Taiwan
    Treaty Of Shimonoseki Taiwan Lordliest Leonid displode very experimentally while Shepperd remains presumable and possessed. Hyperthermal Erl always shetreble glitter his crescenther loafers if Elliot requires is mitrailleur rumblingly. or redefining existentially. Snuff Jermayne incarnadined underhandedly and curtly, In china sea and covid: from underneath the power to close attention and of taiwan sentinel will take taiwan strait meet for Okinawa prefecture had forced to carry out at shimonoseki treaty. When taiwan was only treaty clearly. Communist rebellion to taiwan authorities have many ways to fix this treaty. China to Japanese trade. Plenipotentiaries of both sides without any relaxation of given condition. As a situation in shimonoseki treaty? Earth observation satellite, taiwan and even harder to sell their real issues between japan investigated clearly. Try other different browser if you improve this. How long ago today, killing one or works, of taiwan has always stood firm, as the japanese extremist in the japanese government. The Philippine military claims that a care is around every corner, clear a continuation of the conflict is mean for many. Without written authorization from CDIC, such content shall not be republished or used in any form. You can create a new one if you lost the link. Sign up for The Balance of Power newsletter. Strait crisis occurs, it is also numerous for the Japanese government to alien with Chinese counterparts to avoid escalating the crisis. This paper did not to customize it became imports of treaty shimonoseki. Is unavailable for foreign relations is that these treaties are growing in fact that were sent to making of hawaii and lie near future investiture missions.
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline: Major Events Since the Opening of Korea (1876)
    3346_17_TIMELINE.qxp 11/1/10 12:13 PM Page 383 1 2 3 4 TIMELINE: MAJOR EVENTS SINCE 5 6 THE OPENING OF KOREA (1876) 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 2 February 1876 The Korea-Japan Treaty of Kanghwa (Korea-Japan) 5 signed. Korea “opened. 6 10 April 1881 The “Gentlemen” delegation dispatched to Japan. 7 6 April 1882 Treaty signed with the US. 8 4 April 1884 Treaty signed with Britain 9 4 May 1884 Treaty signed with Italy. 20 15 May 1884 Treaty signed with Russia. 1 17 October 1884 Kim Ok Gyun leads the Gapsin Coup. In a few days, 2 Chinese forces are able to overwhelm the Progressives 3 and their Japanese supporters. 4 3 May 1886 Treaty signed with France. 5 1892 Dong Hak founder restoration movement. 6 10 January 1894 Farmers’ revolt in Go Bu (Dong Hak peasant 7 Revolution). 8 1 August 1894 Sino-Japanese War breaks out. 9 17 April 1895 The Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed between the 30 Empire of Japan and Qing Empire of China, ending the 1 First Sino-Japanese War. 2 20 August 1895 Queen Min murdered (Eul Mi Sa Byeon). 3 11 August 1897 Korean Empire proclaimed by King Kojong. 4 30 January 1902 The first Anglo-Japanese Alliance signed. 5 8 February 1904 Russo-Japanese War breaks out. 36 23 February 1904 Protocol signed between Japan and Korea. 37 29 July 1905 US and Japan form the secret Katsura-Taft. 38 17 November 1905 Japan establishes a protectorate over Korea; Japan 39 assumes control over Korean foreign affairs.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 INTRODUCTION Accounts of Taiwan and Its History Have Been
    INTRODUCTION Accounts of Taiwan and its history have been profoundly influenced by cultural and political ideologies, which have fluctuated radically over the past four centuries on the island. Small parts of Taiwan were ruled by the Dutch (1624-1662), Spanish (1626-1642), Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga)1 and his heirs (1662-1683), and a large part by Qing Dynasty China (1683-1895). Thereafter, the whole of the island was under Japanese control for half a century (1895-1945), and after World War II, it was taken over by the Republic of China (ROC), being governed for more than four decades by the authoritarian government of Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang (KMT), or Chinese Nationalist Party,2 before democratization began in earnest in the late 1980s. Taiwan’s convoluted history and current troubled relations with the People’s Republic of China (PRC), which claims Taiwan is “a renegade province” of the PRC, has complicated the world’s understanding of Taiwan. Many Western studies of Taiwan, primarily concerning its politics and economic development, have been conducted as an 1 Pinyin is employed in this dissertation as its Mandarin romanization system, though there are exceptions for names of places which have been officially transliterated differently, and for names of people who have been known to Western scholarship in different forms of romanization. In these cases, the more popular forms are used. All Chinese names are presented in the same order as they would appear in Chinese, surname first, given name last, unless the work is published in English, in which case the surname appears last.
    [Show full text]
  • CHEN-DISSERTATION-2017.Pdf (1.546Mb)
    Collecting as Cultural Technique: Materialistic Interventions Into History in 20th Century China The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Chen, Guangchen. 2017. Collecting as Cultural Technique: Materialistic Interventions Into History in 20th Century China. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:41141785 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Collecting as Cultural Technique: Materialistic Interventions into History in 20th Century China A dissertation presented by Guangchen Chen to The Department of Comparative Literature in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Comparative Literature Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts May 2017 © 2017 Guangchen Chen All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Professors David Damrosch and David Wang Guangchen Chen Collecting as Cultural Technique: Materialistic Interventions into History in 20th Century China Abstract This dissertation explores the interplay between the collecting of ancient artifacts and intellectual innovations in twentieth century China. It argues that the practice of collecting is an epistemological attempt or a “cultural technique,” as formulated by the German media theorist Bernhard Siegert, to grasp the world in its myriad materiality and historicity. Through experiments on novel ways to reconfigure objects and study them as media on which intangible experiences are recorded, collectors cling to the authenticity of past events, preserve memory through ownership, and forge an intimate relationship with these objects.
    [Show full text]
  • Culture Answers 3
    1. What is the most popular folk religion in China ? Islam Christianity Taoism 2. What is the official language of China ? Cantonese Taiwanese Manderin 3. How could someone become a new emperor in the ancient China ? by inheritance by vote by rebellion Culture 1. Taoism 2. Manderin 3. By inheritance Answers 1. Where does Buddhism come from ? Viet Nam Burma India 2. Which hair style is the most popular for men in ancient China ? short hair bald (no hair) long hair 3. Who was the first emperor of China ? Zhu Yuan Zhang Qin Shi Huang Mao Zedong Culture 1. India 2. Long hair 3. Qin Shi Huang Answers 1. What colour is the traditional Chinese paper cutting ? white yellow red 2. How old is the history of China ? 5,000 years 3,000 years 2,000 years 3. What was the implication of jade in ancient China ? only a stone gentleman fame and wealth Culture 1. Red 2. 5,000 years 3. Gentleman Answers 1. What are the Chinese Knots made of ? straw rattan cotton rope 2. What is the traditional Chinese costume for women ? the cheongsam the suit the ball gown 3. What was the artistic conception of Chinese drawing ? meaning of the drawing similar to the real things or not people like it or not Culture 1. Cotton rope 2. Cheongsam 3. Meaning of the drawing Answers 1. Which of the following is the so called king of poets in China ? Li Bai Du Fu Li He 2. What was the standard of female beauty in the Tang dynasty ? tall slim fat 3.
    [Show full text]